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Is Composed from Spinal Cord and Brain

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Is Composed from Spinal Cord and Brain doc. MUDr. Adriana Boleková, PhD. MVDr. Natália Hvizdošová, PhD. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – is composed from spinal cord and brain SPINAL CORD cranial border: foramen magnum, pyramidal decussation, exit of first pair of spinal nerves caudal border: level of L1 – L2 vertebrae medullary cone – filum terminale (S2) – cauda equina enlargements: cervical enlargement (C5 – Th1): origin of nerves for upper extremity – brachial plexus lumbosacral enlargement (L1 – S2): origin of nerves for lower extremity – lumbosacral plexus external features: anterior median fissure anterolateral sulcus – anterior roots of spinal nn. posterolateral sulcus – posterior roots of spinal nn. posterior median sulcus posterior intermediate sulcus internal features: White matter anterior funiculus (between anterior median fissure and anterolateral sulcus) lateral funiculus (between anterolateral and posterolateral sulci) posterior funiculus (between posterolateral sulcus and posterior median sulcus) fasciculus gracilis fasciculus cuneatus Gray matter anterior (ventral) horn – motor function: Rexed laminae I – VI lateral horn – serves to visceral function: Rexed lamina VII dorsal (posterior) horn – sensory information: Rexed laminae VIII – IX central grey matter – interneurons: around central canal Rexed lamina X Central canal cranially opens into IV. ventricle caudally expands into terminal ventricle vessels of spinal cord: Arteries: spinal brr. from surrounding arteries – anterior radicular aa., posterior radicular aa.: posterior spinal aa. (in posterolateral sulci) – for posterior 1/3 of spinal cord, white mater anterior spinal a. (in anterior median fissure) – for anterior 2/3 of spinal cord, grey mater Veins: internal vertebral venous plexuses opens to external vertebral venous plexuses coverings and spaces of spinal cord: endorhachis – periosteum of vertebral canal epidural space: fatty tissue, internal vertebral venous plexuses dura mater arachnoid mater subarachnoid space: cerebrospinal fluid pia mater BRAIN Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Myelencephalon (Medulla oblongata) Metencephalon (Pons + Cerebellum) Mesencephalon (midbrain) Prosencephalon (forebrain) Diencephalon Telencephalon Brainstem (Truncus encephali) Medulla oblongata (bulb of spinal cord) Pons Mesencephalon BRAIN STEM Medulla oblongata from pyramidal decussation (crossing of anterior corticospinal tracts) to bulbopontine sulcus (transverse groove between medulla oblongata and pons) longitudinal division: – ventrally: anterior median fissure foramen cecum pyramid: contains fibers of anterior corticospinal tract anterolateral sulcus: exit of hypoglossal n. (CN XII) olive posterolateral sulcus: exit of glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX), vagus n. (CN X), accessory n. (CN XI) inferior cerebellar peduncles: connect medulla oblongata and pons – dorsally: posterior median sulcus fasciculus gracilis – gracile tubercle intermediate sulcus fasciculus cuneatus – cuneate tubercle lower part of rhomboid fossa Pons – cranial continuation of medulla oblongata structures: – ventrally: bulbopontine sulcus: abducent n. (CN V.) basilar sulcus: groove on ventral surface of pons, basilar a. runs within basilar sulcus middle cerebellar peduncles: connect cerebellum to pons pontocerebellar angle (pontocerebellar trigone): exits of facial n. (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear n. (CN VIII) trigeminofacial line: forms lateral border of pons, between exits of trigeminal n. (CN V) and facial n. (CN VII),border between pons and cerebellum – dorsally upper part of rhomboid fossa Rhomboid fossa posterior surface of medulla oblongata and pons, forms floor of fourth ventricle structures: median sulcus of rhomboid fossa: connects central canal to cerebral aqueduct median eminence: laterally to median sulcus of rhomboid fossa sulcus limitans: laterally to median eminence, border between alar and basal plates from developmental period superior part – superior fovea, locus ceruleus, facial colliculus (fibers of facial n. loop around ncl. of abducent n.) intermediate part – medullary striae of rhomboid fossa vestibular area and acoustic tubercle (laterally to sulcus limitans) inferior part – hypoglossal trigone: lies close to median sulcus (ncl. of hypoglossal n.) vagal trigone: laterally to hypoglossal trigone (ncl. of vagus n.) area postrema: caudally to vagal trigone inferior fovea: on top of vagal trigone Mesencephalon through all mesencephalon runs cerebral aqueduct (connects IIIrd and IVth ventricles) superior cerebellar peduncles: connect mesencephalon and cerebellum parts: cerebral peduncle: ventral to cerebral aqueduct – cerebral crus (basis pedunculi): interpeduncular fossa, posterior perforating substance, exit of oculomotor n. (CN III) – tegmentum: substantia nigra, red nucleus tectum: dorsal to cerebral aqueduct – superior colliculi – brachium of superior colliculi (part of visual pathway) – inferior colliculi – brachium of inferior colliculi (part of auditory pathway) – exit of trochlear n. (CN IV) CEREBELLUM vermis: middle unpaired part hemisphere anterior lobe posterior lobe flocculonodular lobe external features: folia of cerebellum fissures of cerebellum: primary fissure: between anterior lobe and posterior lobe posterolateral fissure: between posterior lobe and flocculonodular lobe internal features: cerebellar cortex: gray matter tree of life (arbor vitae): white matter cerebellar nuclei: gray matter fastigial nuclei emboliform nucleus globose nuclei dentate nucleus superior cerebellar peduncles: connect cerebellum to midbrain middle cerebellar peduncles: connect cerebellum to pons inferior cerebellar peduncles: connect cerebellum to medulla oblongata anatomical division of cerebellum: vermis hemisphere lingula – vinculum lingulae central lobule – ala of central lobule culmen – quadrangular lobule primary fissure declive – lobulus simplex folium – superior semilunar lobule horizontal fissure tuber – inferior semilunar lobule pyramis – biventral lobule uvula – tonsil posterolateral fissure nodulus – flocculus DIENCEPHALON located upward and in front of midbrain hypothalamic sulcus: border between sensory and motor parts of diencephalon Hypothalamus primary centre of ANS, located below hypothalamic sulcus structures: mammillary body tuber cinereum infundibulum – hypophysis optic chiasma – optic tract Thalamus – sensory above hypothalamic sulcus, the largest portion of diencephalon 'gate to consciousness', receives all sensory information (except olfactory) structures: Medial surface – interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass) medullary stria of thalamus – tenia thalami Dorsal surface terminal sulcus – superior thalamostriate v., terminal stria tenia choroidea – choroid plexus of lateral ventricle lamina affixa anterior tubercle pulvinar Metathalamus: medial geniculate body – subcortical auditory centre lateral geniculate body – subcortical visual centre Epithalamus dorsomedially to thalamus, connected with limbic system structures: habenula – habenular trigone habenular commissure – epiphysis (pineal body) posterior commissure TELENCEPHALON cerebral hemispheres: cerebral cortex – gray matter medullary body – white matter basal ganglia – gray matter rhinencephalon and limbic systems Surfaces: superolateral, medial, and inferior surfaces Margins: superior, medial, and inferior margins Lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes, and insula Poles: frontal, occipital, and temporal poles Cerebral cortex – gyri and sulci Superolateral surface lateral sulcus – anterior, ascending, and posterior rami central sulcus Frontal lobe precentral gyrus precentral sulcus superior frontal gyrus superior frontal sulcus middle frontal gyrus inferior frontal sulcus inferior frontal gyrus – orbital part anterior ramus of lateral sulcus – triangular part ascending ramus of lateral – opercular part posterior ramus of lateral sulcus Parietal lobe postcentral gyrus postcentral sulcus superior parietal lobule intraparietal sulcus inferior parietal lobule – supramarginal gyrus: around end of posterior ramus of lateral sulcus – angular gyrus: around end of superior temporal sulcus Occipital lobe occipital gyri transverse occipital sulcus lunate sulcus preoccipital notch Temporal lobe superior temporal gyrus – transverse temporal gyri superior temporal sulcus middle temporal gyrus inferior temporal sulcus inferior temporal gyrus Insula limen of insula circular sulcus long gyrus – central sulcus of insula short gyri Medial surface of telencephalon medial frontal gyrus paracentral lobule precuneus parietooccipital sulcus cuneus – calcarine sulcus cingulate sulcus cingulate gyrus – isthmus of cingulate gyrus sulcus of corpus callosum corpus callosum – rostrum, genu, body, splenium septum pellucidum – laminae and cave of septum pellucidum fornix – column, body, and crus of fornix paraterminal gyrus subcallosal area Inferior surface of telencephalon straight gyrus olfactory sulcus olfactory bulb – olfactory tract – medial and lateral olfactory striae olfactory trigone – anterior perforating substance optic n. (CN II) – optic chiasma – optic tract orbital gyri – orbital sulci hippocampal sulcus uncus of parahippocampal gyrus – parahippocampal gyrus – lingual gyrus collateral sulcus – rhinal sulcus medial occipitotemporal gyrus occipitotemporal sulcus lateral occipitotemporal gyrus Functional cortical areas: Brodmannꞌs cytoarchitectonic map (1907) motor and sensory Homunculus motor areas – in frontal
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