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Why Woodpecker Can Resist the Impact

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Why Woodpecker Can Resist the Impact Why woodpecker can resist the impact A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Zhe Zhang Master of Civil Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia School of Engineering College of Science, Engineering and Health RMIT University November 2019 II Declaration I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. Zhe Zhang 30 November 2019 III Acknowledgments The research in this thesis could not have been completed without significant support from many individuals and organisations. I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to all of them. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my senior supervisor, Dr. Shiwei Zhou, for his wisdom in choosing this fascinating research topic for me and his constant encouragement and guidance. After the guidance of my Master graduation project, Dr. Zhou accepted me as one of the Ph.D. students and offered financial support for my first-year study at RMIT University. He has always been patient in providing guidance and offering supportive suggestions to me during my PhD candidature period. It is not an exaggeration to say that he has changed my life and his good characteristics have had a significant and positive impact on me which would be beneficial for the rest of my life. Without his help, I could hardly obtain these achievements and this thesis would not reach its present form. Meanwhile, I would like to thank the Chinese Scholarship Council, which provided me with a scholarship. This scholarship makes me free of worrying about my living. Secondly, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my associate supervisor, Distinguished Professor Yi Min (Mike) Xie, who is the Fellow of Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, the Members of the Order of Australia, the originator of evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) and bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) methods and top researchers in worldwide structural optimization, for his constructive advice and useful suggestions on my thesis. Prof. Xie provided me with a valuable opportunity to join the famous research team in a field of developing novel structures and materials – “Centre for Innovative Structures and Materials (CISM)”. His remarkable achievements have also inspired me. It is my great honour and pleasure to be one of Prof. Xie’s students. IV Thirdly, I am also deeply indebted to the other members in the Centre for Innovative Structures and Materials (CISM) at RMIT University, who accompanied me during my Ph.D study. Although most of them went to different places after graduation, I will never forget the days we went through together. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support all the way from the beginning of my studies. I could not have had the opportunity to study in Australia without their selfless supports. I would especially like to thank my fiancée, Chenxi Xu, who has been extremely supportive of me throughout the research and has made countless sacrifices to help me get to this point. V Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. V NOTATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. VII LIST OF THE FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF THE TABLES .......................................................................................................................... XVI ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... 1 PUBLICATION LIST .................................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 AIMS AND SCOPE ................................................................................................................................. 12 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS ................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 16 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................................. 16 2.1 IMAGE SEGMENTATION TECHNIQUES ................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1 Based on discontinuity ............................................................................................................... 17 2.1.2 Based on similarity ..................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUES TO IMPACT.................................................................... 27 2.2.1 Morphological investigation ...................................................................................................... 29 2.2.2 Anatomical investigation ............................................................................................................ 32 2.2.3 Biomechanical investigation ...................................................................................................... 35 VI 2.3 IMPROVEMENT BASED ON PREVIOUS STUDIES ........................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 40 A REACTION DIFFUSION BASED LEVEL SET METHOD FOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION IN THREE DIMENSIONS ..... 40 3.1 OPTIMIZATION METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 40 3.1.1 Level set method ......................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.2 Reaction-diffusion algorithm ...................................................................................................... 42 3.2 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES ....................................................................................................................... 50 3.2.1 Numerical examples without normalisation ............................................................................... 53 3.2.2 Numerical examples with normalization .................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 82 A COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE IMPACT-RESISTANCE OF WOODPECKERS .............................. 82 4.1 MODELLING ........................................................................................................................................... 82 4.2 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 90 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................... 108 FINAL REMARKS ........................................................................................................................................ 108 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 111 VII Notations Ω a bounded subset Ʀ real number set Г interface ∂Ω desired boundaries α a positive coefficient in energy function β a positive coefficient in energy function λ a positive coefficient in energy function C the level set contour φ level set function t a fictitious time slot F an objective function c1 the approximating average intensities of inside region c2 the approximating average intensities of outside region H the Heaviside function δ the Dirac function ∆ the Laplace operator the gradient symbol ∇μ a positive fixed parameter ν a positive fixed parameter λ a positive fixed parameter sign(.) the sign function R(φ) the level set regularization
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