Revised Classification of Posterior Fossa Cysts and Cystlike Malformations Based on the Results of Multiplanar MR Imaging
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Nervous System - PNS and CNS
Nervous System - PNS AND CNS Locate the following structures on the appropriate model or diagram. Understand the function of ea Neuron Spinal nerves Cerebrum axon cervical plexus cerebral hemisphere dendrite phrenic cerebral cortex cell body gray matter Schwann cell brachial plexus white matter node of Ranvier axillary gyrus (convolution) myelin sheath radial longitudinal fissure neurolemma median falx cerebri Nissl bodies ulnar central sulcus synaptic knobs lateral sulcus synaptic vesicles lumbar plexus frontal lobe femoral parietal lobe Spinal Cord obturator occipital lobe central canal temporal lobe posterior column sacral plexus insula lateral column sciatic corpus callosum anterior column tibial olfactory bulb posterior sulcus common fibular olfactory tract anterior fissure superficial fibular posterior horn deep fibular Diencephalon lateral horn thalamus anterior horn intercostal nerves intermediate mass gray commissure hypothalamus conus medularis Autonomic NS infundibulum dorsal nerve root sympathetic trunk pituitary gland dorsal root ganglion ganglia (paravertebral) pineal gland ventral nerve root mammillary bodies spinal nerve Brainstem optic nerve cauda equina = medulla, pons, mid, optic tract filum terminale cranial nerves optic chiasm Meninges Midbrain dura mater cerebral peduncles Cranial Nerves dural sinus superior colliculus I olfactory epidural space inferior colliculus II optic arachnoid mater III oculomotor subarachnoid space Pons IV trochlear arachnoid granulations (villi) V trigeminal pia mater Medulla Oblongata VI abducens choroid plexus pyramids VII facial denticulate ligament olive VIII vestibulocochlear IX glossopharyngeal Cerebellum X vagus Ventricles cerebellar hemisphere XI accessory lateral ventricles vermis XII hypoglossal septum pellucidum transverse fissure third ventricle tentorium cerebelli cerebral aqueduct falx cerebelli fourth ventricle arbor vitae. -
Frontal Lobe Anterior Corpora Commissure Quadrigemina Superior Colliculus Optic Chiasm Inferior Colliculus
Chapter 16 The Nervous System The Brain and Cranial Nerves Lecture Presentation by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The brain is a complex three-dimensional structure that performs a bewildering array of functions • Think of the brain as an organic computer • However, the brain is far more versatile than a computer • The brain is far more complex than the spinal cord • The brain consists of roughly 20 billion neurons © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain • The CNS begins as a neural tube • The lumen of the tube (neurocoel) is filled with fluid • The lumen of the tube will expand thus forming the various ventricles of the brain • In the fourth week of development, the cephalic area of the neural tube enlarges to form: • Prosencephalon • Mesencephalon • Rhombencephalon © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Prosencephalon eventually develops to form: • Telencephalon forms: • Cerebrum • Diencephalon forms: • Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Mesencephalon • Does not subdivide • Becomes the midbrain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Rhombencephalon • Eventually develops to form: • Metencephalon: forms the pons and cerebellum • Myelencephalon: forms the medulla oblongata © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. -
How Does the Human Brain Differentiate? —Normal and Abnormal Development—
Forum Forma, 27, S29–S31, 2012 How does the Human Brain Differentiate? —Normal and Abnormal Development— Yoshihiro Fukui Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan E-mail address: [email protected] (Received January 24, 2012; Accepted March 17, 2012) Keywords: Neural Tube, Brain Vesicle, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Hydrocephalus, Anencephaly, Microcephaly 1. Three Primary Brain Vesicles Convert into Five Sec- 2. Development of the Brain Ventricular System ondary Brain Vesicles The expanded primitive ventricles formed by the neural The central nervous system (CNS) appears during the 3rd canal in the secondary brain vesicles give rise to the ven- week as a neural plate growing out from the ectoderm of tricular system of the brain (Fig. 2). The ventricles of the the germ disc. The lateral edges elevate to form the neural brain include the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles. The folds, and finally fuse, forming the neural tube. Neurula- two lateral ventricles communicate through the interven- tion begins on day 22, and the cranial neuropore, which is tricular foramina (of Monro) with the third ventricle. The an opening at anterior end of the embryonic neural canal, third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle by the closes on day 24. The future eyes appear as outpouchings cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius). The fourth ven- from the forebrain neural folds by day 22. Before neu- tricle in turn is continuous with the narrow central canal of rulation begins, the primordia of the three primary brain the spinal cord and, through the three foramina in its roof, vesicles are visible as broadenings in the neural plate as with the subarachnoid space. -
Prezentace Aplikace Powerpoint
MENINGES AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Konstantinos Choulakis Konstantinos Choulakis Meninges • Dura Mater • Aracnoid Mater • Pia Mater Dura Mater Spinal Dura mater Cranial Dura mater It forms a tube (saccus durrae matris spinalis) which start It is firmly attached to the periostium of the skull from which it receives from foramen magnus and extends to second segment of small blood vessels, branches of meningeal vessels (inappropriate name) the sacrum. It is pierced by spinal nerve roots. The spinal which occur in periostium. canal wall is coverd by periostium, then there is dura mater. The cranial dura mater has several features of importance especially, Between dura mater and periostium there is a , so called especially the dural reflections (derivatives) and the dural venous epidural space, which is filled with adipose tissue and a sinuses(see blood supply) venous plexus , the plexus venosi vertebrales interni Dura mater is attached to avascular arachnoid mater. Between them there is a potential space, so called subdural space which contains a small amount of interstitial fluid. Enables arachnoid mater to slide against dura mater. Dural Reflections The dura separates into two layers at dural reflections (also known as dural folds), places where the inner dural layer is reflected as sheet-like protrusions into the cranial cavity. There are two main dural reflections: • The tentorium cerebelli exists between and separates the cerebellum and • The falx cerebri, which separates the two hemispheres of the brain, is located in the brainstem from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. The peripheral border of longitudinal cerebral fissure between the hemispheres. Its free edge is close to corpus tentorium is attached to the upper edges of the petrous bones and to the calosum. -
Neuroanatomy Dr
Neuroanatomy Dr. Maha ELBeltagy Assistant Professor of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan 2018 Prof Yousry 10/15/17 A F B K G C H D I M E N J L Ventricular System, The Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the Blood Brain Barrier The lateral ventricle Interventricular foramen It is Y-shaped cavity in the cerebral hemisphere with the following parts: trigone 1) A central part (body): Extends from the interventricular foramen to the splenium of corpus callosum. 2) 3 horns: - Anterior horn: Lies in the frontal lobe in front of the interventricular foramen. - Posterior horn : Lies in the occipital lobe. - Inferior horn : Lies in the temporal lobe. rd It is connected to the 3 ventricle by body interventricular foramen (of Monro). Anterior Trigone (atrium): the part of the body at the horn junction of inferior and posterior horns Contains the glomus (choroid plexus tuft) calcified in adult (x-ray&CT). Interventricular foramen Relations of Body of the lateral ventricle Roof : body of the Corpus callosum Floor: body of Caudate Nucleus and body of the thalamus. Stria terminalis between thalamus and caudate. (connects between amygdala and venteral nucleus of the hypothalmus) Medial wall: Septum Pellucidum Body of the fornix (choroid fissure between fornix and thalamus (choroid plexus) Relations of lateral ventricle body Anterior horn Choroid fissure Relations of Anterior horn of the lateral ventricle Roof : genu of the Corpus callosum Floor: Head of Caudate Nucleus Medial wall: Rostrum of corpus callosum Septum Pellucidum Anterior column of the fornix Relations of Posterior horn of the lateral ventricle •Roof and lateral wall Tapetum of the corpus callosum Optic radiation lying against the tapetum in the lateral wall. -
Skull, Brain and Cranial Nerves
Skull, Brain and Cranial Nerves Head and Neck Continued Skull Part of Axial Skeleton Cranial bones = cranium Enclose and protect brain Attachment for head + neck muscles pg 149 Facial bones =framework of face Form cavities for sense organs Opening for air + food passage Hold teeth Anchor face muscles Bones of Skull Flat bones: thin, flattened, some curve Sutures: immovable joints joining bones Calvaria = Skullcap =Vault Superior, Lateral, Posterior part of skull Floor = Base Inferior part of skull 85 openings in skull Spinal cord, blood vessels, nerves Cranial Fossae Created by bony ridges Supports, encircles brain 3 Fossae Anterior Middle Posterior Other small cavities in skull Middle Ear, Inner Ear Nasal Orbit pg 153 Skull through Life Ossifies late in 2nd month of development Frontal + Mandible start as 2 halves-then fuse Skull bones separated by unossified membranes = Fontanels Allow compression of skull during delivery Mostly replaced w/bone after 1st year Growth of Skull ½ adult size by age 9 months ¾ adult size by 2 years 100% adult size by 8-9 years Face enlarges between ages 6-13 years The Brain 4 Parts Cerebrum Diencephalon Brain Stem Pons Medulla Midbrain Cerebellum Gray matter surrounded by White matter pg 348 Meninges: 3 membranes around brain and spinal cord Made of Connective tissue Functions Cover, Protect CNS Enclose, protect blood vessels supplying CNS Contain CSF 3 Layers Dura Mater (external) Arachnoid Mater (middle) pg 375 Pia Mater (internal) Meninges (continued) Dura mater Strongest, -
Duplication of Falx Cerebelli, Occipital Sinus, and Internal Occipital Crest
Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology 2009, 50(1):107–110 ORIGINAL PAPER Duplication of falx cerebelli, occipital sinus, and internal occipital crest SUJATHA D’COSTA, A. KRISHNAMURTHY, S. R. NAYAK, SAMPATH MADHYASTA, LATHA V. PRABHU, JIJI P. J, ANU V. RANADE, MANGALA M. PAI, RAJANIGANDHA VADGAONKAR, C. GANESH KUMAR, RAJALAKSHMI RAI Department of Anatomy, Centre for Basic Sciences, Kasturba Medical College, Bejai, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Abstract The incidence of variations of falx cerebelli was studied in 52 adult cadavers of south Indian origin, at Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, after removal of calvaria. In eight (15.4%) cases, we observed duplicated falx cerebelli along with duplicated occipital sinus and internal occipital crest. The length and the distance between each of the falces were measured. The mean length of the right falces cerebelli was 38 mm and the left was 41 mm. The mean distance between these two falces was 20 mm. No marginal sinus was detected. Each of the falces cerebelli had distinct base and apex and possessed a distinct occipital venous sinus on each attached border. These sinuses were noted to drain into the left and right transverse sinus respectively. After detaching the dura mater from inner bony surface of the occipital bone, it was noted that there were two distinct internal occipital crests arising and diverging inferiorly near the posterolateral borders of foramen magnum. The brain from these cadavers appeared grossly normal with no defect of the vermis. Neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists should be aware of such variations, as these could be potential sources of hemorrhage during suboccipital approaches or may lead to erroneous interpretations of imaging of the posterior cranial fossa. -
Tumors of the Meninges and Related Tissues: Meningiomas and Sarcomas
CHAPTER 30 Tumors of the Meninges and Related Tissues: Meningiomas and Sarcomas Kimberly P. Cockerham, John S. Kennerdell, Joseph C. Maroon, and Ghassan K. Bejjani ANATOMY OFTHE MENINGES Associations Dura Mater Diagnosis Arachnoid Treatment Pia Mater Adjuvant Therapy MENINGIOMAS Clinical Characteristics by Location Histogenesis SARCOMAS OFTHE MENINGES AND BRAIN Incidence Chondrosarcoma Pathology Osteogenic Sarcoma Cytogenetics Primary Sarcoma of the Meninges and Brain Endocrinology Rhabdomyosarcoma ANATOMY OF THE MENINGES The meninges of the brain and spinal cord consist of three into several freely communicating compartments. They in- different layers: the dura mater, arachnoid (tela arach- clude the falx cerebri, the tentorium cerebelli, the falx cere- noidea), and pia mater. Considerable anatomic differences belli, and the diaphragma sellae. exist among these structures, and these differences influence The falx cerebri, so named because of its sickle-like form, the nature, location, and spread of tumors that arise from is a fixed, arched process that descends vertically in the them. longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres (Fig. 30.2). The tentorium cerebelli is an arched lamina that is DURA MATER elevated in its midportion and inclines downward toward its peripheral attachments on both sides. It covers the superior The dura mater, typically referred to as the dura, is a thick surface of the cerebellum and supports the occipital lobes membrane that is adjacent to the inner table of the skull and (Fig. 30.2). The falx cerebelli is a small triangular process acts both as the functional periosteum of the skull and the of dura mater that lies beneath the tentorium cerebelli in outermost membrane of the brain (Fig. -
Nervous and Endocrine Systems Lab Guide
CSM Human Anatomy Nervous and Endocrine Systems Lab Guide Histology White matter Spinal cord (16) features Cerebrum including: Convolutions - gyri motor neuron in anterior gray Sulci horn Cerebral cortex sensory/dorsal root ganglion R & L hemispheres with cell bodies of sensory longitudinal fissure nerves frontal lobe central canal central sulcus posterior(dorsal) horns lateral sulcus anterior(ventral) horns parieto-occipital lateral horns sulcus gray commissure precentral gyrus dorsal root ganglia Broca's area nerve roots parietal lobe retina, choroid, sclera (17) postcentral gyrus Organ of Corti (18) temporal lobe thyroid follicles (34) occipital lobe adrenal gland - medulla and insula cortex (36) basal nuclei pituitary gland - anterior and transverse fissure posterior (35) corpus callosum, corona pancreas – pancreatic islets (of radiata, internal capsule Langerhans) (25) mesencephalon corpora quadrigemina Central Nervous System superior colliculus Brain inferior colliculus Meninges substantia nigra dura mater cerebellum falx cerebri arbor vitae falx cerebelli cerebellar cortex tentorium cerebelli thalamus dural venous sinus intermediate pia mater mass/interthalamic arachnoid membrane adhesion subarachnoid space hypothalamus arachnoid villi pineal body choroid plexus pituitary gland Gray matter infundibulum 1 pons Sympathetic Chain of Ganglia medulla oblongata lateral ventricles Eye third ventricle fibrous tunic cerebral aqueduct sclera fourth ventricle cornea Spinal Cord vascular tunic central canal choroid conus medullaris ciliary -
A Study of Unusual Presentations at the Internal Occipital Protuberance
Original Research Article A study of unusual presentations at the internal occipital protuberance Sudeepa Das¹, Gyanraj Singh2, Satya Narayan Shamal3, Bikash Chandra Satapathy4* 1,2Assistant Professor, 3Professor, Department of Anatomy, KIMS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. 4Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. Email: [email protected] Abstract The dural venous sinuses contains the venous blood originating from most parts of the cranial cavity. In this study forty head and neck specimens with intact dural folds were studied over 3 years period. In 2 cases variation was noted at the internal occipital protuberance during the routine dissection in Anatomy department. After separating the dura mater from the occipital bone, two distinct internal occipital crests were apparent which then diverge near the foramen magnum. We encountered duplicated internal Occipital crest along with duplicated falx cerebelli and occipital sinus. Of both specimens the falces and the distance between them were recorded. Each of the falx cerebelli had an apex and base with a marked occipital venous sinus attached to its border. These sinuses were draining into their respective transverse sinuses. In both the cases there was wide posterior cerebellar notch and foramen of Magendie associated with large cisterna magna. There was neither any marginal sinus detected nor any defect was marked in the vermis. Knowledge of this variation of posterior cranial fossa would be helpful in suboccipital approaches. Key Words: Variation, -
Redalyc.Magendie and Luschka. Holes in the 4 Th Ventricle
Dementia & Neuropsychologia ISSN: 1980-5764 [email protected] Associação Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento Brasil Engelhardt, Eliasz Magendie and Luschka. Holes in the 4 th ventricle Dementia & Neuropsychologia, vol. 10, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2016, pp. 254-258 Associação Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento São Paulo, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=339547442015 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Dement Neuropsychol 2016 September;10(3):254-258 History Note Magendie and Luschka Holes in the 4th ventricle Eliasz Engelhardt1 ABSTRACT. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a complex liquid formed mainly by the choroid plexuses. After filling the ventricular system where it circulates, CSF flows out to the subarachnoid spaces through openings in the 4th ventricle. Following numerous studies on CSF pathways, these openings were first discovered in the 19th century by two notable researchers, François Magendie and Hubert von Luschka, who described the median and lateral openings subsequently named after them. Even after the studies of Axel Key and Gustav Magnus Retzius confirming these openings, their existence was questioned by many anatomists, yet acknowledged by others. Finally gaining the acceptance of all, recognition of the holes endures to the present day. Interest in these openings may be attributed to the several congenital or acquired pathological conditions that may affect them, usually associated with hydrocephalus. We report some historical aspects of these apertures and their discoverers. -
Midterm Exam 2014
9.14_2014 Midterm Exam NAME KEY Class 19 1) Matching: Write the letter of the best match in the space before each name (11 points) A. Pioneer in biopsychology B. Chemical synapses H Fritch and Hitzig C. Neurons in tissue culture G Ramon y Cajal D. Nerve growth factor J Charles Scott Sherrington E. Gap junctions B Otto Loewi F. Induction of CNS development F Hans Spemann G. Prolific neuroanatomist, Golgi method K Bror Rexed H. Electrical stimulation of neocortex C Ross Harrison I. Pharmacological definitions A Karl Lashley J. Spinal reflexes, physiology L Walle Nauta K. Layers of the gray matter D Rita Levi-Montalcini L. Selective stains for degenerating axons N Hans Kuypers M. Tract tracing by MRI N. Descending pathways, motor control 2) Short definitions: (22 points) a) Anterograde degeneration When an axon is transected, the portion of the axon no longer connected to the cell body undergoes “anterograde” degeneration. [When neuronal cell bodies are destroyed, their axons undergo anterograde degeneration.] b) Motor neuron A neuron with an axon that leaves the CNS. It terminates on a muscle cell or on a peripheral ganglion. c) Schwann cell Glial cell found in peripheral nerves. Schwann cells form myelin in the PNS [by wrapping their membranes around axons]. 9.14, March 19, 2014 Page 1 9.14_2014 Midterm Exam NAME KEY Class 19 d) Sensory placode A thickening of a region of the ectodermal layer of the embryo in which some of the cells become primary sensory neurons. e) Rhombic lip A transient neural proliferative zone located in the alar plate of the rostral hindbrain.