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Frontal Lobe Anterior Corpora Commissure Quadrigemina Superior Colliculus Optic Chiasm Inferior Colliculus Chapter 16 The Nervous System The Brain and Cranial Nerves Lecture Presentation by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The brain is a complex three-dimensional structure that performs a bewildering array of functions • Think of the brain as an organic computer • However, the brain is far more versatile than a computer • The brain is far more complex than the spinal cord • The brain consists of roughly 20 billion neurons © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain • The CNS begins as a neural tube • The lumen of the tube (neurocoel) is filled with fluid • The lumen of the tube will expand thus forming the various ventricles of the brain • In the fourth week of development, the cephalic area of the neural tube enlarges to form: • Prosencephalon • Mesencephalon • Rhombencephalon © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Prosencephalon eventually develops to form: • Telencephalon forms: • Cerebrum • Diencephalon forms: • Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Mesencephalon • Does not subdivide • Becomes the midbrain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Rhombencephalon • Eventually develops to form: • Metencephalon: forms the pons and cerebellum • Myelencephalon: forms the medulla oblongata © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri Sulci CEREBRUM • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions Fissures • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS • Relay and processing centers for sensory information HYPOTHALAMUS • Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone CEREBELLUM production • Coordinates complex Spinal somatic motor cord patterns • Adjusts output of MESENCEPHALON Brain other somatic motor • Processing of visual stem centers in brain and and auditory data spinal cord • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses • Maintenance of consciousness PONS • Relays sensory MEDULLA OBLONGATA information to cerebellum and • Relays sensory information to thalamus and thalamus to other portions of the brain stem • Subconscious • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral somatic and visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and motor centers digestive system activities) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Major Regions and Landmarks • Medulla oblongata • Pons • Mesencephalon (midbrain) • Diencephalon • Cerebellum • Cerebrum (telencephalon) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Cingulate gyrus Fornix Corpus callosum Thalamus Membranous portion Septum of epithalamus pellucidum Hypothalamus Interventricular foramen Parieto-occipital sulcus Pineal gland Frontal lobe Anterior Corpora commissure Quadrigemina Superior colliculus Optic chiasm Inferior colliculus Mamillary body Aqueduct of midbrain Temporal lobe Cerebellum Mesencephalon Fourth ventricle Pons Medulla oblongata a A sagittal section through the brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Major Regions and Landmarks • Medulla oblongata • Relays information to the thalamus and brain stem • Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion • Pons • Relays information to the cerebellum and the thalamus • Regulates somatic and visceral motor centers © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri Sulci CEREBRUM • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions Fissures • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS • Relay and processing centers for sensory information HYPOTHALAMUS • Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone CEREBELLUM production • Coordinates complex Spinal somatic motor cord patterns • Adjusts output of MESENCEPHALON Brain other somatic motor • Processing of visual stem centers in brain and and auditory data spinal cord • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses • Maintenance of consciousness PONS • Relays sensory MEDULLA OBLONGATA information to cerebellum and • Relays sensory information to thalamus and thalamus to other portions of the brain stem • Subconscious • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral somatic and visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and motor centers digestive system activities) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Major Regions and Landmarks • Mesencephalon (midbrain) • Processes visual and auditory data • Maintains consciousness and alertness • Involved with reflexive somatic motor responses to stimuli © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri Sulci CEREBRUM • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions Fissures • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS • Relay and processing centers for sensory information HYPOTHALAMUS • Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone CEREBELLUM production • Coordinates complex Spinal somatic motor cord patterns • Adjusts output of MESENCEPHALON Brain other somatic motor • Processing of visual stem centers in brain and and auditory data spinal cord • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses • Maintenance of consciousness PONS • Relays sensory MEDULLA OBLONGATA information to cerebellum and • Relays sensory information to thalamus and thalamus to other portions of the brain stem • Subconscious • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral somatic and visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and motor centers digestive system activities) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Major Regions and Landmarks • Diencephalon • Epithalamus • Contains the pineal gland • Thalamus • Relays information to the cerebrum • Processes sensory information • Hypothalamus • Involved in emotions, thirst, some habitual activity © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri Sulci CEREBRUM • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions Fissures • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS • Relay and processing centers for sensory information HYPOTHALAMUS • Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone CEREBELLUM production • Coordinates complex Spinal somatic motor cord patterns • Adjusts output of MESENCEPHALON Brain other somatic motor • Processing of visual stem centers in brain and and auditory data spinal cord • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses • Maintenance of consciousness PONS • Relays sensory MEDULLA OBLONGATA information to cerebellum and • Relays sensory information to thalamus and thalamus to other portions of the brain stem • Subconscious • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral somatic and visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and motor centers digestive system activities) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Major Regions and Landmarks • Cerebellum • Coordinates somatic motor function • Adjusts output of somatic motor centers resulting in smooth operation • Cerebrum (telencephalon) • Conscious thought processes • Intellectual functions • Memory storage • Conscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri Sulci CEREBRUM • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions Fissures • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS • Relay and processing centers for sensory information HYPOTHALAMUS • Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone CEREBELLUM production • Coordinates complex Spinal somatic motor cord patterns • Adjusts output of MESENCEPHALON Brain other somatic motor • Processing of visual stem centers in brain and and auditory data spinal cord • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses • Maintenance of consciousness PONS • Relays sensory MEDULLA OBLONGATA information to cerebellum and • Relays sensory information to thalamus and thalamus to other portions of the brain stem • Subconscious • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral somatic and visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and motor centers digestive system activities) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Gray Matter and White Matter Organization • The cerebrum consists of: • Inner region of gray matter • Surrounded by tracts of white matter • Gray matter consists of cell bodies © 2015
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