Meninges, Ventricles, and CSF Important Doctors Notes Notes/Extra Explanation Please View Our Editing File Before Studying This Lecture to Check for Any Changes
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Why Do Bridging Veins Rupture Into the Virtual Subdural Space?
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.47.2.121 on 1 February 1984. Downloaded from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1984;47:121-127 Why do bridging veins rupture into the virtual subdural space? T YAMASHIMA, RL FRIEDE From the Department ofNeuropathology, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany SUMMARY Electron microscopic data on human bridging veins show thin walls of variable thick- ness, circumferential arrangement of collagen fibres and a lack of outer reinforcement by arach- noid trabecules, all contributory to the subdural portion of the vein being more fragile than its subarachnoid portion. These features explain the laceration of veins and the subdural location of resultant haematomas. Most subdural haematomas due to venous bleeding walls are delicate, lacking muscle fibres, with only a have been attributed to lacerations in bridging veins. thin fibrous wall and a thin elastic lamina adjacent to These veins form short trunks passing directly from the endothelial layer. The conclusions of these two the brain to the dura mater, almost at right angles to authors, have gained wide acceptance, although guest. Protected by copyright. both. Between these two points, bridging veins take there was little evidence concerning the fragility of a straight course with no tortuosity to allow for the the vein walls. possible displacement of brain.' Trotter2 speculated The purpose of the present communication is to that subdural haematomas are invariably due to provide electron microscopic data on tissue fixed in trauma tearing large veins, an interpretation situ, which might throw some light on to the lacera- elaborated by Krauland.3 According to Leary,4 the tion mechanism of bridging veins and its relationship common sources of subdural haematomas are rup- to the development of subdural haematoma. -
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Brain and Sheep Brain Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human brain by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy, function, and pathology. Those students participating in Sheep Brain Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. The following topics will be covered: 1. The neurons and supporting cells of the nervous system 2. Organization of the nervous system (the central and peripheral nervous systems) 4. Protective coverings of the brain 5. Brain Anatomy, including cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem 6. Spinal Cord Anatomy 7. Cranial and spinal nerves Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. Define the selected terms associated with the human brain and spinal cord; 2. Identify the protective structures of the brain; 3. Identify the four lobes of the brain; 4. Explain the correlation between brain surface area, structure and brain function. 5. Discuss common neurological disorders and treatments. 6. Describe the effects of drug and alcohol on the brain. 7. Correctly label a diagram of the human brain National Science Education -
Anatomical Variations of Circle of Willis - a Cadaveric Study
International Surgery Journal Singh R et al. Int Surg J. 2017 Apr;4(4):1249-1258 http://www.ijsurgery.com pISSN 2349-3305 | eISSN 2349-2902 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20171016 Original Research Article Anatomical variations of circle of Willis - a cadaveric study Ramanuj Singh, Ajay Babu Kannabathula*, Himadri Sunam, Debajani Deka Department of Anatomy, Gouri devi Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Durgapur, West Bengal, India Received: 02 March 2017 Accepted: 09 March 2017 *Correspondence: Dr. Ajay Babu Kannabathula, E-mail: [email protected] Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Background: The circle of Willis (CW) is a vascular network formed at the base of skull in the interpeduncular fossa. Its anterior part is formed by the anterior cerebral artery, from either side. Anterior communicating artery connects the right and left anterior cerebral arteries. Posteriorly, the basilar artery divides into right and left posterior cerebral arteries and each join to ipsilateral internal carotid artery through a posterior communicating artery. Anterior communicating artery and posterior communicating arteries are important component of circle of Willis, acts as collateral channel to stabilize blood flow. In the present study, anatomical variations in the circle of Willis were noted. Methods: 75 apparently normal formalin fixed brain specimens were collected from human cadavers. 55 Normal anatomical pattern and 20 variations of circle of Willis were studied. -
The Strain Rates in the Brain, Brainstem, Dura, and Skull Under Dynamic Loadings
Mathematical and Computational Applications Article The Strain Rates in the Brain, Brainstem, Dura, and Skull under Dynamic Loadings Mohammad Hosseini-Farid 1,2,* , MaryamSadat Amiri-Tehrani-Zadeh 3, Mohammadreza Ramzanpour 1, Mariusz Ziejewski 1 and Ghodrat Karami 1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58104, USA; [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (G.K.) 2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA 3 Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58104, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-7012315859 Received: 7 March 2020; Accepted: 5 April 2020; Published: 7 April 2020 Abstract: Knowing the precise material properties of intracranial head organs is crucial for studying the biomechanics of head injury. It has been shown that these biological tissues are significantly rate-dependent; hence, their material properties should be determined with respect to the range of deformation rate they experience. In this paper, a validated finite element human head model is used to investigate the biomechanics of the head in impact and blast, leading to traumatic brain injuries (TBI). We simulate the head under various directions and velocities of impacts, as well as helmeted and unhelmeted head under blast shock waves. It is demonstrated that the strain rates for the brain 1 are in the range of 36 to 241 s− , approximately 1.9 and 0.86 times the resulting head acceleration under impacts and blast scenarios, respectively. The skull was found to experience a rate in the range 1 of 14 to 182 s− , approximately 0.7 and 0.43 times the head acceleration corresponding to impact and blast cases. -
A Suprasellar Subarachnoid Pouch; Aetiological Considerations
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.47.10.1066 on 1 October 1984. Downloaded from Journal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1984;47:1066-1074 A suprasellar subarachnoid pouch; aetiological considerations O BINITIE, BERNARD WILLIAMS, CP CASE From the Midland Centre for Neurosurgery and Neurology, Smethwick, Warley, West Midlands, UK SUMMARY A child with hydrocephalus treated by a valved shunt was reinvestigated after develop- ing a shunt infection. A pouch was discovered invaginating the floor of the third ventricle and filling slowly with CSF from the region of the interpeduncular cistern. Histology and mechanisms of this pouch formation are discussed. Arachnoid lined cysts in the subarachnoid space There was a family history of one sibling with spina form about one percent of space occupying intra- bifida and two normal siblings aged four and six cranial lesions in several series.'- These cysts may years. He was admitted to the Midland Centre for be separate from the normal subarachnoid space or Neurosurgery and Neurology (MCNN) at the age of may communicate with it. The term cyst" may be one and a half years because his head had been guest. Protected by copyright. applied to a fluid collection which has no macro- increasing in size over the previous six months. It scopic connection with other fluid containing space was also noted that his arms and legs were stiff, that and pouch" to a fluid collection with one entrance he did not attempt to crawl and his vocabulary was or exit.4 Cavities containing cerebrospinal fluid limited to basic words only. -
Deconstructing Spinal Interneurons, One Cell Type at a Time Mariano Ignacio Gabitto
Deconstructing spinal interneurons, one cell type at a time Mariano Ignacio Gabitto Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Mariano Ignacio Gabitto All rights reserved ABSTRACT Deconstructing spinal interneurons, one cell type at a time Mariano Ignacio Gabitto Abstract Documenting the extent of cellular diversity is a critical step in defining the functional organization of the nervous system. In this context, we sought to develop statistical methods capable of revealing underlying cellular diversity given incomplete data sampling - a common problem in biological systems, where complete descriptions of cellular characteristics are rarely available. We devised a sparse Bayesian framework that infers cell type diversity from partial or incomplete transcription factor expression data. This framework appropriately handles estimation uncertainty, can incorporate multiple cellular characteristics, and can be used to optimize experimental design. We applied this framework to characterize a cardinal inhibitory population in the spinal cord. Animals generate movement by engaging spinal circuits that direct precise sequences of muscle contraction, but the identity and organizational logic of local interneurons that lie at the core of these circuits remain unresolved. By using our Sparse Bayesian approach, we showed that V1 interneurons, a major inhibitory population that controls motor output, fractionate into diverse subsets on the basis of the expression of nineteen transcription factors. Transcriptionally defined subsets exhibit highly structured spatial distributions with mediolateral and dorsoventral positional biases. These distinctions in settling position are largely predictive of patterns of input from sensory and motor neurons, arguing that settling position is a determinant of inhibitory microcircuit organization. -
The Development of the Epidural Space in Human Embryos
Folia Morphol. Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 273–279 Copyright © 2004 Via Medica O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl The development of the epidural space in human embryos Magdalena Patelska-Banaszewska, Witold Woźniak Department of Anatomy, University School of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland [Received 25 April 2004; Accepted 25 June 2004] The epidural space is seen in embryos at stage 17 (41 days) on the periphery of the primary meninx. During stage 18 (44 days) the dura mater proper appears and the epidural space is located between this meninx and the perichondrium and contains blood vessels. During the last week of the embryonic period (stages 20–23) the epidural space is evident around the circumference of the spinal cord. On the posterior surface it is found between the dura mater and the me- soderm of the dorsal body wall. Key words: human neuroembryology, primary meninx, epidural space INTRODUCTION horizontal, frontal, and sagittal planes and stained The epidural space lies between the spinal dura according to various methods (chiefly Mallory, hae- mater and the periosteum of the vertebral canal. This matoxylin and eosin and with silver salts). In some periosteum is formed by the outer endosteal layer embryos graphic reconstructions were prepared at of the dura mater. The epidural space contains loose each of the stages investigated. connective tissue, venous plexuses and adipose tis- sue, which is particularly evident in the lumbar re- RESULTS gion [8]. There is some evidence that it is only a po- The primordium of the epidural space appears in tential space [2]. -
Delineating the Diversity of Spinal Interneurons in Locomotor Circuits
The Journal of Neuroscience, November 8, 2017 • 37(45):10835–10841 • 10835 Mini-Symposium Delineating the Diversity of Spinal Interneurons in Locomotor Circuits Simon Gosgnach,1 Jay B. Bikoff,2 XKimberly J. Dougherty,3 Abdeljabbar El Manira,4 XGuillermo M. Lanuza,5 and Ying Zhang6 1Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada, 2Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, 3Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, 4Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden, 5Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Fundacion Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina, and 6Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University. Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada Locomotion is common to all animals and is essential for survival. Neural circuits located in the spinal cord have been shown to be necessary and sufficient for the generation and control of the basic locomotor rhythm by activating muscles on either side of the body in a specific sequence. Activity in these neural circuits determines the speed, gait pattern, and direction of movement, so the specific locomotor pattern generated relies on the diversity of the neurons within spinal locomotor circuits. Here, we review findings demon- strating that developmental genetics can be used to identify populations of neurons that comprise these circuits and focus on recent work indicating that many of these populations can be further subdivided -
What to Expect After Having a Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) Information for Patients and Families Table of Contents
What to expect after having a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) Information for patients and families Table of contents What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)? .......................................... 3 What are the signs that I may have had an SAH? .................................. 4 How did I get this aneurysm? ..................................................................... 4 Why do aneurysms need to be treated?.................................................... 4 What is an angiogram? .................................................................................. 5 How are aneurysms repaired? ..................................................................... 6 What are common complications after having an SAH? ..................... 8 What is vasospasm? ...................................................................................... 8 What is hydrocephalus? ............................................................................... 10 What is hyponatremia? ................................................................................ 12 What happens as I begin to get better? .................................................... 13 What can I expect after I leave the hospital? .......................................... 13 How will the SAH change my health? ........................................................ 14 Will the SAH cause any long-term effects? ............................................. 14 How will my emotions be affected? .......................................................... 15 When should -
A Cellular Atlas of the Developing Meninges Reveals Meningeal Fibroblast Diversity and Function
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/648642; this version posted May 24, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 2 3 4 Title: A cellular atlas of the developing meninges reveals meningeal fibroblast diversity and function 5 6 Authors: John DeSisto1,2,3,, Rebecca O’Rourke2, Stephanie Bonney1,3, Hannah E. Jones1,3, Fabien 7 Guimiot4, Kenneth L. Jones2 and Julie A. Siegenthaler1,3,5 8 9 1Department of Pediatrics Section of Developmental Biology, 2Department of Pediatrics Section of 10 Section of Hematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplant, 3Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development 11 Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA, 12 4INSERM UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France. 13 14 5Corresponding Author: 15 Julie A. Siegenthaler, PhD 16 University of Colorado, School of Medicine 17 Department of Pediatrics 18 12800 East 19th Ave MS-8313 19 Aurora, CO 80045 USA 20 Telephone #: 303-724-3123 21 E-mail: [email protected] 22 23 Key words (3-6 words): brain development, meninges, pial basement membrane, retinoic acid, human 24 meninges bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/648642; this version posted May 24, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 25 Abstract 26 The meninges, a multilayered structure that encases the CNS, is composed mostly of fibroblasts, 27 along with vascular and immune cells. -
CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit
228 CHAPTER 8 Face, Scalp, Skull, Cranial Cavity, and Orbit MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION Dural Venous Sinuses Not in the Subendocranial Occipitofrontalis Space More About the Epicranial Aponeurosis and the Cerebral Veins Subcutaneous Layer of the Scalp Emissary Veins Orbicularis Oculi CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EMISSARY VEINS Zygomaticus Major CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS Orbicularis Oris Cranial Arachnoid and Pia Mentalis Vertebral Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Buccinator Internal Carotid Artery Within the Cranial Cavity Platysma Circle of Willis The Absence of Veins Accompanying the PAROTID GLAND Intracranial Parts of the Vertebral and Internal Carotid Arteries FACIAL ARTERY THE INTRACRANIAL PORTION OF THE TRANSVERSE FACIAL ARTERY TRIGEMINAL NERVE ( C.N. V) AND FACIAL VEIN MECKEL’S CAVE (CAVUM TRIGEMINALE) FACIAL NERVE ORBITAL CAVITY AND EYE EYELIDS Bony Orbit Conjunctival Sac Extraocular Fat and Fascia Eyelashes Anulus Tendineus and Compartmentalization of The Fibrous "Skeleton" of an Eyelid -- Composed the Superior Orbital Fissure of a Tarsus and an Orbital Septum Periorbita THE SKULL Muscles of the Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Development of the Neurocranium Abducens Somitomeres Cartilaginous Portion of the Neurocranium--the The Lateral, Superior, Inferior, and Medial Recti Cranial Base of the Eye Membranous Portion of the Neurocranium--Sides Superior Oblique and Top of the Braincase Levator Palpebrae Superioris SUTURAL FUSION, BOTH NORMAL AND OTHERWISE Inferior Oblique Development of the Face Actions and Functions of Extraocular Muscles Growth of Two Special Skull Structures--the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Mastoid Process and the Tympanic Bone Movements of the Eyeball Functions of the Recti and Obliques TEETH Ophthalmic Artery Ophthalmic Veins CRANIAL CAVITY Oculomotor Nerve – C.N. III Posterior Cranial Fossa CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS Middle Cranial Fossa Trochlear Nerve – C.N. -
The Spinal Cord Is a Nerve Column That Passes Downward from Brain Into the Vertebral Canal
The spinal cord is a nerve column that passes downward from brain into the vertebral canal. Recall that it is part of the CNS. Spinal nerves extend to/from the spinal cord and are part of the PNS. Length = about 17 inches Start = foramen magnum End = tapers to point (conus medullaris) st nd and terminates 1 –2 lumbar (L1-L2) vertebra Contains 31 segments à gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves Note cervical and lumbar enlargements. cauda equina (“horse’s tail”) –collection of spinal nerves at inferior end of vertebral column (nerves coming off end of spinal cord) Meninges- cushion and protected by same 3 layers as brain. Extend past end of cord into vertebral canal à spinal tap because no cord A cross-section of the spinal cord resembles a butterfly with its wings outspread (gray matter) surrounded by white matter. GRAY MATTER or “butterfly” = bundles of cell bodies Posterior (dorsal) horns=association or interneurons (incoming somatosensory information) Lateral horns=autonomic neurons Anterior (ventral) horns=cell bodies of motor neurons Central canal-found within gray matter and filled with CSF White Matter: 3 Regions: Posterior (dorsal) white column or funiculi – contains only ASCENDING tracts à sensory only Lateral white column or funiculi – both ascending and descending tracts à sensory and motor Anterior (ventral) white column or funiculi – both ascending and descending tracts à sensory and motor All nerve tracts made of mylinated axons with same destination and function Associated Structures: Dorsal Roots = made