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CONTENTS Zionism and the Jewish People, 1918-Ig6o: from Minority to Hegemony W VOLUME XLII! : NUMBERS 1 and 2 2001 CONTENTS Zionism and the Jewish People, 1918-Ig6o: From Minority to Hegemony W. D. RUBENSTEIN Conflict, Adjustment, and Compromise: The Case of a Yemenite Moshav RACHELSHARABY Fieldwork Among Hassidicjews: Moral Challenges and Missed Opportunities WILLIAM SHAFFIR Defining Antisemitism: The Goldsmid Libel Trial, 1917-1918 EDNA BRAD LOW The Kibbutz: Comings and Goings HAROLD POLLINS Book Reviews Chronicle Editor:Judith Freedman OBJECTS AND SPONSORSHIP OF THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY The Jewish Journal qf Sociology was sponsored by the Cultural Department of the World Jewish Congress from its inception in I959 until the end of I98o. Thereafter, from the first issue of I 98 I (volume 23, no. I), the Journal has been sponsored by 1\1aurice Freedman Research Trust Limited, which is registered as an educational charity by the Charity Commission of England and Wales (no. 326077). It has as its main purposes the encouragement of research in the sociology of the Jews and the publication of The .Jewish Journal of Sociology. The objects of the Journal remain as stated in the Editorial of the first issue in I959' I' I! 'This Journal has been brought into being in order to provide an international I vehicle for serious writing on Jewish social affairs ... Academically we address I ourselves not only to sociologists, but to social scientists in general, to historians, to philosophers, and to students of comparative religion . ... VVe should like to stress both that the Journal is editorially independent and that the Opinions expressed by authors are their own responsibility.' The founding Editor of the JJS was Morris Ginsberg, and the founding ~1anaging Editor was l\.1aurice Freedman. Morris Ginsberg, who had been Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics, died in I970. Maurice Freedman, who had been Professor of Social Anthropology at the London School of Economics and later at the University of Oxford, succeeded to the title of Editor in I97I, when Drjudith Freedman (who had been Assistant Editor since I 963) became Managing Editor. Maurice Freedman died in I 97 5; since then the Journal has been edited by DrJudith Freedman. Applications for subscriptions and enqmnes regarding back numbers should be addressed to: THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 187 GLOUCESTER PLACE LONDON NW I 6BU ENGLAND TELEPHONE: 020-7262 8939 THE JEWISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY Volume XLIII Numbers 1 and 2 2001 CONTENTS Zionism and the Jewish People, 1918-Ig6o: From 1-'linority to Hegemony W. D. RUBINSTEIN s Conflict, Adjustment, and Compromise: The Case of a Yemenite Moshav RACHELSIIARABY 37 Fieldwork Among Hassidie Jews: Moral Challenges and Missed Opportunities WILL lAM SHAFFIR 53 Defining Antisemitism: The Goldsmid Libel Trial, I 9 I 7- I9 IS EDNA BRADLOW The Kibbutz: Comings and Goings HAROLD POLLINS 86 Book Reviews 92 Chronicle I I2 Books Received I I7 Notes on Contributors II7 Published by Maurice Freedman Research Trust Ltd ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION INSTITUTIONS: £20.00 (u .S. $35.00) INDIVIDUALS: £15.00(U.S. $26.oo) SINGLE COPIES: £10.00 (U.S. $18.00) Applications for subscriptions should be sent to The Jewish Journal of Sociology, 187 Gloucester Place, London NW1 6BU, England. Telephone: 02o-7262 8g39 EDITOR Judith Freedman ADVISORY BOARD jACQUES GuTWIRTH (France) MARLENA ScHMOOL (Britain) ERNEST KRAusz (Israe0 WILLIAM SHAFFIR (Canada) HAROLD PoLLINS (Britain) NoRMAN SoLOMON (Britain) S. J. PR AIS (Britain) B. WASSERSTEIN (Britain) © MAURICE FREEDMAN RESEARCH TRUST L TD 2001 PRODUCED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY MANE V PUBLISHING, LEEDS BOOKS REVIEWED Authors Titles Reviewers Page A Cohen and Israel and the Politics of]ewish \V. D. Rubinstein 92 B. Susser Identity A.J. Kershcn, ed. LangiJ(lgt, Labour and 1\figration H. Pollins 94 S. \V. Massil, ed. The Jewish Year Book. 2001, ]. Djamour 98 5761-5762 J. l'vledawar and Hitler's Gift: Scientists ~Vho Fled .Nazi I. Finestein 103 D. Pyke Germany R. A. Rockaway But He Was Good to His Afother: The H. L. Rubinstcin 105 Lives and Crimes qf]ewish Gangsters J. Stratton Coming Out]wish: Constructing H. Pollins 108 Ambivalent Identities 3 NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Papers submitted to The Jewish Journal qf Sociology should be addressed to the Editor at 187 Gloucester Place, London NW1 6BU, England. The papers must be original. They should not have been published previously, or be committed to publication elsewhere, in any language. When a paper has been accepted for publication, the author may not publish it elsewhere in any language, without the written consent of the Editor of the JJS. Articles (please send at least two copies) should be typewritten on one side only and double-spaced with ample margins. Pages (including those containing illustrations, diagrams, or tables) should be numbered consecutively. All quotations should be within single inverted commas; quotation marks within quotations should be double inverted commas. Notes should follow the style of this Journal and should be given at the end of the article in numerical sequence according to the order of their citation in the text. They should be double-spaced. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS A. Books Give author, title, place of publication, year, and page reference. Underline all titles of books. B. Articles Place titles of articles within single inverted commas. Underline the title of the book or journal in which the article appears. In the case of a journal, cite numbers of volume and part, and year of publication. PROOFS. An author making major revisions in proof will be required to bear the cost. Unless proofs are returned to the Editor promptly, authors' corrections will not be incorporated. 4 ZIONISM AND THE JEWISH PEOPLE, rgr8-rg6o: FROM MINORITY TO HEGEMONY W. D. Rubinstein HE aim of this essay is to examine the fortunes of the Zionist movement between the First World War and the post-Second T World War period, and especially to analyse the extent and reasons for its remarkable unpopularity among the Jewish people during most of the inter-war years. During that period, Zionism was a weak and almost marginal movement among most European Jews, let alone those in the 'New Diaspora' like the United States. While its popularity increased in the late I 930s in the wake of Hitler's uncompromising antisemitism, only during the Second World War did it assume the central position in the Jewish world which it has held since I 948. Although aspects of the weakness of the pre-war Zionist movement are known to historians, so far as I am aware there has been no general examination of this topic, or one based on quantitat­ ive evidence. In any consideration of this subject, there is also a temptation to read history backwards, with Zionist triumphalism centrally embedded in the unfolding of European Jewish history before the Holocaust and, in particular, with the Zionist 'masses' of Eastern Europe prevented from emigrating to their destined home­ land by the British. 1 As will become clear, such an interpretation approximates to the opposite of the truth. Shekel-Holding Probably the most objective way of gauging the relative strength of Zionism among the Jewish people in this period is from the statistics of'shekel-holding', that is, of the number of dues-paying members of the Zionist movement. One became a 'shekel-holder' by paying annually a small sum of money- two shillings in Britain, 50 cents in the United States, less in the poorer countries of Eastern Europe- to the local Zionist organization, which entitled one to vote for delegates to the biennial World Zionist Congress. For this reason, the number The}eu.!l"sh]oumal q[Sociolog}', vol. 43, nos. I and z, 2001. 5 W. D. RUBINSTEIN of shekel-holders rose considerably in the year of a Zionist Congress, as each Zionist party or faction would attempt to increase its own votes, and thus attempted to recruit as many shekel-holders as possible. Shekel-holding was, it seems, open to any Jew of any age, although one had to be aged I 8 or older to vote for delegates to a Zionist Congress and 24 to serve as a delegate.2 For this reason, the figures presented here probably include few persons under I 8, although there appears to be no information on this point. Comprehensive national figures exist about shekel-holding for the inter-war period until I 935; it has proven surprisingly difficult to obtain detailed national breakdowns of shekel-holding for the years between I 935 and I 946-47 - although some more general statistics do exist, which will be examined below. Before turning to the figures themselves and their meaning, it might be worth noting that these statistics do not seem to appear in any English-language history of Zionism or biographies of its leaders, or in any standard reference work on modern Jewish history, as significant as they apparently are for understanding the popularity or otherwise of Zionism and the evolution of Zionism to a central place in the identity of the Jewish people. There are obvious and manifest reasons why these figures are underestimates of the actual strength of the Zionist movement. Sheer inertia prevented many supporters of Zionism from purchasing a shekel. During the whole of the inter-war period in Poland and in other poorer countries of Eastern Europe, and during the Depression elsewhere, some ardent Zionists were certainly too poor to buy a shekel (although one must also bear in mind here the equally low figures for the prosperous countries of the world during the affluent I920s). Openly committed Zionists in Stalinist Russia, after I928-29, were automatic candidates for the firing squad, and no shekels were in fact sold in the Soviet Union after I929-30.
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