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COMMONS of IMAGINATION What Today’S Society Can Share Through Manga and Animation

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COMMONS of IMAGINATION What Today’S Society Can Share Through Manga and Animation COMMONS of IMAGINATION What Today’s Society Can Share through Manga and Animation ICOMAG2012 コ モ ン ズ 想像力の共有地 現代社会はマンガとアニメーションによって何を共有しうるのか 第2回世界メディア芸術コンベンション Second International Convention on Manga, Animation, Game and Media Art はじめに 想像力を共有するとは？ 吉岡 洋 コ モ ン ズ 本会議の目的は、「共有地」という概念に芸術的で文化的な意味を付け加えることによって、マンガとアニ メーションを新たな視点から考察することである。 「コモンズ」という言葉は現在、ある対象や場所を利用する権利、とりわけ知的財産権という文脈で論じられ ることが多い。そうした議論はきわめて重要であるが、問題となる対象が芸術的なもの、つまり人間の想像力 や創造性の発露である場合、共有の可能性は対象の質や価値に関しても考えられるべきである。日本のマン ガやアニメーションの質や価値については、それが日本文化のユニークさに起因するという本質主義的な理 解が支配的である。本会議の目的はその質や価値を、より文化横断的な共有可能性という視点からとらえ直 すことである。 私は芸術学者として、マンガやアニメーション（アニメ）は芸術の一部分だと考えている。もちろんそれらは 近代的・規範的な意味での芸術ではなく、他の多くの重要な領域（例えば「アール・ブリュット」）と同様、自生的な （spontaneous）芸術である。自生的な芸術は従来の規範的な芸術よりも広く、従来の芸術をその中に包摂す る概念であり、21世紀に生きる私たちはそうした拡張された芸術理解を必要としている。 共有可能性を質的な意味で考える場合、そこに関与する主体の数や規模は本質的に重要ではない。つま り、ローカルとグローバル、先鋭的なものと商業的なもの（例えばアニメーションとアニメ）とを単純に対立させ、前 者よりも後者のほうがより共有されているとはいえないのである。想像力の共有地という概念が指し示してい るのは、単純な数値的理解の彼方にある世界市民的な社会という理念なのである。 Foreword What Does It Mean to “Share Imagination”? YOSHIOKA Hiroshi This convention aims to consider manga and animation from a fresh new perspective, by adding an artistic and cultural meaning to the concept of the commons. Currently, the concept of the commons is frequently discussed in terms of the right to use an object or a place, particularly in the context of intellectual property rights. These discussions are of great importance; however, in cases where the object under consideration is an artistic creation or, in other words, an expression of human imagination and creativity, the potential for sharing should extend to take the quality and value of the object into account. The dominant view is an essentialist one—namely that the quality and value of Japanese manga and animation emerge from the unique- ness of Japanese culture. This convention seeks to redefine the quality and value of manga and ani- mation by focusing more on the perspective of their potential to be shared across cultures. As a scholar of art, I view manga and animation (anime) as part of the arts. Of course, they are not art in the modern, normative sense. Rather they are spontaneous art like many other important fields of art (e.g., outsider art). Spontaneous art is broader in scope than art defined in the traditional, normative sense, and it encompasses conventional art. We who live in the 21st century need such an expanded conception of art. If we take a qualitative perspective to consider the question of the potential for sharing, we see that the number and scale of the entities involved are not intrinsically important. In other words, we cannot simply compare categories such as global vs. local and commercial vs. cutting-edge (e.g., an- ime vs. animation), and conclude that those that are global and/or commercial are shared more than those that are local and/or cutting-edge. The principle of a commons of imagination indicates how we can conceive of a society of world citizens that transcends a simple quantitative understanding. 2 ｜ 目次 2 はじめに 想像力を共有するとは？／吉岡 洋 4 開催挨拶 近藤誠一 文化庁長官 5 ［オープニングセッション］吉岡 洋／想像力を共有するとは？ 11 ［セッション1］アニメーションと現代文化 12 キーノート1 エスター・レスリー／光るスクリーン、流れるスクリーン：アニメがもつ現代との関連性 20 ディスカッション コメンテータ：加治屋健司｜ パネリスト：門林岳史｜ モデレータ：佐藤守弘 アニメート 36 ［セッション2］日本文化を活性化する：コンテンツとコンテクスト アニメート コモンズ 37 発表1 キム・ジュニアン／沈黙の聖地：活性化された共有地へ 41 発表2 マーク・スタインバーグ／メディアミックスの想像力：『四畳半神話大系』の多元可能世界 46 ディスカッション コメンテータ：アレクサンダー・ツァールテン｜ パネリスト：佐野明子｜ モデレータ：岡本美津子 65 ［セッション3］マンガとアニメーションの越境性：戦後日本社会の検証 66 キーノート2 小熊英二／ある日本大衆文化の形成：戦後日本社会におけるマンガとアニメ 72 ディスカッション コメンテータ：ライアン・ホームバーグ｜ パネリスト：石田美紀｜ モデレータ：岡本美津子 91 ［セッション4］想像力の視覚化 92 発表3 グンヒル・ボーグレーン／ロボット：フィクションとしてのアニメから日常経験へ 95 ディスカッション コメンテータ：長池一美｜ パネリスト：佐藤守弘｜ モデレータ：小池隆太 カルチュラル コモンズ 106 ［セッション5「文］ 化の共有地」としてのマンガ 107 発表4 テヴィニタ・ララサティ／インドネシアの生活についてのグラフィックダイアリーとコミック カルチュラル コモンズ 111 発表5 ジャクリーヌ・ベルント／「文化の共有地」としてのマンガ 115 ディスカッション コメンテータ：高橋瑞木｜ モデレータ：加治屋健司 133 全体統括パネルディスカッション モデレータ：吉岡 洋 138 あとがき 想像力の共有―一つの出発点／吉岡 洋 140 プロフィール Index 2 Foreword What Does It Mean to “Share Imagination”? / YOSHIOKA Hiroshi 4 Opening Speech KONDO Seiichi Commissioner for Cultural Affairs 8 Opening Session What Does It Mean “Commons of Imagination”? / YOSHIOKA Hiroshi 11 [Session 1] Anime, Animation, and Contemporary Culture 25 Keynote 1 Esther LESLIE / Screen Glow, Screen Flow: The Contemporary Relevance of Anime 31 Discussion Commentator: KAJIYA Kenji | Panelist: KADOBAYASHI Takeshi | Moderator: SATOW Morihiro 36 [Session 2] “Animating” Japan’s Culture: Contents and Contexts 51 Paper 1 KIM Joon Yang / Sacred Planet of Silence towards Animated Commons 55 Paper 2 Marc STEINGERG / The Media Mix Imagination:Yojôhan shinwa taikei’s Multiple Possible Worlds 60 Discussion Commentator: Alexander ZAHLTEN | Panelist: SANO Akiko | Moderator: OKAMOTO Mitsuko 65 [Session 3] Boundary of Manga and Animation: Revisiting Postwar Japan 77 Keynote 2 OGUMA Eiji / Generating of a Japanese Popular Culture: Manga and Anime in Postwar Japan 85 Discussion Commentator: Ryan HOLMBERG | Panelist: ISHIDA Minori | Moderator: OKAMOTO Mitsuko 91 [Session 4] Visualizing Imagination 99 Paper 3 Gunhild BORGGREEN / Robots: from Anime Fiction to Everyday Experience 102 Discussion Commentator: NAGAIKE Kazumi | Panelist: SATOW Morihiro | Moderator: KOIKE Ryuta 106 [Session 5] Manga/Comics as “Cultural Commons” 120 Paper 4 Dwinita LARASATI / Graphic Diaries and Other Comics about Life in Indonesia 124 Paper 5 Jaqueline BERNDT / Comics as “Cultural Commons” 128 Discussion Commentator: TAKAHASHI Mizuki | Moderator: KAJIYA Kenji 135 General Discussion Moderator: YOSHIOKA Hiroshi 139 Afterword Commons of Imagination: A Starting Point / YOSHIOKA Hiroshi 142 Profile 本書に掲載のイラストレーション（表紙・目次）は、ICOMAG2012の発表者として参加した テヴィニタ・ララサティさんによる、コンベンションの様子を描いたグラフィックダイアリーの一部です。 The illustrations for the cover and the table of contents are by Dr. Dwinita LARASATI, one of the speakers at ICOMAG2012, and are taken from her graphic diary where she recorded her impressions of the conference. ｜ 3 開催挨拶 Opening Speech 近藤誠一 文化庁長官 Seiichi Kondo Commissioner for Cultural Affairs 今日、明日と、第2回世界メディア芸術コンベンションが開催されます。今回は特に、マンガとアニメーションは われわれ人類に何をなし得るかといったことがメインテーマになります。 世界は今、先進国も途上国も、そして新興国もさまざまな問題に直面し、どう解決したらいいのか、問題を処 理しあぐねている状況だと思います。これらはいずれもあまりにも複雑であり、これまでの発想の延長ではなかなか 解決できない問題です。特に民主主義が広がったために、それぞれの利害がむしろ衝突し、思い切った決断 が政治のリーダーは思うようにできません。経済も、市場経済が非常に広まりましたが、それゆえに、一人ひとりが 自由に経済活動、利益追求活動を行うことによって、むしろ社会全体が大きな問題を抱えてしまうような状況が 随所に見られます。しかも、そうした問題がそのマグニチュードを増し、また頻度を増してさえいるように思います。 このような状況にあるときに、一番必要なのが、発想の転換、パラダイムシフトだと思います。そうはいっても、日本の ように長い伝統をもち、社会の慣習、政治的なしがらみのようなものがある国では、なかなかシフトできないと思います。 そうしたなかで、文化・芸術は本来、固定観念や既成概念から抜け出し、思い切った発想をすることができ る分野です。しかもメディア芸術は、そういう創造性や、固定観念を破る力が先進技術と結びついた非常にユ ニークな分野であり、今、人類が直面している問題を解決する、何かいい手がかりを与えてくれるのではないか と思っております。 その意味で、この世界メディア芸術コンベンションは、単にアニメーション・マンガの愛好家にとって面白いとい うだけではなく、大げさにいえば、社会全体あるいは人類の21世紀、22世紀の在り方を考えるうえで大きな役 割を果たしうると思います。 この観点から、今日、明日の皆さまの議論に非常に期待しております。ぜひ皆さま一人ひとりにとっても意味のあ る、そして、自分の問題、自分の組織の問題を解決する何かヒントを得ていただけることを心から期待しております。 歓迎と今日と明日のご成功をお祈りしまして、私のご挨拶とさせていただきます。 We are having the Second International Convention on Manga, Animation, Game, and Media Art, today and tomorrow. For this convention, as the main theme, we will be looking at the issue of what manga and animation can do for us human kind. Today, both developed and developing countries as well as emerging countries are facing many problems which are far too complex that traditional and conventional means could not resolve. In particular, with the spread of democracy we are seeing an even greater number of conflicts between the vested interests on every side, which makes it difficult for the leaders to make political decisions. Also the rapid spread of market economies have led to a situation where the individual pursuit of economic freedom and profit actually created problems and exacerbated the situation. The magni- tude and the frequency of the problems seem to be ever increasing. In such situations, what is most important is to make a paradigm shift by completely transform- ing the ways of thinking. In the case of Japan, however, the long-lasting traditions, practices, and also the political legacy that we have inherited from the past make it rather difficult. Culture and the arts by their nature have power to help us transcend ide´e fixe´e or conventional thinking. The media arts, in particular, have the ability to completely change traditional ways of thinking, by combining cre- ativity and power to go beyond ide´e fixe´e with cutting-edge technology. It is a very unique field and I do feel that they have much to offer human beings in resolving the problems we are facing today. In that regard, I feel that the International Convention on Manga, Animation, Game, and Media Art go beyond intriguing those who are fascinated by manga and animation. They can offer a great deal and contribute greatly towards the way in which we address the issues of the 21st and 22nd centuries. In this respect, I have great expectations to see what comes out of this discussion. I do hope that you will be able to garner hints that will help you to resolve the problems that you and your own organizations face. Ladies and gentlemen, once again welcome to the convention, and thank you for joining us. I hope that we will have interesting and successful discussions at this convention. 4 ｜ オープニングセッション 想像力を共有するとは？ 吉岡 洋 この「世界メディア芸術コンベンション」は、今回が2回目です。第1回は昨年の2月、「メディア芸術の地域 性と普遍性」というテーマで行われました。そこでは「メディア芸術」という概念、つまり英語の“Media Art（s）” とはけっして一致しない「メディア芸術」という日本語をめぐって、さまざまな議論が行われました。この会議の英 語名称＊1においては明示されている4つの領域―マンガ、アニメーション、ゲーム、メディアアート―を包括す るものとしてつくられた「メディア芸術」という概念を中心的な問題とし、そうした言葉が生み出された背景にある 近代日本文化の歴史的文脈を探ることを試みました。 その記録の「後書き」に、私は次のように書きました。「メディア」という語は未来を向いており、「芸術」とい
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