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Shintō, Rituais E Purificação: O Indivíduo No Ciclo De Desordem E Ordem

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Shintō, Rituais E Purificação: O Indivíduo No Ciclo De Desordem E Ordem MARIANA BERNARDO NUNES SHINTŌ, RITUAIS E PURIFICAÇÃO: O INDIVÍDUO NO CICLO DE DESORDEM E ORDEM Orientador: Prof.º Doutor José Manuel Brissos Lino Co-Orientador: Prof.º António E.R. Faria Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e Administração Departamento de Ciência Política, Segurança e Relações Internacionais Lisboa 2018 MARIANA BERNARDO NUNES SHINTŌ, RITUAIS E PURIFICAÇÃO: O INDIVÍDUO NO CICLO DE DESORDEM E ORDEM Dissertação defendida em provas públicas para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Ciência das Religiões, no Curso de Mestrado em Ciência das Religiões, conferido pela Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias no dia 4 de Junho de 2018, com o despacho reitoral n.º 108/2018, de 27 de Março de 2018, mediante a seguinte composição de júri: Presidente: Prof.º Doutor João Almeida dos Santos Arguente: Prof.º Doutor António Eduardo Hawthorne Barrento (Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa) Orientador: Prof.º Doutor Manuel Brissos-Lino Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e Administração Departamento de Ciência Política, Segurança e Relações Internacionais Lisboa 2018 DEDICATÓRIA A toda a minha família, para que conheçam um pouco da cultura japonesa. Aos professores da minha Licenciatura em Estudos Asiáticos, os responsáveis pelo primeiro contacto com a realidade asiática. Aos professores de Mestrado em Ciência das Religiões, a quem lhes devo o aprofundamento do estudo de ‘cosmovisões’. AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus pais, pelo seu apoio no decorrer deste projeto. Ao Professor António Faria, pelo tempo, simpatia e disponibilidade prestados. Mariana Bernardo Nunes, “Shintō, Rituais e Purificação: o Indivíduo no Ciclo de Desordem e Ordem’” RESUMO O presente trabalho procura analisar os rituais que no contexto de shintō, inviabilizam e favorecem a restauração da Ordem. Os rituais, por norma portadores de uma conotação “positiva”, podem alternativamente ser entendidos como uma sucessão de pensamentos, palavras e ações, justificando a classificação em positivo/negativo consoante os resultados obtidos. No Japão, a gradual institucionalização da Via dos kami (shintō) por parte da corte imperial favoreceu a evolução de práticas “rituais” executadas por indivíduos que celebravam a sua relação com os kami, formas de existência e consciência associadas à Ordem (na sua grande maioria) e veneradas até aos dias de hoje. Criado para o bem de quem o segue, o shintō reconhece a purificação como a preocupação transversal de todas as suas vertentes. Com efeito, a purificação é um complexo processo cujos efeitos não são apenas positivos para o indivíduo mas também para o coletivo, isto é, a sociedade com a qual interage diariamente, conduzindo-o à Ordem. Contudo, não há Ordem sem o seu oposto; a Ordem e a Desordem são as duas partes de um ciclo no qual o indivíduo se encontra, assumindo um papel fundamental dado que tem a capacidade de executar rituais: se a Ordem é a meta dos rituais positivos, a Desordem é a consequência dos rituais negativos. Palavras-chave: Japão, shintō (神道), rituais, purificação (jōka 浄化), indivíduo Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias- Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e Administração 1 Mariana Bernardo Nunes, “Shintō, Rituais e Purificação: o Indivíduo no Ciclo de Desordem e Ordem’” ABSTRACT The following work aims for an analysis of the rituals that in the context of shintō may invalidate and encourage the restauration of the Order. The rituals, typically defined by bearing a “positive” connotation, may alternatively be understood as a succession of thought, words and actions, which justifies the ‘positive/negative’ classification according to the obtained results. In Japan, the gradual institutionalization of the Way of the kami by the imperial court promoted the evolution of several “ritual” practices executed by individuals that celebrated their relationship with the kami, forms of existence and conscience associated to the Order (the most part of them) and worshiped to the present time. A Way created for the wellbeing of the one who follows it, the shintō acknowledges the purification as the transversal concern of all of its aspects. Therefore, the purification is a complex process whose results are not just positive for the individual but also for the collective, meaning the society, with whom he interacts on a daily basis, which leads him to the Order. Nevertheless, there is no Order without its opposite; the Order and the Disorder are the two parts of a cycle in which the individual is found, assuming a vital role due to the fact he has the capacity of executing rituals: if the Order is the goal of positive rituals, the Disorder is the consequence of negative rituals. Keywords: Japan, shintō (神道), rituals, purification (jōka 浄化), individual Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias- Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e Administração 2 Mariana Bernardo Nunes, “Shintō, Rituais e Purificação: o Indivíduo no Ciclo de Desordem e Ordem’” ÍNDICE GERAL GLOSSÁRIO ............................................................................................................................ 5 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................ 9 1. DO PASSADO AO PRESENTE: SHINTŌ, UMA “RELIGIÃO” JAPONESA? ......... 16 1.1. Shintō e kami: perceções japonesas do ‘sagrado’ e do ‘divino’ ...................... 19 1.1.1. O papel de kami na cosmologia japonesa: do processo de divisão da realidade à criação da mesma ................................................................................ 24 1.1.2. Depois da criação: kami como agentes da Ordem e da Desordem…. ........ 26 1.2. Shintō como processo: interações com outras ideias vindas de fora ............... 32 1.2.1. Via de Confúcio: dinamizando a ética japonesa .......................................... 32 1.2.2. Via do Dao: cultivando a relação entre o governo japonês e o culto aos kami ........................................................................................................................ 35 1.2.3. Via do Buda: concórdia e discórdia entre práticas shinbutsu .................... 39 1.3. Shintō no período moderno: antes e depois de 1945 ........................................ 43 1.3.1. A visão nacionalista Meiji: uma ‘não-religião’ ao serviço do Estado japonês ..................................................................................................................... 44 1.3.2. Divulgação de um legado cultural e histórico: shintō, a mais popular religião japonesa .................................................................................................... 46 2. SOCIEDADE, ESPIRITUALIDADE E ÉTICA: A VIA DOS KAMI E O REGRESSO À Ordem .................................................................................................................................. 48 2.1. A relação entre kami e humanos: uma resposta a preocupações coletivas e individuais .................................................................................................................. 48 2.2. Além do plano físico: musubi, rei e tamashii ..................................................... 50 2.3. Mal como causa e efeito da Desordem: tsumi, kegare e imi ............................. 53 2.4. O bem como agente da Ordem: rituais de purificação interna e externa ......................................................................................................................... 79 Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias- Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e Administração 3 Mariana Bernardo Nunes, “Shintō, Rituais e Purificação: o Indivíduo no Ciclo de Desordem e Ordem’” CONCLUSÃO ......................................................................................................................... 97 BIBLIOGRAFIA .................................................................................................................. 101 ANEXOS ...................................................................................................................................I Anexo I ............................................................................................................................ I Anexo II ........................................................................................................................ II Anexo III ...................................................................................................................... III Anexo IV ...................................................................................................................... IV Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias- Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e Administração 4 Mariana Bernardo Nunes, “Shintō, Rituais e Purificação: o Indivíduo no Ciclo de Desordem e Ordem’” GLOSSÁRIO Amatsu-no-kami, literalmente ‘kami celestes’, são um grupo de kami liderados por Amaterasu Ōmikami e que habitam em Takamagahara (高天原), Nesta divisão, encontram-se ainda os hermafroditas koto-amatsukami (別天つ神). Fujō, termo genérico para designar o que é ‘impuro’ aos olhos da sociedade japonesa. Por vezes sinónimo de fuketsu, se bem que esta palavra seja usada no contexto de algo higienicamente reprovável. Num sentido mais amplo, fujō representa um estado de Desordem, associando-se com o termo kegare. Harai/Harae, atos de ‘purificação’ no sentido de eliminação da desordem provocada pela ação humana ou natural. Harai/harae
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