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This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. NATION AND STATE IN THE BELGIAN REVOLUTION 1787-1790 Jane Charlotte Judge PhD Thesis The University of Edinburgh 2015 THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH THESIS DECLARATION See the Postgraduate Assessment Regulations for Research Degrees available via: www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/academic-services/policies- regulations/regulations/assessment Name of Candidate: Jane Judge UUN S0965279 University email: [email protected] Degree Sought: Doctor of Philosophy No. of words in the 90,626 main text of Thesis: Title of Thesis: Nation and State in the Belgian Revolution, 1787-1790 I certify: (a) that the thesis has been composed by me, and (b) either that the work is my own, or, where I have been a member of a research group, that I have made a substantial contribution to the work, such contribution being clearly indicated, and (c) that the work has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification except as specified. Signature: 2/309 THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH ABSTRACT OF THESIS Name of Candidate: Jane Charlotte Judge UUN S0965279 University email: [email protected] Degree Sought: PhD, History No. of words in the main text of Thesis: 90,626 Title of Thesis: Nation and State in the Belgian Revolution, 1787-1790 Today, Belgium is an oft-cited example of a “fabricated state” with no real binding national identity. The events of 1787-1790 illustrate a surprisingly strong rebuttal to this belief. Between 1787 and 1790, the inhabitants of the Southern Netherlands protested the majority of reforms implemented by their sovereign Joseph II of Austria. In ten independent provinces each with their own administration and assembly of Estates, a resistance movement grew and its leaders eventually raised a patriot army over the summer of 1789. This force chased the imperial troops and administration from all the provinces except Luxembourg, allowing the conservative Estates and their supporters to convene a Congress at Brussels, which hosted a central government to the new United States of Belgium. By November 1790, however, infighting between democrats and conservatives and international pressures allowed Leopold II, crowned Emperor after his brother’s death in February, to easily reconquer the provinces. This thesis investigates the moment in which “Belgianness,” rather than provincial distinctions, became a prevailing identification for the Southern Netherlands. It tracks the transition of this national consciousness from a useful collaboration of the provinces for mutual legal support to a stronger, more emotional appeal to a Belgian identity that deserved a voice of its own. It adds a Belgian voice to the dialogue about nations before the nineteenth century, while equally complicating the entire notion of a nation. Overall, the thesis questions accepted paradigms of the nation and the state and casts Belgium and the Belgians as a strong example that defies the normal categories of nationhood. It examines how the revolutionaries—the Estates, guilds, their lawyers, the Congress, and bourgeois democratic revolutionaries—demonstrated a growing sense of “Belgianness,” in some ways overriding their traditional provincial attachments. I rely on pamphlet literature and private correspondence for the majority of my evidence, focusing on the elite’s cultivation and use of national sentiment throughout the revolution. 3/309 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction: Belgium and Nationalism Theory ................................................................. 5 Chapter 1: Setting the Stage: The Context of the Belgian Provinces and Joseph II’s Reforms .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 25 A Brief History of the provinces ............................................................................................................... 28 Situation in the Provinces at Joseph’s ascension ............................................................................. 33 Joseph’s Motives ............................................................................................................................................. 44 Edicts, Reforms, and Resistance .............................................................................................................. 47 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 2: First Stirrings of Revolution: Resistance to Joseph II’s Reforms, 1787- 1789 ................................................................................................................................................ 59 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 59 The General Seminary ................................................................................................................................. 63 April 1787: Codifying Resistance ............................................................................................................ 73 Charles d’Outrepont and Joseph’s Methods Contested .................................................................. 95 Provincial Unity: The Vienna Delegation and an Increase in Violence ................................ 106 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................... 114 Chapter 3: For Hearth and Home: Armed Revolt in the Belgian Provinces .......... 117 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 117 Pro Aris et Focis ............................................................................................................................................ 119 The Breda Committee ................................................................................................................................ 129 Melding the Committees ........................................................................................................................... 134 Armed Revolt ................................................................................................................................................. 138 A “National” Triumph ................................................................................................................................ 151 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................... 157 Chapter 4: Creating A State: Independence and Central Government for the Southern Netherlands ............................................................................................................. 161 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 161 Declaring Independence ........................................................................................................................... 165 Creating a State: Strength in Union or the Beginning of the End? ........................................ 183 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................... 193 Chapter 5: “Qu’allons-nous devenir?”: Describing A Belgian Nation ........................ 197 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 197 Debating a Belgian Government ........................................................................................................... 204 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................... 241 Chapter 6: Esperances Fallacieuses: The End of the United States of Belgium ..... 245 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 245 Austrian Rhetoric
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