Nervous System - PNS and CNS

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Nervous System - PNS AND CNS Locate the following structures on the appropriate model or diagram. Understand the function of ea Neuron Spinal nerves Cerebrum axon cervical plexus cerebral hemisphere dendrite phrenic cerebral cortex cell body gray matter Schwann cell brachial plexus white matter node of Ranvier axillary gyrus (convolution) myelin sheath radial longitudinal fissure neurolemma median falx cerebri Nissl bodies ulnar central sulcus synaptic knobs lateral sulcus synaptic vesicles lumbar plexus frontal lobe femoral parietal lobe Spinal Cord obturator occipital lobe central canal temporal lobe posterior column sacral plexus insula lateral column sciatic corpus callosum anterior column tibial olfactory bulb posterior sulcus common fibular olfactory tract anterior fissure superficial fibular posterior horn deep fibular Diencephalon lateral horn thalamus anterior horn intercostal nerves intermediate mass gray commissure hypothalamus conus medularis Autonomic NS infundibulum dorsal nerve root sympathetic trunk pituitary gland dorsal root ganglion ganglia (paravertebral) pineal gland ventral nerve root mammillary bodies spinal nerve Brainstem optic nerve cauda equina = medulla, pons, mid, optic tract filum terminale cranial nerves optic chiasm Meninges Midbrain dura mater cerebral peduncles Cranial Nerves dural sinus superior colliculus I olfactory epidural space inferior colliculus II optic arachnoid mater III oculomotor subarachnoid space Pons IV trochlear arachnoid granulations (villi) V trigeminal pia mater Medulla Oblongata VI abducens choroid plexus pyramids VII facial denticulate ligament olive VIII vestibulocochlear IX glossopharyngeal Cerebellum X vagus Ventricles cerebellar hemisphere XI accessory lateral ventricles vermis XII hypoglossal septum pellucidum transverse fissure third ventricle tentorium cerebelli cerebral aqueduct falx cerebelli fourth ventricle arbor vitae.

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Frontal Lobe Anterior Corpora Commissure Quadrigemina Superior Colliculus Optic Chiasm Inferior Colliculus
Chapter 16 The Nervous System The Brain and Cranial Nerves Lecture Presentation by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The brain is a complex three-dimensional structure that performs a bewildering array of functions • Think of the brain as an organic computer • However, the brain is far more versatile than a computer • The brain is far more complex than the spinal cord • The brain consists of roughly 20 billion neurons © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain • The CNS begins as a neural tube • The lumen of the tube (neurocoel) is filled with fluid • The lumen of the tube will expand thus forming the various ventricles of the brain • In the fourth week of development, the cephalic area of the neural tube enlarges to form: • Prosencephalon • Mesencephalon • Rhombencephalon © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Prosencephalon eventually develops to form: • Telencephalon forms: • Cerebrum • Diencephalon forms: • Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Mesencephalon • Does not subdivide • Becomes the midbrain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Rhombencephalon • Eventually develops to form: • Metencephalon: forms the pons and cerebellum • Myelencephalon: forms the medulla oblongata © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Prezentace Aplikace Powerpoint
MENINGES AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Konstantinos Choulakis Konstantinos Choulakis Meninges • Dura Mater • Aracnoid Mater • Pia Mater Dura Mater Spinal Dura mater Cranial Dura mater It forms a tube (saccus durrae matris spinalis) which start It is firmly attached to the periostium of the skull from which it receives from foramen magnus and extends to second segment of small blood vessels, branches of meningeal vessels (inappropriate name) the sacrum. It is pierced by spinal nerve roots. The spinal which occur in periostium. canal wall is coverd by periostium, then there is dura mater. The cranial dura mater has several features of importance especially, Between dura mater and periostium there is a , so called especially the dural reflections (derivatives) and the dural venous epidural space, which is filled with adipose tissue and a sinuses(see blood supply) venous plexus , the plexus venosi vertebrales interni Dura mater is attached to avascular arachnoid mater. Between them there is a potential space, so called subdural space which contains a small amount of interstitial fluid. Enables arachnoid mater to slide against dura mater. Dural Reflections The dura separates into two layers at dural reflections (also known as dural folds), places where the inner dural layer is reflected as sheet-like protrusions into the cranial cavity. There are two main dural reflections: • The tentorium cerebelli exists between and separates the cerebellum and • The falx cerebri, which separates the two hemispheres of the brain, is located in the brainstem from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. The peripheral border of longitudinal cerebral fissure between the hemispheres. Its free edge is close to corpus tentorium is attached to the upper edges of the petrous bones and to the calosum.
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Skull, Brain and Cranial Nerves
Skull, Brain and Cranial Nerves Head and Neck Continued Skull Part of Axial Skeleton Cranial bones = cranium Enclose and protect brain Attachment for head + neck muscles pg 149 Facial bones =framework of face Form cavities for sense organs Opening for air + food passage Hold teeth Anchor face muscles Bones of Skull Flat bones: thin, flattened, some curve Sutures: immovable joints joining bones Calvaria = Skullcap =Vault Superior, Lateral, Posterior part of skull Floor = Base Inferior part of skull 85 openings in skull Spinal cord, blood vessels, nerves Cranial Fossae Created by bony ridges Supports, encircles brain 3 Fossae Anterior Middle Posterior Other small cavities in skull Middle Ear, Inner Ear Nasal Orbit pg 153 Skull through Life Ossifies late in 2nd month of development Frontal + Mandible start as 2 halves-then fuse Skull bones separated by unossified membranes = Fontanels Allow compression of skull during delivery Mostly replaced w/bone after 1st year Growth of Skull ½ adult size by age 9 months ¾ adult size by 2 years 100% adult size by 8-9 years Face enlarges between ages 6-13 years The Brain 4 Parts Cerebrum Diencephalon Brain Stem Pons Medulla Midbrain Cerebellum Gray matter surrounded by White matter pg 348 Meninges: 3 membranes around brain and spinal cord Made of Connective tissue Functions Cover, Protect CNS Enclose, protect blood vessels supplying CNS Contain CSF 3 Layers Dura Mater (external) Arachnoid Mater (middle) pg 375 Pia Mater (internal) Meninges (continued) Dura mater Strongest,
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Duplication of Falx Cerebelli, Occipital Sinus, and Internal Occipital Crest
Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology 2009, 50(1):107–110 ORIGINAL PAPER Duplication of falx cerebelli, occipital sinus, and internal occipital crest SUJATHA D’COSTA, A. KRISHNAMURTHY, S. R. NAYAK, SAMPATH MADHYASTA, LATHA V. PRABHU, JIJI P. J, ANU V. RANADE, MANGALA M. PAI, RAJANIGANDHA VADGAONKAR, C. GANESH KUMAR, RAJALAKSHMI RAI Department of Anatomy, Centre for Basic Sciences, Kasturba Medical College, Bejai, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Abstract The incidence of variations of falx cerebelli was studied in 52 adult cadavers of south Indian origin, at Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, after removal of calvaria. In eight (15.4%) cases, we observed duplicated falx cerebelli along with duplicated occipital sinus and internal occipital crest. The length and the distance between each of the falces were measured. The mean length of the right falces cerebelli was 38 mm and the left was 41 mm. The mean distance between these two falces was 20 mm. No marginal sinus was detected. Each of the falces cerebelli had distinct base and apex and possessed a distinct occipital venous sinus on each attached border. These sinuses were noted to drain into the left and right transverse sinus respectively. After detaching the dura mater from inner bony surface of the occipital bone, it was noted that there were two distinct internal occipital crests arising and diverging inferiorly near the posterolateral borders of foramen magnum. The brain from these cadavers appeared grossly normal with no defect of the vermis. Neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists should be aware of such variations, as these could be potential sources of hemorrhage during suboccipital approaches or may lead to erroneous interpretations of imaging of the posterior cranial fossa.
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Tumors of the Meninges and Related Tissues: Meningiomas and Sarcomas
CHAPTER 30 Tumors of the Meninges and Related Tissues: Meningiomas and Sarcomas Kimberly P. Cockerham, John S. Kennerdell, Joseph C. Maroon, and Ghassan K. Bejjani ANATOMY OFTHE MENINGES Associations Dura Mater Diagnosis Arachnoid Treatment Pia Mater Adjuvant Therapy MENINGIOMAS Clinical Characteristics by Location Histogenesis SARCOMAS OFTHE MENINGES AND BRAIN Incidence Chondrosarcoma Pathology Osteogenic Sarcoma Cytogenetics Primary Sarcoma of the Meninges and Brain Endocrinology Rhabdomyosarcoma ANATOMY OF THE MENINGES The meninges of the brain and spinal cord consist of three into several freely communicating compartments. They in- different layers: the dura mater, arachnoid (tela arach- clude the falx cerebri, the tentorium cerebelli, the falx cere- noidea), and pia mater. Considerable anatomic differences belli, and the diaphragma sellae. exist among these structures, and these differences influence The falx cerebri, so named because of its sickle-like form, the nature, location, and spread of tumors that arise from is a fixed, arched process that descends vertically in the them. longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres (Fig. 30.2). The tentorium cerebelli is an arched lamina that is DURA MATER elevated in its midportion and inclines downward toward its peripheral attachments on both sides. It covers the superior The dura mater, typically referred to as the dura, is a thick surface of the cerebellum and supports the occipital lobes membrane that is adjacent to the inner table of the skull and (Fig. 30.2). The falx cerebelli is a small triangular process acts both as the functional periosteum of the skull and the of dura mater that lies beneath the tentorium cerebelli in outermost membrane of the brain (Fig.
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Nervous and Endocrine Systems Lab Guide
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A Study of Unusual Presentations at the Internal Occipital Protuberance
Original Research Article A study of unusual presentations at the internal occipital protuberance Sudeepa Das¹, Gyanraj Singh2, Satya Narayan Shamal3, Bikash Chandra Satapathy4* 1,2Assistant Professor, 3Professor, Department of Anatomy, KIMS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. 4Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. Email: [email protected] Abstract The dural venous sinuses contains the venous blood originating from most parts of the cranial cavity. In this study forty head and neck specimens with intact dural folds were studied over 3 years period. In 2 cases variation was noted at the internal occipital protuberance during the routine dissection in Anatomy department. After separating the dura mater from the occipital bone, two distinct internal occipital crests were apparent which then diverge near the foramen magnum. We encountered duplicated internal Occipital crest along with duplicated falx cerebelli and occipital sinus. Of both specimens the falces and the distance between them were recorded. Each of the falx cerebelli had an apex and base with a marked occipital venous sinus attached to its border. These sinuses were draining into their respective transverse sinuses. In both the cases there was wide posterior cerebellar notch and foramen of Magendie associated with large cisterna magna. There was neither any marginal sinus detected nor any defect was marked in the vermis. Knowledge of this variation of posterior cranial fossa would be helpful in suboccipital approaches. Key Words: Variation,
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Teaching Neuroanatomical Terminology in English As Part of the Language of Medicine
JAHR Vol. 4 No. 7 2013 Review article Vanya Goranova*, Violeta Tacheva** Teaching neuroanatomical terminology in English as part of the language of medicine ABSTRACT Neuroanatomy is the study of the structural organization of the nervous system. Its terminol- ogy is closely related to the origin and development of medical terminology. Understanding linguistic phenomena such as etymology, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, acronyms etc. helps the students in achieving a higher medical competence. The specific terms could be distributed into several categories related to: 1. geometric objects (pyramid, uncus, fornix); 2. colours (red nucleus, white matter, gray matter); 3. skull structures (lacrimal nerve – lacrimal bone, mandibular nerve – mandible); 4. author name (Schwann cells, Broca area, Parkinson disease). Some terms in the English terminology preserve their original Latin form (substantia nigra, corpus callosum) but others are modified (red nucleus, Latin - nucleus ruber). This model of investigation may be applied to other medical disciplines. Key words: Neuroanatomical Terminology, Etymology, Synonyms, Antonyms, Paronyms, Eponyms, Mythonyms, Toponyms, Acronyms, Backronyms Introduction Human anatomy is the science of the human body’s structure. It is a basic biomedi- cal morphological science which has arisen and developped closely to medicine - a science and art for diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of diseases. There are differ- ent anatomical disciplines (gross anatomy, cytology, histology, embryology), various * Correspondence address: Vanya Goranova, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; 2 Medical University, 55 Marin Drinov Str., 9002 Varna, Bulgaria, e-mail: [email protected] ** Correspondence address: Violeta Tacheva, Department of Foreign Languages, Communication and Sport, Medical University, 55 Marin Drinov Str., 9002 Varna, Bulgaria, e-mail: [email protected] 367 JAHR Vol.
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Meninges Dr Nawal Alshannan MENINGES Latin Ward Means Membrane Meninx • Are Membranes Covering the Brain and Spinal Cord • Consist of Three Membranes: • 1
Meninges Dr nawal Alshannan MENINGES latin ward means membrane meninx • are membranes covering the brain and spinal cord • Consist of three membranes: • 1. The dura mater, • strong- tough mother • 2.The arachnoid mater spidery = hold blood vessels • 3.The pia mater • delicate membrane Dura mater Outermost layer Thick dense inelastic membrane It surrounds and supports the dural sinuses Dura mater has two layers = Bilaminar • 1. The superficial layer, which serves as the skull's inner periosteum; (periosteal layer) 2. The deep layer; (meningeal layer) = dura mater proper Continuous through the foramen magnum - with the dura mater of the spinal cord. The two layers are closely united except - along certain lines, where they separate - to form venous sinuses Folds of dura mater • The meningeal layer Folded inwards as 4 septa between part of the brain • These septi incompletely separate the brain into freely communicating parts The function of these septa is to restrict the rotatory displacement of the brain Superior sagittal sinus Dura mater (Dural venous sinus) Endosteal layer Meningeal layer Subdural space Coronal section of the upper part of the head Dura mater: Falx cerebri Sickle shaped double layer of dura mater, lying between cerebral hemispheres Attached anteriorly to crista galli Attached posteriorly to tentorium cerebelli Has a free inferior concave border that contains inferior sagittal sinus Upper convex margin encloses superior sagittal sinus )1Falx cerebri )2Tentorium cerebelli )4Diaphragma sellae )3Falx cerebelli Sagittal section showing the duramater Falx cerebelli is a small, sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that is attached to the internal occipital crest projects forward between the two cerebellar hemispheres.
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Powerpoint Handout: Lab 1, Part B: Dural Folds, Dural Sinuses, and Arterial Supply to Head and Neck
PowerPoint Handout: Lab 1, Part B: Dural Folds, Dural Sinuses, and Arterial Supply to Head and Neck Slide Title Slide Number Slide Title Slide Number Arterial Blood Supply to the Head: Aortic Arch Branches Slide 2 Innervation of Dura Slide 14 Arterial Blood Supply to the Head: Carotid Arteries Slide 3 Emissary Veins & Diploic Veins Slide 15 Arterial Blood Supply to the Head: Internal Carotid Artery Slide4 Cerebral & Cerebellar Veins Slide 16 Blood Supply Review from MSI: Subclavian Artery & Named Dural Folds Slide 5 Slide 17 Thyrocervical Trunk Dural Venous Sinuses Slide 18 Vertebral Artery Slide 6 Dural Venous Sinuses (Continued) Slide 19 Subclavian Steal Syndrome Slide 7 Osseous Grooves formed by Dural Sinuses Slide 20 Thyrocervical Trunk Slide 8 Venous Drainage of Head: Cavernous Sinuses Slide 21 Review: Suprascapular Artery Slide 9 Head & Neck Venous Drainage Slide 22 Review: Transverse Cervical Artery Slide 10 Intracranial Versus EXtracranial Venous Drainage Slide 23 Middle Meningeal Artery Slide 11 Meningeal Layers & Spaces Slide 12 Cranial Dura, Dural Folds, & Dural Venous Sinuses Slide 13 Arterial Blood Supply to the Head: Aortic Arch Branches The head and neck receive their blood supply from https://3d4medic.al/PXGmbxEt branches of the right and left common carotid and right and left subclavian arteries. • On the right side, the subclavian and common carotid arteries arise from the brachiocephalic trunk. • On the left side, these two arteries originate from the arch of the aorta. Arterial Blood Supply to the Head: Carotid Arteries On each side of the neck, the common carotid arteries ascend in the neck to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage (vertebral level C3/C4) where they divide into eXternal and internal carotid arteries at the carotid bifurcation.
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Developmental Defects of the Cisterna Magna and Dura Mater by E
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.12.1.39 on 1 February 1949. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1949, 12, 39. DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF THE CISTERNA MAGNA AND DURA MATER BY E. GRAEME ROBERTSON From the Department ofNeurology and Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia INDEX the cistern in specimens, for without floating the Page arachnoid away from the brain it is difficult to INTRODUCTION.. .. .. .. .. .. 39 delimit the periphery of the cistern. It is only NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE CISTERNA MAGNA .. 39 when gas in the cistern clearly delimits it that these VARIATIONS IN THE CISTERNA MAGNA: RECOGNITION DURING ENCEPHALOGRAPHY .. .. .. 40 -variations can be recognized. ALLIED ABNORMALITIES OF CISTERNA MAGNA, TEN- Normal Anatomy of the Cisterna Magna TORIUM, AND FALX CEREBRI .. .. .. 49 AccouNT OF COINCIDENT CYST IN VERMIS .. .. 50 As the arachnoid membrane passes upwards from SUMMARY .. .. .. .. .. .. 51 the spinal canal through the foramen magnum to enclose the contents of the posterior cranial fossa Introduction it becomes more extensive. Anteriorly the sub- Cerebral dqfects of developmental origin, apart arachnoid space suffers no interruption in front of the medulla and pons. Thus, during encepha- from those involving the nervous parenchyma, are Protected by copyright. to be found chiefly in the neighbourhood of the lography, gas is 'able to pass upwards' to reach the roof of the-third ventricle. The complex develop- interpeduncular cisterns and thence the cerebral mental evolution of the structures in this region subarachnoid space (Fig. 1). Posteriorly and may predispose to imperfect development, whether laterally, however, the arachnoid membrane is the cause be some variety of damage which impairs closely applied to the pia mater on the infeior' development, or.
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Lecture 4 Human Anatomy Second Stage احمد جسام النقيب د. the Meninges the Brain in the Skull Is Surro
Lecture 4 Human Anatomy second stage د. احمد جسام النقيب The Meninges The brain in the skull is surrounded by three protective membranes, or meninges: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. (The spinal cord in the vertebral column is also surrounded by three meninges) Dura Mater of the Brain The dura mater is conventionally described as two layers: the endosteal layer and the meningeal layer. These are closely united except along certain lines, where they separate to form venous sinuses. The endosteal layer is nothing more than the ordinary periosteum covering the inner surface of the skull bones. It does not extend through the foramen magnum to become continuous with the dura mater of the spinal cord. Around the margins of all the foramina in the skull, it becomes continuous with the periosteum on the outside of the skull bones. At the sutures, it is continuous with the sutural ligaments. It is most strongly adherent to the bones over the base of the skull. The meningeal layer is the dura mater proper. It is a dense, strong, fibrous membrane covering the brain and is continuous through the foramen magnum with the dura mater of the spinal cord. It provides tubular sheaths for the cranial nerves as the latter pass through the foramina in the skull. Outside the skull, the sheaths fuse with the epineurium of the nerves. The meningeal layer sends inward four septa that divide the cranial cavity into freely communicating spaces lodging the subdivisions of the brain. The function of these septa is to restrict the rotatory displacement of the brain.
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