Koi History and there Fiftenn recognised Varieties!...pg38

September/October ‘19 Vol. 10/No. 05

THE ISHKEEPER For theF Aquarist: Freshwater & Marine

The website for the aquarist fishkeeper.co.za Making the Freshwater to Marine switch!

5 Nano Reef Fish!

Preventing ICH!

Clown Plecos for the So you want to keep a shark!! planted ! Page 32 Page 06

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper1 2 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za For the Aquarist: Freshwater & Marine Contents South Africa’s only magazine for marine and hobbyists.

September/october Vol 10 / No 5 / 2019

16 32 features 26 CLOWN PLECOS FOR THE PLANTED AQUARIUM Some of the most interesting species of Pleco’s belong to those within the Clown Pleco group. This article covers their care PARATILAPIA POLLENI along with mentions a few of the more readily available in the 06 hobby. Ever wanted a species of with the personality of an Oscar but with a completely different appearance, then this is the fish for you. 32 5 NANO REEF FISH SO YOU WANT TO KEEP A SHARK! Nano are becoming increasingly popular with 10 hobbyists. This article covers 5 Nano marine species which the author highly recommends. This article gives you all the information you need to dive into keeping a shark within your . KOI HISTORY AND THERE FIFTEEN RECOGNISED 38 VARIETIES! PREVENTING ICH! Koi have been around for a very long time and over this period 16 many wonderful varieties have been created. Able to decimate an aquariums population, why not prevent Ich rather than having to treat it. regulars From the Editor MAKING THE FRESHWATER TO MARINE SWITCH 04 20 05 About the Editor Transfering over to keeping a marine aquarium is not as hard as you think. Read up on this article to help with the process. 40 Advertiser’s Index

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper3 Editorial

efore I introduce myself, I feel THE FISHKEEPER as a community we need to volume 10 | number 5 thank Dennison Publishing for September/October 2019 Bestablishing this incredible magazine in 2009. This product in my opinion is Managing Editor not valued nearly as highly as it should Design Layout Proof Reading be. Many magazines Advertisements have come and gone over the years Subscriptions in South Africa, and none have had Sales the success that The Fishkeeper has. Matt Needham Rolf and team, thank you so much 20 for all your hard effort over the years in getting this magazine to where it Contact the Editor at is. It provides a wonderful source of [email protected] knowledge to many fishkeepers and for any inquiries on advertising, I think I speak for many when I say it sales etc has really helped us as a hobby as well as the articles providing us with the knowledge to provide our with Disclaimer: The Editor and the best husbandry we can. I also want Publishers of The Fishkeeper do to say thank you for entrusting me with not accept any liability whatsoever its next chapter. with regard to any statement, fact, advertisement or recommendation made in this magazine and do not i! My name is Matt Needham necessarily agree with the viewpoints and I am the new editor of this expressed by contributors to The wonderful magazine. Just like all Fishkeeper magazine. Hof you who read this I am an avid fan of all things fish and will do my absolutet best to keep producing the incredible product that The Fishkeeper is. Over © 2019 by The Fishkeeper. All rights 38 the course of time there might be a few reserved. Reproduction of any material from this issue in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. changes that will occur but ultimately I would like to produce something that all of you hobbyists want. With that said please feel free to email me at [email protected] with any requests of what you would like to see more of in our magazine. If demand is high enough, we will feature it! This edition features some amazing articles on a variety of interesting “a righteous man cares for the topics, from one of my favourite cichlid species out there, Paratilapia needs of his animals,” polleni to how to make the switch from freshwater aquaria to marine and PROVERBS 12:10 much much more. There is a little something for everyone.

We hope you enjoy this issue! Happy reading, and happy fishkeeping!

The Editor Editor: [email protected]

Subscribe now! Visit www.thefishkeeper.co.za to subscribe to the Digital free version of The Fishkeeper. Each issue will be sent straight to your mail box or alternatively visit our site and down- load the latest version under the tab DEADLINES magazines and latest issues! Cover Photo: Issue Colour Adverts Paratilapia Polleni November/December 2019 15 November 2019 January/February 2020 30 November 2019 March/April 2020 20 December 2019

4 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za About the Editor!

Matt Needham was born in Durban in 1985. His passion for fish began at a very young age with picking up his first aquarium at the age of 10 as a Christmas present. Around the time he was 16 he had 20 tanks and had started working at his local petshop on weekends, where he was approached to run their fish section. Once he had finished school he attended the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal where he acquired a degree in Environmental sciences life stream. During this period he had purchased approximately 100 tanks and had begun to breed freshwater Angelfish on a commercial scale, with around 20 pairs spawning. After University he moved to the UK for a couple of seasons to pursue his cricket career and unfortunately shut down his breeding operation where he bred well over 50 different species of fish with great success, with the majority of these being Above and Below: The Editor with two different species of Loracariidae . During this period he studied a found along tributaries of the Rio Negro river, Brazil. Diploma in Ichthyology through the Institute of Health Care in the UK. On his arrival back into the country in 2010, he SeaWorld under SAAMBR. He started working there inquired about a potential position at uShaka as an intern in January 2011 of which he then received a full time position as an Aquarist in the aquarium from April that year, where he worked with various species of marine fish, elasmobranchs and corals. During his time at SAAMBR he has been involved with numerous projects ranging from reproduction of fish at the aquarium and helping ORI with coral work in Sodwana Bay. In 2017 he won an award at the Pan African Association for Zoos and Aquaria conferance for his presentation on the captive spawning of the coral Acropora appressa and linking it to the wild. In 2013 Matt was invited along as a representative on an Amazon fisheries project called . The goal of the project was to help the local fisherman improve their methods of capturing wild caught specimens for the aquarium hobby. In doing this it kept them in a self sustainable industry instead of moving over to destructive practices such as forestry and mining. Matt has well over 20 years of experience in the commercial trade and breeding of ornamental fish and has regularly contributed to The Fishkeeper over the years. He was approached mid way through 2019 with regards to taking over the production of The Fishkeeper.

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper5 Freshwater Paratilapia Polleni By: Matt Needham

“This species it great for any aquarist who is looking for a bit more of a challenge with regards to breeding. They are also in my opinion one of the most interesting and beautiful species of cichlid out there which are full of personality.“

ithout a doubt one of the most impressive the past due to activities that have had a drastic looking Cichlids out there has to be impact on their natural environment, such as over WParatilapia polleni. When this cichlid fishing habitat degradation, introduction on non- species reaches maturity and really starts to colour indigenous species etc. Fortuitously research by up it is nothing short of breath taking, taking on the some intrepid aquarists meant that this species colour display ofPhoto a jet by black Peter night Maguire sky splashed with can be kept alive in captivity with it now widely an array of bright blue and white dots resembling available in the hobby. stars. It really has captured many cichlid lovers There is still a lot of debate within the of hearts over the years and very recently I was able Paratilapia as to how many species there actually to finally get my hands on a pair after many years are and if any are separate at all. It is currently of wanting to keep this stunning species. believed that there are four different species that Polleni are a cichlid species native to Madagascar, exist within the hobby. Paratilapia sp “Andapa” where they were once widespread throughout which is thought to possibly be Paratilapia typus. the country. They are far less common than in Paratilapia sp “East coast small spots”, this is the

6 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za species believed to be the most common in the hobby. Paratilapia sp “Fianarantsoa Green”, and Paratilapia bleekeri although this is thought to be very rare.

Distribution As mentioned earlier these stunning cichlids originate from Madagascar where they are endemic. It has been found within a variety of different habitats within the wild, from altitudes of over 1km and temperatures reaching down to 12 degreees celsius, too hot springs with temperatures reaching as high as 40 degrees celsius, and even “As with the majority of the large cichlid species, it is essential to purchase brackish water environments. This a group of 6 juveniles in order to get a compatible pair to develop” species appears to be very hardy and may comfortably live in either acidic or alkaline set ups without too much stress. This has to make this one of the hardiest cichlid species around by a long shot.

Life in the Aquarium Due to the fact that this species gets to around 30cm in length an aquarium of no less than 48″ x 18″ x 15″ (120cm x 45cm x 37.5cm) – 200 litres is suitable for a single compatible pair. Once they have paired they become quite peaceful with most aggression occurring between juveniles in the pairing up process. Just note that no other “Polleni are a cichlid species native to Madagascar, where they were males are tolerated within the same once widespread throughout the country. ” aquarium as the pair. The tank should have a fair amount of cover in the form of clay pots, caves built with rock or driftwood as I have found this species to be quite shy when originally introduced but over time get a lot more confident in their new environment. Plants can be added to the aquarium as they don’t tend to pay much attention to them. If you decide to keep this species within a cichlid which is possible, it is essential to select species of a similar size and behaviour. Polleni will not appreciate being bullied by overly aggressive species. Some of species from Madagascar, such “Paratilapia polleni is identified as a bi-parental spawner. The eggs do as the make great tank not attach to a surface such as a rock but instead are laid as a gelatinous mass companions. which sit at the base of the spawning site.”

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper7 “With regards to sexing this species, males tend to be much larger than females and develop longer extensions to their dorsal and anal fins with a rounder head shape.”

As mentioned earlier, this species is found in a not to feed any animal meat with this species as variety of temperatures in the wild and will be quite their digestive tract is not designed for it and might happy in a temperature range of 22-28 degress cause major intestinal issues within your Polleni. celsius within the aquarium. There has been a bit Polleni have been known to live for 10 to 15 years of talk within the fish keeping community that they in captivity. This makes them a worthy investment, tend to be a little susceptible to white spot at cooler bringing you many years of pleasure. temperatures and unfortunately do not cope well Reproduction with this disease. If they do pick up white spot, it is With regards to sexing this species, males tend highly recommended to treat by adding salt to the to be much larger than females and develop aquarium and raising the temperature to speed up longer extensions to their dorsal and anal fins with the parasites life cycle. With regards to pH, a pH a rounder head shape. As with the majority of the of 6.5 to 8 will suffice. large cichlid species, it is essential to purchase a Due to these cichlids being rather large, good group of 6 juveniles in order to get a compatible filtration is essential! An external filter is always pair to develop. In my case I was very fortunate to recommended with sponge filters within the tank purchase an already established pair. helping to suck up any detritus and agitate the Courtship can begin a few days before spawning water surface, ensuring good oxygenation of actually takes place. The males take on a very the tank water. They are not a fan of large water intense black colouration with the female follwing changes so regular water changes of around 20% suite. The male then starts showing off to his do well. partner which may include the male flaring his In nature this species is a piscivore although in gills and mouth as well as “headstanding”. The the aquarium it is not essential to feed live fish pair will then begin to move the substrate around to them. Most live and frozen foods are accepted in the aquarium until they have every set the way with most specimens also accepting dry foods. As they like it and will finally select their spawning site always, variety is key. One thing to remember is of choice. It is suggested to move any other fish

8 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za that may coexist within the tank at this point as around 2 days to hatch and the young stay within their territory will have grown significantly and if the spawning site till they become free swimming the tank is not big enough other fish will not be 6 to 7 days later and can receive newly hatched tolerated at this stage. artemia (brine shrimp) straight away. The young Paratilapia polleni is identified as a bi-parental have been known to be cannabalistic so it is substrate spawner. The eggs do not attach to a important to try split the sizes of the fry as they surface such as a rock but instead are laid as grow. It has been noted that in young pairs, the a gelatinous mass which sit at the base of the male can be overly aggressive to a female who is spawning site. These eggs are formed with a not very receptive to his matin displays. It is very long filament at one end which the femalemixes important to watch them at this point as the female together untill a big mass is formed. In my may need to be removed to another tank. experience I have seen this species lay within Young pairs are also renowned for eating their own excavated pits in the substrate, the bases of clay eggs the first few times but with abit of pattience, pots and in clay pots etc. There does not appear to they finally get it right. Spawning is not unusual for be a specific preferred spawning site. As with all an established pair although this species has been cichlid species, the pair is very active in their care labelled as slightly more difficult to breed then of their eggs and fry, and can be quite aggressive your more common South and Central American during this time, often rushing the aquarist when species. they approach the tank or trying to chase off an encroaching hand. The males take on a very rich Conclusion black colour during this period, with light spangles. This species it great for any aquarist who is The female tends to guard the eggs and fry and looking for a bit more of a challenge with regards often chases off the male who intern guards their to breeding. They are also in my opinion one of the territory. Up to 1000 eggs may be laid depending most interesting and beautiful species of cichlid on the size of the female. These generally take out there which are full of personality.

“There is still a lot of debate within the Genus of Paratilapia as to how many species there actually are and if any are separate at all. It is currently believed that there are four different species that exist within the hobby. “

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper9 Marine

So you want to

keep a Shark!By: Bob Goemans

“Sharks have no uniform average size; they come in all shapes and sizes.“

hether you’re a diver, snorkeler, or year—forever associated that area with sharks in casual swimmer, the thought of having a the popular imagination. In fact, I still remember Wface-to-face encounter with a shark has lifting my feet off the movie showroom floor during crossed your mind sometime in the past. one of its more frightening scenes.

I was born and raised in the Long Island area of I can also remember being scared out of the water New York, where I spent countless hours swimming while snorkeling in the highly turbid South China in the Amityville waters. The iconic movie Jaws— Sea after a large animal brushed up against my celebrating the 40th anniversary of its release this submerged body. Just thinking “shark!” caused

10 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za me to walk a quarter mile along exposed reef tops to get back to dry land.

And to be perfectly honest, sharks are not one of my favorite subjects. I’m also not overly impressed with seeing them in a home aquarium, unless the enclosure is strictly dedicated to their husbandry—and it would have to be a rather large one to accommodate that purpose.

Yet, I’m continually asked about sharks by people of all ages. I have often spent many hours trying to find answers to what, at first, seemed “The epaulette shark is a nocturnal creature, dwelling on bottom reef faces, reef to be easy questions. In this article flats, and coral lagoons.” I will attempt to address these many queries and clarify some misconceptions about the mighty creatures that have fascinated and frightened us for centuries. I will also highlight some species that may be good choices for aquarists who are considering keeping them.

Shark Facts Animals in the Chondrichthyes class, which includes sharks, are characterized by three main features: they do not have a “bony” skeleton, but an internal framework made of cartilage; they have between five and seven gill slits; and their pectoral fins are not fused “The coral catshark is another nocturnal, shallow water species that feeds upon to their head. benthic invertebrates and small fish.”

There are many unique their jaw, but are arranged in rows take on the temperature of the characteristics of sharks that that continually grow forward, surrounding water. Depending distinguish them from other fishes. so that the rear teeth eventually upon the species, their preferred Sharks do not have scales made replace worn out or lost front teeth. temperature ranges from the arctic up of overlapping plates. Instead, to the tropical. their scales are small tubercles that Sharks have no uniform average result in a sandpaper-like skin. size; they come in all shapes and Shark FAQs sizes. The smallest is the dwarf In addition, sharks do not have a shark (Squaliolus laticaudus), ARE ALL SHARKS HARMFUL? swim bladder. They must swim in which gets to about 8 inches (20 This is the most common question order to maintain their height in cm) in length, while the largest is that comes my way. In actuality, the water column. Also intriguing is the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), most are harmless toward people. the fact that the front edge of their which reaches about 50 feet (15 m) In the rare event of an attack, it’s pectoral fins are sloped upward in length. usually a case of mistaken identity. to give them lift when swimming, similar to how the wings of a plane Most are found in saltwater, oceans DO SHARKS HEAR? function in the air. in particular. However, there are Sharks do not hear as we do, but some freshwater species. Most they have inner ears in which a Their teeth are not embedded in sharks are cold-blooded, as they membranous labyrinth filled with

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper11 fluid detects sound and pressure waves. A change in direction, or displacement in the water created by an external force, is perceived through sensory hair cells in the membrane, which then send signals to the brain. This is how sharks maintain their position and balance in the water column.

As in bony fish, sharks have a lateral line along both sides of their body that runs from the tail to the head. It detects vibrations in the water column, sometimes leading them to an injured fish (i.e., their next meal). Biologists have noted that if human beings are diving in the presence of sharks, the fish can actually detect their heartbeat underwater.

CAN SHARKS SMELL? When it comes to a shark’s sense of smell, the “nose knows” is my favorite way of putting it. Their nostrils (nares) have cells that detect chemicals in the water. In fact, they’re so sensitive that it’s been claimed they can detect only one part blood in one million parts water!

DO SHARKS HAVE EYELIDS? “The brownbanded bamboo shark reaches a length of about 40 inches (100 cm) and inhabits the waters stretching from Japan to northern Australia.” Sharks don’t have eyelids and therefore are not able to shut their eyes. However, some have what Hunter and Hunted 80 and 100 million sharks annually. is called a nictitating membrane The natural life span for a shark is When it comes to what sharks eat, that can cover and protect the eye still based on guesswork, but some almost anything alive that they when feeding. are thought to live almost 100 can get into their mouths would years, such as the spiny dogfish be a reasonable answer, including CAN SHARKS DROWN? shark (Squalus acanthias). Though other sharks, seabirds, turtles, Sharks are capable of drowning if notorious for being predators, shrimp, clams, sea lions, dolphins, water does not pass over their gills, they are also hunted themselves. and dying whales. However, they where oxygen is processed from Barracudas, groupers, killer rarely eat dead flesh unless it’s the water. Those that continuously whales, and swordfish are counted fresh (and only when necessary), swim do so in a sleep-like state among their natural enemies. and sometimes months can pass at times, and some bottom- And let’s not forget to include between adequate meals. dwelling sharks slip into a dormant human predators. Many sharks are stage while resting in the lower hunted as a food, and their largest Sharks in the Hobby depths. In addition, many have threat comes in the form of finning. When it comes to keeping sharks, suffocated in gill nets or long lines, In China, shark fin soup is prepared the first consideration is the size of where they can represent a large as a delicacy. They are caught, the tank. Once a shark outgrows percentage of bycatch (untargeted have their fins removed, and are its enclosure, there’s little to no species collected by commercial thrown back into the sea to die. It is interest—even from a public fishermen). estimated that humans kill between aquarium—in taking it off your

12 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za “Adults are most commonly found in groups or pairs. They inhabit offshore reefs, occurring along both inner and outer reef area. “

“sharks have a lateral line along both sides of their body that runs from the tail to the head. It detects vibrations in the water column, sometimes leading them to an injured fish (i.e., their next meal).“ hands. Releasing it back into the Lamniformes (mackerel sharks), (Queensland) and New Guinea. In wild is not an option, nor should it Pristiophoriformes (saw sharks), the wild, it attains a length of about even be considered. Squaliformes (spiny sharks and 42 inches (105 cm). In captivity, it Once tank size is resolved, sogfish), Squatiniformes (angel often fails to reach this length and biological filtration becomes a sharks), and Rajiformes (sawfishes, may be far smaller at maturity. second factor to consider, as skates, and rays)—only two The epaulette shark is a nocturnal sharks have messy feeding habits include species that would interest creature, dwelling on bottom reef and can produce copious amounts marine aquarists. Those are found faces, reef flats, and coral lagoons. of waste matter. Trickle and in the orders Orectolobiformes and It feeds upon shrimp, worms, and canister filters are among the best Carcharhiniformes. crabs by digging them out of the types of equipment to maintain The order Orectolobiformes sandy bottom areas. This species decent water quality. A high-quality has 7 families, 14 genera, and requires a 200-gallon (757-liter) protein skimmer would also help approximately 32 species. Almost aquarium minimum, and it should reduce some of this detritus before all members are bottom dwelling, be fed three times a week with it biologically breaks down, while mostly nocturnal, and generally fresh seafood. Shrimp, fish flesh, concurrently oxygenating the water. harmless to people. crab, octopus, cuttlefish, urchins, is also a major One of these families, squid, krill, and scallops are all concern, as sharks need wide open Hemiscylliidae (bamboo sharks) appropriate foods for this shark. swimming areas with fine sandy has two genera, Chiloscyllium and Small live marine fish would also bottoms to be adequately housed. Hemiscyllium, containing species make a good occasional dinner Feeding strategy is another factor that are often imported, such as treat. that deserves research, since the banded shark (Chiloscyllium these organisms employ different punctatum) and the epaulette The aquarium housing should have methods to find and eat their prey. shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum). A a fine sandy bottom and provide close third might be the Indonesian large caves and/or ledges to hide Selecting a Shark carpet shark (H. freycineti), which under. Because this species digs to After you’ve educated yourself looks quite similar to its cousin, H. find its food, any large rock caves or about shark keeping, you’ll ocellatum. ledges should be securely formed find that of the nine orders— to prevent cave-ins. Carcharhiniformes (ground The Epaulette Shark A well-filtered and well-oxygenated sharks), Heterodontiformes The epaulette shark (H. ocellatum) system with few environmental (horn and bullhead sharks), hails from the Western Pacific, obstructions is also necessary. Hexanchiformes (six-gilled sharks), habituating in the areas of Keep in mind that most sharks Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks), northern and western Australia cannot be treated cannot be treated

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper13 “There’s one other shark that seems to interest some aquarists who can afford very large tanks, and those are the wobbegongs” with heavy metal solutions, such as hails from the Indo-West Pacific species that feeds upon benthic copper. Ocean. It attains a length of about invertebrates and small fish. Again, Do not house the epaulette shark 37 inches (95 cm) in the wild, their husbandry is the same as with large triggerfish, angelfish, inhabits inshore coral reefs, and previously mentioned. wrasses, or pufferfish, as they can is usually found in crevices and There’s one other shark that pick on the shark and cause skin caves. seems to interest some aquarists and/or eye damage. Even though The brownbanded bamboo shark who can afford very large tanks, this is probably the best shark reaches a length of about 40 inches and those are the wobbegongs species for home aquariums, it is (100 cm) and inhabits the waters in the family Orectolobidae, order not a petting animal and will bite if stretching from Japan to northern Orectolobiformes. These odd- provoked. Australia. The same husbandry looking sharks have a flattened conditions as mentioned above also body, a very broad head with long Carpet and Bamboo Sharks apply to these two species, as their barbells, and flaps of skin around The Indonesian carpet shark (H. behavior and needs are the same. the mouth. freycineti), which resembles the In fact, captive-bred specimens are epaulette, also hails from the available, as are their eggs. They range in size from 3 to 10 feet Western Pacific (Indonesia and (1 to 3 m). These nocturnal sharks Papua New Guinea) and reaches Catsharks and Wobbegongs feed upon octopus, squid, other a length of about 28 inches (70 There are several catsharks in the sharks, crabs, shrimp, rays, fish, cm). The difference between them, order Carcharhiniformes, family and just about anything else they depending on age, can sometimes Scyliorhinidae, that are worth can ambush. Some species, such be distinguished by the coloring considering because their smaller as Eucrossorhinus dasypogon, around the eye. H. ocellatum’s size reduces the required aquarium would require a 1000-gallon eye is ringed with white, while H. size needed for their upkeep. One (3785-liter) aquarium! freycineti’s is not. Otherwise, the of these is the coral catshark Even though the wobbegong’s same husbandry conditions apply. (Atelomycterus marmoratus), appearance is quite fascinating, Staying in this family, there are two which hails from the Indo-West it’s another inactive species bamboo sharks—the whitespotted Pacific and only attains a length of during daylight hours, so the bamboo shark (C. plagiosum) and about 27 inches (65 cm). visual enjoyment that one usually the brownbanded bamboo shark Color patterns vary depending associates with keeping fish is (C. punctatum)—that are also good upon where the species originates going to be left unfulfilled. choices for the home aquarium. from. The coral catshark is The whitespotted bamboo shark another nocturnal, shallow water

14 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za While mandarins are often found in small groups or pairs in the wild, males are intolerant of each other in the confines of an aquarium.

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www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper15 Marine Freshwater Preventing Ich! By : De-Hai Xu, PhD

“Some aquarium fish may be more sensitive to ich infection than other species, but no fish species has complete natural resistance

to ich.”

ch is one of the most common fish diseases, survey, the American Pet Products Association but it is fairly preventable and treatable. A (APPA) reported that 12.6 million US households Iscientist lists the best methods to reduce the own pet fish. Among them, 11.9 million risk of ich and treat outbreaks in the aquarium. households have freshwater fish and 0.7 million Millions of people around the world keep have saltwater fish. aquariums stocked with colorful ornamental fish, Currently, huge selections of beautifully colored enjoying one of the most popular leisure-time aquarium fish are available so hobbyists can activities. In a 2011—2012 national pet owner stock their aquariums to satisfy their taste and

16 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za add beauty to their homes. Aquariums are aquarium fish are protozoan parasites, especially often placed in the waiting rooms or lobbies of those that cause white spot disease. White spot restaurants, clinical offices, hospitals, commercial disease is a very common problem in freshwater buildings, and hotels, providing enjoyment, aquarium fish. The disease is caused by the satisfaction, and relaxation for people in these ciliate protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, areas. commonly called ich or ick. Fish infected with ich typically develop small, blister-like, raised Parasites in Fish lesions (white spots) on the skin and/or fins. If Several factors influence the health of aquarium the infection is restricted to the gills, however, no fish, and parasitic disease is a major one. white spots will be seen. Several major groups of parasites can be seen Ich infects almost all freshwater fish and has a in aquarium fish. Protozoans are single-celled high mortality rate. All the fish in a tank could be organisms that typically have a direct lifecycle, easily killed in a short period. Some aquarium requiring no intermediate host to reproduce. fish may be more sensitive to ich infection than By : De-Hai Xu, PhD Monogenetic trematodes (flatworms or flukes) other species, but no fish species has complete commonly invade the gills, skin, and fins of natural resistance to ich. fish. They have no intermediate host, but are host- and site-specific—if they are found in one Lifecycle of Ich species, they usually will not spread to other Ich is a ciliate parasite that has three species of fish, even in the same tank. developmental stages, a parasitic trophont, a Digenetic trematodes (grubs) have a complex reproductive tomont, and an infective theront. lifecycle involving a series of hosts, including The parasitic trophont lives completely within the snails and birds, nematodes and leeches, host fish, causing tissue damage and leading to meaning they cannot complete their lifecycle in the host’s death. The host provides the parasite an aquarium because they cannot reproduce. with food and other necessary substances for Crustacean parasites come in many types, such growth. as Argulus (fish louse), Lernaea (anchor worm), The mature trophont leaves the fish, attaches and Ergasilus (gill lice). to the sides and bottom of the aquarium, and Most of the parasitic diseases encountered in secretes a cyst wall to become a reproductive

“Fish that survive an ich infection can develop an immune response and become resistant to parasite re-infection.”

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper17 “Each tomont divides from one cell to two cells and then undergoes multiple divisions to produce 100 to 1,000 theronts within a single cyst.” tomont. Each tomont divides from one cell to temperature of 22° to 25ºC (72º to 77ºF). two cells and then undergoes multiple divisions Chemical treatment of ich infection is always to produce 100 to 1,000 theronts within a single difficult because the parasite penetrates into the cyst. Infective theronts then bore their way out of fish’s skin and gills and diseased fish usually the cyst and swim actively in the water in search cannot tolerate a chemical concentration that is of fish to attack. Theronts can swim in the water high enough to kill the parasite within the fish’s for two to three days and will die if they cannot tissues. The best time to treat infective theronts find a fish to attack. However, once they find and reproductive tomonts is when they are still in a fish to attack and burrow into its epithelium, the water and before they penetrate the fish as the theronts become trophonts and feed on trophonts. surrounding host tissue until they reach mature Most of the anti-ich chemicals contain size. formaldehyde, malachite green, copper sulfate, a combination of formaldehyde and malachite Treatment and Prevention of Ich green, or a combination of copper sulfate and Whenever any white spots are seen on the skin malachite green. The infected fish can be moved and fins, fish are most likely infected by the to a quarantine tank in order to avoid treating parasite ich. Immediate treatment is required healthy fish, and less chemical is needed in a in order to save the infected fish. Parasites can smaller tank. reproduce rapidly, and one mature ich trophont Other methods, such as adding salt, increasing can produce several hundreds to thousands of water temperature, and changing the water are infective theronts in less than 24 hours at a water also used by fish hobbyists to treat ich infection

18 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za in an aquarium. Parasitic trophonts usually stay in fish for five to seven days at a water temperature of 22º to 25ºC (72º to 77ºF). The treatment may need to continue for five days to one week in order to remove the parasite from the infected fish. The complete ich lifecycle lasts three weeks at 9º to 10ºC (48º to 50ºF) but only six days at 24º to 25ºC (75º to 77ºF). Because of ich’s sensitivity to water temperature, you should heat the aquarium water to about 30ºC (86ºF) for the duration of the treatment, if the fish can tolerate the temperature, to accelerate the lifecycle of the parasite. Prevention of Ich As is usually the case with disease, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. The best method for controlling ich infection is prevention. Precautions are needed when establishing an “Ich infects almost all freshwater fish and has a high mortality aquarium to prevent ich from rate. All the fish in a tank could be easily killed in a short period.” being carried by fish, aquatic plants, decorative items, gravel, the water. However, if the stones/ parasitic infection is always higher and water. An aquarium should rocks or gravel are collected from than for a severely infected fish. be set up with everything for one rivers or streams, they need to be week before the fish are added. washed and completely air-dried Fish Immune Response Against Infective theronts usually lose their for two days in order to prevent Ich Re-Infection. infectivity after being separated any parasites from being carried Fish that survive an ich infection from fish for two to three days. into the aquarium. can develop an immune response Fish are major carriers of In order to keep fish from getting and become resistant to parasite parasites, but they may not badly infected with ich, early re-infection. Serum and mucus show signs of disease when detection of the parasitic infection from those immune fish contain purchased from pet shops. The is critical. The fish in an aquarium antibodies against the parasite. newly purchased fish should be need attention at least a few Then, when infective theronts quarantined in a separate tank for minutes each day to detect any come into contact with anti- at least a week to 10 days before unusual behavior, especially for ich antibodies, the antibodies adding them to the main aquarium. the first two to three weeks after cause the theronts to become If the fish show any signs of they have been added to the tank. immobilized. The immobilization parasitic infection, they should be In the earliest stage of infection, causes the theronts to lose their treated in the isolation tank without there are no visible spots on the swimming ability. The antibodies affecting the main aquarium. fish. It is also hard to observe the also cause the parasites to leave Before adding new aquatic plants spots if they are few in number. the fish so that ich cannot become to an established aquarium, they However, the fish’s behavior may established in immune fish. also need to be kept in a separate change to flashing suddenly, Recently, a few studies showed tank for several days first. scratching against rocks and that vaccines against ich induced Stones/rocks and gravel are gravel, gulping air, or jumping out protective immunity and could commonly used in aquariums of the water—all indications that provide a solution to prevent as decorations or as a filter the fish are infected by parasites this parasitic disease through for removing waste. A layer and are trying to scratch their itch. vaccination instead of chemical of cultured gravel containing When fish are treated during an treatments. colonies of beneficial bacteria can early infection or a light infection, biologically remove waste from the chance of survival from

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper19 Marine

“Among the more persistent myths surrounding saltwater systems is that on the whole they’re more difficult to maintain than freshwater systems.”

Making the Freshwater to Marine switch! By: Jeff Kurtz

uring my first decade as an aquarium took the saltwater plunge some 20-plus years hobbyist I kept only freshwater tanks. I ago: I realized that most of my misgivings were Dfound saltwater systems equally alluring unjustified, and it occurred to me that certain but considered them well beyond my capabilities. myths related to marine aquarium keeping may After all, I’d heard and read time and again that be standing in the way of a truly rewarding marine tanks demand much more work, require experience for aquarists. great expertise, and are less forgiving of the occasional hobbyist misstep. MARINE MYTHS DEBUNKED What’s more, over on the saltwater side they Among the more persistent myths surrounding talked about all kinds of high-tech gadgetry like saltwater systems is that on the whole they’re protein skimmers, special types of lighting, some more difficult to maintain than freshwater weird material called , and specimens systems. This is untrue: although a full-blown costing a week’s wages or more. And all those —for example, one stocked acronyms and abbreviations! From SG and MH with various small-polyp stony corals (such to SPS, LPS, and RO/DI, I worried I’d need some as Acropora spp.) and clams from the genus sort of decryption key just to have a conversation Tridacna—is unquestionably more challenging with fellow hobbyists. to set up and maintain than a freshwater system But then a funny thing happened after I finally housing swordtails and guppies, a high-tech,

20 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za “To prevent disease outbreaks, it’s vital to quarantine all new animals in a separate tank for observation and potential treatment prior to introducing them to your display tank.” planted freshwater aquarium can be every bit as AQUARIUM COMMONALITIES challenging as a reef system. Making the switch from freshwater to saltwater For that matter, freshwater setups that feature aquarium keeping doesn’t mean starting from more delicate and demanding species, such as scratch. Many of the same principles and discus, can be much more of a challenge than techniques that promote success with freshwater marine systems housing relatively hardy species aquaria transfer directly (or very nearly so) to like damsels or cardinalfish. So no blanket marine aquaria. Let’s take a look at some of statement regarding the difficulty of saltwater these commonalities. versus freshwater aquarium keeping can be considered accurate CYCLING One prevalent myth worth dispelling is that That’s right, everything you learned as a saltwater systems are necessarily dependent on freshwater hobbyist about cycling a tank—i.e., lots of high-tech, costly gadgetry. Now there’s establishing healthy populations of beneficial no question that some hobbyists’ tanks are nitrifying bacteria that convert deadly ammonia extremely technical and feature all sorts of gear into nitrite and then into nitrate—applies equally and reactors for purifying the water, automating to saltwater systems. The species of bacteria various aspects of upkeep, supplementing involved may be different, but the process is elements such as calcium and alkalinity, and exactly the same and equally important if you monitoring water parameters. But many of these hope to keep marine fish and invertebrates alive. devices—while helpful—are not essential to However, having experience with both freshwater achieve success with a saltwater system. and marine systems, I would argue that cycling In fact, it’s entirely possible for a thriving marine a new saltwater aquarium can actually be easier aquarium to be equipped with little more than than cycling a new freshwater tank thanks to a protein skimmer, appropriate lighting, a live rock. These rocks contain everything you submersible heater, and submersible pumps need to get the cycle established, including a for circulation. How complicated you make the complement of aerobic nitrifying bacteria, ample system is up to you. Of course, the simpler the surface area to support bacterial colonies, system the more you’ll need to rely on good old- and even a source of ammonia, which is fashioned elbow grease to keep its inhabitants in produced through the die-off of some encrusting good health. organisms.

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper21 dutifully research the typical behavior and temperament of species and use that information to guide their stocking decisions will find that these same laudable habits will serve them well on the saltwater side of the hobby. However, I would be remiss if I failed to point out that they might also run into a few compatibility issues they hadn’t really encountered before. For example, they might be surprised to discover that keeping marine fish species in conspecific groups is often problematic. While there are certain noteworthy exceptions— Chromis sp. damsels and chalk “Many of the same principles and techniques that promote success bass (Serranus tortugarum), for with freshwater aquaria transfer directly (or very nearly so) to marine example—many species in the aquaria.” trade will squabble incessantly WATER CHANGES to quarantine for an additional if more than one is kept to a Regular partial water changes— four weeks after symptoms are no tank. For freshwater hobbyists either 10 percent weekly or 20 longer evident. accustomed to keeping tetras or percent biweekly—to remove barbs in schools, this may take dissolved pollutants are a SENSIBLE STOCKING AND some getting used to. mainstay of marine aquarium FEEDING New marine aquarists trying maintenance just as they are with The perils of overstocking their hand at reefkeeping will freshwater systems, though you’ll saltwater tanks and/or overfeeding also encounter some novel have the added step of mixing their inhabitants are exactly the compatibility issues. In addition to up the saltwater ahead of time. same as for freshwater systems. In ensuring that the fish in their tanks This is accomplished by aerating such circumstances the excessive are compatible, they must also and heating it for a day or so and bioload or high level of dissolved address whether their fish will get then making sure it matches the pollutants from decomposing along with their corals (i.e., refrain established parameters of your food can all too easily outpace from nipping at or eating them) system (in terms of temperature, the system’s biological filtration and whether the corals and other salinity, etc.) before performing the capacity, leading to a deadly sessile invertebrates will coexist water change. ammonia spike. peacefully. This latter point—the importance ACCLIMATION AND REGULAR WATER TESTING of peaceful coral coexistence— QUARANTINE With any aquarium—freshwater may be the most difficult for newly Gradual acclimation of newly or marine—routine testing of pH, initiated reefkeepers to wrap acquired fish to the temperature ammonia, and nitrite and nitrate their heads around, since coral and water conditions in your levels is essential. Regularly aggression is radically different system is also a commonality checking water parameters from the aggression exhibited by between freshwater and saltwater to make sure they’re in the fish. aquarium keeping. To prevent appropriate ranges allows the Corals may not be able to bite disease outbreaks, it’s vital to hobbyist to detect any undesirable and chase one another like fish quarantine all new animals in a shift early on so that it can be can, but they have all kinds of separate tank for observation addressed and remedied before stealthy, insidious ways to go on and potential treatment prior to the health of the livestock is the offensive. Depending on the introducing them to your display affected. species, they may exude toxic tank. I recommend quarantining chemicals into the water to kill or new specimens for at least four COMPATIBILITY CONCERNS inhibit the growth of other corals weeks, which is ample time for Territorial aggression among in the tank (known as allelopathy), any disease to show itself. If livestock is also a commonality, sting each other with long sweeper treatment is necessary, continue and freshwater hobbyists who tentacles, extrude mesenterial

22 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za filaments that actually digest tissues, or rapidly grow or overtop one another to hold their position or claim more real estate on the reef. This simply means that advance research is vital when choosing which coral specimens to keep and in determining where to place them in the tank.

MAKING THE SALTWATER SWITCH We’ve talked about the principles and techniques that are common to both freshwater and saltwater aquarium keeping, but there are also certain elements unique to the salty side that folks making the switch will need to understand. “In addition to nitrifying bacteria, quality live rock also harbors Let’s start with the most obvious anaerobic denitrifying bacteria that convert nitrate to free nitrogen difference: the water. gas, which can keep nitrates in the tank at a manageable level.”

SALTWATER Unless they have access to a source of clean, natural saltwater, marine aquarists must mix their own using a quality artificial sea salt mix and tap water, which preferably has been purified in some manner (such as through a reverse-osmosis/deionization [RO/DI] unit). The salt mix is added until the desired salinity and specific gravity is reached as measured with either a hydrometer or refractometer. Natural seawater around tropical coral reefs has a specific gravity (an indirect measure of salinity) of around 1.025, which is in the ballpark of “the importance of peaceful coral coexistence—may be the most where most reefkeepers maintain difficult for newly initiated reefkeepers to wrap their heads around, their water. Hobbyists with fish- since coral aggression is radically different from the aggression only systems commonly maintain exhibited by fish.” a lower-than-natural specific gravity—typically somewhere between 1.020 and 1.025. left behind. If you compensate for appropriately described as “bells Whatever specific gravity/salinity isevaporation with saltwater, your and whistles.” (In this hobby, you targeted, it’s important to keep the specific gravity will continually can get bells and whistles for your level stable. climb. bells and whistles!) But there’s Saltwater is used to fill new PROTEIN SKIMMER one piece of equipment I simply aquaria and whenever partial As I alluded to earlier, the won’t do without in the saltwater water changes are performed in marine aquarium hobby is rife aquarium and that’s the protein a system; however, top-offs to with gadgetry, much of which— skimmer. compensate for evaporation are though potentially helpful—can This device mixes aquarium water done using freshwater. This is be considered nonessential for with a large amount of tiny air because as saltwater evaporates, a basic saltwater setup, while bubbles in a reaction chamber all the solids dissolved in it are other instruments might be more to remove dissolved organic

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper23 “freshwater setups that feature more delicate and demanding species, such as discus, can be much more of a challenge than marine systems housing relatively hardy species like damsels or cardinalfish.” compounds (DOCs), which minimizes the burden from reefs and then settled to the ocean floor on the biofilter and improves water clarity. In the to become colonized with various microscopic process, skimming also maximizes the dissolved and macroscopic marine life. Live rock can also oxygen level and helps maintain a proper pH be aquacultured in various ways; for example, level by driving off carbon dioxide. terrestrially quarried limestone can be placed on While there are many variations on protein the ocean floor, allowing it to become seeded skimmer designs and the manner in which with organisms. they’re incorporated in the system (some are In addition to nitrifying bacteria, quality live rock placed in a below or adjacent to the tank, also harbors anaerobic denitrifying bacteria that some hang on the tank itself, and some are convert nitrate to free nitrogen gas, which can free-standing), they all work on essentially the keep nitrates in the tank at a manageable level. same principles. As the air bubbles injected into Other encrusting organisms might include pink the reaction chamber rise vigorously through and purple coralline algae, various macroalgae, the water column, molecules of DOCs adhere to sponges, fan worms, amphipods and copepods, their surfaces and are carried to the top of the brittle stars and sea stars, tunicates, anemones, chamber. A thick foam builds in there, eventually coral polyps, shrimp, crabs, and various other collapsing into a dark, smelly liquid called critters, some of which will emerge or hatch out skimmate, which accumulates in a collection cup over many weeks or months following placement at the top of the unit. The hobbyist then empties in your system. and rinses the collection cup, eliminating all that Beyond biological filtration, live rock provides a nasty dissolved waste from the system. If there’s foundation and attachment sites for corals and one device I would urge every marine aquarist to other sessile invertebrates in a reef system, acquire it’s this one. The protein skimmer is the hiding places and niches for fish and other motile water quality workhorse of marine aquaria. livestock, and a natural aesthetic that is pleasing to the eye. Plus, many of those encrusting LIVE ROCK organisms can serve as a healthy, natural food I’ve already touched upon live rock relative source for fish in the system. In fact, some to the cycling process, but what exactly is it, species, such as mandarinfish (Synchiropus and what other purposes does it serve? Live splendidus), tend to fare poorly in aquaria that rocks are simply chunks of rubble broken off lack a good supply of live rock, along with the tiny

24 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za amphipods and copepods (often simply referred to as “pods”) they harbor.

SUBSTRATE MATERIAL Most freshwater hobbyists are well acquainted with the use of substrates in aquaria, but they do need to be aware that the substrate materials used in marine systems may be quite different from what they’re accustomed to (with certain exceptions, of course, such as those specializing in African rift lake cichlids). Instead of the quartz gravels popular among freshwater hobbyists, the substrates of choice for marine tanks should be calcareous, such “Beyond biological filtration, live rock provides a foundation and as aragonite or crushed coral. attachment sites for corals” I prefer aragonite because it dissolves at a relatively high pH other than substrate to buffer pH SUPPLEMENTING VITAL and therefore does a better job and aid in anaerobic bacteria ELEMENTS Last but not least, another novel of helping to buffer the pH at an surface area. The benefit of having concept to saltwater aquaria is appropriate level. a bare-bottom reef tank is that the need to supplement various As far as the grain size and depth the risk of a failing powerhead or elements depleted by corals of the substrate are concerned, a powerful return pump stirring and invertebrates. Calcium, they depend largely on your up debris is greatly reduced. If magnesium, and alkalinity levels goals with respect to livestock debris is blasted through the water all need to be kept in a range and filtration. For example, if your column, it can cause major health specific to your coral species. To plan is to keep sand-sifting fish, problems for many coral species. accomplish this, daily dosing is such as genus Valenciennea often necessary and new saltwater sleeper gobies, you would want SPECIALIZED REEF LIGHTING aquarists can decide between to use very fine, smooth sand. Freshwater hobbyists who manual daily dosing or automated Conversely, for a burrowing or keep planted tanks will already dosing consistent with the “bells tunneling fish, like the yellowhead understand the importance of and whistles” phenomena of reef jawfish (Opistognathus aurifrons), providing lighting of the proper aquaria. While reactors exist that a substrate of mixed particle sizes intensity and spectral quality. can aid in this, most aquarists that includes bits of rubble would However, those who have kept new to marine aquariums will fare be appropriate. If your goal is to only fish and are switching to better with three-part dosing. create a to aid in saltwater reefkeeping must be denitrification, you would want to aware that most of the corals, use a bed of fine sand that is at anemones, and clams kept THE SALTY SIDE Of course, what I’ve touched upon least 4 inches (10 cm) deep. in marine aquariums have here merely scratches the surface, Otherwise, if your only concern specialized lighting needs. but if you’re a freshwater aquarist with respect to the substrate The tissues of these invertebrates who’s contemplating exploring the is aesthetics, you can go with house symbiotic algae called salty side, I hope this article has whatever grain size you prefer and zooxanthellae, which use sunlight given you some encouragement limit the depth to just a few inches to produce nutrients through and food for thought. With the (5 cm) to create a natural seafloor the process of photosynthesis skills you’ve already mastered, appearance. However, be aware and share this food with their saltwater success may be within that the larger the grain size of invertebrate hosts. If this source of your grasp. Don’t let a few myths your substrate material, the more it nutrition is absent, photosynthetic or misunderstandings frighten you will tend to trap detritus. invertebrates cannot sustain away from this fascinating and It’s worth noting that bare- themselves, so providing rewarding aspect of the aquarium bottom reef tanks are growing in proper lighting to support the hobby. popularity. These tanks use means zooxanthellae is critical.

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper25 Freshwater Clown Plecos for the

Planted Aquarium!By: Joshua Wigert

“These fish can add a wonderful splash of color and present the aquarist with a challenging and interesting breeding project.”

he clown plecos are a group of dwarf must be taken that the fish will not demolish the loricariid catfish that are incredibly aquascape, either by devouring or uprooting it. Tbeautiful, stay small in size, and can add a These fish also need to stay reasonably small wonderful splash of color to the bottom section of so they blend with the other typical residents. a planted aquascape. While there are many loricariids that do not eat Placing loricariid catfish into a planted aquarium significant amounts of plants, typically they are comes with a number of small challenges. chosen for planted aquaria because of their When choosing any fish for a planted tank, care willingness to eat algae, and this often correlates

26 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za with an appetite for plants. When discussing plecos for a planted aquarium, the ones that instantly spring to mind are the bushynose plecos of the genus Ancistrus and their close relatives. (See TFH Sep/Oct 2015’s Bottom of the Tank for more on those fish.) However, while bushynoses are among the most popular small “pleco” types, there are several other groups that work as well. Among my personal favorites are the clown plecos, a small group of dwarf loricariids that have been eclipsed by the more commonly kept Ancistrus types.

The Clown Pleco The common clown pleco “The common clown pleco (Panaqolus maccus) has been in the (Panaqolus maccus) has been in hobby for a long time.” the hobby for a long time. Although only formally described in 1993, the clown pleco was showing up in the retail trade for years before that, which makes it an earlier arrival than the bushynoses. A relatively small fish, the clown pleco reaches a maximum size of about 3½ inches (9 cm). They’re attractive fish, too. The body is dark black and encircled with bands that vary in color from off-white to bright orange. This coloration has a bit to do with mood and age, but also diet. Coloration tends to be brightest in juveniles and fades as they mature; fish kept outdoors for any length of time will develop far more “Additionally, the color pattern may vary wildly based upon the location from intense coloration. which the clown pleco was collected. Most of these fish are wild collected, and they occur throughout Venezuela.” Additionally, the color pattern may vary wildly based upon the and they will browse on driftwood a rubber band, although other location from which the clown decorations in the aquarium. Wood aquarists use all sorts of devices pleco was collected. Most of these should always be present so they for this. A friend of mine spears the fish are wild collected, and they have a constant supply as part of vegetables on one of the cheap occur throughout Venezuela. their diet. They’ll also graze algae stainless-steel forks he bought for Various collection sites offer some from glass and rocks, but algae is the purpose and just drops it in, variations in the pattern, which has not sufficient to keep them alive. with a piece of string tied to it for resulted in the clown pleco being Spirulina tablets may be eaten by easy retrieval later. given several L-numbers, including some fish, but they tend to prefer In addition to a good vegetable L104, L162, and LDA022. They’re standard pleco vegetables— diet, clown plecos do need found in flowing water, typically zucchini, cucumber, squash, whole some meat. Their diet should living among branches and peas, and yams are all eagerly be supplemented with a quality, driftwood. devoured. These vegetables can sinking frozen food, such as

be fed raw or lightly boiled or daphnia, bloodworms, or similar Tank Setup and Feeding microwaved to help them sink. I items. Live blackworms are In the wild, they eat that driftwood, simply attach them to a rock with enthusiastically eaten.

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper27 When setting up a tank for these (or any) wood-eating plecos, keep in mind that wood is not digested very well. A lot of it simply goes in one end and out the other. These fish produce large amounts of solid waste, which can look unsightly, especially in a planted aquarium. Filtration and flow both help to remove this, as will large, regular water changes with a good gravel vacuum.

Breeding While most of the clown plecos are wild collected, they’re quite easy to breed in the aquarium. Males possess odontodes along the gill covers and along the tail section. Odontodes are short, extended spines that are usually evident if the fish is removed from the water “Apparently, the bright coloration of Panaqolus sp. L397 is a but can often be seen normally. result of its wild diet combined with sunlight” Females in breeding condition are fat and round—it’s usually very obvious which ones are females. a tube with a wall at the end. You others, as well). Foods high in Clown plecos will spawn in small can also cut them to form a simple fat and protein should also be caves, including the ordinary tube. introduced to their diet. I use a lot caves used by Ancistrus and The male will guard both the of blackworms to condition fish for similar species. However, they eggs and fry, and sometimes his spawning, but frozen bloodworms seem to prefer wooden caves. disappearance will be the only clue and similar meaty foods will also These can be easily made with that there’s been a spawning. The work. I have seen several reports a 2-inch (5-cm) drill bit and some male will vanish into the cave for mentioning that feeding whole large driftwood. Simply drill into up to a month and then reappear squash—with the seeds intact— the driftwood, but not completely with the juveniles. The juveniles has resulted in increased spawns. through. If you have access are easily reared on basically the In the wild, these fish do eat to a drill press, this makes the same diet as the adults—you’ll seeds, and seeds contain a good operation a lot simpler, and a see them constantly crawling over amount of fats and proteins. lot safer. Otherwise, be sure driftwood and grazing, and sinking to secure the driftwood before wafers will be devoured. Similar Species drilling, as it is not a regular Conditioning these fish to PANAQOLUS SP. L397 surface to drill into. A depth of 3 to spawn is not particularly difficult. In addition to the common clown 4 inches (7.5 to 10 cm) is all that is With a good diet, they will often pleco, a number of beautiful necessary, and many fish will use spawn consistently and regularly. members of the genus Panaqolus the drilled hole as a starting point, However, some aquarists report are also appearing in the trade. widening it over time. More simply, triggering the fish by simulating Perhaps one of the most striking bamboo tubes can be used. dry conditions and then heavy is the stunning L397. These fish Bamboo has become increasingly rainfall. The fish are fed high- appear in photos as a bright- easy to find globally, and I simply protein diets for several weeks, orange fish with dark-brown visit any large stand I see. Find while the temperature of the tank bands. I was fortunate enough to some downed, dried-out lengths. is slowly increased to as high obtain a small group of these fish (Be aware that these are excellent as 85°F (29°C). Then, usually last September at the Keystone habitats and hiding places for all coinciding with a local storm event, Clash in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, sorts of creatures that you may not a large water change with cool via my friend Andreas Tanke. want to encounter.) A good wood 70°F (21°C) soft water is done. Apparently, the bright coloration saw will cut through them; just cut This works for many neotropical of Panaqolus sp. L397 is a result above each node and you’ll have catfishes (and apparently many of its wild diet combined with

28 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za sunlight—mine don’t look anything like that, and Andreas says they never will unless I put these very expensive plecos in an outdoor tub this summer (Mr. Raccoon, we need to have a chat!). In captivity, the bright orange tends to fade to a golden orange, which is still gorgeous—just don’t expect the brilliant orange you see in photos (and if you do get it, don’t expect it to last). The L397 clown tends to be a little more of a vegetarian than the common clown and reportedly eats plants. I haven’t tried mine with plants yet, as they’re currently “L397 is superficially similar in appearance to L306, which has been in a breeding setup. It is primarily formally described as P. claustellifer.” a wood eater, and driftwood decorations will be carved and destroyed over time. They will spawn in wooden caves, as well, which they strongly prefer. L397 clowns tend to be a little aggressive with each other if adequate hiding places are not provided, so make sure there are plenty of caves and driftwood tangles for the fish. These catfish tend to be fairly slow to mature, with adults only spawning for the first time at over a year in age. Spawning is similar to that of P. maccus. They produce a good number of fry, over 100 per spawning, and I suspect that “The alternating pattern of yellow and black stripes has led to its common as this fish becomes a little more name of “tiger Panaqolus” commonly bred, it will drastically drop in price.

P. CLAUSTELLIFER L397 is superficially similar in appearance to L306, which has been formally described as P. claustellifer. This is a slightly larger clown, reaching about 5 inches in mature size. The black bands are against an almost blood-orange coloration. L306 and L397 are quite similar looking, but in L306, the bands are far wider, especially in the head area. While this fades in captivity, and with maturity, this is still a beautiful, striking fish. I was also able to obtain a small group “The actual Peckoltia vittata has begun to show up in the hobby from time to of these guys from Andreas, and time as the “candy-stripe pleco.”

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper29 both these and my L397s will likely be featured in further detail once I spawn them (in about two years).

TIGER PANAQOLUS The beautiful P. tankei has also been making some appearances in the trade lately. This fish is a bright, bright yellow with black scribbles along it. The alternating pattern of yellow and black stripes has led to its common name of “tiger Panaqolus,” though it is also traded under the L398 number. It reaches a slightly larger size of about 5 inches (12.5 cm) but is otherwise similar to the common clown pleco. Their patterns tend to remain a lot longer, with mature fish looking nearly as colorful as juveniles. They’re definitely wood eaters, needing very little else in “One of my favorites is the mega clown pleco, L340. This appears to be their diet. a species of Hypancistrus, making it fairly far removed from the members Found in the lower Xingu River, of the Panaqolus genus.” this fish is endangered by the fish appear in the hobby with the The mega clown pleco is creation of the Belo Monte Dam. “clown pleco” moniker. One of incredibly easy to breed—I’ve Like many other Xingu fishes, it is my favorites is the mega clown had them spawn in tanks in the imperative that aquarists working pleco, L340. This appears to be a shop and often find fry (or even with these species breed and species of Hypancistrus, making juveniles) in my tanks. Males are maintain them. it fairly far removed from the easily identified by odontodes on members of the Panaqolus genus. the back of the pelvic fins. They’ll PECKOLTIA VITTATA While they are not closely related move into a cave, where the male In earlier literature, you’ll often to the true clown plecos, the mega will eventually guard the eggs and see the clown pleco described as clown pleco certainly looks the fry. Peckoltia vittata. This is a separate part. A bit more flattened than The fry will mature quickly on a fish, with virtually all clown plecos the Panaqolus, it has a beautiful diet of sinking pellets, though they being members of the genus light-yellow background with black also graze algae fairly well at a Panaqolus. The actual Peckoltia scribbles all over. They’re similarly young age. Adding some standard vittata has begun to show up sized, reaching only about 3 to pleco vegetables to their diet, in the hobby from time to time 4 inches (7.5 to 10 cm) in the particularly at this size, will help as the “candy-stripe pleco.” It’s aquarium. them mature. The young are fairly quite similar to the clown pleco in These plecos are poor algae slow growing; I have several that appearance, but the yellow areas eaters at best and can starve to are pushing a year and measure tend to be broader, and much, death surrounded by vegetables. just over an inch (2.5 cm). much more yellow than any of the The mega clown pleco is primarily previously mentioned fishes. a carnivorous fish, and its diet Send in the Clowns P. vittata is found throughout the should include sinking catfish While the various clown plecos Amazon basin in northern Brazil. wafers, blackworms, and quality may not be as great algae eaters Members of the genus Peckoltia frozen foods. Be careful when as their more famous Ancistrus are primarily carnivores, and while choosing tankmates for any cousins, they are an amazing they graze some algae in the carnivorous pleco, as they can group of incredibly beautiful, aquarium, it does not represent an be slow on the uptake; more small loricariids. These fish can important part of their diet. aggressive feeders will often result add a wonderful splash of color in hungry plecos. They will not and present the aquarist with MEGA CLOWN PLECO harm aquarium plants in the least, a challenging and interesting In addition to the members of the making them a good addition to breeding project. So send in the genus Panaqolus, several other the planted tank. clowns!

30 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za We specialize in: * Show quality Japanese & local Koi * Koi food and accessories * Custom designed ponds & filter equipment * Goldfish tropicals & small pet accessories * Open 7 days a week

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www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper31 Marine 5 Nano Reef Fish! By: Chris Fong

“a Nano reef is considered around 5-30 US gallons by most people and the fish described in this blog will comfortably live in this 30-gallon setup long-term considering their husbandry requirements are met.”

s the hobby continues to evolve with aquariums has improved along with advancements advancements in technology ever growing in technology small tanks in general are still Anano reefs are becoming more and more considered more difficult due to their smaller popular. These setups are attractive towards volume of water. As a result, the aquarist should most people due to their small size requirements, pay extra attention towards these smaller setups significantly smaller setup cost compared to larger to help reduce fluctuations in parameters which systems, and the wide variety of options aquarist could be potentially devastating. can choose from in terms of equipment and To clarify a Nano reef is considered around 5-30 livestock. However, even as our understanding of US gallons by most people and the fish described

32 the fishkeeper july/augustSeptember/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za in this blog will comfortably live in this 30-gallon setup long-term considering their husbandry requirements are met. These requirements include a properly cycled aquarium with adequate filtration, heating, water quality combined with proper compatibility and diet. In this blog I will discuss 5 great fish species suited for a Nano reef. Side Note: The best fish suited for small nano reefs or pico reefs long term are gobies as most of them stay incredibly small. But to add variety to this list I decided to add other fish that can live comfortably in a larger nano tank.

1.Panamic Barnacle Blenny (Acanthemblemria hancocki) This fish can be located from Panama to El Salvador and even as far down as Ecuador. It is an excellent choice for Nano tanks as “the barnacle blenny also has large googly eyes making it an adorable addition it has a maximum size of 2 inches to a small tank.” when fully grown. The barnacle blenny has a unique personality preferring to sit inside of a small hole and occasionally poke it’s round head out to look for food and predators. On top of this, the barnacle blenny also has large googly eyes making it an adorable addition to a small tank. Also, when food is added to the aquarium the barnacle blenny will dart out of its crevice at an incredibly fast speed and then quickly retreat into the same crevice making it a very entertaining fish to observe while feeding. The barnacle blenny should be kept with peaceful fish although it can sometimes exhibit aggression towards similar looking fish or fish that invade its territory. Additionally, many nooks and crannies should be made available for this fish to hide in naturally. Finally, a diet of small meaty foods such as frozen blood worms, brine shrimp, plankton, and Mysis shrimp should “Royal Grammas are very making ideal for beginners who want to make up most of its diet combined add a colorful fish to their larger sized Nano reef. While mostly peaceful towards with quality flakes/ pellets that have other fish the royal gramma can sometimes be territorial towards other similar been soaked in vitamins. looking fish or fish that invade its territory.”

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper33 2.Royal Gramma (Gramma loreto) While the Royal gramma is the largest fish on this list growing to 3 inches when fully grown making it ideal for tanks around 30 gallons for long term housing I decide to include it in this list because of it’s outstanding coloration and hardiness. Naturally these fish are found in deep water reefs in the Caribbean hiding in and around rock crevices. Due to this natural behavior the royal gramma will hide a lot especially when first introduced into the aquarium. Over time though this fish will become bolder and venture out into the open. Royal Grammas are very hardy fish making ideal for beginners who want to add a colorful fish to their larger sized Nano reef. While mostly peaceful towards other fish the royal gramma can sometimes “Clown gobies are considered very hardy and peaceful towards most other fish but can sometimes become territorial with other be territorial towards other similar similar fish or those that enter its territory.” looking fish or fish that invade its territory. Due to its cryptic behavior a large amount of rock structure should be provided. Finally, a diet of small meaty foods such as frozen blood worms, brine shrimp, plankton, and Mysis shrimp should make up most of its diet combined with quality flakes/ pellets that have been soaked in vitamins

3.Clown Goby (Gobiodon sp.) Clown gobies are another excellent Nano reef fish as there are several species each with a distinct color. Some are green with red markings on their face while others are solid yellow or black. This group of fish only max out around 1 inch making another fine addition to small tanks where you will find them perching on rocks and corals. These small gobies are naturally found living amongst soft and hard coral colonies in the Indo Pacific where they utilize these corals for shelter. However, in the reef aquarium they “The Ataenia Wrasse does best when kept with peaceful fish in can sometimes kill portions of SPS a tank with large amounts of hiding place in order to feel safe. colonies they host as a result. Avoid tankmates that are overly active” Clown gobies are considered very hardy and peaceful towards most

34 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za “The geometric pygmy hawk does best in tanks with large amount of rock for hiding and feeding.” other fish but can sometimes become territorial quality flakes/ pellets that have been soaked in with other similar fish or those that enter its vitamins. territory. Additionally, hiding places and a variety of coral should be provided for clown gobies to 5.Geometric Pygmy Hawk (Plectranthias sp.) find shelter and establish territories. Finally, a diet I saved the best for last as this fish means a lot of small meaty foods such as frozen blood worms, to me personally. The reason being this was my brine shrimp, plankton, and Mysis shrimp should first ever salt water fish and I had the pleasure of make up most of its diet combined with quality keeping it for several years. While this fish looks flakes/ pellets that have been soaked in vitamins. and acts more like a hawk fish it is more closely related to Anthias being within the sub family of 4.Ataenia Wrasse/ Pink Streaked Wrasse Anthiine. They are naturally found in rubble zones (Pseudocheilinops Ataenia) of Cebu perching on rocks while looking out for This small wrasse is better suited for Nano food and predators. They also reach a max size of tanks than its close cousin the six-line wrasse 2 inches when fully grown making it an excellent (Pseudocheilinus hexataenia) because it stays addition for those who want to add something slightly smaller when fully grown at around 2 different to their Nano reef. inches and is less aggressive. This small reef fish The geometric pygmy hawk does best in can be found in the Indo Pacific darting in and out tanks with large amount of rock for hiding and of rocks looking for small critters to feed on. Like feeding. Unfortunately, this fish can sometimes the royal gramma this is another shy fish that will be aggressive towards other bottom dwellers hide initially but later become bolder. like gobies and blennies and is also capable of The Ataenia Wrasse does best when kept with eating small shrimp. So, plan accordingly and peaceful fish in a tank with large amounts of hiding have lots of rocks and caves which will help to place in order to feel safe. Avoid tankmates that diffuse aggression. Finally, a diet of small meaty are overly active to as this may cause the Ataenia foods such as frozen blood worms, brine shrimp, Wrasse to feel threated and stay in hiding. Finally, plankton, and Mysis shrimp should make up most a diet of small meaty foods such as frozen blood of its diet combined with quality flakes/ pellets that worms, brine shrimp, plankton, and Mysis shrimp have been soaked in vitamins. should make up most of its diet combined with

www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper35 KOI Koi History and their Fifteen recognised

varieties!By: Angela Beckx

FUN FACTS ON KOI HISTORY. THE FIFTEEN RECOGNISED VARIETIES The first coloured carp are though to prefecture in Japan, carp were bred OF KOI have originated around AD250 with as a food source. In 1914 the mayor mentions in manuscripts of red, white of Higashiyama Mura sent 27 Koi to The fifteen varieties are groupings and blue coloured carp to be found in the Tokyo exhibition to try and create defined by ZNA, the Japan-based Japan. The coloured carp originated commercial interest and help the international promoter of Koi keeping. in China between AD700 and AD1000 economic poverty in Niigata. The Below are the fifteen varieties and you and were exported to Japan by the collection of Koi was awarded 2nd can look at your own koi and see which year AD1500. prize for exhibits at the show and it is ones you have in your pond based on In AD 1800 in the region of Niigata said it launched the Koi industry. the descriptions of the varieties below:

36 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za Goshiki Koi Kawarimono Sanke Koi Koi KOHAKU should be perfectly aligned to create an appearance This is a white fish with red (Hi) markings. The red of netting. The head coloring may range from white to markings should be distributed to create a balanced paler blue and there are no scales on the head. pattern. SHUSUI SANKE This is the doitsu (no scales) version of the Asagi. The This is a tricolour Koi with red (Hi) and black (Sumi) characteristic feature of the Shusui is the line of scales markings distributed as a pattern across its body. The along the dorsal line. This line is partially separated by sanke is one of the most difficult Koi to breed. the dorsal fin into two rows of scales.

SHOWA KOROMO The Showa is a black fish with markings of white and The Koromo is the result of breeding Kohaku to Asagi, red (Hi). A distinct feature by which a showa can be Asagi to Sanke and Showa to Asagi. distinguished is a sumi marking on the head. White markings that are not too large are preferred. The GOSHIKI presence of motoguro is appreciated. Motoguro is The Goshiki is a five-coloured fish: white, red, black, roundish sumi (black) at the base of the plectoral fins. light blue and dark blue. The Goshiki appeared around 1917 and its most UTSURIMONO favoured points are: white pectoral fins, even robing Utsurimono is a black Koi with either white, yellow or of the scales, a white dorsal fin and the ground colour red markings. The black ground is usually represented must show up the hi markings. as the bolder pattern. Deep, shiny, blue-black sumi with a reflective pattern and motoguro in the fins is KAWARIMONO appreciated. These are the non-metallic varieties, some of the popular ones are: Hajiro which has a black body with white BEKKO tips to the fins, Oshiba Shigure which means ‘autumn This is a member of the sanke family, but it is considered leaves floating on water’ and the Kumonryu. a variety on its own. A Bekko is a Sanke with no hi. OGON ASAGI This refers to single coloured metallic Koi and is a very This Koi has shadings of colour, a light and dark blue popular Koi. back and red abdomen, cheeks and fins. The scales

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38 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za www.thefishkeeper.co.za September/October 2019 the fishkeeper39 40 the fishkeeper September/October 2019 www.thefishkeeper.co.za