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1-Pb-701 Mukund Sargeev1 The Palaeobotanist 57(2008) : 323-358 0031-0174/2008 $2.00 Mesoproterozoic silicified microbiotas of Russia and India—Characteristics and Contrasts VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV1, MUKUND SHARMA2 AND YOGMAYA SHUKLA2 1Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 109017, Russia. 2Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226 007, India. (Received 11 July, 2007; revised version accepted 08 May, 2008) ABSTRACT Sergeev VN, Sharma M & Shukla Y 2008. Mesoproterozoic silicified microbiotas of Russia and India—Characteristics and Contrasts. The Palaeobotanist 57(3): 323-358. The paper analyses eight silicified Mesoproterozoic microbiotas of peritidal and shallow subtidal settings from Siberia, Ural and India. These microbiotas, subdivided into three main types - Kotuikan, Satka and Kataskin-are characterized by different taxonomic composition of microfossils. Mat-building entophysalidacean algae Eoentophysalis, ellipsoidal akinetes of nostocalean cyanobacteria genus Archaeoellipsoides and spherical large planktic microfossils Myxococcoides grandis of uncertain affinities dominate the Kotuikan-type microbiotas, the short trichomes are a rare but a distinctive element of these assemblages. The Satka type microbiotas are dominated by mat-building hormogonian cyanobacteria of genus Siphonophycus and chroococcacean dwellers genera Gloeodiniopsis, Eosynechococcus, Sphaerophycus, whereas entophysalidacean cyanobacteria are conspicuously missing and akinetes of genus Archaeoellipsoides occur but never abundant. Besides, microbiotas of Satka type include morphologically simple remains of phytoplanktic eukaryotic microorganisms–sphaeromorphic acritarchs genera Satka, Pterospermopsimorpha, Granomarginata? and Leiosphaeridia. The late Mesoproterozoic Kataskin-type microbiotas contain mat-forming entophysalidacean, oscillatoriacean and nostocalean as well as mat-dwelling and planktic chroococcacean cyanobacteria, but the most typical feature of these microfossil assemblages is the presence of a stalked cyanobacterium, Polybessurus bipartitus. Almost all-available data on relevant silicified Mesoproterozoic microbiotas from China, Greenland and North America have been analysed. Further different types of Mesoproterozoic silicified microbiotas have been compared with Palaeo- and Neoproterozoic microbiotas in cherts as well as with the assemblages of organic-walled microfossils throughout the world and explained differences and similarities in their composition. The analysis indicate that the Mesoproterozoic microbiotas have their own specific taxonomic composition and differ from the Palaeo- and Neoproterozoic microfossils occurring in the same and different palaeoenvironmental setting. The presence of newly evolved type of cyanobacteria, red algae and acanthomorphic acritarchs in the Kataskin-type microbiotas and contemporaneous open-shelf facies suggest that the terminal Mesoproterozoic can be separated as an independent biostratigraphical unit. Key-words—Mesoproterozoic, microfossils, cyanobacteria, India, Southern Urals, Siberia. :l ,oa Hkkjr ds ehlksizksVhjkst+ksbd dky ds flfydhHkwr lw{ethotkr&vfHky{k.k o foi;kZl Oykfnehj ,u- lxhZo] eqdaqn 'kekZ ,oa ;ksxek;k 'kqDyk lkjka’k 'kks/k&i= lkbcsfj;k] mjky ,oa Hkkjr ls izkIr ifjTokjh; ,oa mFkyh miTokjh; foU;kl ds vkB flfydhHkwr ehlksizksVhjkst+ksbd lw{ethotkr dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA ;s lw{ethotkr rhu eq[; izdkjksa& dksR;wdu] lrdk ,oa drkfLdu lw{ethok'eksa ds fofo/k ofxZdh; la?kVuksa ls vfHky{kf.kr gSaA pVkbZ ln`'; lajpuk cukus okys ,UVksQk;lSfyMsfl;u 'kSoky bvks,UVksQkW;lsfyl] ukWLVksdSfy;u lkbukscSDVhfj;k oa'k vkfdZvks,YyhIlkWbM~l ds nh?kZo`Ùkth; fu'ps"V rFkk vfuf'pr caèkqrkvksa ds o`Ùkh; nh?kZ Iyodh lw{ethok'e feDlksdksDdkbM~l xzk¡fMl dksR;wdu&izdkj ds lw{ethotkr izHkqRoh gS] y?kq Vªkbdkse vYi gSa ysfdu bu leqPp;ksa dk fof'k"V rRo gSA lrdk&izdkj lw{ethotkr oa'k lk;QsuksQk;Wdl o Øqdksdslh;u okl djus okys oa'k XyksbvksfMfu;vkWfIll] bvkslk;uksdksDdl] Changing Scenario in Palaeobotany © Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, India and Allied Subjects Editor : J.S. Guleria 324 THE PALAEOBOTANIST fLQfj;ksQkWbdl ds pVkbZ ln`'; lajpuk cukus okys gkWeksZxksfu;u lk;uksthok.kq n~okjk fu;af=r gSa tcfd ,UVksQk;lSfyMsfl;u lk;uksthok.kq dk iw.kZr;% vHkko gS rFkk vkfdZvks,fYYkilkWbM~l oa'k dh izkfIr gksrh gS ysfdu dHkh izpqj ugha gqbZA blds vfrfjDr] lrdk&izdkj ds lw{ethotkr ikniIyodh ;wdsjhvksVh lw{ethoksa&LQSjksle:ih ,fØVkdZ oa'k lrdk] fVjksLieksZIlhekWQkZ] xzsukseftZusVk\ rFkk yhvksLQSfjfM; ds vkdkfjdh; :i ls lk/kkj.k vo'ks"k lfUufgr gSA vafre ehlksizksVhjkst+ksbd drkfLdu&iz:i lw{ethotkr esa pVkbZ ln`'; lajpuk cukus okys ,UVksQk;lSfyMsfl;u] vkWflysVksfj,fl;u o ukWLVksdSyh;u ds lkFk&lkFk pVkbZ ln`'; lajpuk esa jgus okys ,oa Iyodh Øqdksdslh;u lk;uksthok.kq fufgr gSa] ysfdu bu lw{ethok'e leqPp;ksa dk lcls tfVy y{k.k loa`r lk;ukscSDVhfj;e ikWyhcsLlqjl ckbikVkZbV~l dh ekStwnxh gSA phu] xzhuySaM ,oa mÙkjh vesfjdk ls izkIr laxr flfydhHkwr ehlksizksVhjkst+ksbd lw{ethotkr ij laxr yxHkx lewps miyC/k vk¡dM+ks dks fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr ehlksizksVhjkst+ksbd flfydhHkwr lw{ethotkr ds fofo/k izdkjksa dh rqyuk pVksZa esa iqjk ,oa fu;ksizksVsjkst+ksbd lw{ethotkrksa ds lkFk&lkFk lewps lalkj esa dkcZfud fHkÙkh okys lw{ethok'eksa ds leqPp;ksa ds lkFk dh xbZ gS rFkk muds la?kVu esa varj ,oa ln`'rk dh O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA fo'ys"k.k bafxr djrs gSa fd ehlksizksVhjkst+ksbd lw{ethotkr dk viuk fof'k"V ofxZdh; la?kVu gS rFkk mlh o vyx&vyx iqjki;kZoj.kh; O;oLFkkiu eas mRiUu gks jgs iqjk ,oa fu;ksizksVsjkst+ksbd lw{ethok'eksa ls fHkUu gSA drkfLdu&izdkj ds lw{ethotkr ,oa ledkyhu eqDr&mirV la{kf.k;k¡ esa lk;uksthok.kq] yky 'kSoky ,oa ,dSUFkksekWfQZd ds uohu :i ls fodflr izdkj dh mifLFkfr lq>krh gS fd varLFk ehlksizksVhjkst+ksbd dks ,d Lora= tSoLrfjd bdkbZ ds :i esa i`Fkd fd;k tk ldrk gSA eq[; 'kCn & ehlksizksVhjkst+ksbd] lw{ethok'e] lk;uksthok.kq] Hkkjr] nf{k.kh mjky] lkbcsfj;kA INTRODUCTION microorganisms in the Mesoproterozoic microbial communities of middle to inner and probably of outer shelf settings where HE time span of Mesoproterozoic (aged 1.6–1.0 billion they are preserved mainly as organic-walled microfossils in T years) with each new discovery holds a great promise in shales (Peat et al., 1978; Veis & Vorob’eva, 1992; Xiao et al., our understanding of the early life. During Mesoproterozoic, 1997; Javaux et al., 2001, 2003, 2004). The prokaryotic cyanobacteria occupied almost all ecological niches ranging cyanobacterial communities dominated in extremely shallow- from supratidal flats to open shelf marine environments. The water peritidal environments and have been preserved mainly eukaryotes were restricted to open shelf facies where from the in cherts. However, record of Mesoproterozoic silicified undoubtful remnants of morphologically complex and large protista are rare and confined mainly to the latest protista have been reported at least from the youngest Mesoproterozoic deposits (Butterfield, 2000, 2001; Butterfield Mesoproterozoic deposits (see below). Probably, some simple et al., 1990; Petrov et al., 1995; Sergeev et al., 1997). spherical unicellular eukaryotic organisms were incorporated Considering this, present investigation on the in prokaryotic communities preserved in silicified peritidal Mesoproterozoic microbiotas included not only the remains facies, but those are unrecognisable in the fossil record. During of unicellular eukaryotes preserved in chert lenses and nodules Mesoproterozoic, the nucleated microorganisms evolved but also fossilised protista preserved as compressions in shales significantly that finally resulted in the explosive diversification mainly from the inner shelf facies. In view of the presence of of morphologically complex eukaryotes and sharp changes in the newly evolved eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms microbiota composition near the end of Mesoproterozoic in Mesoproterozoic assemblages it was earlier suggested to (Knoll, 1992; Knoll & Sergeev, 1995; Sergeev et al., 1996; separate the Mesoproterozoic into two stratigraphical units: Sergeev, 2006a). The Mesoproterozoic silicified microbiotas the Anabarian (Kotuikan- and Satka-type microbiotas) and of peritidal setting demonstrate well known biostratigraphic Turukhanian (Kataskin-type microbiotas) proterohorizons paradox: despite dominance of evolutionary conservative (Sergeev, 2006b). Based on analyses of about two dozen cyanobacteria, these microbiotas differ from the Mesoproterozoic silicified microbiotas, the authors have Neoproterozoic assemblages inhabiting the similar established three distinct types of assemblages, namely, environments (Knoll & Sergeev, 1995; Sergeev et al., 1995; Kotuikan, Satka and Kataskin. The paper deals with the Sergeev, 1997). However, there are lateral variations in the characteristic features as well as differences among the three Mesoproterozoic silicified microfossil assemblages related to distinct kinds of silicified Mesoproterozoic microfossil environmental distribution of microorganisms in ancient basins assemblages and compare those to the microbiotas of Palaeo- and probably to palaeoenvironmental zonation. and Neoproterozoic age. During last decade, discoveries of numerous exceptionally well preserved silicified and organic-walled MATERIALS AND METHODS microfossil assemblages from peritidal and open marine environments have improved our understanding of taxonomic The paper is based on the study of original materials diversity and ecological complexity of Mesoproterozoic life. It from the Kotuikan, Yusmastakh, Sukhaya Tunguska, Sveltyi demonstrated the abundant
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