DOCSLIB.ORG

Complex Structural and Fluid Flow Evolution Along the Grenville Front, West Texas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Complex Structural and Fluid Flow Evolution Along the Grenville Front, West Texas Research Paper GEOSPHERE Complex structural and fluid flow evolution along the Grenville Front, west Texas GEOSPHERE; v. 11; no. 3 Ben R. Davis* and Sharon Mosher Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA doi:10.1130/GES01098.1 ABSTRACT occurred in the Llano area (ca. 1150–1120 Ma) and that continued subduction 24 figures; 1 table along strike caused clockwise rotation of the indenting continent and collision A narrow (~7 km wide) fold and thrust belt in west Texas that represents in west Texas (ca. 1060–980 Ma). CORRESPONDENCE: [email protected] the northernmost extent of a Grenville-age collisional belt along the south- ern margin of Laurentia (Grenville Front), records a complex history of defor- CITATION: Davis, B.R., and Mosher, S., 2015, Com- mation and associated fluid flow. The Streeruwitz thrust that emplaced ca. INTRODUCTION plex structural and fluid flow evolution along the Gren ville Front, west Texas: Geosphere, v. 11, no. 3, 1.35 Ga high-grade metamorphic rocks over ca. 1.25 Ga foreland sedimentary p. 868–898, doi:10.1130/GES01098.1. and volcanic rocks postdates polyphase deformation in the footwall and is Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogenesis (ca. 1.3–0.9 Ga) resulted in the complexly folded into domes and basins. Four phases of tectonism, recording formation of the supercontinent Rodinia (e.g., Dalziel et al., 2000) with the Received 1 July 2014 a changing kinematic setting, affected the area and formed: (1) pre-Streeru- Laurentian continental block in a central position. Grenville-age rocks crop Revision received 20 January 2015 witz ductile polyphase folds (F –F ) and associated foliations (S –S ) consis- out in a south-southwest trend from Canada’s Maritime Provinces through Accepted 26 March 2015 1 3 1 2 Published online 13 May 2015 tent with northward tectonic transport; (2) dextral oblique-slip, high-angle, the Appalachian Mountains into the subsurface and are also exposed in cen- west-northwest–trending faults associated with upright vertical sheath folds tral and west Texas. Numerous studies indicate that these Grenville-age rocks (F4); (3) Streeruwitz and related subsidiary imbricate thrusts that truncate underwent polyphase deformation associated with arc-continent and conti- F1–F4 folds at a high angle and cause localized folding (F5) consistent with nent-continent collision (e.g., see Tollo et al., 2004). One of the key debates north-northeast to northeastward tectonic transport; and (4) complex south- for Grenville collisional orogenesis hinges on which continent or continents east- and northwest-trending domes and basins (F6) of the thrusts, resulting collided with Laurentia during the Proterozoic, resulting in the assembly of from continual Grenville-age transpression. Rodinia (Hoffman, 1991; Dalziel, 1991; Karlstrom et al., 1999; Dalziel et al., Fluids with an evolving chemistry over time were channelized along the 2000; Tohver et al., 2002; Torsvik, 2003; Meert and Torsvik, 2003; Whitmeyer thrusts, metasomatically altering the adjacent rocks. Early siliceous fluids and Karlstrom, 2007; Li et al., 2008; Ibanez-Mejia et al., 2011). Integral parts of caused replacement of mafic dikes and dolostones that preserve 1F and S1 and testing Rodinia plate reconstructions are structural, kinematic, and geochro- formation of extensive talc bodies with talc aligned axial planar to F2, forming nologic analyses from key areas. the dominant S2 fabric. Initial thrusting at depth produced mylonites in both Two tectonic models have been proposed for the Grenville orogeny along footwall (syn-S2) and hanging-wall rocks that were later brecciated in the final the southern margin of Laurentia. One of us (Mosher, 1998) proposed that a stage of thrusting along the Streeruwitz thrust. Further evolution of fluids along southern continent acted as an indenter that collided with Laurentia between the thrusts is recorded in altered rocks adjacent to thrusts, breccias, and veins, the Llano uplift and the Van Horn region. This collisional model predicts north- starting with silica- and alkali-rich fluids. Lastly, carbonate-rich fluids replaced east tectonic transport for the Llano uplift and northwest tectonic transport for footwall rocks and cemented breccias in both the hanging wall and footwall. the Van Horn region of west Texas. In this model, a different continental block This study documents a previously unrecognized complex structural, collided with the eastern margin of Laurentia. Bickford et al. (2000) proposed metamorphic, and metasomatic history, and fluid evolution in the foreland. dextral transcurrent motion along the southern margin of Laurentia resulting This history, coupled with differences from that in the overriding older met- from continental collision of a single block along the eastern margin of Lau- amorphic rocks, requires a new kinematic model for the southern margin of rentia. This model also predicts northwest-directed tectonic transport for the Laurentia. In addition, the disparity in deformation timing and kinematic evo- west Texas exposures, although it does not explain the northeastward tectonic lution between west Texas and the central Texas Llano uplift requires active transport observed in the Llano uplift (e.g., Reese and Mosher, 2004; Mosher et subduction in west Texas after collision in central Texas. We propose that col- al., 2004). Grimes and Copeland (2004) demonstrated that deformation in the lision of a north-verging continental indenter with southern Laurentia initially west Texas exposures occurred ~60 m.y. after orogenesis in the Llano uplift, requiring modification of both models (Mosher et al., 2008A). For permission to copy, contact Copyright *Present address: SM Energy, 6301 Holiday Hill Road, Building #1, Midland, Texas 79707, USA; Mesoproterozoic exposures near Van Horn, where high-grade metamor- Permissions, GSA, or [email protected]. [email protected]. phic rocks were thrust over low-grade rocks in a 5–7-km-wide foreland fold and © 2015 Geological Society of America GEOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 3 Davis and Mosher | Complex structural and fluid flow evolution Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/11/3/868/3338498/868.pdf 868 by guest on 01 October 2021 Research Paper SIERRA DIABLO BEAN HILLS STREERUWITZ GRAPEVIN HILLS A’ E TUMBLEDOWN STREERUWITZ MOUNTAIN 10 THRUST U MILLICAN D HILLS Fig. 2 CARRIZO SPRING S MILES FAULT 0 12345 PHANEROZOIC COVER A PLUTONIC ROCKS 0 2 4 6 8 ALLAMOORE KILOMETERS HAZEL FORMATION D HILLSIDE SANDSTONE U FAUL CONGLOMERATE T TUMBLEDOWN FORMATION FRANKLIN AGGLOMERATE MOUNTAINS FRONT ALLAMOORE FORMATION LLANO CARBONATE/PHYLLITE CARRIZO 10 VAN BASALT VAN HORN LLANO HORN UPLIFT CARRIZO MOUNTAIN GROUP MOUNTAINS METAVOLCANIC ROCKS METASEDIMENTARY ROCKS 31° A –105° A A’ t us thr er v pCHc pCCi O itz pCAl w pCHs u reer pCCs St B Figure 1. (A) Simplified geologic map of the Precambrian exposures in Van Horn area (modified from Soegaard et al., 1993). Inset map of Texas shows other Proterozoic rocks exposed in central and west Texas, and location of the Grenville Front (Llano Front of Mosher, 1993). (B) Schematic cross section across the foreland showing metamorphic rocks of the Carrizo Mountain Group (CMG) thrust over Allamoore and Hazel Formations along the Streeruwitz thrust. Note the overturned folded structure of the Allamoore and Hazel Formations; the interfolding of the CMG with the Allamoore in the hanging wall is inferred, not observed (after King and Flawn, 1953). GEOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 3 Davis and Mosher | Complex structural and fluid flow evolution Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/11/3/868/3338498/868.pdf 869 by guest on 01 October 2021 Research Paper thrust belt (Fig. 1), provide a key area for testing tectonic models for Grenville Ga (Grimes, 1999; Bickford et al., 2000) foreland sedimentary rocks of the Alla- orogenesis. Exposures in west Texas display a transect across a mid-crustal moore and Tumbledown Formations, and younger Hazel Formation, of the Van metamorphic core to upper crustal foreland rocks over a distance of ~20 km. Horn area (this study, Fig. 1A); undeformed sedimentary and igneous equiva- Furthermore, these rocks are north and west of the deformational fronts of lents are found in the Franklin Mountains near El Paso (Roths, 1993; Pittenger et Phanerozoic orogens and show little evidence of overprinting deformation or al., 1994), and in igneous rocks in the Hueco Mountains (Masson, 1956). younger translation. Rocks of equivalent age to the north and west are unde- In the Van Horn region, the Streeruwitz thrust is the primary structural fea- formed, indicating that this area represents the Grenville Front in west Texas ture, which translated high-grade metamorphic rocks of the CMG ~19 km north- (Llano Front of Mosher, 1993). ward over low-grade, highly deformed sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the In this paper we present results of a detailed structural analysis of new ex- Allamoore and Hazel Formations (King and Flawn, 1953; Wiley, 1970; Reynolds, posures in talc mines within the Grenville foreland that constrain its kinematic 1985; Haenggi, 2001; Fig. 1B). The 40Ar/39Ar dating of mylonites near the Streeru- and geologic evolution and demonstrate that both the tectonic transport direc- witz thrust indicates mylonitization ca. 1035 Ma (Bickford et al., 2000), and tion and the chemistry of fluids channelized along faults changed over time. rapid exhumation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex Chert: New Evidence of the Antiquity of Life Author(S): J
    Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex Chert: New Evidence of the Antiquity of Life Author(s): J. William Schopf Reviewed work(s): Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 260, No. 5108 (Apr. 30, 1993), pp. 640-646 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 . Accessed: 07/04/2012 21:09 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Association for the Advancement of Science is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Science. http://www.jstor.org REFERENCESAND NOTES 9. Y. Hiwatari,in Molecular Dynamics Simulations, F. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1988), vol. 1, p. Yonezawa, Ed., vol. 113 of Springer Series in 247. 1. H. Takayama, News Letter No. 1 (Research Group Solid State Sciences (Springer-Verlag, Heidel- 23. F. Yonezawa, S. Sakamoto, M. Hori, J. Non-Ctyst. on a new project, "Computational Physics as a berg, 1992), p. 32. Solids 137, 135 (1991). New Frontier in Condensed Matter Research" 10. S. Fujiwara and F. Yonezawa, in preparation. 24. F. Yonezawa and S. Sakamoto, Optoelectronics- under the support of the Grant-in-Aidfor Scientific 11.
    [Show full text]
  • An Alluvial Fan Model for Mineral Exploration, Report of Investigations No
    Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Compliance Certification Application Reference 428 McGowen, J.H., and Groat, C. G. 1971. Van Horn Sandstone, West Texas: An Alluvial Fan Model for Mineral Exploration, Report of Investigations No. 72. Bureau of Economic Geology, Austin, TX. Submitted in accordance with 40 CFR 5194.13, Submission of Reference Materials. - t*- An Allurjial Fan kdel for Mineral Exploration J. H. McGowen and C. G. Groat BUREAU OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78712 W. L. Fisher. Director Report of Investigations-No. 72 Van Horn Sandstone, West Texas: An Alluvial Fan Model for Mineral Exploration BY J. H. McGowen and C. G. Groat 1971 Second Printing, December 1975 Third Printing, October 1982 Abstract . .......... Proximal fan ........ Introduction ........... Mid-fan .......... General description .......... Distal fan ......... Geologic setting ........... Main braided channels .... Van Horn Sandstone: a large alluvial fan system Braided distributaries ..... Sedimrntology ........... Braided interlobe area .... Facies ............. Summary ........... Proximal f'acies......... Compositionandmineralogy ...... Massive l~oulder1. cds ....... Gravel composition ........ iilterriating gravel and thin sand beds . Sandstone petrography ....... Thick sand and muddy sand of the proxi- Quartz ........... mal facics .......... Feldspar ........... Other feat.urcs of the proximal facies . Rock fragments ........ Mid-fan l'acies .......... Hematite .......... F:tcies dcscrlptioli ........ Cement and matrix
    [Show full text]
  • West Texas Geological Society Publications and Contents Purchase from West Texas Geological Society
    West Texas Geological Society Publications and Contents Purchase from West Texas Geological Society: http://www.wtgs.org/ 77-68 Geology of the Sacramento Mountains Otero County, New Mexico Regional Distribution of Phylloid Algal Mounds in Late Pennsylvanian and Wolfcampian Strata of Southern New Mexico James Lee Wilson Growth History of a Late Pennsylvanian Phylloid Algal Organic Buildup, Northern Sacramento Mains, New Mexico D.F. Toomey, J.L. Wilson, R. Rezak Paleoecological Evidence on the Origin of the Dry Canyon Pennsylvanian Bioherms James M. Parks Biohermal Submarine Cements, Laborcita Formation (Permian), Northern Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico John M. Cys and S.J. Mazzullo Carbonate and Siliciclastic Facies of the Gobbler Formation John C. Van Wagoner The Rancheria Formation: Mississippian Intracratonic Basinal Limestones Donald A. Yurewicz Stratigraphic and Structural Features of the Sacramento Mountain Escarpment, New Mexico Lloyd C. Pray Conglomeratic Lithofacies of the Laborcita and Abo Formations ( Wolfcampian), North Central Sacramento Mountains: Sedimentology and Tectonic Importance David J. Delgado Paleocaliche Textures from Wolfcampian Strata of the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico David J. Delgado Introduction to Road Logs Lloyd C. Pray Alamogordo to Alamo Canyon and the Western Sacramento Mountains Escarpment Field Guide and Road Log “A” Lloyd C. Pray Supplemental Field Guide to Southernmost Sacramento Mountains Escarpment – Agua Chiquita and Nigger Ed Canyons Lloyd C. Pray Alamogordo to Indian Wells Reentrant Field Guide and Road Log “B” Lloyd C. Pray Guide Locality B-1-West End of Horse Ridge John C. Van Wagoner 1 Field Guide and Road Log “C” Lloyd C. Pray Plate Shaped Calcareous Algae in Late Paleozoic Rocks of Midcontinent (abstract): James M.
    [Show full text]
  • 1-Pb-701 Mukund Sargeev1
    The Palaeobotanist 57(2008) : 323-358 0031-0174/2008 $2.00 Mesoproterozoic silicified microbiotas of Russia and India—Characteristics and Contrasts VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV1, MUKUND SHARMA2 AND YOGMAYA SHUKLA2 1Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 109017, Russia. 2Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226 007, India. (Received 11 July, 2007; revised version accepted 08 May, 2008) ABSTRACT Sergeev VN, Sharma M & Shukla Y 2008. Mesoproterozoic silicified microbiotas of Russia and India—Characteristics and Contrasts. The Palaeobotanist 57(3): 323-358. The paper analyses eight silicified Mesoproterozoic microbiotas of peritidal and shallow subtidal settings from Siberia, Ural and India. These microbiotas, subdivided into three main types - Kotuikan, Satka and Kataskin-are characterized by different taxonomic composition of microfossils. Mat-building entophysalidacean algae Eoentophysalis, ellipsoidal akinetes of nostocalean cyanobacteria genus Archaeoellipsoides and spherical large planktic microfossils Myxococcoides grandis of uncertain affinities dominate the Kotuikan-type microbiotas, the short trichomes are a rare but a distinctive element of these assemblages. The Satka type microbiotas are dominated by mat-building hormogonian cyanobacteria of genus Siphonophycus and chroococcacean dwellers genera Gloeodiniopsis, Eosynechococcus, Sphaerophycus, whereas entophysalidacean cyanobacteria are conspicuously missing and akinetes of genus Archaeoellipsoides occur but never abundant. Besides, microbiotas
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Minerals Industrial Minerals
    37th FORUM on the GEOLOGY of INDUSTRIAL MINERALS MAY 23-25, 2001 VICTORIA, BC, CANADA Industrial Minerals with emphasis on Western North America Editors: George J. Simandl, William J. McMillan and Nicole D. Robinson Ministry of Energy and Mines Geological Survey Branch Paper 2004-2 Recommended reference style for individual papers: Nelson, J. (2004): The Geology of Western North America (Abridged Version);in G.J. Simandl, W.J. McMillan and N.D. Robinson, Editors, 37th Annual Forum on Industrial Minerals Proceedings, Industrial Minerals with emphasis on Western North America, British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, Geological Survey Branch, Paper 2004-2, pages 1-2. Cover photo: Curved, grey magnesite crystals in a black dolomite matrix. Mount Brussilof magnesite mine, British Columbia, Canada Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals (37th : 2001 : Victoria, B.C.) Industrial mineral with emphasis on western North America (Paper / Geological Survey Branch) ; 2004-2) "37th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, May 23-25, 2001, Victoria, B.C. Canada." Includes bibliographical references: p. ISBN 0-7726-5270-8 1. Industrial minerals - Geology - North America - Congresses. 2. Ore deposits - North America - Congresses. 3. Geology, Economic - North America - Congresses. I. Simandl, George J. (George Jiri), 1953- . II. McMillan, W. J. (William John). III. Robinson, Nicole D. IV. British Columbia. Ministry of Energy and Mines. V. British Columbia. Geological Survey Branch. VI. Title. VII. Series: Paper (British Columbia. Geological Survey Branch) ; 2004-2. TN22.F67 2005 553.6'097 C2005-960004-7 Recommended reference style for individual papers: Nelson, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogeology of the Trans-Pecos Texas
    Guidebook 25 Trans-Pecos ISxas Charles W. Kreitler andJohn M. Sharp, Jr. Field Trip Leaders and Guidebook Editors Bureau of Economic Geology*W. L. Fisher, Director The University ofTexas at Austin*Austin, Texas 78713 1990 Guidebook 25 Hydrogeology of Trans-Pecos Texas Charles W. Kreitler and John M. Sharp, Jr. Field Trip Leaders and Guidebook Editors Contributors J. B. Ashworth, J. B. Chapman, R. S. Fisher, T. C. Gustavson, C. W. Kreitler, W. F. Mullican III, Ronit Nativ, R. K. Senger, and J. M. Sharp, Jr. with selected reprints by F. M. Boyd and C. W. Kreitler; L. K Goetz; W. L. Hiss; J. I. LaFave and J. M. Sharp, Jr.; P. D. Nielson and J. M. Sharp, Jr.; B. R. Scanlon, B. C. Richter, F. P. Wang, and W. F. Mullican III; and J. M. Sharp, Jr. Prepared for the 1990 Annual Meeting ofthe Geological Society ofAmerica Dallas, Texas October 29-November 1,1990 Bureau ofEconomic Geology*W. L. Fisher, Director The University ofTexas atAustin*Austin, Texas 78713 1990 Cover: One ofthe five best swimming holes inTexas. San Solomon Spring with divers, during construction ofBalmorhea State Park, 1930's. Photograph courtesy ofDarrel Rhyne, Park Superintendent, Balmorhea State Park, 1990. Contents Preface v Map ofthe field trip area, showing location ofstops vi Field Trip Road Log First-Day Road Log: El Paso, Texas-Rio Grande-Carlsbad, New Mexico l Second-Day Road Log: Carlsbad, New Mexico-Fort Davis, Texas 7 Third-Day Road Log: Fort Davis-Balmorhea State Park- Monahans State Park 14 References 19 Technical Papers Water Resources ofthe El Paso Area, Texas 21 John B.
    [Show full text]
  • Talc Resources of the Conterminous United States
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TALC RESOURCES OF THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES By Robert C. Greene J_/ Open-File Report OF 95-586 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1995 Menlo Park, CA 94025 Talc Resources of the conterminous United States Contents Abstract ....................................................................................4 Introduction ..............................................................................8 Talc and talc-bearing rocks .........................................................9 Physical, chemical, and optical properties of talc .........................10 Geology and Genesis of Talc Deposits ........................................11 Deposits in sedimentary rocks ..........................................11 Deposits in ultramafic rocks .............................................12 Uses for talc ............................................................................17 Mining and processing ..............................................................18 Environmental considerations ....................................................19 Acknowledgments ....................................................................19 California ...............................................................................20 Nevada ...................................................................................39
    [Show full text]
  • Tumbledown Mountain Talc Deposit, Allamoore District, Culberson County, Texas Gerald Edwards, 1980, Pp
    New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/31 Tumbledown Mountain talc deposit, Allamoore District, Culberson County, Texas Gerald Edwards, 1980, pp. 245-250 in: Trans Pecos Region (West Texas), Dickerson, P. W.; Hoffer, J. M.; Callender, J. F.; [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 31st Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 308 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 1980 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Northern Franklin Mountains, Texas and New Mexico
    Geology of the Northern Franklin Mountains, Texas and New Mexico By R. L. HARBOUR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1298 The geology of a complex fault-block range with emphasis on stratigraphy of Paleozoic rocks UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1972 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGER~ C. B. MORT~N, Secretory GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. i0-187909 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintinQ Office WashinQton, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 2401-2052 CONTENTS Page Abstract ________________________________ ------____ ---------__ ----- 1 Introduction ___________ ---__________ ------____ ------_______ -----__ 2 Geography _______ ---_________________ -"- ______ ------ ___ ---:..--- 2 Regional setting _______________________ -----------____ ----- 2 PhysiographY--------------------------------------------- 4 Climate, flora, and fauna·---------------'-------------- .. -~-- 6 Population------------------------------------------------ 6 Previous geologic accounts ______ -------- ___ ;. __ -"----------------- 7 Description of the rocks ______ -----"-_________________ -..,------------- 9 Precambrianrocks_____________________________________________ 11 Castner Limestone ______________ ---____________ ------------ 11 ~undyBreccia-------------------------------------------- 13 Lanoria Quartzite _________________________ ----_____________ 14 Granite porphyry-----______ ---__ ------_______ ----_________ 16 Rhyolite ____ --- ___ -- __ -------__________ -----____
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Late Mesoproterozoic Earth System From
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2018 Understanding the Late Mesoproterozoic Earth System from the Oldest Strata in Grand Canyon: C-Isotope Stratigraphy and Facies Analysis of the 1254 Ma Bass Formation, Grand Canyon Supergroup, AZ., USA Erin C. Lathrop Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Lathrop, Erin C., "Understanding the Late Mesoproterozoic Earth System from the Oldest Strata in Grand Canyon: C-Isotope Stratigraphy and Facies Analysis of the 1254 Ma Bass Formation, Grand Canyon Supergroup, AZ., USA" (2018). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7046. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7046 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNDERSTANDING THE LATE MESOPROTEROZOIC EARTH SYSTEM FROM THE OLDEST STRATA IN GRAND CANYON: C-ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY AND FACIES ANALYSIS OF THE 1254 MA BASS FORMATION, GRAND CANYON SUPERGROUP, AZ., USA by Erin C. Lathrop A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Geology Approved: ______________________ ____________________ Carol M. Dehler, Ph.D. Joel L. Pederson, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Jerome M. Timmons, Ph.D. Mark R. McLellan, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2018 ii Copyright © Erin C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Fall of Stromatolites in Shallow Marine Environments
    The rise and fall of stromatolites in shallow marine environments Shanan E. Peters, Jon M. Husson, and Julia Wilcots Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA ABSTRACT Stromatolites are abundant in shallow marine sediments deposited before the evolution of animals, but in the modern ocean they are restricted to locations where the activity of animals is limited. Overall decline in the abundance of stromatolites has, therefore, been attributed to the evolution of substrate-modifying metazoans, with Phanerozoic stromatolite resurgences attributed to the aftermaths of mass extinctions. Here we use a comprehensive stratigraphic database, the published literature, and a machine reading system to show that the rock record–normalized occurrence of stromatolites in marine environments in North America exhibits three phases: an initial Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2500 Ma) increase, a sustained interval of dominance during the Proterozoic (2500–800 Ma), and a late Neoproterozoic (700–541 Ma) decline to lower mean prevalence during the Phanerozoic (541–0 Ma). Stro- matolites continued to exhibit large changes in prevalence after the evolution of metazoans, and they transiently achieved Proterozoic-like prevalence during the Paleozoic. The after- maths of major mass extinctions are not well correlated with stromatolite resurgence. Instead, stromatolite occurrence is well predicted by the prevalence of dolomite, a shift in carbonate mineralogy that is sensitive to changes in water-column and pore-water chemistry occurring during continent-scale marine transgressive-regressive cycles. Figure 1. Spatial distribution and number of stromatolite-bearing sedimentary units in INTRODUCTION abundance (Awramik, 1971, 1991; Awramik and Macrostrat (https://macrostrat.org) for North Stromatolites, attached accretionary sedi- Sprinkle, 1999; Walter and Heys, 1985; Semikha- America–Caribbean region.
    [Show full text]
  • 451 a Abbas, B., 392, 393 Absorption Path Length, 291 Abundance, 4, 26
    Index A Aromatic hydrocarbons, 245, 257, 267, 370, Abbas, B., 392, 393 371, 375 Absorption path length, 291 Arouri, K., 314 Abundance, 4, 26, 81, 120, 140, 162, 191, Arthur, M.A., 422 274, 376, 406 Artifacts, 9, 11, 12, 24, 68, 79, 103, 272, Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), 367 291–293, 304, 306, 309, 310, 325, Acceleration voltage, 304 328, 329, 341, 345 Acritarch, acanthomorphic, 30, 33, 42, 45, Assemblage, 8, 16, 18, 40, 45, 55, 90, 91, 101, 312, 322, 337, 434 112, 115–120, 124, 128, 171, 191, Ader, M., 428 192, 194, 195, 201, 202, 214, 235, Affinity, 50, 115, 198, 226, 309–311, 313, 243, 247, 256–258, 261, 307, 339, 316, 317, 334 361, 393 Agresti, D.G., 249 Assemblage-level, 54, 103, 127 Ahmed, M., 87 Atdabanian, 206, 207, 209 Ala, D., 428 Atom/atomic Albrecht, G.H., 43 K, L or M inner shells, 282 Alexander, R.R., 85, 88 Rutherford-Bohr model, 281 Alkane, 363, 369, 372, 373, 376, 381, 382, X-ray generation, 281–283 384–388, 394 Attachment, 114, 339, 342, 347 Allamoore formation, 265 Attribute variable, 28, 30, 34, 36 Allison, C.W., 255 Auburn Dolomite, 265, 266 Allometry Auger electron, 282 evolutionary, 53, 55 Avalon assemblage, 40, 116–119, 127, 128 ontogenetic, 50, 53 Azmy, K., 428 static, 53 Altermann, W., 314, 335 Anbar, A.D., 422, 428 B Anderson, M.M., 33, 66 Babcock, L.E., 75, 79, 85 Antcliffe, J.B., 223 Backscattered electrons, 273, 274, 278, 294, Apatite, 246, 247, 249, 251, 252, 254–258, 326, 332, 337 264, 267 Bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR), 360, 414, Apex chert, 265, 316 415, 425, 426, 431–433 Aqua regia, 365, 366 Balcom, B.J., 151 Archaeocyathan, 203, 205, 211 Balthasar, U., 276 Archambault, P., 152–155 Bambach, R.K., 111, 113, 114, 116, 119, Archean, 24, 25, 357, 369, 386, 394, 395, 121, 187 430, 432 BAQC.
    [Show full text]