The Nervous System
MENINGES CSF Introduction
Protection of the brain Bone (skull) Membranes (meninges) Watery cushion (cerebrospinal fluid) Blood-brain barrier (astrocytes) The Meninges
Series of membranes Cover and protect the CNS Anchor and cushion the brain Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) The Meninges
Three layers Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of skull Periosteal Dura Meningeal mater Superior Arachnoid mater sagittal sinus Pia mater Subdural Arachnoid villus space Blood vessel Subarachnoid Falx cerebri space (in longitudinal fissure only)
Figure 12.24 The Meninges
Dura mater Strongest meninx Fibrous connective tissue Limit excessive movement of the brain
Superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebri Straight sinus Crista galli of the Tentorium ethmoid cerebelli bone Falx Pituitary cerebelli gland
(a) Dural septa
Figure 12.25a The Meninges
Arachnoid mater Middle layer with weblike extensions Separated from the dura mater by the subdural space Subarachnoid space contains CSF and blood vessels The Meninges
Pia mater Layer of delicate vascularized connective tissue Clings tightly to the brain
Meningitis
Inflammation of meninges May be bacterial or viral Diagnosed by obtaining CSF sample via lumbar tap T12
Ligamentum flavum L5 Lumbar puncture needle entering subarachnoid space L4
Supra- spinous ligament
S1 Inter- Cauda equina vertebral Arachnoid Dura in subarachnoid disc matter mater space
Figure 12.30 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Composition Watery solution Modified plasma Constant volume (about 150 ml) About 500 ml formed daily Replaced every 8 hours or so Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Functions Gives buoyancy to the CNS organs Protects the CNS from blows & other trauma Nourishes the brain & carries chemical signals Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Choroid plexuses Produce CSF at a constant rate Hang from the roof of each ventricle Clusters of capillaries enclosed by pia mater & a layer of ependymal cells Ependymal cells Capillary Section of choroid Connective plexus tissue of pia mater
Wastes and Cavity of CSF forms as a filtrate unnecessary containing glucose, oxygen, solutes absorbed ventricle vitamins, and ions (Na+, Cl–, Mg2+, etc.) (b) CSF formation by choroid plexuses
Figure 12.26b
Superior sagittal sinus 4 Choroid plexus Arachnoid villus Interventricular foramen Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Meningeal dura mater Periosteal dura mater 1 Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 3 Third ventricle 1 CSF is produced by the Cerebral aqueduct choroid plexus of each Lateral aperture ventricle. Fourth ventricle 2 CSF flows through the ventricles and into the Median aperture 2 subarachnoid space via the Central canal median and lateral apertures. of spinal cord Some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord.
3 CSF flows through the (a) CSF circulation subarachnoid space. 4 CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi.
Figure 12.26a Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Hydrocephalus Due to blockage or overproduction of CSF Internal versus external hydrocephalus Infants versus adults Treatment