Essentials of Arabic Grammar for Learning Qur'anic Language by Brig
إِ أَ ْ َ ْ َ ُ ُ ْ ً َ َ ِ َ َ ُ ْ َ ْ ِ ُ نَ
Essentials of Arabic Grammar forforfor Learning Quranic Language
Brig.(R) Zahoor Ahmed (M.A, M.Sc)
This material may be freely used by any one for learning the Holy Qur’an.
“This material may be used freely by any one for learning the Holy Qur’an.”
Name of Book : Essentials of Arabic Grammar for Learning Quranic Language By : Brig. (R) Zahoor Ahmed 593 – Chaklala-III, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Tel:+92-51-5766197, Cell:+92-334-5380322 E-mail: [email protected] Composed by : Muhammad Irshad Tel:+92-51-2875371, Cell:+92-333-5252533 First-Edition : 2008 ISBN : 978-969-9221-00-1
Available at: ISLAMABAD DARUSSALAM Publishers & Distributors Shawaiz Center, F-8 Markaz, Islamabad, Pakistan. Tel/Fax:+92-51-2281513, Cell:+92-321-5370378 E-mail: [email protected] DAR-UL-ILM Publishers, Booksellers & Translators 699 – Aabpara Market, Islamabad, Pakistan. Tel/Fax:+92-51-2875371, Cell:+92-321-5175371 E-mail: [email protected] RAWALPINDI STUDENT BOOKS Shop M-44/F, Bank Road, Saddar, Rawalpindi,Pakistan Tel:+92-51-5516918, Cell:+92-321-5161772 E-mail: [email protected] Mr. MOHSIN MANZOOR BHATTI 148 – Chaklala-III, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Tel:+92-51-5598658, Cell:+92-321-5181937 E-mail: [email protected] LAHORE DARUSSALAM Publishers & Distributors 36 – Lower Mall, Secretariat Stop, Lahore, Pakistan. Tel:+92-42-7240024, Fax:+92-42-7354072 E-mail: [email protected] KARACHI DARUSSALAM Publishers & Distributors Z110 (DCHS), Main Tariq Road, Karachi, Pakistan. Tel:+92-21-4393936, Fax:+92-21-4393937 E-mail: [email protected] Price of printed editionedition:: In Pakistan Rs. 200/200/---- Abroad US$ 10/10/---- Official website of the author, Brig. (R) Zahoor Ahmed where some more free Arabic learning resources are available is: www.sautulquran.org
Important Abbreviations:
SWT = Subhaanahu Wa Ta’aala
SAW = SallAllaahu `alaihi wa sallam
RARARA = RadiyAllaahu `anhu
Note: Some pages in the original hard copy were blank, since new chapters started from the right page and if the previous chapter ended in a right page, the next left page was omitted and the next chapter was started from the right page.
(Left Page) (Right page)
So these blank pages which have been omitted from the online version to save file size and allow quicker download include pages numbered: 6, 28, 38, 44, 52, 74, 86, 94, 128, 140, 144, 148, 158 and 176.
Insha’Allah!, soon, even more additional supplements for this book will be available at the official website of the author. Spread this book as much as possible! Acknowledgement
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All the praises and thanks be to Allah (SWT) with Whose help, guidance and blessings have I been able to accomplish this work. My sincere thanks and prayers for my parents who afforded me the understanding of true -I whole ﴿ א א ﴾ .Islamic values heartedly thank Muhammad Irshad for the laborious work of typesetting, and extend my sincere thanks to Ubaid-ur-Rahman for carrying out the strenuous work of vetting the book. I am grateful to Zeenat Ullah Khan for proof reading of the book, as also Mohsin Manzoor Bhatti for his forthcoming assistance.
I acknowledge with appreciation and thanks the contribution made by my wife, Tahira Ahmed, in her own domain. And finally I am most grateful to my Arabic teachers, including Dr. Idrees Zubair (Al-Huda International), Professor Abu Masood Hassan Alvi (Islamic Research Academy), Ubaid-ur-Rahman (Vice Principal, Institute of Arabic Language), Professor Abdus-Sattar (Allama Iqbal Open University), and Professor Asma Nadeem (National University of Modern Languages), who taught me the language of the Glorious Quran. May Allah (SWT) reward them all و د א ن א א .with the highest reward
I Contents
CONTENTS
Preface ––– ...... 111 777 ...... م א ––– LessonLesson––––1:1:1:1: Parts of Speech The Noun ...... 7 The Verb...... 8 The Harf ...... 8 The Vowels...... 9 The Verbal Noun ...... 10 131313 ...... א ––– LessonLesson––––2222:::: The Gender of Noun Real Gender...... 13 Formal Gender...... 13 Exceptional Cases ...... 14 Common Gender...... 16 171717 ...... د א ––– LessonLesson––––3333:::: The Number of Nouns Wahid or Mufrad ...... 17 Tathniyah...... 17 The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives...... 17 The Sound Plural in Arabic...... 18 The Broken Plural ...... 19 212121 ...... א ––– LessonLesson––––4444:::: The Pronouns Pronouns Attached to a Verb...... 23 Possessive Pronouns ...... 25 Demonstrative Pronouns...... 26 The Relative Pronouns ...... 26 Interrogative Pronouns ...... 27
I Contents 292929 ...... א א ––– LessonLesson––––5555:::: The Irab of Nouns 30 ...... א א 32 ...... א א א و Declinable...... 34 Indeclinable...... 36 LessonLesson––––6666:::: The Adjective Phrase ––– ...... 393939 ...... 39 39 ...... م LessonLesson––––7777:::: The Relative Phrase ––– ...... 454545 LessonLesson––––8888:::: The Demonstrative PhrasePhrase–––– ...... 494949 LessonLesson––––9999:::: The Genitive Phrase ––– ...... 535353 Inseparable Prepositions...... 53 Separable Prepositions ...... 55 595959 ...... א ––– LessoLessonnnn––––10101010:::: The Sentence The Nominal Sentence...... 59 The Verbal Sentence ...... 59 Types of the Mubtada...... 61 The Omission of the Mubtada/ the Khabar...... 65 Types of the Khabar ...... 65 LessonLesson––––11111111:::: Some Particles of Various Origin ...... 696969 757575 ...... א א ––– LessonLesson––––12121212:::: The Verb ––– Perfect TTenseense The Active and Passive of Madi...... 82 878787 ...... א א ––– LessonLesson––––13131313:::: The Verbal Sentence The Nominal Sentence...... 87 The Verbal Sentence ...... 87 The Object ...... 88 959595 ...... א א ع --- LessonLesson––––14141414:::: The Imperfect Tense Six Groups of Triliteral Verbs ...... 101 Moods of Verb...... 104
II Contents 115 ...... א ––– LessonLesson––––15151515:::: The Imperative Tense LessonLesson––––16161616:::: The Derived Verbal FormForm----IIII–––– ...... 121 LessonLesson––––17171717:::: The Derived Verbal FormForm----IIII ––– ْ ْ ْ ْ ...... 129 LessonLesson––––18181818:::: The Derived Verbal FormForm----IIIIII ––– ..... 133 LesLesLessonLes sonsonson––––19191919:::: The Derived Verbal FormForm----IVIV ––– ...... 137 LessonLesson––––20202020:::: The Derived Verbal FormForm----VV ––– ...... 141 145...... א ––– LessonLesson––––21212121:::: The Derived Verbal FormForm----VIVI 149...... א א א ْ ––– LessonLesson––––22222222:::: The Derived Verbal FormForm----VIIVII 153...... א א א ْ ْ ْ ––– LessonLesson––––23232323:::: The DeDerivedrived Verbal FormForm----VIIIVIII 155... א ْ ––– LessonLesson––––24242424:::: The Derived Verbal FormForm----IXIX 159 ...... א ––– LessonLesson––––25252525:::: The Unsound Verbs The Sound Verbs...... 159 The Weak Verbs ...... 159 The Mahmuz ...... 160 The Muda’af ...... 160 LessonLesson––––26262626:::: The Hamzated aaand andndnd DuDuDu plicated Radical 177 ...... א ز وא ––– Verbs The Mahmuz ...... 177 The Muda’af ...... 179 185 ...... א د ––– LessonLesson––––27272727:::: The Numerals 193 ...... א ––– LessonLesson––––28282828:::: The Nouns in Accusative Conclusion ...... 203
III Preface
א א א (In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful) Islam is the divine system of guidance for all human being on the earth, and the Prophet, Muhammad (SAW) is the universal messenger of Allah (SWT), as revealed in chapter 34,verse 28 of the Holy Quran.
﴿ ْ و ً س אً و אً و ْ א س ن ﴾ “And We (Allah) have not sent you (O Muhammad (SAW)) except as a giver of glad tidings and a warner (against sin) to all mankind. But most of people know not” Likewise, the book of guidance, al-Quran is a divine treasure of knowledge and a universal code of conduct in Arabic for salvation of the entire humanity, as revealed in the following two verses of the Holy Quran:
﴿ ْ ً ن ﴾ “Verily, We (Allah) have sent it down as an Arabic Quran in order that you may learn wisdom”. [12/1]
﴿ ن ل א ن א ْ س א ْ و و ن א ْ ﴾ “Ramadan is the month in which was sent down the Quran, a guidance for mankind and clear proofs
1 Preface for the guidance and the criterion (between right and wrong)”. [2/185]
We can derive benefits from this divine source of knowledge and guidance only if we learn the Quranic language. It must be clearly understood that reading of translation of the Book is, at best, a poor substitute to learning the Quranic language. One cannot understand the exact meaning and the spirit of the divine revelation without understanding the text of the Book. Infact, Allah (SWT) has repeatedly stressed on the ponderability of His message, which is not possible without having an insight knowledge of the language. The following two verses necessitate the understanding of the divine message directly from the Arabic text.
﴿ ْ و א و و א ْ ﴾ “(This is) a Book (the Quran) which we have sent down to you, full of blessings that they may ponder over its message, and that men of understanding may receive admonition.” [38/29]
﴿ م ن א ْن و ْ ﴾ “Do they not then think deeply in the Quran, or are their hearts locked up (from understanding it).” [47/24] In truth, it is the ‘Haq’ (right) of the divine message to be recited in the best possible manner, and be understood in the right perspective, as has been highlighted in the following verse:
2 Preface ﴿ א ْ א و و و ْ و ن א ْ ن و ﴾ “Those to whom we have sent the Book recite it (obey its orders and follow its teachings) as it should be recited they are the ones who believe therein. And those who disbelieve in it (the Quran) those are they who are the loosers.” [2/121] In this verse the Arabic verb ‘yatlu’, in fact, cannot be translated in one word in any other language, which implies ‘recitation, understanding and obeying’. This verse has emphasized the understanding of the text of the Book و ن by the believers, and further added that ‘they are the ones who (really) believe therein’, implying thereby that, those who do not recite it as it deserves to be recited, they do not have sincere faith in the Holy Quran. Unfortunately, most of the non-Arab believers, particularly the Pakistanis, do not understand the Arabic text of the Book. It is important for the learner to know that the Arabic is very easy to learn as it is a highly sophisticated language based on very refined and systematic set of rules and patterns. This fact is confirmed by Allah (SWT) in the following verse:
﴿ א ْ و ن ْ ﴾ “And we have indeed made the Quran easy to understand and remember, then is there any that will remember (and receive admonition)”. [54/17] 3 Preface It is an open challenge for all those who are in search of truth. Nevertheless, it does require consistent effort, with a sense of purpose and commitment, to attain this most important treasure of knowledge for the mankind, and the following tradition of the prophet (SAW) rightly accords a very high status to the learner of the Holy Quran.
W ل ن نFF ل ل א EE ? W? و ن א ْ Uthman ibn ‘Affan (RA) relates that the messenger (SAW) of Allah said: “The best among you are those who have learnt the Quran and teach it (to others)“. [Al-Bukhari]
The aim of this book is to enable the learner to acquire an insight knowledge of the Quranic language with a view to understanding the text of the Holy Quran.
In all, this book has 28 lessons. I have tried to make it as simple as I could. During the course of study the learner should acquire the vocabulary right from the start of the book. All the words and phrases used in the lessons should be understood and remembered so that he or she can muster sufficient vocabulary to enable him or her to construct simple phrases and sentences from an early stage of the study. Besides, the learner should recite a page or two from the Holy Quran regularly, and try to apply the grammatical aspects of the language to the verses of the Quran as an exercise.
4 Preface The verbal forms and pronouns of Arabic grammar are generally considered difficult to understand or remember. The learners are advised to concentrate in the beginning only on the third person masculine singular and plural forms, the second person masculine singular and plural forms and both the first person forms in the given tables, and skip over the verbal forms and pronouns of the feminine gender (except the singular forms) and the dual forms E F, as these forms are not frequently used in the Holy Quran. In the given tables of conjugation I have included all the forms of the verbs and the pronouns, essentially as ready reckoners for the learners. And finally the most important advice to the learner is that he or she should seek the guidance and help of Almighty Allah through supplications such as:
﴿ א وK ﴾ “O my Lord! Expand for me my chest (grant me self- confidence, contentment, and boldness). And ease my task for me”. [20/25-26]
5 Lesson 111 א س א ول
ْ م א ْ PARTS OF SPEECH
We start the Arabic lessons from the very beginning. A meaningful word in Arabic is called Kalimah ( ). It has only three parts. In other words there are only three parts of speech in Arabic. These are;
:(’Noun, literally ‘name) א It is that word which does not need the help of another word to explain its meaning. It is the name of a person, a place or a thing, and the term Ism includes the ,’as well, e.g. ‘Muhammad א adjective nouns ز ,’George‘ ج ,’William‘ ْو ,’Ahmad‘ ‘Zenab’, ‘Aishah’, ‘Maryam’, ‘Tahirah’, ْא ,’London’, ‘France‘ ن ,’Pakistan‘ ن the‘ ْא ,’the Mosque’, ‘a pen‘ א ,’the house‘ /the paper‘ ق א ْ ,’the garden’, ‘Kaba‘ א ,’book the body’, ‘a‘ א ,’food’, ‘a shade‘ م ,’leaf ,’the chair‘ א ,’the cave‘ א ,’hand’, ‘a shirt ,’a boy’, ‘a student‘ و ,’the girl‘ א ,’a foot‘ م ,’an ear‘ ن ذ ,’the eye‘ א ,’a horse‘ س ,’a man‘ ,’the non-believer of Islam‘ א ,’the Muslim‘ א .’a Jew‘ د ,’a Christian‘ א 7 Parts of Speech the pious/ righteous person’, ‘a‘ א the‘ א ,’disobedient’, ‘a helper’, ‘a poet ,’the new‘ א ,’the Ignorant‘ א ,’Knowledgeable The All‘ א ,’The All Hearing‘ א ,’the old‘ א Knowing’, etc.
(Verb): It is that word by which we understand some work or action being done. It is of three kinds/ tenses:
is used for an אThe perfect tense, the Madi E F 1 action which is completed, e.g. ‘he did’, .’he entered‘ د ,’he wrote‘ used when אE F ع The imperfect tenses the Madari 2 an action is not completed, e.g. ْ ‘he does or he /is doing or he will do’, ْ ‘he writes/is writing will write’, ‘he enters/is entering/will enter’. F which א The imperative tense or the Amr E 3 ْא .signifies command, request or supplication, e.g .’enter‘ د א ,’write‘ ْא ,’do‘ (Harf): The particle, preposition and conjunction are called harf . It is that word which is used with noun or verb to complete the meaning of the sentence; its meaning will depend on the word with which it is used, e.g. ‘on’, ‘in’, ‘regarding’, ‘yes’, ‘no’, ‘that/ what’, etc.
8 Parts of Spe ech (Meaningful Word)
א Particle, Preposition, (Verb) (Noun) Conjunction
Further explanation and information about the Ism, the Fail and the Harf will follow in the subsequent lessons.
Vowels ((( –––Harkaat)–Harkaat)Harkaat):: which א The vowels used in Arabic are called are explained below:
on top of a letter and ﹷ Fathah) : Signed as) 1 pronounced as ‘a’ in ‘above’.
under a letter and ﹻ Kasrah) : Signed as) 2 pronounced as ‘i' in ‘if’.
on top of a letter and ﹹ Dammah) : Signed as) 3 pronounced as ‘u’ in “put”.
’on top of a letter as ‘stop ﹿ Sukun): Signed as) ن 4 or ‘stress’; it indicates that the consonant is vowelless, e.g, (kun) , (abb) , (mun) . ٌ– , ٍ– ,ﹱ N’ sound): Signed as double vowel‘) 5 , (as indicated is called tanwin , e.g. ً (kitaban (kitabin) , (kitabun) . Remember that a F, also a אword with tanwin is always a noun E in the beginning is an indication ل א ( word having ( al of its being a noun, however, it does not necessarily
9 Parts of Speech mean that a word without ‘al’ or tanwin will not be This is evident from the examples of . א a noun nouns mentioned above where certain words have neither tanwin nor ‘al’ , yet they are nouns. It should be noted that the tanwin and ‘al’ never come together on a noun. If ‘al’ comes in the beginning of a noun then its case-ending will be single vowel, א ْ not tanwin , e.g.. it may be (a book) or . א the book). It is incorrect to say) :::FFFFא א א א The Verbal Noun EEE E The verbal noun or noun of action may also be used as ’e.g. ‘help’ (literally helping), ‘a blow , א ,(prayer’ (literally praying‘ د ,(literally striking) ‘order’ (literally ordering).
al) corresponds to the) ’ אل‘ The Arabic definite article English definite article ‘the’. The Arabic indefinite article tanwin is dropped when the definite article ‘al’ is prefixed -al) א to a noun, e.g. (baitun) ‘a house’ becomes א baitu) ‘the house’, (jamalun) ‘a camel’ to (aljamalu) ‘the ‘camel’.
Arabic has 28 alphabets or letters; of these, 14 are called F and the other 14 are called א و א the Sun Letters E F. In the moon letters the א و א the Moon Letters E al-qamaru’) . While) א .E of al is pronounced, e.gلlam F in the sun letters the lam of al is assimilated to the first ash-shamsu) . The) א .letter of the noun, e.g assimilation is indicated by ( shadda , –ّ ) on the first letter 10 Parts of Spe ech of the noun. A table showing the moon letters and the sun letters is given below.
א و א --- Lunar Letters J 1 م א – The mother al-ummu J 2 א ْ – The door al-baabu J 3 ج א – The garden al-Jannatu J 4 א – The donkey al-himaru J 5 א – The bread al-khubzu J 6 ع א – The eye al-ainu J 7 غ א א – The lunch al-ghadau J 8 א – The mouth al-famu J 9 ق א – The moon al-qamaru J 10 ْא – The dog al-kalbu J 11 م א – The water al-maau J 12 و א – The boy al-waladu J 13 א א – The air al-hawau J 14 א – The hand al-yadu א و א --- Solar Letters J 1 א – The trader at-taajiru J 2 א – The clothing ath-thoubu J 3 د א א – The house ad-daaru J 4 ذ א – The gold ad-dahbu J 5 א – The man ar-rajulu J 6 ز א – The flower az-zahratu J 7 س א – The fish as-samaku
11 Parts of Speech J 8 ش א – The sun ash-shamsu J 9 ص א – The chest as-sadru J 10 ض א – The guest ad-daifu J 11 ط א – The student at-talibu J 12 א ْ – The injustice az-zulmu J 13 ل א – The meat al-lahmu J 14 ن א – The star an-najmu
12 Lesson 222 א س א
ْא THE GENDER OF NOUNS
This lesson explains the different categories of gender used for Arabic nouns. According to the Arabic grammar the gender is classified into the following four categories:
:(Real Gender) א א א א א ْ א ْ א ْ א ْ The words related to the male sex are (♂) masculine, and those related to the female sex are א female ♀), e.g. ‘man’ is a real masculine and) و ,’hen‘ د ,’cock‘ د ,woman’ is a real feminine‘ ,’mother’, ‘brother‘ م ,’boy’, ‘girl’, ‘father‘ ‘sister’, etc.
:(Formal Gender) א א א א א ْ א ْ א ْ א ْ ز ز ز ز The nouns which do not have the ‘concept of pair’ are F א termed as feminine or masculine by form The identification of gender for such noun is . א E ز that the words ending with ‘round-ta’ F E are generally feminine, and those ending with some other letter are assumed as masculine gender, e.g. ,’fan’, ‘tree’, ‘car‘ و ,’watch‘ ‘garden’, ‘sign’, ‘life’, ‘window’ are
13 The Gender of Nouns ,’wall’, ‘book‘ א feminine gender by form, and ,’path’, ‘mosque’, ‘house‘ אط ,’pen‘ ‘chair’, ‘canal’, ‘door’, etc. are considered masculine gender by form.
It may also be understood that feminine gender is often formed from the masculine by suffixing ‘ ’, e.g. ‘Muslim’ (♂), ‘Muslim’ (♀), ‘disbeliever’ د ,(♂) ’truthful‘ ق د ,(♀) ’disbeliever‘ ,(♂) א ,(♀) ’truthful’ (♀), ‘pious’ (♂), ‘pious‘ ,(♂) ’daughter’ (♀), ‘student‘ א ,(♂) ’son‘ ‘student’ (♀), ‘new’ (♂), ‘new’ (♀), ‘old’ (♂), ‘old’ (♀), ‘long’ (♂), ‘long’ (♀), ‘many’ (♂), ‘many’ (♀), etc.
:(Exceptional Cases) א ْא ْא ْא ْ א א א א ْ ْ ْ ْ The nouns which do not fall under the above- mentioned two categories are termed as exceptional cases. The following nouns are feminine by usage even though they have no ‘ ’ (ta) ending nor have they ‘pair- concept’.
1 ‘sky’, ‘war, battle’, ‘sun’, ‘fire’, ,hell’, ‘wind’, ‘wine’, ْ ‘soul‘ ً ,’cup‘ س ْ ,’house’, ‘well‘ א د ,’person, self ‘staff’, ‘an idol, a tyrant, devil’, ‘dream’, .’bucket‘ ْد ,’earth’, ‘path‘ ض 2 Proper names of countries and towns are feminine ن ,’by signification, e.g. ‘Egypt 14 The Gender of Nouns ‘Pakistan’, ‘Lahore city’, ‘America’, .Iraq’, etc‘ א אق ,’Washington‘ א و 3 Many parts of the body, especially those that are in pair, are termed as feminine, e.g. ‘hand’, ,’ear‘ ن ذ ,’shin‘ ق ,’foot’, ‘leg‘ م ,’eye‘ ‘cheek’.
ْ The nouns ending in ‘ ’, ‘ ’ called 4 ( lengthened alif) د و called _ א short alif ) or) are also feminine, e.g. ‘good, beautiful’, א ,’great’, ‘small’, ‘good news‘ ,’blooming’, ‘white‘ א ز ,’harm‘ א ,’desert‘ .blue’, etc‘ ز ,’green‘ א 5 All Arabic letters of alphabet are considered as feminine.
the‘ א ,’the Jews‘ א د .Some broken plurals, e.g 6 the Christians’ are treated as‘ א ,’messengers feminine.
’people’, ‘tribe‘ م .Some collective nouns, e.g 7 ل ,’are used as feminine. However, ‘family ‘progeny’ are masculine.
8 Exceptional Masculine: Some nouns have ta ‘ ’ ending but they are used as masculine, e.g. ‘caliph’, ‘learned’, ‘a male name’, ‘a س ْ .male name’. Some parts of body (single), e.g head’, ‘tooth’, ْ ‘belly’, ‘chest’, etc. are‘ also considered exceptional masculine.
15 The Gender of Nouns : (Common Gender) א א א א א ْ א ْ א ْ א ْ Some nouns are used as masculine as well as feminine. ,’e.g. ‘clouds , א ْ א These are termed as .’gold’, ‘bees’, ‘trees‘ ذ ,’locust‘ אد ,’cattle‘ These are masculine by form, feminine by signification.
An Explanation Regarding Exceptional Cases: Here, I would like to clarify an important point regarding the exceptional cases in the grammatical rules. The learner should be mindful of the fact that the languages have not come into being through an academic process based on some predetermined sets of grammatical rules and forms but, on the contrary, the languages are spoken by the natives of the region long before the grammarians form the grammatical rules applicable to them. And the object of framing grammatical rules is essentially to facilitate the learning and better understanding of the languages by the non-natives or the foreigners. But, where they fail to apply uniform sets of grammatical rules, they categorize that as exceptional case. Hence, the exception-rule is a common feature to all the languages. Having said that, I must hasten to emphasis that the grammarians of Arabic language have contributed tremendously in facilitating the learning process of the language. In fact, they have developed an easy and effective method of learning the classic Arabic of the Holy Quran. Hence, their efforts cannot be undermined in any way.
16 Lesson 333 א س א
د א א א THE NUMBER OF NOUNS
Unlike English, Arabic has three numbers: singular is E , the dual or two ofدor Mufrad F ْ א وtermed wahid E F anything is termed tathniyah F E , and more than two is plural called Jam F E . :::FFFF ْ ْ ْ ْ د د دE دFFFF or Mufrad EEE و و و و א א א אWahid EEE E , א :E areدor Mufrad F ْ א وExamples of Wahid E F , א , א , א , , , , , א , א .etc , א , א , , א , ق د , و Tathniyah EEE E FFFF::: , א ن , א ن .E , e.g نThe dual form ends in aani F , א ن , ن א , ن , אن , ن , ن , א ن , ن א , ن , א ن , ن د , אن و , א ن .etc , א אن The Plurals of NNNounsNouns and AAAdjectives:Adjectives:
In English, adjectives have no plural form. We say “good man” and “good men”. But in Arabic even adjectives have dual and plural form. In English we have two kinds of plural form:
17 The Number of Nouns 1 Sound Plural: In sound plural the word retains its original form, e.g. book books, pen pens.
2 Broken Plural: The original form of the word is changed to a great extent, e.g. Man men, woman women.
In Arabic too, we have these two kinds of plural forms; Sound and Broken.
:::FFFFא ْא ْא ْא ْ א א א The Sound Plural in Arabic E E E E 1 The masculine plural of nouns are formed by adding א , ن .to the singular form e.g _ ون ’ignorant‘ , ن ’thief‘ ق , ن א א , ن , ن ’wise‘ , ن .etc , א ن د ’truthful‘ א ق د , א ن و ’patient‘ 2 The feminine plural of nouns which end in _, are formed by changing ‘ ’ (ta) into ‘ ’ (aat) as, ‘♀ thief’ (plural), , , , ’watch‘ , א ‘protector’ , ‘word’ , ’fan‘ و , א ’window‘ , ’step/status‘ د , ’evil‘ , و . د The ♀ plural of nouns which do not end in _ are to the singular as in ’ א ‘ also formed by adding . א و ’name) , ‘sky)
18 The Number of Nouns :::FFFF א א א אThe Broken Plural EEE E ْ ْ ْ ْ Unlike English, the broken plural is very widely used in Arabic. It is formed from the singular by the addition or from , ل elision of consonants, e.g. from . .or by the change of vowels, e.g , ل There are many patterns of the broken plural. The following are commonly used patterns:
NoNoNo Bab Singular Broken Plural א د م ’as from ‘star ل 1 2 as from ‘book’ ل ’as from ‘man ل 3 م ْ ’as from ‘pen ل ْ 4 ’as from ‘eye ْ 5 א ’as from ‘poor 6 ْ ’as from ‘rich ْ 7 ’Satan‘ ن as from 8 ل ز ’as from ‘building 9 אن ْ ’as from ‘country ن 10 11 as from ‘brother’ ’as from ‘trader ل 12
Note: It is quite common for a noun in Arabic to have more than one broken plurals, e.g. the plural of ‘brother’ or in some cases to have , , אن , , אن are 19 The Number of Nouns both the sound plural and broken plural e.g. in the case and broken ن of (prophet), its sound plural is plural is .
20 Lesson 444 א س א א
א THE PRONOUNS
The pronoun is a word used in place of a noun, e.g. ‘he’, ‘they’, ‘she’, ‘you’, ‘we’, ‘his’, ‘her’, ‘your’, ‘my’, etc. They are of two kinds; the Detached Pronouns, called , e.g. ‘he’ ‘he is a student’ and the Attached Pronouns, called , e.g. ‘his’ ‘his book’, etc.
For detailed conjugation of the detached pronouns see Table-1. The attached pronouns are either attached to a noun or a verb, as shown in tables 2 & 3.
Table – 1
Detached Personal Pronouns
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL
ن 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon he is a they are they are (((♂))) student students students
ن 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon she is a they are they are (((♀))) student students students
21 The Pron ouns
ن 222ndndnd PersPersonononon you are a you are you are (((♂))) student students students
ن 222ndndnd PersPersonononon you are a you are you are (((♀))) student students students
L ن 111ststst PersPersonononon L L ن (((♀&&&♂))) I am a student we are students we are students
Note: Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning, and skip over the remaining forms as these are not frequently used in the Holy Quran.
Table – 2 Pronouns attached to a noun with FFFPossessive Relations אEEE
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL rdrdrd 333 PersPersonononon (((♂))) his book their book their book rdrdrd 333 PersPersonononon (((♀))) her book their book their book ndndnd 222 PersPersonononon (((♂))) your book your book your book ndndnd 222 PersPersonononon (((♀))) your book your book your book ststst 111 PersPersonononon (((♂&&&♀))) my book our book our book 22 The Pron ouns Note: Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning, and skip over the remaining forms as these are not frequently used in the Holy Quran. Pronouns Attached to a Verb: Pronouns attached to a verb become its Direct Object, e.g. means ‘he struck’, ‘he’ is a subject and ‘struck’ is a verb; with the addition of an attached pronoun ‘him’ would become the object of the verb . For usage of Attached Pronouns to a verb see Table 3. Table – 3 Pronouns Attached to a Verb as its Direct ObjectObject....
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL
333rdrdrd PersPersonononon He struck He struck He struck (((♂))) him/it. them. them. 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon He struck He struck He struck (((♀))) her/it. them. them.
222ndndnd PersPersonononon He struck He struck He struck (((♂))) you.. you. you.
222ndndnd PersPersonononon He struck He struck He struck (((♀))) you. you. you.
111ststst PersPersonononon He struck He struck He struck (((♂&&&♀))) me us. us.
23 The Pron ouns Note: Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning, and skip over the remaining forms as these are not frequently used in the Holy Quran. Some other examples of frequently used Attached pronouns are given below:
the book is in my‘ א .my hand’, e.g‘ – hand’. my two‘ א א ْ ْ .my two hands’, e.g‘ א – hands are on the table’. – literally ‘between my hands’ i.e. ‘in front of .’the tree is in front of me‘ א .me’, e.g – ‘on me or my responsibility’, e.g. ‘his account is on me’. the‘ א .with them/by them’, e.g‘ – books are with them’. – ‘to me or for me’, e.g. ‘my action is for me’ i.e. I am responsible for my action. and your‘ و .to you or for your’, e.g‘ – action is for you’ i.e. you are responsible for your action. to Him‘ ْ א ْ א ْ و .to him, for him’, e.g‘ – (Allah) belongs the universe and for Him is all the .’he is right or he has the right‘ א ْ ,’Praise – ‘with’, e.g. ‘we have books’, ‘I have a car’. Note that in Tables 1, 2 & 3 the second persons ♂&♀ dual and the third persons ♂&♀ dual are identical.
24 The Pron ouns Important Note: Concentrate in the beginning only on the 3 rd Person masculine singular & plural forms, the 2 nd Person masculine singular & plural forms, and both the 1 st person forms, and skip over the verbal forms and pronouns of the feminine gender (except the singular forms) and the dual forms as these are not frequently used in the Holy Quran.
Possessive Pronouns:
is prefixed to the Attached Pronouns. The א The word ﴿ .confines the meaning to ‘only/alone’, e.g א word You (Alone) we worship, and You“ و ﴾ (Alone) we ask for help”[1/4]. For usage of Possessive Pronouns with see Table 4. Table – 4 Possessive Pronouns SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL rdrdrd 333 PersPersonononon (((♂))) He alone Both of them They alone rdrdrd 333 PersPersonononon (((♀))) She alone Both of them They only ndndnd 222 PersPersonononon (((♂))) You alone Both of you All of you ndndnd 222 PersPersonononon (((♀))) You alone Both of you All of you ststst 111 PersPersonononon (((♂&&&♀))) I alone We alone We alone
25 The Pron ouns Note: Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning, and skip over the remaining forms as these are not frequently used in the Holy Quran.
: א א א א א א א א Demonstrative Pronouns The demonstrative pronouns are listed below:
Singular Dual Plural א א these two ♂ אن this ♂ א Near these two (♂&♀) these ♀ ن this ♀ ْ و those two ♂ ذ א that ♂ ذ Distant that ♀ those two (♂&♀) these♀ ْ ْ
Note: Concentrate on the underlined forms.
::: א א א א א א א א ل ل ل ل The Relative Pronouns etc. are used as , א , א The relative pronouns conjunction, meaning ‘that, which, who, whom’. They serve the purpose of joining nouns/pronouns or verbs to other nouns or verbs. They have a definite form as given below:
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL א א אن א For Male א L א ن א א For Female
Note: Concentrate on the underlined forms. 26 The Pron ouns Examples:
The boy who went out‘ א ْ ج א ْא – of the Mosque is a student’.
The men who left‘ א ل א א ْ א ْ ن – the office are teachers’.
The girl who left the‘ א א ْ א ْ – house is a student’.
He is Allah, beside Whom la“ ﴿ א א א ﴾ – Ilaha illa Howa (none has the right to be worshipped but He)”. [59/293]
﴿ ْ ن א ْ א ن ﴾ – “Successful indeed are the believers, those who offer their Salah (prayers) with all solemnity and full of submission”. [23/182]
::: א א א א ْ ْ ْ ْ م م م م InterrogInterrogative ative Pronouns These are given below:
‘who’ ‘what’ ‘where’ ‘how’ ‘when’ ‘how much, how many’, ‘which, from where’ ’what‘ ذ א ’for what‘ ذ א ,’why‘
27 Lesson 555 א س א
א א THE IRAB OF NOUN
The Irab of words is a peculiar characteristic of Arabic language, which does not have an equivalent in English. Therefore, it requires particular attention to grasp the subject. The Arabic noun changes its original form or the case ending under different grammatical conditions, e.g.
being the original form in nominative case, called א the accusative case, called , א may change to , א ْ ,Likewise . א ْ the genitive case, called , א or א or אً being the original form, may change to , , e.g.
F ‘declaration of faith’ the first part א دin the Shahadah E is the original form in nominative א where א א is is in א where ل א case and the second part is ﴿ ن א ٍ the genitive case, while in the verse is in the accusative. Similarly, in the א the noun , ﴾ first part of the Shahadah the noun is in the original the noun is in א form, but in it is in the ن אً ل א genitive form and in accusative.
29 The Irab of Noun as also we read in the א ْ , א ْ , א ْ Similarly, we use , א , א ْ و ن , א ْ , א , א :Holy Quran These changes in the case-endings of the noun are . א ن .(Irab of noun ) א א called
It is important to remember that the literal meaning of the words/nouns remain the same in all the different conditions; however, their function in a sentence changes according to the different grammatical considerations, which are explained later in the book.
This change/declension in Irab is effected in two ways as explained below:
::: א א א א א ْ ْ Case-ending with vowel marks, e.g. ‘a man’ is the F and with the א original form in nominative ْ E change of vowels it may become ً in accusative , א F or א F or ٍ in genitive case E א E and from ‘books’, which is in the ; א , א F , it may become א original nominative form ْ E the‘ א and from , א ْ , א ْ , א ْ or , ً from (only ; א , א ’women one change is used in this case which represents both the accusative as well as genitive form). In all these cases the vowel of the last consonant is changed.
Note that the original form of a noun in all such cases is always indicated with dammah E _F or tanwin
30 The Irab of Noun .halatur-rafha), i.e ) א E _F, and is called א nominative case. And the declined form of Irab bil harkah) is fathha E _F, i.e. single) ْ short vowel or tanwin E _F above the last .halatul nasb) i.e) א consonant, which is called accusative case, and kasrah F _F or tanwin ( –) א ْ below the last consonant, which is called (halatul-Jarr).
The declension by Irab bil hakah is effected in the following three categories of noun.
1 All singular nouns, both masculine and feminine, e.g.
ً ٍ or א ْ א ْ א ْ ً or א ْ א ْ א ْ 2 All broken plural nouns, both masculine and feminine, e.g.
א ل , א ل , א ل or ل ’men‘ ً , لٍ א , א , א women’ or‘ , 3 All feminine sound plural nouns, e.g.
, א ْ Muslim women’ or‘ , There is only one change in this category) א ْ which represents both the accusative and the genitive case.)
31 The Irab of Noun ::: א א א א א ْ و ْ و ْ و Change of Irab with letter. The change of Irab with letter is effected in the following two categories of nouns:
1 All dual F E , both masculine and feminine are ,’two Muslim men‘ ن .changed with letter, e.g which is the original/nominative case, is changed to , representing both the accusative and the aani) is changed to) _ ن genitive forms. In this case _ (aini) . In case of feminine gender, the dual of ‘a ,’two Muslin women‘ ن Muslim woman’ is which is the original/nominative case, can be changed to , representing both the is changed _ ن accusative and genitive forms. Here to . 2 All sound masculine plural nouns E F Muslin) ن .are also changed with letter, e.g men) is the nominative/original form, and it is changed to , representing both the conditions u’-na) is) _ و ن of accusative and genitive forms. Here changed to - (i’-na) . ni) (nu’n at the end with kasra ) is) ن Note that na) (nun with) ن indicative of a dual noun while fatha ) is indicative of a sound plural noun.
The different conditions of Irab are summed up in Table 5.
32 The Irab of Noun Table – 5 FFF א אDifferent Conditions of Irab EEE
א ْ א ْ א א ْ א ْ No. د د د د (Genitive case) (Accusative Case) (Nominative case) Gender Gender Gender Gender Number Number Changed FFFormForm II CCChangedChanged FFFormForm I Original FFFormFormormorm Number Number
و א L 1 א ْ Lً א ْ * Lٍ א ْ * Singular ن L L א L א
2 Masc.
Same as CF-I Muslemaine Dual ♂ א ْ ن
نL L 3 א L א א ن Same as CF-I Muslemeena Plural
و א L 4 א ْ ً L א ْ * L א ْ * Singular
نL L א L א
5 Fem.
same as CF-I Muslemataine Dual ♀ א ن
L L L 6 א ْ א ْ * א ْ * Plural
♂ L Lً L Masc. א ْ א ْ * א ْ * 7 L L L ♀
Fem. Plural Broken א א א
NoNoNoteNo tetetessss:::: (1) * — In serial (1, 4, 6, 7) the declension of Irab is . א א ْ effected by the vowel marks (2) — In serial (2, 3, 5) the declension of Irab is effected . א א ْ و by the letters
33 The Irab of Noun (3) — In serial (2, 3, 5, 6) the Changed Form I & II are the same. ( ً ً .The accusative ending with tanwin (e.g — (4) contains an alif . Exception to this rule being the ً and .i.e. alif maqsurah E ْ F ,
According to Irab the noun is of two kinds; Declinable E F and Indeclinable E F Nouns. Declinable EEE E FFFF: It is further divided into two kinds;
1 - First declension or triptote: The Irab at its ends change under all the different conditions as shown in Table 5 above. 2 - Second declension or diptote: In this category the noun does not accept tanwin ( - -) and, in the genitive case-ending, it does not accept - i.e. it has only two case-endings namely, nominative/ original form (represented with _) and accusative (represented with _), which is also representative of genitive case. Diptotes F E include the following categories: , ْ .Names of women, e.g – etc.
– Names of Prophets and Angels (peace be upon و و א ن و .them), e.g .etc , א
34 The Irab of Noun , ْ , , ْ .Nouns on ْ pattern, e.g – ,’blue‘ ق ز ,’black’, ‘red‘ د , , ‘white’, etc. – The broken plurals nouns on & patterns, e.g. ‘bed’, , ‘graves’, ’glass‘ א ,’Dirhams‘ א د .e.g , ن Names of men on the pattern of – .etc , ن , ن , ن ْ , ن – Names of men ending with ? ? (closed ta), .etc , , و , , ْ .e.g – Names of most of the countries and cities, e.g. .etc , , , , ن , ن , ,( or ْ (short א Nouns ending with – , ,’near’, ْ ‘distant‘ د א ,’world‘ د .e.g , etc. E F ‘prolonged د و _ א Nouns ending with – א ,’vowel’, e.g. ‘merciful’, ‘nobles א ,’♀ black ♀’, ‘white‘ א د ,’poor‘ .’♀ green‘ א ,’♀ blue‘ ز ,’♀ red‘ – Some additional nouns, e.g. ‘hell’, Gog‘ ج ْ ج ْ ,’Pharaoh‘ ن ,’Satin‘ Magog’, etc.
Note 1: or with annexed noun ’ אل‘ With the definite article F E the diptote F E accepts - in In the‘ א א .genitive case-ending, e.g 35 The Irab of Noun א ْ ,’name of Allah, the Most Gracious among the Signs of‘ א ,’from the beds‘ .’Allah’, ْ ‘in the best stature/mould Note 2: The occasions as to when and why a noun changes its form from nominative to accusative or genitive case will be studied later.
Indeclinable EEE E FFFF::: Most of the Arabic nouns (about 90%) are declinable F E . However, some nouns/ pronouns called indeclinable F E , remain static or stationary on their original form under all the varied conditions. These include the following:
– Personal pronouns, e.g. , , , , , etc. , ْ , و , .Demonstrative pronouns, e.g – , etc. except the dual , e.g. L , א . L אن , א , א .F, e.g א א ْ لRelative pronouns E – .etc. except the dual E F, e.g , א , א .(♂) א אن , א ,(♀) אL א ن , , .F, e.g א ْ مInterrogative pronouns E – .etc , ذ אL , , , – Possessive pronouns, e.g. , , , etc. ( Nouns with alif E F or ْ (short alif – .’near’, ْ ‘distant‘ د , , د .ending, e.g
36 The Irab of Noun – Nouns with personal pronouns, e.g. , , , etc. – Cardinal numbers from eleven to nineteen, e.g. . , , א , Important Note: The learners should not get discouraged if he or she does not understand this lesson fully at this stage. He or she should continue with the subsequent lessons, which would definitely help in better understanding of the subject of Irab , Insha Allah.
37 Lesson 666 א س א دس
אאא ْ א THE ADJECTIVE PHRASE
So far we have learnt the characteristics of a single word/ We now come to the compounds . د ْ noun, called E i.e. the phrases/ sentences. If two or more words אF are joined together, it constitutes a phrase or a sentence Eدare two mufrad F ْ א ْ and א .F E , e.g the hard‘ א א ْ words. But if they are joined as the student is‘ א working student’ or hardworking’, then they became a phrase/sentence. The murakkabat are of two kinds;
– Phrase or incomplete sentence. Sentence F E which conveys complete – م sense.
The murakkabun naqis E F is further divided into the following four types:
.the adjective phrase – א א 1 .the relative phrase – א א 2 .the demonstrative phrase – א א 3 .the genitive phrase – א א 4 39 The Adjective Phrase It is very important to clearly grasp the above mentioned four phrases, which would go a long way in the E . In אconstruction and understanding of sentences Fْ this lesson we shall learn about the Adjective Phrase, while the remaining three Phrases and the subject of sentences will be studied in the subsequent four lessons. א ْ (The Compounds) م (Sentence - ) (Incomplete Sentence/ Phrase) (Genitive Phrase) (Demonstrative Phrase) (Relative Phrase) (Adjective Phrase)
F has two nouns in it א אThe Adjective Phrase E where one noun describes the quality of another noun. The noun that describes the quality is called the adjective , (al-mausuf) א and the noun qualified is called אE Fْ the illuminating Book” [13/184]. Here“ ﴿ א ْ א ْ ﴾ .e.g א ْ F, and אthe Book’ is the noun qualified E ‘ א ْ F, ﴾ ﴿ “a א the illuminating’ is its adjective E‘ and א noble Angel” [12/31], here ‘Angel’ is א F. Unlike English אnoble’ is its adjective E ‘ .(the adjective) א comes before
The important point to remember about F is to אadjective phrase) is that the adjective E ) 40 The Adjective Phrase F in all the אcorrespond to the noun being qualified E the‘ א ْ ,’number‘ د א ْ .four aspects of a noun, i.e the capacity – definite/indefinite’ and‘ א ْ ,’gender :the case-ending’. These are explained below‘ א א F is to be in א F of the adjective E א Eد The number 1 is singular א i.e. if , א coordination with is א F, if وאis to be singular E א then א وE F is א is to be dual, and if א dual F E then و .is to be plural E F, e.g א plural F E then د و ,(two pious boys) אن و ن ,(a pious boy) .(three or more pious boys) ن is also to correspond to א E of אThe gender Fْ 2 ; is to be א is then א i.e., if א .is to be too, e.g א is then א if ,(two pious girls) ن ن ,(pious girl) (pious girls, more than two). is also to correspond to א F of א The Capacity E 3 א , is definite F E א i.e., if א that of is indefinite א ْ will be definite F E , and if .will be indefinite F E , e.g א , F E א ْ א و – אن א ْ א ن ن א و ن – د و א א ن د و ن – are to א F: The Irab of א Eא The Irab / case-ending 4 א i.e. if א be in coordination with that of the 41 The Adjective Phrase is to be in א , F א is in nominative case ْ E is in the א F , if א nominative case ْ E too is in א F then א accusative case E is in the genitive א F , if א accusative case E is to be in genitive F א then אcase E F ْ .E , e.g א ْ
وא (Plural) (Dual) (Single) א ْ Nominative Case و و אن ن و د ن א Accusative Case و אً ً و و دאً א ْ Genitive Case و ٍ و و د
An exception to this rule is that the adjective to the broken plural F ْ ٍ E of inanimate objects is almost always ﴿ K و ْ א ﴾ .feminine singular, e.g “in it there will be couches raised on high, and goblets placed ready” [88/13-14]. Here ‘raised on high’ is of ‘couches’ which is a broken plural Eٍ ْ F א .of ‘couch’ and an inanimate object Eٍ F
’goblets‘ ْ א of א Similarly, ‘placed ready’ is ,’which is a broken plural Eٍ ْ F of ‘goblet which is an inanimate object Eٍ F; therefore, both the adjectives are in the feminine singular form.
42 The Adjective Phrase Some more examples of the adjective phrases from the Holy Quran:
,[197/3] ع ,[24/35] ,[35/10] א ْ א ,[33/21] ,[39/3] א א ْ ,[3/172] ,[26/21] د ْ ن ,[14/24] ,[28/83] א א א ْ ,[34/15] ,[86/3] א א ,[48/25] ,[66/55] ن ن ,[18/82] ,[34/15] [2/99], [88/10], [80/13]
43 Lesson 777 א س א
THE RELATIVE PHRASE
The Relative Phrase E F is a co-relation between two nouns. In a relative phrase the idea of one noun is very often more closely determined or defined by that of א another. In this phrase, the determined noun is called ‘the annexed’ and the determining noun is called ‘that to which the annexation is made or to which another noun is annexed’. The relation subsisting between them is Allah’s‘ א .the annexation’, e.g‘ א known as . is א Book’. In this phrase, is and is ل ,’Allah’s Prophet‘ ل א Similarly, in the phrase is . The following rules apply to א and ‘annexation’: - ) is never placed on nor has it tanwin ’ אل‘ nunnation). In the above mentioned examples, it will or ل א and א ْ א or א be incorrect to say . א ل א -i.e., in a genitive case و is always א ْ In . א ْ and א ْ , م א ْ .ending, e.g א ْ and א ْ , א ْ ,these examples the nouns are the mudaf ilai , which are in genitive case.
45 The Relative Phrase is a dual E F or sound plural masculine א ْ If .is dropped, e.g ن א E F then its ,( ن א ْ two doors of the Mosque’ (for‘ א ْ ن Muslims of the Arab’ (for‘ א ْ and the two hands of Abu‘ ﴿ א ﴾ ,Similarly .( א ْ ( אن Lahab” [111/1] (for nominative) original form of a) ع may be א ْ و noun, (accusative) ‘changed form I’ or , ن א , א .genitive) ‘changed form II’, e.g) . א ز א ْ .always comes before , e.g א is א ْ and א is ز allurement of the life’, here‘ . א , in one א There may be more than one ”owner of the Day of Judgment“ ﴿ م א ﴾ .e.g .’daughter of the Prophet of Allah‘ ل א ,[1/3] then it is א Interjection) comes before) א א If Allah’s slave’, with‘ א .read as , e.g O Allah’s‘ א interjection) it becomes) א א O Allah! Owner of the‘ א א ْ ْ .’!slave then it is called א kingdom’. But if that noun is not .but has no tanwin E F, e.g , ع and is د ْ د then ’ אل‘ is with א ْ د O Zaid!’. If‘ ز ,’!O man‘ for masculine and for feminine is placed after ,’♂ !O people!, O mankind‘ א س .e.g , .’♀ !O self!, O soul‘ א ْ
46 The Relative Phrase F is often attached with a personal אThe mudaf E pronoun, i.e. , , , , etc, as , e.g. and is א is ل their deeds’, in that‘ . א the Day when men will“ ﴿ م א ْ א ﴾ see what his two hands have sent forth” [78/40], here . א and the pronoun is א is ( אن for) א When a noun is annexed to a Personal Pronoun, it will be in the following pattern. (Table 6)
Table – 6 Pronouns Attached to Mudaf as Mudaf ilai
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL
rdrdrd 333 PersPersonononon * (((♂))) his book their book their book rdrdrd 333 PersPersonononon * (((♀))) her book their book their book ndndnd # 222 PersPersonononon (((♂))) your book your book your book ndndnd # 222 PersPersonononon (((♀))) your book your book your book ststst 111 PersPersonononon (((♂&&&♀))) my book our book our book
Note: # nd — the 2 Person ♂ and ♀ dual are identical. *— the 3 rd Person ♂ and ♀ dual are identical.
47 The Relative Phrase Since the pronouns are indeclinable E F, they remain in however, they are ; א their original form even as . F وconsidered in genitive place E
The suffix of the first person singular is ‘ ’ (ya) and not (ni) , e.g. , not (as attached to verbs). If the final letter of the word is a F E then it can be absorbed, ( א for) א ;’e.g. for ‘my wrong action ‘my love/wish’.
The nominal suffix ‘ ’ is sometimes shortened into – (i) particularly when the noun to which it is attached is in vocative, e.g. (for ) which has the meaning ‘O my O my‘ م ,Lord!’ as opposed to ‘my Lord’, similarly people!’ as opposed to ‘my people’.
The dammah in , , , is changed into kasra after – , or _, e.g. ‘in his book’, ‘in their books’, ‘in the two books of the two of them’. However, if no ambiguity of meaning can arise, the dual before a dual suffix is replaced by a singular mudaf , i.e. ‘the book of them both’ or the plural ‘the books of them both’.
48 Lesson 888 א س א
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PHRASE
the) א א (The Demonstrative Phrase has two parts: (i demonstrating pronoun) and (ii) (the demonstrated ,’that watch‘ ْ א ,’this pen‘ א א ْ .noun), e.g are , ْ , א these men’. In these examples‘ א ل , א , א ْ F and אthe demonstrating pronouns E are the demonstrated nouns E F. In a א ل demonstrative phrase there is always a coordination F, the א ْ دand in the Number E א א between F and the case-ending אF, the Capacity E אGender E .F אE
F has two forms, one א אThe demonstrative pronoun E F and another for far א א for near distance E ْ F. These forms are given in the א א distance E ْ following tables. Demonstrative Pronouns for Near Distance FFF אEEE ْ MasculMasculine ine ♂ Feminine ♀ this א Singular - All Cases (these (2 ن אن Dual Nominative Dual - Accusative/Genitive these (2) Plural - All Cases these all 49 The Demonstrative Phrase Note:
L are not written with full alif after , instead it is א – L or with א written with a short vowel _ as L ; and in both the cases it is א short alif ) as) ْ . ذ L ذ א pronounced as – The plural form is common to both the genders i.e. , but it is used only for rational being E F otherwise , singular form of the feminine is used to refer to the collective or plural inanimate nouns E F. Demonstrative Pronouns for Far Distance FFF א ْ EEE
Masculine ♂ Feminine ♀ that/this ْ ذ L ذ א Singular - All Cases (those (2 * ذ א Dual Nominative (those (2 * ذ * Dual - Accusative/Genitive those all و و Plural - All Cases
Note: *– These forms have neither occurred in the Holy Quran nor are these in the modern use.
Some examples of the demonstrative compounds:
’this boy or this is the boy‘ א א ْ – ’this car‘ א – ’(these two students (male‘ אن א ن – 50 The Demonstrative Phrase ’(these two students (female‘ ن א ن – ’(these men (more than two‘ א ل – ’(these women (more than two‘ א – ’that girl‘ ْ א ْ – ’that man‘ ذ א L ذ א – ’those two men‘ ذ א א ن – ’those two girls‘ א ن – ’(those Muslim men (more than two‘ و א ْ ن – ’(those Muslim women (more than two‘ و א ْ – ’(these books (inanimate noun‘ א ْ – ’(these trees (inanimate noun‘ א –
51 Lesson 999 א س א
THE GENITIVE PHRASE
We have learnt earlier in the lessons that an Arabic noun is, F. We אin its original form, in the nominative case E ْ have also learnt that in the relative compound the noun is We will . א F when it is אin the genitive case E ْ now study some more frequently used prepositions which, when present before a noun, make its ending Jarr or the genitive case. These prepositions can be divided into two groups, Inseparable and Separable Prepositions.
Inseparable Prepositions: Consisting of one letter, these are always attached to the following word. The Inseparable Prepositions are:
with‘ ْ א ْ .bi) : – ‘in, with, by, etc.’, e.g) ’ ‘ 1 the pen’. When attached to pronouns, it is ‘with it or with him’, ‘with you’, ‘with them’, etc. The verbs denoting “to begin, adhere, seize, attach” he got in‘ א .are also constructed with ‘ ’, e.g א ,’contact with him’, ‘he began with him/it I start with the name of Allah’; often the‘ א with the name of‘ א verb is omitted as in Allah’.
53 The Genitive Phrase To believe in, is , e.g. ‘he believed in Allah’. I swear‘ ْ م א .To swear by, is ْ , e.g by the Day of Judgment’. 2 ‘ ’ (ta) : – for oath only; by the name of the .’by Allah‘ א .Almighty Allah, e.g by“ ﴿ و א ذ א א ْ و ج ﴾ .waw) : – for oath, e.g) ’و‘ 3 by“ و א ْ ,[the Heaven full of the starts” [the Quran by the“ و א ,”by he Sun“ و א ,”the Time Night”.
א .lam) : – ‘for, to, belongs to, because of’, e.g) ’ل‘ 4 this book‘ א א ْ ,’this pen is mine‘ א ْ ;’he rose for his help‘ م ,’belongs to Zaid these expressions א L ذ L L א denote ‘for this reason’.
F, alif is אfor Allah, belongs to Allah’ is for E ‘ א ْ ن .e.g , א ل comes before ’ ل‘ dropped when ,’for liars‘ ْ ذ א ْ ذ ن ,’for Muslims‘ ْ .for the believing women’, etc‘ ْ א ْ la) before) ’ ل ‘ li) is changed to) ’ ل ‘ Note that pronominal suffixes, except with the first person , e.g. ‘for him’, ‘for her’, ‘for all of you/ you all have’, ‘for both of them/ they both have’, ‘for us/ we have’, etc.
as the‘ ْ א ْ .ka) : – ‘as, like’, e.g) ’ ‘ 5 א ْ ,’like a mirage‘ א א ,’moon .’like the garden‘ ْ 54 The Genitive Phrase Separable Prepositions: The following prepositions are in common use:
,’in the earth‘ א ض א ض .fi) : – ‘in’, e.g) 1 :in the sky’; and with suffixes‘ א א ‘in him/in it’, ‘in me’, ‘in you or among ,Surely“ ﴿ ن ل א ﴾ ,’you you have in the Messenger of Allah excellent exemplar” [the Quran].
2 (un) : – ‘away from, about, concerning, with’, e.g. ‘from Ali’. Some examples from the and they ask thee“ و א و :Holy Quran those who“ א و ن א ,”about the soul א ,”hinder (people) from the path of Allah Allah is well pleased with them and they“ و א are well pleased with Him”, and with suffixes it is ‘from me’, ‘from him’, ‘from them’. from‘ א ْ א ْ .min) :– ‘from’, e.g) 3 from the sky’. It is‘ א א ,’the Mosque often interchangeable with and used with suffixes such as ‘from him’, ‘from me’, ‘from us’, etc. An example from the Quran: He brings them out of the“ א א darkness into the light”.
is sometime used to complete the sense of ‘before’ and ‘after’. In that case the words .i.e א and become indeclinable , . According to some 55 The Genitive Phrase grammarians this kind of is called an ‘additional’ with“ א و e.g. from the Quran , Allah is the decision in the Past and in the Future”. However, if and come in a sentence as in genitive) و annexed) then they are) and those who come“ و א .case), e.g before you”, “after ye have believed”. א ْ ش .ala) : – ‘on, at, over, upon, against’, e.g) 4 א א ,’on the throne‘ א ْ ش peace be“ م on the way’, from the Quran‘ Surely, Allah is“ ن א ,”on you Possessor over all things”. Sometimes it is used in a he went out against‘ ج .hostile sense, e.g him’. is used with suffixes as shown in table 7.
Table – 7 and Attached Pronouns ﻋﻠﹶﻰﻋﻠﹶﻰﻋﻠﹶﻰ The Preposition
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL rdrdrd # 333 PersPersonononon (((♂))) on him On them on them rdrdrd # 333 PersPersonononon (((♀))) on her On them on them ndndnd 222 PersPersonononon * (((♂))) on you On you on you ndndnd 222 PersPersonononon * (((♀))) on you On you on you ststst 111 PersPersonononon (((♂&&&♀))) on me on us on us
56 The Genitive Phrase NoNoNote:No te: nd (1) *— the 2 Person ♂ and ♀ dual are identical. #— the 3 rd Person ♂ and ♀ dual are identical. (2) Prepositions like ‘from’, ‘away from’), ‘by’, for’, ‘to’ are similarly attached to the personal‘ ل ,’in‘ pronouns on the same pattern as shown above for . א ْ .ila) : – ‘to, unto, towards’, e.g) 5 ﴿ א ْ א ْ אم ,’towards the Mosque‘ א ْ from the sacred Mosque unto the“ א ْ א ْ ﴾ Distant (Al-Aqsa) Mosque” [the Quran]. With the suffixes, it is ‘to him, towards him’, ‘to me’, ‘unto us’, etc. 6 There are some nouns which, though not pre- positions, change the following nouns in the genitive case:
Gracious or Possessor‘ ذ و ٍ .possessor), e.g) ذ و – of bounty’.
.’relations‘ א م .possessor), e.g) א – companion), e.g. ٍ ْ ‘companion) – of knowledge/man of learning’.
Allah is with“ ﴿ ن א א ﴾ .with), e.g) – the patients” [the Quran].
used for א with, at, beside): Adverb) – place/time, e.g. ‘I sat with/beside and fight“ ﴿ و א ْ א ْ אم ﴾ ,’him not with them at the sacred Mosque” [the
57 The Genitive Phrase he came at sun‘ ع א ,[Quran rise’. It is often used to denote the meaning of ﴿ א ذ .for, to, near, presence, etc.’, e.g‘ remember me in presence of thy lord“ ﴾ ﴿ و א ,[master” [the Quran what-ever you possess will pass away and“ قٍ﴾ what Allah has, will remain” [the Quran].
7 There are some nouns used in Quran as L ‘with’. These are نprepositions, e.g. L used with suffixes as ‘with them’, ‘with me’, ‘with him’, ‘with me, to me’. ﴿ :Examples from the Holy Quran ,”the Messengers fear not in My presence“ א ْ ن ﴾ and it is in the original of“ ﴿ و م א ْ ﴾ ﴿ و ذ ْ ن ْ ﴾ ,”the Book with us “and you were not with them when they cast (their pens) lots with arrows”.
58 Lesson 101010 א س א
א ْ א ْ THE SENTENCE
In Arabic there are two types of sentences:
:::FFFFא ْ א א ْ א א ْ אThe Nominal Sentence EEE E F wherein the first א אThe nominal sentence E .’the book is new‘ א ْ .word is a noun, e.g :::FFFFא ْ א ْ א ْ אE ْ א ْ אThe Verbal Sentence EEE ْ F where in the first א ْ אThe verbal sentence E ْ .’Hamid went out‘ ج .word is a verb, e.g
In this lesson we shall learn about the nominal sentences. F א ْ אThe nominal sentence consists of the mubtada E F ‘the predicate’. The אthe subject’ and the khabar E ْ ‘ mubtada /subject is the noun about which you want to say something, and the khabar /predicate is what you have to say about the subject, e.g. ‘Hamid is sick’. In this sentence you want to speak about Hamid E F, so it is the mubtada /subject and the information you give about him is that he is sick E F so that is the khabar /predicate. F א ْ Some more examples of simple nominal sentences :are given below אE
59 The Sentence א – א – ‘Khalid is a wise man’. – ‘ Bashir is a kind man’. .’William is a poet ‘ و ْ – .’Mahmud is a learned man ‘ د – .’Zainab is a learned woman ‘ ز – .’Mohammad (SAW) is a messenger‘ ل – .’The student is hardworking ‘ א – .’The man is weak/old ‘ א – .’The Quran is a Book ‘ א ْ ن – .’Islam is a region/way of life ‘ א م د – – ‘ Ali is a writer’.
There should be an agreement in the number and the gender between the subject and the predicate, i.e. if a subject is masculine/feminine singular, dual or plural the predicate should be likewise.
Examples:
א – א Singular ♂ ‘Saeed is a learned man’. .’Singular ♂ ‘The student is a hardworking א Singular ♀ ‘Saeeda is a learned woman’. .’Singular ♀ ‘The student is a hardworking א Dual ♂ ‘Both the students are believers א ن ن Dual ♀ ‘Both the students are believers א ن ن .’Plural ♂ ‘The students are believers א ن ’Plural ♀ ‘The students are hardworking א א 60 The Sentence F is a noun אIn a nominal sentence if the subject E ْ F are in אalone then both the subject and the predicate E ْ the nominative case.
:::FFFFא ْ א ْ אTypes of the Mubtada EEE E ْ The beginning of a nominal sentence is one of the following:
,’Allah is forgiver‘ א .A noun or a pronoun, e.g 1 ‘I am a hardworking’, ‘this is a school’.
F i.e. a clause א א و Eل A masdar muawwal 2 and“ ﴿ و ن א ﴾ .functioning as a masdar , e.g that you fast is better for you” [2/184]. Here the (functions as a masdar (infinitive ن א clause which means ‘your fasting’. Another example and that you should forgive is“ ﴿ و א ن א ْ ْ ﴾ F א א و Eل is ن א nearer to piety” [2/237]. Here .’which means ْ ‘your forgiving ﴿ ن א .A particle resembling the verb, e.g 3 indeed Allah is forgiving, merciful” [the“ ﴾ F א و Quran]. The particles resembling the verb , , ن , ن and its sisters, like ن are א E ْ , and .
F is normally a definite E F as אThe Mubtada E indicated in the following examples:
Muhammad (SAW) is the messenger of‘ ل א – Allah’. Here is ‘definite’ E F because it is a 61 The Sentence is an ل א F, and the predicate אproper noun E .F אannexation E he is a teacher’. is definite because it is a‘ س – is an س F and the predicate אpronoun E indefinite noun E F. is definite because it is א .’this is a Mosque‘ א – F and the predicate א אa demonstrative pronoun E is an indefinite noun E F. he who worships other than‘ א א – is definite א .’(Allah is mushrik (one who rejects faith F, and the א א ْ لbecause it is a relative pronoun E .F אpredicate is a sentence E is א ْ ن .’the Quran is the book of Allah‘ א ْ ن א – and the predicate , א ل definite as it has the definite article .F אis an annexation E the key to Paradise is Salah ’. ْ is‘ ْ א ْ א – definite as it’s mudaf ilaihi E F is definite, and the predicate in this case is a definite noun E F.
F may be indefinite F E in the א אHowever, the subject E following circumstances.
F is a shibhu jumlah E F אIf the khabar E – (literally, that which resembles a sentence), which is one of he following two terms:
on the‘ א ْ ْ A prepositional phrase, like 1 in the‘ א ْ ,’table’, ْ ‘like the water 62 The Sentence genitive) و و house’. The phrase is also called phrase).
,’F ‘adverb’, like ‘with, by, beside אA zarf E 2 א ْ م ,’tomorrow‘ אً ,’above’, ‘under‘ ق .is related to time or place א .’today‘ In these cases the khabar should precede the mubtada , .’there is a man in the room‘ א ْ .e.g is not a sentence). Here the א ْ Remember that) indefinite noun is the mubtada and the phrase is the khabar . Here is another example ‘I א ْ have a sister’ literally ‘there is sister for me’. Here the indefinite noun is the mubtada and the phrase is ’there is a pen under the table‘ א ْ ْ , the khabar is not a sentence). Here is the mubtada א ْ ْ ) and the zarf is the khabar . Another example is, ‘we have a car’ literally ‘there is a car with us’. are not , ق , Note, words like prepositions in Arabic. The prepositions, like , , , ق , are particles, but words like , , , are nouns which are declinable, e.g. , , F noun following one وand a majrur E , א א of these words is a mudaf ilaihi E F, e.g. .’under the bed‘ א – The mubtada may also be indefinite if it is an interrogative noun, like ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘how many’. These nouns are indefinite, e.g. ‘what is 63 The Sentence wrong with you?’; here is the mubtada and the prepositional phrase is the khabar . ‘who is sick?’, here is the mubtada and how many‘ ً א ْ . is the khabar students are there in the classroom?’, here is the is the א ْ mubtada and the prepositional phrase khabar .
There are some more situations where the mubtada can be and surely a“ ﴿ و ﴾ .indefinite, e.g believing slave is better than a man who associates (partners with Allah)” [2/21].
Note, the personal pronouns , , become , , when preceded with J or , e.g. , , . Also note that the dammah of is pronounced long if it is preceded by a short vowels, e.g. ( la-hu’ ), (ra’aitu-hu’ ). And it is short when preceded by a consonant This rule also applies to . و , .or a long vowels, e.g (hi), e.g. ( bi-hi ), but ( fi-hi ); this change is for vocalic harmony.
Also note that in case of the verb with the pronoun of the nd Eوperson masculine plural, like ‘you saw’, a waw F 2 has to be added between the verb and the pronoun, e.g. ‘you saw him’, ‘you saw them’, ‘you ,’saw her’, H ْ becomes ْ ‘you asked them .’H ْ becomes ْ ‘you killed them
64 The Sentence TTThe The OOOmissionOmission of the MMMubtada/theMubtada/the KKKhabarKhabarhabar:::: The mubtada or the khabar may be omitting, e.g. in one may say . This א reply to the question is the khabar and the mubtada has been omitted. The Similarly, in answer to the . א full sentence is question ‘who knows?’ one may say , which is the mubtada ; and the khabar has been omitted. The complete sentence is ‘I know’. :::FFFFא ْ אE ْ אTypes of the Khabar EEE ْ :F אThere are three types of the predicate/ khabar E ْ : F, jumla E F and shibhu jumla E F ْ دmufrad E 1 The mufrad khabar is a word, not a sentence, e.g. FF “the א ْ א ْ Allah is one’, EE‘ א و א believer is the mirror of the believer” [the Hadith].
2 The jumla E F is a sentence. It may be a nominal or a verbal sentence, e.g. ‘Hashim’s father is a trader’ literally, Hashim, his father is a trader. Here is the mubtada and nominal sentence is the khabar , and this sentence in turn, is made up of the mubtada E F and the א ;khabar E F. Here is another example what is the name of the doctor?’ literally it‘ א is א means, the doctor, what is his name? Here is א the mubtada , and the nominal sentence the‘ א د א ,the khabar . Another example is the mubtada and א students entered’. Here they entered’ is the‘ د א the verbal sentence 65 The Sentence and Allah‘ و א ,khabar . Another example is the mubtada , and the א created you’. Here verbal sentence ‘He created you’ is the khabar .
3 The shibhu jumlah E F, as we have already learnt, is either a prepositional phrase or zarf , e.g. is א ْ the praise belongs to Allah’. Here‘ א ْ F H אthe mubtada and the prepositional phrase E is the khabar , and it is in the place of raf F the house‘ א ْ ْ א ْ ,Eٍ ْ . Another example , is the mubtada א ْ is behind the mosque’. Here and the zarf ْ is the khabar . As a zarf, it is mansub , and as a khabar it is in the place of raf F . Eٍ ْ
As stated earlier, in a nominal sentence, the subject is usually a definite noun E F and the predicate is usually an indefinite E F, but if the subject is a pronoun, e.g. that is the book’, then the‘ ذ א ْ ,’I am Yousaf‘ In . א ْ predicate maybe a definite noun like and these cases if the predicate is indefinite the meaning is .’that is a book‘ ذ .different, e.g
F are אF and the predicate E א When both the subject E definite then an appropriate pronoun is frequently inserted between them. This insertion gives the benefit of emphasis on the mubtada and it brings the mubtada into focus, e.g. Allah is forgiving’ being a simple nominal‘ א Allah is indeed“ ﴿ א א ْ ﴾ sentence is changed to 66 The Sentence -those who reject faith‘ א ْ و ن ن ,[forgiving” [42/5 those“ ﴿ א ْ و ن א ن ﴾ they are the wrong doers’ to who reject faith-they are the wrong doers” [2/254]. the dwellers of paradise will be successful’ to‘ א ْ و ن It is the dwellers of paradise that“ ﴿ א ْ א ْ و ن ﴾ ﴿ א this is a truth’ to‘ א .[will be successful”. [59/20 Allah is‘ א .[this is indeed the truth” [8/32“ א ْ ﴾ Allah, He is“ ﴿ א א ْ ﴾ Ghani/Rich, free of all needs’ to א [al-Ghani/the Rich, free of all needs”. [the Quran Indeed You, You alone, is“ ﴿ א א א ْ ﴾ to the All Hear All Knowing”. [the Quran]
The 3rd person pronoun is inserted when the predicate is and my“ ﴿ و و ن ْ ً﴾ .comparative, e.g brother Haroon, he is far better in speech than I am” [the Quran]. This added pronoun is called the Pronoun of .F אSeparation E ْ
: It means ‘is not’. It is used in a nominal sentence to or א ْ אً א ْ .negate a statement, e.g the house is not new’. Note that is often‘ א ْ .F وprefixed to khabar and it is therefore majrur E
After the introduction of the mubtada is called “ismu ”F, and the khabar is called “khabaru laisa א laisa” E E F. The predicate of is in accusative case. The ً .feminine of is , e.g א ,’or ‘Amina is not sick the car is not old’. Note that in this example‘ א the sukun of has changed to kasrah because of the 67 The Sentence .(al) (laisat al sayaratu laisa tissayaratu) א ل following .’I am not an engineer‘ سٍ ,Another example F and אHere, the pronoun ‘ ’ (tu) is the ismu laisa E .is the khabru laisa E F سٍ
Examples from the Holy Quran:
K ﴿ “O Muhammad ٍ﴾ – (SAW) you are only one who reminds. You are not a dictator over them” [88/21-22]
It is not“ ﴿ א ْ ن א و א ْ ق و א ْ ﴾ – al-Birr (piety, righteousness and every act of obedience to Allah) that you turn your faces towards east and (or) west (in prayers)” [the Quran].
68 Lesson 111111 א س א د
SOME PARTICLES OF VARIOUS ORIGIN
::: م א א ––– للل
E with fathah prefixed to the mubtadaلIt is a lam F ﴿ و ْ א ْ ﴾ .F for the sake of emphasis , e.g אE “and indeed the remembrance of Allah is the greatest (thing in life)”. [29/43] This lam is not to be confused with the preposition which has a kasra , but takes a fathah when prefixed to a pronoun, e.g. , , , .
does not change the ending of the م א א The mubtada , e.g. ‘indeed your house is more also in this ن beautiful’. Now if we want to use E has to be shifted to theلsentence then the lam F khabar , as two particles of emphasis cannot come ن together in one place. So the sentence becomes (indeed your house is more beautiful). After its removal from its original position the lam is no longer א م F. It is now called م א אcalled lam al-ibtida E and ن the displaced lam ). A sentence with both) א .alone ل or ن the lam ) is more emphatic than with) ل verily your“ ﴿ ن א ﴾ :Here are some examples Ilah (God) is indeed one (i.e. Allah)”. [37/4]
69 Some Particles of Various Origin Indeed the frailest“ ﴿ و ن א و א ْ א ْ ﴾ (weakest) of the houses is the Spider’s house”. [29/41].
Verily/surely/indeed, the“ ﴿ ن א א א ْ ٍ﴾ harshest of all voices is the braying of the asses”. [31/19]
( (BBBBut)ut)ut)ut):::: .e.g , ن and it acts like ن It is one of the sisters of Hashim is hardworking but Zaid‘ و ز אً ن is lazy’. is also used without the shaddah i.e. (lakin) and, in this case it loses two of its characteristics: 1 It does not render the noun following it mansub , e.g. But the wrong“ ﴿ א ن א ْ م لٍ ٍ﴾ doers are today in manifest error”. [19/38]
﴿ و .It may also be used in verbal sentence, e.g 2 But they do not perceive”. [2/12] Both“ و ن ﴾ and are said to be used to rectify or amend the previous statement.
::: ن ن ن ن and so the noun following it , ن It is one of the sisters of ن א .means, ‘it looks as if’, e.g ن . is mansub ‘it looks as if the student is sick’ and .(you seem to be from India) א ْ ::: ن ن ن is used at the beginning of a nominal א ن The particle ن א ْ and ن א א .sentence, e.g . א ْ 70 Some Particles of Various Origi n is mansub i.e. in the ن Note that the noun after the ن accusation case. After the introduction of mubtada is no longer called mubtada , but is, instead, F and the khabr is called א نcalled ismu-inna E signifies emphasis. It can be ن .F نkhabaru-inna E translated as certainly ‘indeed’, ‘surely’, ‘no doubt’, ‘truly’ and ‘verily’. Remember the following:
1 If the mubtada has one dammah , it changes to one and ن א ْ س א س .e.g , ن fathah after . ن 2 If the mubtada has two dammah E F they change ن אً .to two fathah , e.g 3 If the mubtada is a pronoun, it changes to its corresponding mansub form, e.g. , L and L . .is frequently used with the attached pronouns, e.g ن L , etc. The above mentioned ن , , , , ,its sisters – א ن are equally applicable to ن rules of . , , , ن , ن which are ::: It is called one of the . ن This is also a particle like It signifies . ن Grammatically it acts like . ن sisters of ’the weather is fine‘ א ْ .hope or fear, e.g I hope the weather is fine/the weather maybe‘ א ْ
71 Some Particles of Various Origin א ْ س ’the teacher is sick‘ א ْ س fine’ and ‘I am afraid the teacher is sick’. : ﴿ .It is the most important particle of restriction, e.g ﴿ we are only mocking”. [2/14] and“ و ن ﴾ the obligatory alms are only for the“ א ْ א ﴾ poor”. [9/60].
means, ‘I am only a teacher’ i.e. I am a س H . This is called ن teacher and nothing else. is from ن i.e. the preventive ma , as it prevents , א ْ rendering the following noun mansub , e.g.
FF “actions are judged only by the א ل EE the word is used in verbal ن intentions”. Unlike .’sentences as well, e.g. ْ ‘he is only telling a lie :(TTTThat):hat) ) ن ن ن It is used always in the middle of the sentence preceding a noun in accusative case E F, e.g. Did you not know“ ﴿ ن א ﴾ is also ن [that Allah has power over all things”. [2/106 and that“ ﴿ و א ن ﴾ .attached to pronouns, e.g in a nominal ن and ن [they are to return to Him”. [2/46 sentence give it the meaning of the infinitive or the . אverbal noun E F ( (FromFrom Wherehere,,,, HHHowHowowow,,,, WWWhen):When): ﴿ ل .means ‘where? how? when?’, e.g
72 Some Particles of Various Origi n He said, O Maryam! Whence comes this to“ א﴾ you”. [3/37]
::: It denotes: ‘nay, nay rather, not so, on the contrary, Nay (behold) you“ ﴿ و ن א ْ א ﴾ .but’, e.g prefer the life of this word” [87/16]. is opposed to either a preceding affirmative or negative proposition, a ﴿ א ْ .command or a prohibition, e.g ;They say, our hearts are impermeably wrapped“ א ﴾ not so! Allah has cursed them for their unbelief”. [the Quran]
: ﴿ .It means ‘hypothetical or optative’, e.g [O would that I were mere dust”. [78/40“ א ﴾
73 Lesson 12111222 א س א
א ْ א ْ א ْ א ْ THE VERB ––– PERFECT TENSE
The Arabic verb has only three forms:
F. It denotes an action אThe perfect called madi E which was completed and finished at the indicated time, and is often referred to the past.
F. It refers to א א ْ عThe imperfect called mudare E both the present and the future time for an incomplete action that is either in progress or to be completed in the future.
F. It implies to an א ْ אThe imperative called amr E order/desire/wish/supplication.
F, i.e. it is א א ْ دThe Arabic verb is mostly triliteral E based on roots of three consonants, called radicals. Thus F א א the root meaning of a simple triliteral verb kataba) is ‘to write/writing’, and the literal) . א ْ E د meaning of is ‘he wrote’. This meaning is given by the three consonants i.e. H H – ktb , and it is a past perfect tense, third person masculine singular (abbreviate as III M 1) H –nsr , its rootن H ص = ,Similarly . و א meaning is ‘to help/helping’ and literally ‘he helped’, = H H – fth is ‘opening’ and literally ‘he opened’.
75 The Verb – Perfect Tense To indicate the pattern of a verb, the grammarians use three consonants of the verb (fa’ala) ‘to do or doing’ literally ‘he did’. In this the letter ‘ ’ represents the first radical, the .the third radical ’ل‘ represents the second radical and ’ع‘ Thus in the verb , is in place of radical, called א ْ called ع is in place of the middle radical , א ْ Follow the examples . م א ْ called ل and is in place of below:
א א م א ‘he wrote’ ض ’he struck‘ ن ص ’he helped‘ ‘he opened’ س م ع ’he heard‘ م ’he was noble‘ م س ’he thought‘ ض ع ’he was/became weak‘
F the first and א א א دIn a simple triliteral verb E the third (last) radicals are always ْ i.e. vowelled with , but the second or the middle radical is not constant. ْ It may be ْ (vowelled with fathah ) or vowelled with) م vowelled with kasra ) or) F א א دdammah ). Thus a simple triliteral verb E may be symbolized as follows:
–fa’ala (i.e. a-a-a) as (he helped), ‘he
76 The Verb – Perfect Tense he went‘ ج ,’wrote’, ‘he opened’, ‘he sat .’he came in or entered‘ د ,’out –fa’ila (i.e. a-i-a) as ‘he heard’, ‘he knew’, و ,’he became happy/was glad’, ‘he drank‘ ‘he inherited’, ‘he was pleased’, ‘he was afraid’.
–fa’ula (i.e. a-u-a) as ‘he was/has been honored’, ‘he was ugly’, ‘he was/became good or beautiful’, ‘he was/became far away’, ‘he was/became great’, ‘he became/was noble’, .’he was noble‘ م ,’he became/was weak‘
F א Note that in all the three patterns of triliteral verbs mentioned above, the first and the last radicals א دE . ْ remained unchanged. They are always maftuh
F, four radical verbs א א دApart from the triliteral E called (quadriliteral) are also in use. However, quadriliteral verbs are less common. The pattern for a four ز ْ ل ,’radical verbs is – fa’lala , e.g. ‘he translated .’he/it was removed‘ ز ,’he rolled‘ د ج ,’he/it shook‘
F without a subject אIt is a well known fact that a verb E F conveys no sense, e.g. ‘wrote’ in English, conveys אE no sense unless a personal pronoun/noun is added to it, e.g. ‘he wrote’, ‘I wrote’, ‘you wrote’, ‘she wrote’, ‘we wrote’, ‘they wrote’, ‘William wrote’, ‘Bilal wrote’, etc. In Arabic the relevant pronoun is a part of the verb, i.e. it has a built-in pronoun which becomes the subject of the verb,
77 The Verb – Perfect Tense she went’; the subject is‘ ذ he went’ and‘ ذ e.g. in said to be ‘damir mustatir’ (hidden pronoun). In this way, to the basic form of madi E F, suffixes are added to indicate different pronouns.
All simple verbs have three persons, i.e., the first person called (mutakallim) , e.g. ‘I wrote’, the second person called (hadir) , e.g. ‘you wrote’, and the third person called (ghaib) , e.g. ‘he wrote’, each of which may be masculine gender E F or feminine ,F و אE F. Each gender, in turn may be either singular E dual E F or plural E F. When a simple verb is conjugated into three persons, two genders and three numbers in the form of a table it is called conjugation F. In all, there دE F; this process is also called Isnad E are fourteen categories in a table, and each category is called sighah (form) as explained below; he went: The subject ‘he’ is a hidden pronoun – ذ .1 1 E F. This tense (III M ) forms the basis, and contains the root letters, called radicals.
two ( ♂) went: It is a masculine dual. The subject – ذ .2 is alif E F The alif .’و‘ they went ( ♂): The subject is waw – ذ א .3 after the waw is not pronounced (dahab-u).
She went: The subject is dhamir mustatir F – ذ .4 E . The ta ‘ ’ is the sign of its being feminine.
78 The Verb – Perfect Tense .two ( ♀) went: The subject is alif denoting dual – ذ .5
’ن‘ they went ( ♀): The subject is the nun – ذ .6 (dahab-na) .
’ ‘ you went (singular ♂): The subject is the ta – ذ .7 (dahab-ta) .
’ ‘ you (dual ♂) went: The subject is tuma– ذ .8 (dahab-tuma).
’ ‘ you went (plural ♂): The subject is tum – ذ .9 (daheb-tum) .
’ ‘ you went (singular ♀): The subject is ti – ذ .10 (daheb-ti) .
you (dual ♀) went: It is the same as for – ذ .11 masculine dual.
’ ‘ you went (plural ♀): The subject is tunna – ذ .12 (daheb-tunna) .
’ ‘ I went (singular ♂or ♀): The subject is tu – ذ .13 (daheb-tu).
we went (plural/dual ♂or ♀): The subject is na – ذ .14 ‘ ’ (daheb-na) and is applicable to both the genders.
For the method of conjugating a trilateral perfect simple :F, see Table 8 below א א ْ وverb Madi Maruf E
79 The Verb – Perfect Tense Table – 8
א ْ א ْ و ––– Conjugation of Madi Maruf (Trili(Triliteralteral Verb)
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL א 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon (((♂))) he did they did they did ْ 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon (((♀))) she did they did they did ْ ْ * ْ 222ndndnd PersPersoooonnnn (((♂))) you did you did you did ْ ْ * ْ 222ndndnd PersPersonononon (((♀))) you did you did you did # # ْ ْ ْ 111ststst PersPersonononon (((♂&&&♀))) I did we did we did
Note:
(1) *— 2nd Person masc. dual and fem. dual are identical. #— 1st Person dual ♂♀ and plural ♂♀ are identical.
(2) The second and third person masculine plural of any verb cover any group of men and women even though in a group of 100 women there is only one man, whereas the second and third person feminine plural only cover groups of women exclusively.
F is conjugated on אA quadrilateral perfect simple verb E the same pattern, as shown in Table 9.
80 The Verb – Perfect Tense Table – 9
א ْ א ْ و ––– Madi Maruf (((Quadril(QuadrilQuadriliiiiteralteral VerbVerb))))
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL
א 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon he translated they they (((♂))) translated translated
333rdrdrd PersPersonononon she they they (((♀))) translated translated translated * 222ndndnd PersPersonononon you you you (((♂))) translated translated translated * 222ndndnd PersPersonononon you you you (((♀))) translated translated translated # # # 111ststst PersPersonononon I translated we we (((♂&&&♀))) translated translated
Note: *— the 2nd Person ♂ and ♀ are identical. #— applicable to both the genders.
81 The Verb – Perfect Tense
THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FORMS OF MADI
(’literally ‘known - و ) The Active Form is called Maruf in which the subject E F is known, e.g. ‘He created’ Zaid‘ ز א ز ً ,’he visited‘ ز א ,’Allah created‘ א or visited the patient’. In these examples, ‘He’, ‘Allah’ and ‘Zaid’ are subjects of the verbs. The subject may be in the , ز א form of (hidden pronoun) as ‘he’ in and or it may be mentioned as an apparent noun as ‘Allah’ in . ز א ز and ‘Zaid’ in א
literally ل ) The Passive Form is called Majhul ‘unknown’) in which the subject E F is not known. It is formed on the pattern of ‘it was done’ by placing a Dammeh E F on the first letter and kasrah E F on the middle letter or on the second last letter in a verb having more than three letters, as exemplified below:
Active Verb EEE E FFFF Passive Verb EEE E FFFF ‘he wrote’ ‘It was written/prescribed’ ‘he drank’ ‘It was drunk’ ‘he translated’ ‘It was translated’ ‘he killed’ ‘he was killed’ ’he was entered‘ د ’he entered‘ د ’he/it was descended‘ ل ’he descended‘ ل ’he/it was shaken‘ ز ْ ل ’it/he shook‘ ز ْ ل 82 The Verb – Perfect Tense ‘he read’ ‘it was read’ ’he/it was removed‘ ز ’he removed‘ ز ‘he informed’ ‘he was informed’
The passive of the perfect i.e. Madi Majhul is formed according to the pattern and and conjugated in exactly the same manners as the Active of the perfect Madi , א , , .Maruf described in the tables 8 and 9, e.g .etc , ْ , ْ , ,
Negative of Perfect: To render a verb in the madi negative I went to‘ ذ א ْ .the particle (ma) is used, e.g I did not go to the‘ ذ א ْ ’the University the students did not‘ ج א א ْ ,’University Hamid entered but‘ د و ج ,’leave the class the lesson was not‘ א س ,’he did not come out written’.
All forms E F of the perfect can be converted into the negative form by prefixing . However, a question is to be O Bilal! did‘ א س ل .negated with (la) , e.g you write the lesson?’ the answer in negative is; א س .’No, I did not write the lesson‘ א س ‘O Hamid! did you understand the lesson?’ ‘No, I did not understand it?’.
The Difference between and : is used in reply to a positive question, and is used in reply to a negative ’?O Bilal! are you a student‘ ل .question, e.g 83 The Verb – Perfect Tense ٍ .’the answer is ‘yes, I am a student ‘are you not a Muslim?’ the answer is ‘Yes/of course, I am a Muslim’.
F: The particle (qad) isא ْ אThe Near Perfect E ْ prefixed to any sigha of the perfect tense to give it the F, e.g. (he has א אmeaning of near perfect E ْ ♂ they) א ,(done), (these two ♂ have done have done), etc.
The particle or when prefixed to a sigha of the perfect tense it also gives an emphasis and denotes د .F to the meaning of the verb, e.g אcertainty E ْ ,’the teacher has already entered the class‘ א ْ س א ْ ﴿ ْ ’the prayer has started/established‘ א Indeed, we (Allah) created man in“ א ن ْ ٍ﴾ certainly the‘ ذ א ,[the best state/mould”. [94/4 successful indeed are“ ﴿ ْ א ْ ن ﴾ ,’man has gone the believers”. [23/1]
is ن F: The wordא ْ אThe Distant Perfect E ْ prefixed to the perfect tense in order to change it into the he had‘ ن ذ ’he went‘ ذ .distant perfect, e.g gone’, ‘I am sick’ ً ‘I was sick yesterday’.
is also conjugated to correspond with the ن The word called ن sigha (form) concerned. The conjugation of (incomplete verb) is shown in Table 10 below:
84 The Verb – Perfect Tense Table – 10
א ْ א ْ ––– The Distant Perfect ((((’’’’he had observedobserved‘ ن ’he was or had‘ ن ن ن ))) SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL
א و א א ن 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon he had they had they had (((♂))) observed observed observed
ن 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon she had they had they had (((♀))) observed observed observed
222ndndnd PersPersonononon you had you had you had (((♂))) observed observed observed
222ndndnd PersPersonononon you had you had you had (((♀))) observed observed observed
111ststst PersPersonononon I had we had we had (((♂&&&♀))) observed observed observed
85 Lesson 13111333 א س א
א ْ א ْ THE VERBAL SENTENCE
We have already learnt that according to the construction, a sentence is of two kinds;
:FFFFא ْ א א ْ א א ْ אThe Nominal Sentence EEE E The nominal sentence consists of two parts, a subject and a predicate. The subject is either a noun or a pronoun, and the predicate is a noun, a verb or a sentence. The subject of a nominal sentence is called . א ْ and its predicate is called א ْ א :::FFFFא ْ א ْ א ْ א ْ א ْ א ْ אThe Verbal Sentence EEE E ْ The verbal sentence commences with a verb. The .F, e.g אsubject of a verbal sentence is called fa’il E ْ Zaid entered). It is a simple verbal sentence) د ز F of א is the subject E ز is a verb and د wherein the verb. The fa’il is always in the nominative case .The fa’il can be a pronoun also, e.g .( ع – marfu) د ْ , they entered’. The fa’il , in this case, is waw‘ د א ,’we entered‘ د ْ you entered’, the fa’il is ta and in‘ the fa’il is na and so on.
the students entered’, the verb‘ د א Note that in
87 The Verbal Sentence means ‘they د א has no waw at the end because د it means ‘they the د א א entered’; and if we say students entered’. This is not correct because there א cannot be two fa’ils for a verb. But we can say א which becomes a nominal sentence. Here د א . is the khabar د א is the mubtada and the sentence
The same rule applies to the third person feminine, e.g. So . א ْ د ْ the girls entered’ or‘ د א ْ remember this rule.
א د ْ א د א :The nominal sentence
د א د א :The verbal sentence
:::FFFFא ْ ْ א ْ ْ א ْ ْ ل ل ل لThe Object EEE E A verbal sentence may be complete only with a verb and a E F ز م F when the verb is intransitive אH ْ אsubject E ْ Bilal‘ ذ ل .which does not require a direct object, e.g the‘ א ْ ,’the women went‘ ذ א ,’went the students sat down’. But if‘ א ,’child laughed the verb pertains to the category of transitive form then the verb requires an object to convey complete sense of the verbal sentence. So in this case, the normal sequence of a verbal sentence is, verb + subject + object H H F . ْ لE
88 The Verbal Sentence Examples: ل (((o(ooobject)bject) (((s(sssubject)ubject) (v(v(verb)(v erb) א א ن .Allah created the human being א ً .”Allah sets forth the parable“ و د אو و د .”And David slew Goliath“ و א E F א אً ”They (both) found there a wall“ They (both) met a young man”. ً E F“ و א E F א س They bewitched the eyes of the“ people”. E F א ن .”He (Allah) created man“ א א و د Indeed lost are those who have“ killed their children”. و و ن د אو و د And Soleman inherited“ David”. א ْ א .The child broke the pen ل א ْ .The boy asked his mother F عNote that the fa’il (subject) is in nominative case E and the maful (object) is in accusative case E F. Also F is ْ ل note that in the last example the maful bihi E umm E F, and so it takes the a-ending, and the pronoun hu ‘ ’ is not part of it (umma-hu) . Here are some more examples of this kind:
F. Here is سI saw your horse’ E H ‘ – F and لis the object E س verb+ subject ‘I saw’ and is a possessive pronoun E F ‘your horse’ which is a relative phrase E L F.
89 The Verbal Sentence .the student read his book’ H E F‘ א א – F can be a ْ ل Also remember that the maful bihi E I met Hamid and asked‘ אً و ْ .pronoun, e.g is the אً him’, here is verb+ subject and +object, and in the second sentence ْ is verb subject and the pronoun ‘ ’ is the object.
F of tanwin is followed by a kasra E F if the نThe nun E , F אnext word commences with hamzat al-wasl E ْ e.g. is read as (shariba ن א ْ א ْ Hamid-u-nil-maa) . Here if kasra is not added it becomes difficult to pronounce the letter combinational. This is combination of two vowelless) א ْ א called letters). Whenever such a combination occurs, it is removed by inserting kasrah between them. Here are some more examples;
– is read as, sa’ala Bilal-u-n-i-bna-hu ل ل ن ل ل א . א is read as, sami-a Zaid-u-n-i-ladhan ز א ذ אن – . ز ن א ذ אن
The (vowelless) word is also changed by a kasra if the‘ ذ א ْ .E , e.gאلthe next word commences with al F . ذ א ْ girls went’ becomes
As stated earlier, the usual sequence of a verbal sentence is א .object), e.g) ل + (verb) + (subject) Allah has helped the slave’. Similarly ‘I saw‘ א ْ him’.
90 The Verbal Sentence The subject E F in its original form is always in the F is in the ْ لnominative case E ْ F and the object E accusative case E F. However, this sequence is altered when the subject or the object needs emphasis or it is to be focused. Such changes can be as follows: – Sometimes the object follows the verb in the form of a pronoun and the subject comes after the object, e.g. they said: if a wolf devours him“ ﴿ א א ﴾ ,F אYaqub υ)” [12/14]. In this verse, is a verb E ) F which followed the verb in the א ْ لis the object E ’ ‘ is the subject א form of an attached pronoun and ,F. So ْ ل F which has followed the object E אE here the sequence is: verb+object+subject and the stress is on the object ‘ ’ (referring to Yaqub υ).
When death“ ﴿ ذ א ْ ﴾ :Another example – approached Yaqub (υ)” [2/133]. The sequence in this .F + subject E F لverse is: verb E F + object E In this verse the object followed the verb in the form of .and the subject came afterwards , א a proper noun Here again the stress is on the object i.e. Yaqub (υ).
– Sometimes the object precedes both the verb and the subject, e.g. “You (alone) we worship” [the Quran] ( is the object and is verb + subject). In this verse also the stress and focus is on the ‘object’ that we worship no other but Thee (Allah) and Thee alone. and You (Allah alone) we ask“ و ,Similarly for help (for each and everything)”. [the Quran].
91 The Verbal Sentence Ordinarily, the usual sentence would be ‘we and we ask for‘ و worship Thee (Allah)’ and Thy (Allah’s) help’.
The difference between the verbal and the nominal sentences is that the verbal sentence relates to an act or event whereas the nominal sentence gives a description of F into אa person or a thing, and it brings the subject E focus, and often lays emphasis on the subject. A verbal sentence can be changed into a nominal one, e.g.
Allah created the universe’. This is a verbal‘ א ن א ْ sentence narrating a simple fact. However, if the emphasis is to be laid on the subject that no one else but Allah alone has created the universe, then a nominal sentence is used, e.g.
.’literally, ‘Allah, He created the Universe‘ ن א ْ א More examples of the verbal sentence and nominal sentence are given below for comparison.
’the two boys sat before the teacher‘ م אن א ْ א – אن א ْ م א ْ ’the Muslims helped their brothers‘ א ن א ْ – ن א ْ א و א
’the boys drank the milk‘ א د و א – د و א א א
’the travelers ate the food‘ ن و א ْ א م – ن و א ْ א א م 92 The Verbal Sentence ’the two girls returned from the school‘ ن א ْ א – ن ْא א ْ
א ْ א – ’the Principal called the students‘ א א ْ
ً – ’I wrote a letter to my brother‘ ً
אً – ’Did you beat Hamid‘ אً
א א ْ א ْ – the students‘ א א א ْ א ْ returned to the school after the vacation’
א س א ْم – the people listened to the‘ א س א א ْم speaker’s address’
93 Lesson 14111444 א س א א
א ْ א ْ ع THE IMPERFECT TENSE The Arabic verb has only three forms. These are:
.F אThe Past Tense which is called the madi E ْ The Present-Future Tense, which is called the mudare .F א ْ عE .F אThe Imperative, which is called the amr E We have already learnt about the madi . In this lesson we F will be אF, and the amr E א ْ عshall learn the mudare E learnt later.
The mudare is an imperfect verb which denotes an action which is still incomplete or was incomplete at the stated or implied time. It includes both the present and the future ,tenses, e.g. ْ may mean any of the following; ‘he writes he is writing or he will write’. The mudare also has Active .F א ْ ع א ْ لF and Passive forms E א ْ ع א و E F א ْ is derived from the trilateral verb א ع א و :by the following methods א ْ و دE For the mudare one of the four indicative letters, called is prefixed with fathah to the simple verb , א ْ ع .F نE نKאThese indicators are K K . א ْ 95 The Imperfect Tense The first letter (radical fa) of all the forms E F is made sakin , e.g. the madi means ‘he wrote’ and the . (radical fa in this verb is which is to become ْ (sakin The last radical i.e. radical lam is to be given a dammah . In this example, the radical lam is , which is to become . F the vowel can be אAs for the middle radical E ْ fath E F, kasrah E F or dammah E F. As a general rule if the middle radical of the madi has of א ْ kasrah , its corresponding middle letter mudare is with fath E F, e.g. – The mudare of ‘he drank’ is ‘he drinks, he is drinking or he will drink’, , and and ْ . However, is an , exception; its mudare is . This exceptional pattern is rarely used.
If the middle letter in the madi has dammah on it, the corresponding middle radical in the mudare is also with dammah , e.g. ‘he becomes weak/old or and ْ م م ,’he will become weak/old and . But if the second radical in the madi in the mudare א has fath then the corresponding may be fatha , kasrah or dammah . There is no definite pattern to determine this vowel. It comes through practice or with consultation of dictionary, e.g. . and and ْ
96 The Imperfect Tense To sum up; if the middle letter of the perfect has dammah the middle letter of the imperfect is likewise. If the middle letter of the perfect has a kasrah then the middle radical of the imperfect is fathah . However, is an exception; its imperfect is . But if the middle letter of the perfect has a fathah then vowel of the middle radical of the imperfect can only be determined through practice or by consulting dictionary.
نKאF – K K א ْ عAs for the indicatives of imperfect E these are prefixed as follows:
‘ ’ is prefixed to the third person form of imperfect F, e.g. ْ ‘he writes, he is writing or عtense E he will write’.
‘ ’ precedes the second person form of imperfect tense F, e.g. ْ ‘you write, you are writing or ع E you will write’.
precedes the first person singular form of the’ א ‘ F, e.g. ْ ‘I write, I ع و אimperfect tense E am writing or I shall write’.
precedes the first person plural form of the ’ ن ‘ ,F, e.g. ْ ‘we write عimperfect tense E we are writing or we shall write’.
The pattern of dual and plural form of imperfect is as follows: 97 The Imperfect Tense F ع is added to the imperfect singular א ن For the dual the two ♂ write/are‘ ْ ن e.g. the dual of ْ is , وאE ن at the end is called ’ن‘ writing/will write). The . א .is added to imperfect singular ♂, e.g و ن ,For the plural they ♂ write/are writing/will‘ ْ ن the plural of ْ is . ن א at the end is called ’ ن ‘ write’. The For the second person feminine singular is added to the second person imperfect masculine singular, e.g. you ♂ write/are writing/will write’ to ْ ‘you‘ ْ at the ’ ن ‘ singular write/are writing/will write’. The ♀ . ن א end is called is ’ ن ‘ For the second and third person feminine plural /added at the end, e.g. ْ ‘they ♀ write/are writing /will write’, and ْ ‘you ♀ plural write/are writing ن in both the cases is called ’ ن ‘ will write’. The .(pronoun noon) ن ٍ feminine noon) or)
For the method of conjugating mudare maruf, see Tables 11 and 12 below:
Table – 11 FFF ع وBasic form of Conjugating Mudare MaMarrurrufuufff EEE SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
ن وK لK عK K ن אKلK عK K لK عK K (((♂))) 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon * نK لK عK K ن אKلK عK K لK عK K (((♀))) 98 The Imperfect Tense 222ndndnd PersPersonononon * ن وK لK عK K ن אKلK عK K لK عK K (((♂))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
نK لK عK K ن אKلK عK K K لK عK K (((♀))) 111ststst PersPersonononon # # لK عK K ن لK عK K ن لK عK K (((♀&&&♂)))
Note: *— they are identical. #— they are identical. . ن א the seven underlined noon are — ن ن or ن the two double underlined noon are — ن is dropped while ن א In certain conditions) . ٍ .(always stays. This you will learn later ن
Table – 12 ع و ––– Conjugation of Mudare Maruf (to help ––– ))) SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL rdrdrd و ن אن PersPersonononon 333 (((♂))) He helps they help they help rdrdrd ن אن PersPersonononon 333 (((♀))) She helps they help they help ndndnd و ن אن PersPersonononon 222 (((♂))) you help you help you help ndndnd ن אن PersPersonononon 222 (((♀))) you help you help you help ststst 111 PersPersonononon (((♂&&&♀))) I help we help We help 99 The Imperfect Tense Note: maintains א Remember that the middle radical ’ ص ‘ it vowel mark in all the forms, e.g. in the F has dammah and it stays as such in all the אE is ’ م ‘ form ( sighas ). In the middle radical with which holds its mark in all the forms. And in the middle radical is ‘ ’ which maintains its jarr mark in all the forms of conjugation.
Exercise: Conjugate the following verbs: ’root meaning: ‘to write ْ ’to go‘ ذ ‘to strike’ ’to open‘ ْ
100 The Imperfect Tense
א א א א א א د د د SIX GROUPS OF TRILITERAL VERBS
According to the vowel of the second radical, verbs are classified in six groups. Each of these groups is called bab א א – gateway) in Arabic, and its plural is abwab) (gateways). These groups are as follows:
a-a group: ْ referred to in Arabic dictionary as ‘ ’ or ‘ ’_ fathah E F. Any verb indicating ‘ ’ or ‘ ’_ in front of it indicates that the verb belongs to the category of ْ or its second radical is with fath .means that its mudare is , i.e ذ e.g. E_FE F , _’ ‘ . ْ the second radical is .or ‘ –’, e.g ’ض‘ a-i group: , referred to as . or ‘ –’ means ’ض‘ .or ‘ ’_ , e.g ’س‘ i-a group: , referred to as or ‘ ’_ means the mudare of is from bab ’س‘ . ْ .E F , i.e .or ‘ ’_ , e.g ’ن‘ a-u group: , referred to as or ‘ ’_ in front of it in a dictionary means ’ن‘ with that the mudare of is . .referred to as ‘ ’ or ‘ ’_ , e.g , ْ م → م :u-u group ‘to approach, come near’ with ‘ ’ or ‘ ’_ indicates . ْ that the mudare of is 101 The Imperfect Tense i-i group: is referred to as ‘ ’ or ‘ –’, e.g. is و with ‘ ’ or ‘ –’ indicates that the mudare of و ‘to inherit’. Note: That the verbs related to the first four groups are is less ْ م م commonly used, the fifth group common, and the sixth group is rarely used.
FFFF::: It is made on the pattern ع ل ع لE ع لImperfect Passive EEE .of ْ – ‘yufalu’, e.g
Active VVerberberberb Passive Verb ‘he hears’ ‘he is heard’ ’he kills’ ْ ‘he is killed‘ ْ ’he/it opens’ ْ ‘it is opened‘ ْ ’he reads’ ْ ‘it is read‘ ْ ’he accepts’ ْ ‘he/it is accepted‘ ْ ’it is visited‘ א ’he visits‘ و
Negative of the Imperfect: The negative particle used with the mudare is ‘ ’, e.g.
.’I don’t understand the lesson‘ ْ א س – .’he doesn’t drink coffee‘ א ْ – .’they don’t go to the market‘ ن א ق –
Mudare –––the–the PPPresent/Present/resent/FFFFutureuture TTTense:Tense: As explained earlier that denotes both the present and the future א ع the imperfect tenses, e.g. can mean ‘he goes’ or ‘he will go’. However, if the meaning is required to be confined to the
102 The Imperfect Tense present or the future tense only then the following change is effected: – For confining the meaning of mudare to the present is prefixed to it, e.g. means ‘he ’ ل ‘ tense only goes’, ْ means ‘he does’, means ‘he drinks water’. – For confining the meaning of mudare to the future tense is ’س‘ . or ‘ ’ is prefixed to mudare ’ س ‘ only prefixed for near future and is prefixed for distant future. However, the term ‘near’ or ‘distant’ future is not added in translation for both the terms pertain to the future tense, e.g. ‘he knows or will know’ or means ‘he will know’, ْ ‘he writes or will ,’write’ ْ or ْ means ‘he will write means ‘’you ن means ‘he will say’ and ل (plural) will know.
103 The Imperfect Tense
א ْ MOODS OF VERB
It has been mentioned earlier that Arabic verbs have three forms i.e. the madi , the mudare and the amr . The madi and the amr are mabni E F, hence they do not undergo any change. But the mudare is murab E F, and it undergoes changes to indicate its functions in the sentences. Just as the noun has three cases i.e. marfu (nominative), mansub (accusative) and majrur (genitive), the mudare also has three case endings, which are called ‘moods’ in English. These are marfu , mansub and majzum ‘jussive’ (vowelless or sakun ). However, the mudare is mabni to the pronoun of second and third person feminine plural. Remember that ’ and the verb never has ‘J _’ ‘ م the noun never has as its case-ending.
The following particles are some of the important nasibatul mudare), which change the mood and) א ْ ع application of a mudare :
Mudare with (lan) : When lan E F is prefixed to a mudare it brings about the following four changes in : ع the meaning and structure of the 1 It changes its meaning into the negative form with emphasis, i.e. instead of no/not, it becomes ‘never’.
104 The Imperfect Tense changes into futuristic ع The meaning of the 2 tense, e.g. ‘he will never strike’, I shall never drink wine’, ‘you will‘ א ْ we shall“ ﴿ مٍ و א ﴾ ,’never believe never endure one kind of food”. [2/61]
, ع It brings fathah ‘ ’_ on the last consonant of 3 i.e. makes it mansub E F, e.g. and and → . Lan is א ع All particles of . א ْ ع called change the imperfect into accusative case.
4 The nun of Irab is removed/elided in all the cases of ن and א ن .e.g , א ْ ع . و א و ن and א
F refer back to the note at the ن א For the noon irabi E end of Table 11.
with see Table 13 below. The ع For conjugation of mudare with other particles of also follow the same pattern.
Table – 13 Conjugation of Mudare with
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon * * و א א (((♂))) 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon * ن א (((♀)))
105 The Imperfect Tense 222ndndnd PersPersonononon * * و א א (((♂))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon * ن א (((♀))) 111ststst PersPersonononon
(((♂&&&♀)))
Note: *— In these forms the sign of the verb being marfu is the presence of the nun and that of being mansub is the omission of this nun . ﴿ ن .an) : It means ‘that’, e.g) אن Mudare with .”I have been ordered that I worship Allah“ א ﴾ ,’?what do you want to drink‘ ذ א ن ,[13/36] we want to sit here’ literally, ‘we want‘ ن that we sit here’.
It means .( نMudare with (alla) : , (made up of H ﴿ ن و א ْ ْ .may not/shall not/lest/etc.’, e.g‘ א ْ א א و و ن و א א ْ و ً ذ א د ﴾ “And if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly with the orphan girls then marry (other). Women of your choice, two or three or four; but if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one or (slaves) that your right hands possess. That will be more suitable to prevent you from doing ﴿ ن ل א א ْ ﴾ ,[injustice”. [4/3
106 The Imperfect Tense “proper it is for me that I say nothing concerning Allah but the truth”. [7/105].
It means ‘so that, in order . م א :’ ل ‘ Mudare with د س א א ْ ْ א ْ ن - ْ ْ .to/ that’, e.g א ,’I study Arabic in order to understand Quran‘ ‘Allah has created us so that we may worship Him’.
.i.e ’ ل ‘ Mudare with : It has the same meaning as I‘ ذ א ْ א .so that, in order to’, e.g‘ went to the mosque in order to worship Allah’. א ذאً .It means ‘then’, e.g : ذאً Mudare with ‘work hard then you will succeed’.
א .Mudare with : It means ‘until’, e.g ﴿ ;you sit here till I return’, another example‘ until He distinguishes the“ א ْ א ﴾ wicked from the good” [3/179], another example from until the“ ﴿ א ْ א ْ ط ﴾ the Quran camel goes through the eye of the needle (which is impossible)” [7/40].
FFFF::: Thereא ْ عא ْ ع א ْ و مE א ْ و مThe JuJuJussive Ju ssive Mood of the MuMuMud Mu dddareare EEE which when ز א ْ ع are certain particles, called prefixed to a mudare they change the final radical of mudare from dammah to Sukun , i.e. make the mudare vowelless; otherwise, the pattern of conjugation remains ز Some of the important . א ْ ع the same as for :are א ْ ع
107 The Imperfect Tense (lam): When lam is prefixed to a mudare it brings the following changes:
1 The meaning of mudare is changed into a negative past tense form with emphasis. and are the most common particles of the negative command.
F becomes mudare ع عThe mudare marfu E 2 F, i.e. the dammah at the end ع و مmajzum E E F which makes م of mudare is replaced by a jazm it sakin .
F is removed or elided from ن א The nun Irabi E 3 :examples , ع the – ‘he does not go’ ‘he did not go or he never went’.
Did you write on the‘ א ز – board, O Zaid?’ ْ ‘I did not write’. A simple answer to this question may be ‘I did not write’ but ْ is an emphatic answer.
they‘ א ’they do not believe‘ ن – did not believe’.
’they do not/will not drink coffee‘ ن א ْ – .’they did not drink coffee‘ א א ْ We have given that“ ﴿ ﴾ – name to none before (him)”. [19/7]
.with see Table 14 ع For conjugation of
108 The Imperfect Tense Table – 14 Mudare with
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
א (((♂))) 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon * o # (((♀))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon * o א (((♂))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon o # (((♀))) 111ststst PersPersonononon
(((♂&&&♀)))
Note:
*— They are always the same. o— These are always the same. # stays without change in all the ن or ن א — conditions and all the seven nun Irabi are elided.
he has not yet‘ א ْ .Not yet’: , e.g‘ ﴿ و א ْ ن ﴾ ,’gone to the university “and faith has not yet entered your hearts”. [49/14], .’the train has not yet arrived‘ א ْ Note: A sakin (vowelless) letter is changed to kasra as in ,’ אل‘ when followed by a definite article . א ْ and א ْ ن
109 The Imperfect Tense ‘do not’: means ‘do not’ i.e. with prohibition, e.g. do not ever tell‘ ْ אً ,’do not sit here‘ ﴿ א ,’do not drink wine‘ א א ْ ,’lie [do not enter by one gate”. [the Quran“ و א ﴾ ,’Lam of command means ‘should/ought to : م א – لٍ every student‘ א ْ ً .e.g ﴿ و ْ ْ ,(should sit in the class quietly and let every person look to what he has sent“ ﴾ forth for the morrow”. [59/18]
becomes sakin when joined with an other م א :Note و ْ ْ ْ consonant as in the case so‘ ْ ج و א א ْ ج :another examples let everyone leave the room, or everyone should leave the room’.
In addition there are a number of ‘conditional particles’ F which make the mudare majzum . In a و א و طE א and א ط conditional sentence, both the answer of the condition) are) א א ط or א ط majzum . Some of the conditional particles are mentioned below: ن ,’if you go I will go‘ ن ذ .if), e.g) ن 1 ‘if you drink juice I will drink’. For ﴿ .e.g , ن is also prefixed to ل ,emphasis If you give thanks (by accepting Faith and“ ز ﴾ worshiping none but Allah) I will give you more (of my blessing)”. [14/7]
110 The Imperfect Tense 2 (who, whom, whoever), e.g. ﴿ ,’whoever works hard/struggles succeeds‘ whosoever works evil, will have the“ אً ﴾ he who‘ ْ م ,[recompense thereof”. [4/123 turns lazy will regret’.
whatever), e.g. ْ ْ ‘whatever you do I) 3 will do’.
ذ .or (where, wherever), e.g 4 ﴿ א ْ א ْ ﴾ ,’where you go I go‘ “wherever you maybe, death will overtake you”. [4/78]
::::at the EndEnd ’ ن ن ن ‘ and ’ ن ن ن ‘ with א ع The Energetic Mood of (the nun of emphasis) ن א The energetic nun , called is of two kinds:
One with a single nun , e.g. ْ ‘I will write’. This is light nun of emphasis). This) ن א א ْ called . Eنis less frequently used than nun thaqilah F One with a double nun , e.g. ْ ‘I will definitely weighty nun of) ن א א write’. This is called emphasis). This nun signifies emphasis and convert the mudare into the future tense only. It is used only with the mudare and the amr , not with the madi . This nun is suffixed to the mudare marfu as follows:
In the four forms ْ , ْ , ْ , ْ the final 1 dammah is replaced with a fathah . So ْ becomes yaktub-a-nna) . The same pattern is formed) ْ with the other three forms.
111 The Imperfect Tense ْ , ْ ن , ْ ن ,In the following three forms 2 E or ya F E areوthe final nun along with the waw F , ن and adding ْ ن from ن dropped. After omitting . ْ becomes ْ ن we get ْ . In the same way As a rule, long vowel is not followed by a vowelless letter in Arabic, the long u’ is therefore shortened. become ْ and ْ . Note ْ ن and ْ ن So that the difference between the singular ْ and –plural ْ is the –a– in the first case and the –u in the second. The second person feminine singular becomes ْ . Here also the long vowel ْ is followed by a vowelless letter, which is . ْ shortened. The result is , ْ ن become ْ ن , ْ ن The two dual forms 3 Note that the nun in dual form takes kasra . ْ ن instead of fatha .
The two feminine plural forms ْ , ْ become 4 Note that an alif is added between . ْ ن , ْ ن the nun of the pronoun and the nun of emphasis.
For mudare majzum and the amr , the process is the same as in mudare marfu except that the nun in the five forms is already omitted in these forms, e.g.
א .2 .1 א ْ ن א ْ .4 א ْ א ْ .3 א ْ א ْ .6 א ْ ْ א .5 א ْ ن א ْ .7
112 The Imperfect Tense ن lam of emphasis) is prefixed and ) ل א When is suffixed to a mudare , it strengthens the emphasis א in the meaning of the mudare and confines the meaning to future tense only, e.g. ‘indeed he will definitely go’. The use of lam is compulsory in the mudare if it is a Jawab By Allah! I‘ و א א س .F, e.g א אal Qasam E ْ is jawab א will memorize the lesson’. Here the mudare ,F. There are و אal-qasam as it is preceded by the qasam E however, three conditions for its use in the jawab al-qasam , these are:
The verb should be affirmative as in the above example. nun) is used with a) ’ن‘ lam) nor the) ’ل‘ Neither the .’By Allah! I will not go‘ و א א ذ .negative verb, e.g The verb should be in future tense. If it is a present و א .tense then only lam is used, not the nun , e.g .’By Allah! I consider you truthful‘ د ً means ‘By Allah! I will help و א Note that .’means ‘I am helping you و א you’ and The lam should be attached to the verb. If it is attached to a word other than the verb, the nun cannot be used, By Allah! to the mosque I will‘ و א א ْ ذ .e.g go’. Here the lam is attached to . But if it is attached و א ذ .to the verb, then the nun has to be used, e.g By‘ و א ز و ,Here is another example . א ْ Allah! I will visit you’.
’ل‘ suffixed and ’ن‘ For conjugation of the mudare with prefixed, see Table 15. 113 The Imperfect Tense Table – 15 لHللل نHHH ن ن ن Mudare with
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
ْ ْ ن ْ (((♂))) 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon * # ْ ْ ن ْ ن ْ (((♀))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon * # ْ ْ ن ْ (((♂))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
ْ ْ ن ْ ن ْ (((♀))) 111ststst PersPersonononon
ْ ْ ْ (((♀&&&♂)))
Note: The verbs marked * are identical and the verbs marked # are identical.
is prefixed to a mudare it ن When ::: ن ن ن Mudare with ن .converts its meaning into the past continuous, e.g ,’two ♂ used to write‘ ْ ن ,’he used to write‘ ْ they ♂ used to write’, ْ ‘she used to‘ א ْ ن ♀ two ♀ used to write’, ْ ‘they‘ ْ ن ,’write ْ ,’used to write’, ْ ‘you ♂ used to write ْ ,’I used to write‘ א ْ ,’you ♀ used to write‘ ‘we used to write’.
114 Lesson 15111555 א س א
א THE IMPERATIVE TENSE
F is the third form of the verb which אThe imperative E signifies a command, request or supplication like ‘do, sit, write, go, get up, get out, etc.’. The amr is formed from the mudare as explained below:
In some cases the amr is formed simply by omitting the .F and the final ‘-u’, e.g א ْ عpronominal prefix E the mudare is changed to the amr by dropping ,F א عthe ya F E which is the pronominal prefix E and changing the final dammah on dal to sukun i.e. making it vowelless. So from the amr is ‘ja’hid’ means ‘struggle hard’. Similarly, the amr from is ‘convey’, ‘fight’, ‘he promises’ ‘promise’, and the imperative from ‘he sells’ is ‘sell’ (the weak ya as the middle radical is dropped in this case).
the verb , א ع In some cases, after dropping the commences with a sakin letter i.e. vowelless, which cannot be pronounced in Arabic. To overcome this is prefixed to the verb. This א ْ limitation, a hamzah takes dammah if the second radical of the
115 The Imperative Tense mudare has a dammah , otherwise it takes a kasrah , e.g. in ْ the first radical ‘ْ ’ becomes sakin after dropping ya . Therefore, in this case hamzat ul wasl is prefixed to amr with dammah as the middle radical ta of the imperfect has a dammah . So the amr from ْ is א ,’write ♂’, ‘help‘ ْ א د ,’get out‘ ج ج ,’prostrate in prayer‘ ْ ,’kill’, ْ ‘eat‘ א ْ ْ ,’enter/get in‘ ‘hold/ take’. In the last two examples, the hamzah sakin , which is the first radical of the imperfect verb, is also dropped.
,’beat‘ א The amr from the imperfect verb is א ْ ْ ,’wash‘ א ْ ,’sit‘ א ,’open‘ א ْ ْ ,’listen‘ א ,’do‘ א ,’understand‘ א ْ ْ ,’drink‘ א א ْ ,’ride‘ א ,’work/ perform‘ ‘re-member/retain’.
In case of the weak verb E F no alif is prefixed to the he said’, is‘ ( ل for) ل imperative, e.g. the imperfect from and the imperative is (say). The weak letter waw is ل F א ْ dropped because of the last two letters being sakin for ) ‘he) ع Similarly, the imperfect from . א E sold’ is ‘he sells’, and its imperative is ‘sell’. Here again the two sakin letters have come together; so the weak letter ya is dropped. is a mudare which means ‘you ♂ offer your salah ’ is the amr ‘offer your salah’ or ‘you ♀ offer you salah’ .
116 The Imperative Tense As for the conjugation of imperative verb, it has only six forms as shown in Table 16 below:
Table 16 و و ––– The Imperative 2nd Person ♀ 222 ndndnd Person ♂ و א و א א א Sit (to one ♀) Sit (to one ♂) Singular א א Sit (two of you ♀) Sit (two of you ♂) Dual א א א Sit (all of you ♀) Sit (all of you ♂) Plural و א و א א ْ א ْ Write (to one ♀) Write (to one ♂) Singular א ْ א ْ Write (2 of you ♀) Write (2 of you ♂) Dual א ْ א א ْ Write (all of you ♀) Write (all of you ♂) Plural و א و א Say (to one ♀) Say (to one ♂) Singular Say (two of you ♀) Say (two of you ♂) Dual א ْ Say (all of you ♀) Say (all of you ♂) Plural
Although in a classic sense of the term a command or an order is given to the second person, however, an order or a command for the third person and first person is also
117 The Imperative Tense rd st Imperative 3 and 1 person). For) و termed as li) is prefixed to the active or passive form of) ’ ل ‘ ,this mudare , e.g.
– ‘he goes/will go’ ‘he should go’ ’he writes/will write’ ْ ‘he should write‘ ْ – I should write‘ ْ אً ’I write/will write‘ א ْ – immediately’ – ‘he is helped’ ‘he should be helped’
lam ul amr), which becomes) م א E is calledلThis lam F ’sakin when prefixed to a letter, e.g. ْ ‘he should write ﴿ و ْ ْ ﴾ ,’and he should write‘ و ْ ْ “and let every person look to what he has sent forth for the morrow”. [59/18]
F is formed by the second אThe negative imperative E go’ ‘don’t‘ א ذ .person, preceded by ‘ ’, e.g ’get out‘ א ج ,’sit’ ‘don’t sit here‘ א ,’go don’t go out of the class’. This la F E is‘ ج א ْ the prohibitive ), which should not be) א called the negative ). Note the) א confused with differences mentioned below:
’you write, you are writing, you will write‘ ْ – .’you are not writing, you will not be writing‘ ْ – .(negative) א This is don’t write on the board’. This is‘ ْ א – .(prohibitive) א .(don’t sit on the way’ (prohibitive‘ א א – 118 The Imperative Tense .(don’t worship the Satin’ (prohibitive‘ א ن – Note that in this example the 3rd radical has kasrah due . א א to
to the other pronouns of the א The conjugation of second person are given below:
– ‘O Hamid! Don’t sit here’. O Ahmad and Aisha! Don’t‘ و – sit here’. .’O students! Don’t sit here‘ א – – ‘O Amina! Don’t sit here’. – ‘O girls! Don’t sit here’.
Examples from the Quran:
so, We said: strike the stone“ ﴿ ْ א א ْ ﴾ – with your stick”. [2/60]
﴿ א א א א و א و א و א و א و א ْ א א – ,O you who have believed! Bow down“ ْ ن ﴾ and prostrate yourselves, and worship your Lord and do good that you may be successful”. [22/77]
O“ ﴿ א ْ و א و א א א ﴾ – Mary! Submit yourself with obedience to your Lord (Allah, by worshiping none but Him Alone) and prostrate yourself, and bow down along with Ar-Rakiun (those who bow down)”. [3/43]
O my father! Worship not“ ﴿ א ن ﴾ – Satan”. [19/44]
119 The Imperative Tense So invoke not“ ﴿ ع א ً ن א ْ ﴾ – with Allah another ilah (god) lest you should be among those who receive punishment”. [26/213]
And say not of“ ﴿ و א ْ א א ﴾ – those who are killed in the way of Allah, they are dead”. [2/154]
And“ ﴿ אً و ﴾ – never (O Muhammad ε) pray (funeral prayer) for any of them (hypocrites) who dies, nor stand at his grave”. [9/84]
120 Lesson 16111666 א س א دس
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM----IIII We have learnt in lesson 12 that most of the Arabic verbs are made up of three letters which are called radicals, e.g. F א These are termed as thulathi verbs . .and form the roots of most of the other verbs , א E However, there are certain verbs of four radicals, called ’he shook (it) violently‘ ز ْ ل .F, e.g א אrubai verbs E ’he translated‘ ,’ א א א :he said‘ which are less common. As for the mujarrad verbs (thalathi and rubai) no extra letters can be added to them to modify the meanings of these verbs. So the thalathi mujarrad , are , لKلKعand rubai mujarrad based on K لKعfound on K the original forms of verb. Apart from the original form, there is a Derived Verbal Form which is called (mazid fihi) . In this lesson we will learn about the Derived Forms of the Verbs.
The derived verbs are made up from the triliteral and quadrilateral verbal form by the addition of prefixes, suffixes and infixes. Through these modifications the vari- ation in the shade of meaning is determined. Each of these the plural of bab is א ) modified forms is called a bab
121 The Derived Verbal Form -I abwab). In all, there are about fifteen abwab of mazid verbs, of which we will learn here some of the important ones used in the Quran. And the first bab of the mazid verb that we are going to learn in some detail is, fa’’la E F, which is referred to as Form I of the mazid verbs.
Derived Verbal Form I (bab fa’’la) ::: In this bab the second radical of the thalathi mujarrad verb is doubled, ’he taught’, ‘he beat‘ د س he studied’ to‘ د س e.g. from ‘he beat violently’. It is conjugated the same way as , د , د , د א , د , د س .a simple four-letter verb i.e .… د
As for the meaning and application of the Form-I , it often indicates the act being intensive or extensive, e.g. the simple form means ‘he killed’, but means ‘he ً massacred’, and the simple verbal sentence means ‘he broke a glass’, but ً means ‘he smashed a glass’, and means ‘he went round’, but means ‘he went round often or many times’.
Another meaning and application of the Form I is doing F is ز مsomething to another, i.e. the intransitive verb E changed to the transitive E F, e.g. means ‘he reached’ it is an intransitive verb; ‘your talk reached me’ i.e. I am impressed by your talk. But means ‘he delivered/conveyed’, e.g. ‘did you deliver my message’.
122 The Derived Verbal Form -I This particular form of verb is also often used in an action requiring/involving special arrangements, emphasis and graduality, e.g. from a simple trilateral verb ‘he knew’ to ‘he taught’ i.e. teaching is a gradual process over a period of time, involving a teacher and class management. he descended (himself)’ is an intransitive‘ ل ,Similarly verb involving ones own self, i.e., it does not have a direct he made it/him to descend’, has a direct‘ ل object. But (Allah descended rain (water‘ ل א אً א ,object from the sky’. Since descending of rain entails an elaborate process, hence the verb used for it is which encompasses all the process involved in falling of rain. .’Allah descended the Quran‘ ل א א ْ ن Similarly
It may be born in mind that it is just not possible to translate many such forms of Arabic words in one word in any other language. This is the reason that understanding of Arabic language is inevitable for understanding the Quran and the Hadith , for such like fine variations in the meanings and application of Arabic words do not exist in any of the other living languages. Hence, reading of translation of the Quran in any other language can never convey the true spirit, meaning and connotations of the Quranic verses.
:Fא ْ عThe Mudare E Unlike the thalathi verbs where the pattern of the – ْ .mudare varies in six different groups i.e , و – م ْ م – ْ – – 123 The Derived Verbal Form -I the pattern of mudare in mazid verbs is specific to each – and س is د س bab , e.g. the mudare of – – ‘recording’, .”Allah (SWT) is the Greatest“ א ْ to say‘ takes dammah if the verb is א ْ ع As a rule the composed of four letters, and if it has three, five or six has fathah . As the verb in this א ع letters, the א ع particular case is made up of four letters, the takes dammah . The first radical takes fathah , the second takes sukun , the third takes kasrah and the fourth takes the case-ending, i.e. _u. So from , , , . Remember that the mudare of this bab is fixed on the pattern of (yufa’’ilu) . :::FאThe Amr E The amr (imperative) from this bab is formed by and the case-ending, e.g. from א ع dropping the – – – .la F E is prefixed for abstention, e.g . ذ – ‘don’t lie’, ‘don’t beat violently’. :::FאThe Verbal Noun E ْ thalathi) د We have learnt earlier that the mujarrad) verbs do not have any one particular pattern for the masdar . It comes on different patterns, e.g. ,’exit‘ و ج ج ج ,’beating‘ ,’writing’, ‘to be absent‘ ْ ,’going‘ ذ ذ ,’drinking‘
124 The Derived Verbal Form -I etc. But in case of mazid verbs, each bab has its own specific pattern for masdar . The masdar pattern of bab .is ْ (taf-il-un) , e.g
Meaning א א ع א ‘to beat violently’ ’to extend respect‘ ْ م م ’kissing‘ ْ ’to be near‘ ْ ‘acceptance’ ’reminding‘ ذ ‘recording’ The masdar of a naqis verb, and that of a verb wherein the third radical is hamza E F, is on the pattern of .taf ila-tun) , e.g) ْ
Meaning א א ع א ‘to name’ ‘to bring up, to educate’ ‘to congratulate’ ’to offer prayer‘ ً :::Fא אThe IsmulIsmul--fail--fail E ْ from the א א ْ We have learnt the formation of .which is on the pattern of , e.g د
Meaning א א ْ א ع א ’wrong doer‘ ْ ’murderer‘ ْ ’one who goes‘ ذ א ذ 125 The Derived Verbal Form -I ’writer‘ ْ ’one who recites‘ ْ א ‘helper’ F from bab is א אThe formation of ismul-fail E ْ on the pattern of (mu fail-un) . It is formed by א with ‘ ’ (mu) . As the א ع replacing the .is a noun, it takes the tanwin , e.g א
Meaning א א ْ א ع א ’teacher‘ س س د س ‘a tape recorder’ ’an admonisher‘ ذ ’one who is wraps up‘ د one who folds in garments ز ‘a teacher’ ‘one who kisses’ :::Fא א ْ ْ لThe IsmulIsmul--mafu’l--mafu’l E In all the abwab of the mazid verbs the ism-al-maful is just like the ismal-fail except that the second radical takes fathah instead of kasrah , e.g.
Meaning א א ْ ْ ل א א ْ א ع א ‘on who is taught’ ‘one who is kissed’ ‘bound’ ‘one who has been- -praised much’
126 The Derived Verbal Form -I :::Fא א ْ ن و א نThe Noun of Place and Time E In all the abwab of the mazid verbs, where applicable, the noun of place and time is the same as the ism-ul- maful , e.g. ‘he prays’ ‘place of prayer’, ‘he slaughters’ ‘place of slaughter’.
Some examples of bab fa’’ala E F from the Holy Quran: The Most Gracious (Allah), He has“ ﴿ אK א ْ ن ﴾ – taught (you mankind) the Quran (by His mercy)”. [55/1-2]
it is He“ ﴿ ل א ْ ْ ً ﴾ – Who sent down the Book (the Quran) to you (Muhammad ε) with truth, confirming what came before it”. [3/3]
And we have“ ﴿ و א ْ ن ْ ﴾ – indeed made the Quran easy to understand and remember; then is there anyone that will receive admonition/ remember”. [54/17]
And Allah has“ ﴿ و א ٍ א ز ق ﴾ – bestowed His gifts of sustenance more freely on some of you than on others”. [16/71]
whatever is in the“ ﴿ א و א و א ض ﴾ – heavens and whatever is on the earth glorifies Allah”. [59/1]
127 Lesson 17111777 א س א
ْ ْ THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM----IIIIIIII
This is another form of the mazid verbs. In this bab hamza ‘ ’ with fathah is prefixed to the first radical which he‘ ج he went out’ to‘ ج loses its vowel, e.g. from he brought‘ ل he came down’ to‘ ل brought out’, from he took it/him’. The meaning‘ ذ ’he went‘ ذ ,’down E F ز م of thalathai verb in this bab changes from intransitive to transitive verb E F. If the thalathi verb is already transitive in form then this bab adds emphasis to the meaning, e.g. ‘he beat’ is a transitive thalathai verb, but when changed to it would mean ‘he beat extensively’.
:::FFFFא ْ ع א ْ عE א ْ عThe Mudare EEE The mudare is on the pattern of ْ . In this case, the F E ل along with its vowel is omitted, e.g. from . ذ – ج ج – ل :::Fא و אThe Amr/Nahi E ل ل The amr is on the pattern of ْ , e.g. from ,’do not bring down‘ ل bring down’ and nahi is‘ 129 The Derived Verbal Form -II do not‘ ج bring out’ and nahi is‘ ج ج from bring out’.
:::FאThe Masdar E ْ -if al) ْ ل The masdar of this bab is on the pattern of م , – אج ج , ج .lun) , e.g . אل ل , ل ,’religion, faith, belief‘
:::Fא אThe IsmulIsmul----failfail E ْ It is on the pattern of ْ , e.g. , ‘it is possible’, , ‘Muslim’.
:::Fא א ْ ْ لThe IsmulIsmul----mafulmaful E It is on the pattern of ْ , e.g. from , ‘to send’ ‘one who has been sent’. It is just like ism al-fail except that the second radical has fathah i.e. .
:::FFFFא א א א ْ ن و א ن א ْ ن و א نE א ْ ن و א نThe Noun of Place & Time EEE It is based on the same pattern as ism al-maful , i.e. /e.g. , ‘place of sitting , ْ session’, , ‘museum’.
The Weak Verbs: The conjugation of some of the weak verbs transferred to this bab is in Table 17 below:
130 The Derived Verbal Form -II Table – 17
א א ْ ل א א ْ א א א ع א م م ( ْ م for) ن ( ن for ْ ) (for) و وfor E ) א م (for ) ْ ً ْ ٍ ْ ْ ْ ْ ( א ْ ْ for) ( א ْ ْ for ْ ) (for ْ ) (for ْ ) (for) ً ‘to give’
Examples from the Holy Quran:
﴿ א ْ و د א ْ ْ א – It is He who has sent His Messenger“ ﴾ (Muhammad ε) with guidance and the religion of truth (Islam), to make it superior over all religions”. [9/33]
﴿ א ْ م ْ ْ د و و – This day, I have perfected your religion for“ א ً د م ﴾ you, completed My favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion”. [5/3]
And when We“ ﴿ و ذ א א ن ض و ﴾ – bestow Our Grace on man (the disbeliever), he turns
131 The Derived Verbal Form -II away and becomes arrogant (far away from the right Path)”. [17/83]
Verily, We have sent it (this“ ﴿ ْ א ْ ﴾ – Quran) down in the Night of Al-Qadr (Decree)”. [97/1]
I (Shoaib υ said) have indeed“ ﴿ و ﴾ – conveyed my Lord’s Message unto you”. [7/93]
.”Successful indeed are the believers“ ﴿ ْ א ْ ن ﴾ – [23/1]
132 Lesson 18111888 א س א
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM----IIIIIIIIIIII
In this bab an alif is added after the first radical of , e.g. from ‘he fought’, ‘he struggled’, he corresponded’, ‘he helped’. This‘ א bab denotes reciprocity or interaction with some one else F, e.g. ‘he killed’ ‘he fought (with אE someone)’, ‘he wrote’ ‘he wrote to/ corres- ponded with’, ‘he was good’ ‘he treated kindly’.
:::Fא ْ عThe Mudare E takes dammah as the verb is made up of א ع The four letters, e.g. – – he met’ ‘he‘ – א א – meets/he will meet’. It is on the pattern of . The active/ passive participles from are: – Perfect Active ‘he fought’–on the pattern of – Perfect Passive – on the pattern of – Imperfect Active – on the pattern of – Imperfect Passive – on the pattern of
133 The Derived Verbal Form -II I :::FאThe Amr E א عٍ The amr is formed simply by omitting the and the case-ending, e.g. – – the ‘ ’ at the end is) ق – و ل ’to try‘ و ل omitted from the naqis verbs).
:::FאThe Masdar E ْ This bab has two patterns of masdar : to‘ و ل – ,’e.g. ‘to help , 1 – ,’to meet‘ – و و ل ,’try , (in naqis verbs ‘ ’ at the end is changed to alif ).
, – L ل , .e.g , ل 2 L د , ,’L ‘hypocrisy ق .’calling‘ א د , د ,’striving‘ The Ism alal--fail--fail & Ism alal--maful--maful :::
א א ْ ل א א ْ א ع א
א corresponded‘ א א ’correspondent‘ א ’to correspond‘ to/with’
‘to ‘viewer’ ‘viewed’ watch/view’
ق one who is‘ قٍ ‘to meet’ ‘one who meets’ met’
134 The Derived Verbal Form -III
‘one who ‘one who is ‘to address’ addresses’ addressed’
د one who is‘ د د ’caller‘ د ’to call‘ called’
א one who is‘ א א ’observer‘ א ’to observe‘ observed’
‘one who offers ‘to bless’ ‘blessed’ blessing’
:::FFFFא א א א ْ ن و א ن א ْ ن و א نE א ْ ن و א نThe Noun of Place & Time EEE Its pattern is the same as for ism al-maful , where applicable, e.g. ‘to migrate’, ‘place of migration’.
Examples of bab from the Holy Quran:
,And whosoever strives“ ﴿ و ْ ﴾ – he strives only for himself”. [29/6]
and we called it (the“ ﴿ ً אً﴾ – population) to a severe account”. [65/8]
And Allah gives manifold“ ﴿ و א ﴾ – increase to whom He will”. [2/261]
135 The Derived Verbal Form -II I They fight in“ ﴿ ن א ْ ن و ْ ن ﴾ – Allah’s cause, so they kill (others) and are killed”. [9/111]
136 Lesson 19111999 א س א
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM----IIIIVVVV
is formed by prefixing ‘ ’ (ta) to bab . It expresses, apart from specific measures, the passive state of bab , i.e. intransitive, e.g. from ‘he taught’ ‘he learned/taught himself’. Other examples from this bab are; ‘he spoke’, ‘he became afraid’, ‘he has he hesitated’, ‘he received’, ‘he‘ د د ,’the honour had lunch’.
The mudare of bab is on the pattern of . The in this case, takes fatha as the verb is made up of , א ع five letters, e.g. , , , , , , , (is ‘ ’ (ta א ع It is important to note that when . د د e.g. then in literally writings one of the ta’s may be ﴿ ل .omitted to simplify pronunciation of the verb, e.g Similarly . ل is for ل Here .[97/4] א ْ و א و ﴾ . א is for א here ,[12/49] ﴿ و א﴾
The amr from this bab is formed by omitting the , and the case-ending, e.g. from א ْ , ‘be afraid’, and the negative/ denial is ‘don’t be afraid’. 137 The Derived Verbal Form -IV The naqis verb drops the final alif (which is written ‘ ’), e.g. ‘have lunch’, (don’t have lunch).
The masdar from this bab is on the pattern of , e.g.
Meaning א א ع א ‘talking’ ’descending‘ ل ل ل ‘remembering’ ‘speaking’ (for ) ‘receiving ‘ ’shaking‘ ْ ل ْ ل ْ ل
The Ism al-fail from this bab is formed by replacing the mu) . The second radical has kasra in) ’ م ‘ with א the ism al-fail and fathah in Ism al-maful , e.g. from the ism al-fail is ‘one who speaks’ and the ism al-maful is ‘one who is spoken to’.
F is the same as Ism א אThe noun of place and time E al-maful , e.g. ‘to breath’ ‘breathing place’, ‘to do wadu /ablution’ ‘place of wadu ’.
Some examples of bab from the Holy Quran:
And none remembers but“ ﴿ و ﴾ – those who turn (to Allah in obedience and) in repentance (by begging His pardon and by worshipping and obeying Him Alone)”. [40/13]
138 The Derived Verbal Form -IV ﴿ ذ א و א ْ ل – When both (Habil“ ْ ل א א ﴾ and Qabil) offered a sacrifice (to Allah), it was accepted from the one but not from the other. The latter said to the former: ‘I will surely kill you’. The former said: ‘Verily, Allah accepts only from those who are Al- Muttaqin (the pious believers of Islamic Monotheism who fear Allah much, i.e. abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which He has forbidden, and love Allah much, i.e. perform all kinds of good deeds which He has ordained)”. [5/27]
Do they not then“ ﴿ و ن א ْ ن م ْ ﴾ – think deeply in the Quran, or are their hearts locked up (from understanding it)”. [47/24]
Our Lord! Accept“ ﴿ א א ْ ﴾ – (this service) from us, verily you are the All-Hearer, the All-knower”. [2/127]
Then all their relations will be“ ﴿ و א ﴾ – cut off from them”. [2/166]
FF “The best amongst you is א ْ ن وEE – he who learns Quran and teaches it”. [Al-Hadith]
139 Lesson 202020 א س א ون
THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM----VVVV
This bab is formed by prefixing ‘ ’ (ta) to bab . Bab mainly denotes the following three aspects: to help one‘ و ن .F, e.g אReciprocal action E ْ another’, ‘to introduce/know one another’, to agree together’, ‘to‘ א ,’to fight each other‘ ask one another’, ‘to confront each other’, ‘to meet each other’.
he‘ ض .F, e.g ْ אPretended action E ْ pretended to be sick’, ‘he pretended to be blind’, he pretended to be asleep’, ‘he pretended‘ و م to cry’.
Reflexive signification, i.e. indicating that the action turns back upon the subject, e.g. ‘He (Allah) made Himself Blessed above all’, ‘He (Allah) made Himself Exalted above all’.
takes fathah as the verb is א ْ In the mudare و ن و ن – .made up of five letters, e.g – و م و م – – ض ض – – . 141 The Derived Verbal Form -V א ع The amr from this bab is formed by omitting the – – و ن و ن .and the case-ending, e.g In the naqis verb the final . و ل و ل – alif (written –ya F is omitted, e.g. ‘pretend to cry’.
The masdar of this bab is on the pattern of , e.g. ,’cooperation‘ و ن و ن ,’asking‘ ض ض ,’taking‘ و ل و ل ,’introduction‘ م , م ,’pretending sick’, ‘blessing‘ to be pessimistic’. In the naqis verb the dammah of‘ م the second radical changes to kasrah and final alif (written ya ) is omitted, e.g. (for ).
The pattern of Ism al-fail is the same as for other mazid ,’one who takes‘ و ل ism al-fail is و ل verbs i.e. from that which is taken’, and the‘ و ل and Ism al-maful is place of‘ و ل F is also אnoun of place and time E א د و و ل .taking or place within reach’, e.g do not leave the medicines within the reach of‘ א ْ ل children’s hands’.
Some examples of bab from the Holy Quran:
(What are they asking (one another“ ﴿ ن ﴾ – about?”. [78/1]
﴿ و و א א ْ و א ْ و و א א و א ْ و אن ﴾ – “And help you one another in Al-Birr and At-taqwa (virtue, righteousness and piety); but do not help one
142 The Derived Verbal Form -V another in sin and transgression”. [5/2]. Here, in this .one ta has been omitted ; א و is for א و ,verse
And We have made“ ﴿ و ْ ً و א﴾ – you into nations and tribes, that you may know one one ta is ; א is for א another”. [49/13]. Here omitted.
Blessed“ ﴿ א א ْ ْ و ﴾ – be He in whose Hand is the dominion, and He is Able to do all things”. [67/1]
And (join together) in“ ﴿ و א א ْ و א א ﴾ – the mutual teaching of Truth, and of patience and constancy”. [103/3]
143 Lesson 21222111 א س א د و א ون
א א THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM----VVVVIIII
.in) to , e.g) ’ א ن ‘ This bab is formed by prefixing א ’it broke’, ‘he turned over‘ א ’he broke it‘ it was‘ א ,’it was split‘ א ,’he/ it became overturned‘ is hamzat al-wasl ن cut off, it ended’. The hamza E F of ’و‘ F i.e. it becomes vowelless when prefixed to אE ْ . or و א becomes א .or ‘ ’, e.g
The verbs of this bab are mostly intransitive. Besides, this mutawah) which means that the) א و bab denotes I‘ א ْ ن .object of a verb becomes the subject, e.g the tea cup broke’. Note‘ א א ْ ن ,’broke the teacup in the first sentence is the object of the verb א ْ ن that .F and in the second it is the subject E F لE
I opened the‘ א ْ :Here are some more examples the‘ م א ْ ن א ْ ,’the door opened‘ א א ,’door the‘ א م א ْ ,’Muslims defeated the unbelievers unbelievers got defeated’.
of , and is the و ع is the א Remember that א ,’I broke the tumbler‘ א ْ .of , e.g و ع
145 The Derived Verbal Form -VI I smashed the‘ א ْ the tumbler broke’. And‘ א ْ .’the glass broke to pieces‘ א ْ ,’tumbler
א .in this bab takes fathah , e.g א ْ ع The א – א – م א م – א – . א – א –
The amr from this bab is formed by replacing the F because, after אwith hamzat al-wasl E ْ א ْ ع the verb commences with a sakin א ع omitted the א .letter which cannot be pronounced, e.g ,’cut it‘ א ,’turn over‘ א ,’break‘ wait’. To negate ‘ ’ is prefixed to the second person‘ א form of verb, e.g. ‘do not wait’, ‘don’t break’, ‘do not cut/break’.
.e.g , א ل The masdar from this bab is on the pattern of : א ,’blast‘ א : א – א : א : א ,’to differ‘ א : א – א splitting’ (the assimilated letters get‘ א ق separated in the masdar .)
א .In the naqis verb the final ya changes to hamza , e.g .’exposure‘ א for א ,’to be exposed‘
The Ism al-fail is formed as in other cases of the derived verbs, e.g. – . The Ism al- maful is not formed from this bab as it is an intransitive verb.
146 The Derived Verbal Form -VI :from the Holy Quran א Some examples of bab
.”When the heaven is left asunder“ ﴿ ذ א א א ﴾ – [82/1]
And when the stars have fallen“ ﴿ و ذ א א ْ א א ﴾ – and scattered”. [82/2]
.”When the heaven is split asunder“ ﴿ ذ א א א ﴾ – [84/1]
depart you to that“ ﴿ א א ن ﴾ – which you used to deny”. [77/29]
And when they“ ﴿ و ذ א א א א א ﴾ – return to their own people, they would return jesting”. [83/31]
and then gushed forth out“ ﴿ א ﴾ – of it twelve springs”. [7/160]
﴿ א א ْ א ْ ً و ﴾ – “Then look again and yet again, your sight will return to you in a state of humiliation and worn out”. [67/4]
147 Lesson 222222 א س א و א ون
א ْ THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM----VVVVIIIIII
before the ’ א ‘ This bab is formed by adding alif with kasra first radical of , and ‘ ’ (ta) after it, e.g. ‘he collected ,it collected or gathered together‘ א ’(something) to gain’, ‘to‘ א ْ ’assembled’, ‘to acquire ’to listen’, ‘to occupy or keep busy‘ א ’hear .’to be busy or to work‘ א
is reflexive of but has a reciprocal א ْ The bab is א ْ the א signification like bab . As in bab -hamzat al) א ْ م omitted in this bab also when you wait for‘ א .istifham) is prefixed to the verb, e.g for א me’, and to say ‘did you wait for me?’ it is Has“ ﴿ א ْ א ْ ﴾ In the Holy Quran . א He (then) chosen daughters, rather than sons?”. [37/153]. . א Here is for
The extra ‘ ’ (ta) in this bab undergoes certain changes as mentioned below:
’د‘ the extra ‘ ’ changes to زLذLد If the first radical is he claimed/alleged’ for‘ א د ’to call‘ د .dal) , e.g) -F ‘he remem دE ذ د ’to mention‘ ذ from , د 149 The Derived Verbal Form -VII the ’د‘ to ’ذ‘ With the assimilation of . ذ bered’ for ز د אد ’to add‘ ز אد and from , د becomes ذ د form . ز د to increase’ for‘ the extra ‘ ’ changes to صLضLطIf the first radical is L and , א to have patience’, for‘ א .e.g ,’ط‘ to chose’. ‘to‘ א for א from to know/come into‘ – . א for א ’harm/hurt for ْא ’and ‘to oppress ْא for א ’view . ْא waw) , it gets assimilated to the) ’و‘ If the first radical is to contact’ for‘ א ’to arrive‘ و .extra ‘ ’, e.g he feared, he protected‘ א ’to fear‘ و and א و . א و himself’ for
.The mudare from this bab is on the pattern of ْ , e.g to‘ א ,’he listens/will listen‘ א א – א – א – א ,’bear (for ) ‘to select’.
is formed by prefixing with א ْ The amr from bab the first א ع because after omitting the ’ א ‘ radical of the verb cannot be read, being sakin . This case- א .e.g , _’ ‘ م ending becomes vowelless with ’listen‘ א ,’wait’ ‘don’t wait‘ ’assemble‘ א ,’don’t listen‘ ’smile‘ א ’don’t assemble’, ‘to smile‘ ‘don’t smile’.
150 The Derived Verbal Form -VII .e.g , א ْ ل The masdar from this bab is on the patter of , א – א ْ ْ , א ْ – א , א א ع , א ,’examination‘ א ن .’embracing‘ א ْ אم ْ م , א ْ م ,’assembly‘
The Ism al-fail from this bab is on the pattern of ْ and ’examiner‘ , א .Ism al-maful ْ , e.g and ‘examinee’.
The noun of place and time is the same as Ism al-maful , the place of‘ א ْ ْ م ,’e.g. ‘place of gathering/society embracing’ (It is the name given to the part of kaba that lies Black Stone’ and its door. It is Sunnah to‘ د between embrace this part of kaba ).
:Some examples of bab ْ from the Holy Quran
,And verily“ ﴿ و א ن א א א א ْ قٍ ﴾ – those who dispute as regards the Book are far away in opposition”. [2/176]
And (there are) others who have“ ﴿ و و ن א א ﴾ – acknowledged their sins”. [9/102]
but the flood bears away the“ ﴿ א ز אً א ً﴾ – foam that mounts up to the surface”. [13/17]
And hold fast, all of“ ﴿ و א א א ً و א﴾ – you together, to the Rope of Allah (i.e. this Quran), and be not divided among yourselves”. [3/103]
151 The Derived Verbal Form -VII ﴿ و א א ْ א ً ﴾ – “Say (O Mohammad ε) it has been revealed to me that a group of Jinn listen (to this Quran). They said: verily, we have heard a wonderful recitation (this Quran)”. [72/1]
So worship Him (Alone) and be“ ﴿ و א د ﴾ – constant and patient in His worship”. [19/65]
except under compulsion of“ ﴿ א ﴾ – necessity”. [6/119]
,The Hour has drawn near“ ﴿ ْא א א ْ א و ﴾ – and the moon has been cleft asunder (regarding the splitting of the moon as a miracle)”. [54/1]
He gets reward for that“ ﴿ و א ْ ﴾ – (good) which he has earned, and he is punished for that (evil) which he has earned”. [2/286]
152 Lesson 23222333 א س א و א ون
א ْ א ْ THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM----VVVVIIIIIIII
to the first radical of ’ א ‘ This bab is formed by prefixing it was or‘ א .and by doubling the third radical, e.g .’it became crooked/bent‘ א ج ,’became red/he blushed
.The mudare from this bab is on the pattern of ْ , e.g . ج א ج – א
, א א .e.g , א ْ ل The masdar is on the pattern of The double letter at the end is split in . א ج ج masdar .
.The Ism al-fail from this bab is on the pattern of ْ , e.g . This bab has no Ism al-maful .
This bab is used only for colors and defects; examples:
.’it was or became yellow/ pale‘ א ’yellow‘ א – .’it was or became white‘ א ’white‘ א – .’it was or became black‘ א د ’black‘ א د – .’he blushed/ it became red‘ א ’red‘ א – .’it was or became green‘ א ’green‘ א – .’it became bent/ crooked‘ א ج ’bent/crooked‘ ج – 153 The Derived Verbal Form -VIII Some examples of this bab from the Holy Quran:
And when the“ ﴿ و ذ א و د א﴾ – news of (the birth of) a female (child) is brought to any of them, his face becomes dark”. [16/58]
﴿ م و و د و א א د و – on the Day“ و א א ْ א ن و ْ ﴾ (i.e. the Day of Resurrection) when some faces will become white and some faces will become black; as for those faces will become black (to them will be said): Did you reject faith after accepting it? Then taste the torment (in Hell) for rejecting faith”. [3/106]
﴿ و א א و א و ن ﴾ – “And for those whose faces will become white, they will be in Allah’s Mercy (paradise), there in they shall dwell forever”. [3/107]
And he lost his sight“ ﴿ و א א ْ ن ﴾ – because of the sorrow that he was suppressing” [12/84]
see“ ﴿ א ن א ل א א ض ً﴾ – you not that Allah sends down water (rain) from the sky and the earth becomes green”. [22/63]
154 Lesson 24222444 א س א א و א ون
א ْ THE DERIVED VERBAL FORMFORM----IXIXIXIX
Ista) to the first) א is formed by prefixing א ْ Bab he‘ א ز ق ,’he sought help‘ א .radical of , e.g he asked for‘ א ْ ,’(asked for rizq (gifts of sustenance ,’he got ready‘ א ,’he asked forgiveness‘ א ,’food .’he woke up‘ א
.The mudare from this bab is on the pattern of ْ , e.g . א – ز ق א ز ق – א
and the א .e.g , ْ א The amr is on the pattern of ْ א – א – negation E F is . ْ
, א .e.g , א ْ ل The masdar is on the pattern of . א ز אق and א
The ism al-fail and ism al-maful are formed on the standard given pattern, e.g. ‘one who seeks forgiveness’ and ‘one whose forgiveness is sought’. The noun of place and time is the same as for the ism ,’al-maful , e.g. ْ ‘to receive’ ْ ‘future ‘to seek treatment’ ‘hospital’. 155 The Derived Verbal Form -IX This bab essentially signifies the meaning of seeking, as is also evident from the above examples, e.g. ‘he ate’ he‘ א ’he asked for food’, ‘he helped‘ א ْ he sought‘ א ’asked for help’, ‘he forgave ,’he sought reception‘ א ْ ’forgiveness’, ‘he came to‘ א ,’he sought guidance‘ א ’he guided‘ to give up or to‘ א ,’made known‘ א ’inform to‘ ذ ن ,’to give oneself up/to surrender‘ א ’deliver ’to ask permission’, ‘to succeed‘ א ْذ ن ’permit .’to appoint one as successor or Caliph E F‘ א
:from the Holy Quran א ْ Some examples of the bab
then they“ ﴿ ذ א א א ْ ﴾ – both proceeded, till, when they came to the people of a town, they asked them for food”. [18/77]
And (remember) when Musa“ ﴿ و ذ א ﴾ – (Moses) asked for water for his people”. [2/60]
(He (Moses“ ﴿ ل ن א د ﴾ – said: would you exchange that which is better for that which is lower?”. [2/61]
And get two witnesses“ ﴿ و א و א ﴾ – out of your own men”. [2/282]
And if you“ ﴿ و ن د ن א و د ﴾ – decide on a foster sucking-mother for your children, there is no sin on you”. [2/233]
156 The Derived Verbal Form -IX Then rejoice“ ﴿ و א א ﴾ – (imperative) in the bargain which you have concluded”. [9/111]
(And he (Satan“ ﴿ א و א ﴾ – turned them away from the (Right) path, though they were intelligent/keen observers (ism al-fail) ”. [29/38]
157 Lesson 25222555 א س א و א ون
א ْ THE UNSOUND VERBS
In the study of verbs we have learnt that most of the Arabic verbs have only three letters which are called radicals. The , (ain) ’ع‘ first radical is called ‘ ’ (fa) , the second is called lam) . These names are) ’ل‘ and the third letter is called taken from the verb which is used as a reference- pattern for all the verbs. We should now understand that from the classification point of view, the Arabic verb is divided into the following four categories:
:::FFFFא אE אThe Sound Verbs EEE waw) or) ’و‘ , (A verb which does not have ‘ ’ (hamza ‘ ’ (ya) as one of the radicals, and its second and the third radicals are not identical i.e. of the same kind, is F. Most א ْ ل אF or E אcalled a sound verb E ذ .of the Arabic verbs belong to this category, e.g . د :FFFFא ْ אE ْ אThe Weak Verbs EEE ْ waw) or ‘ ’ (ya) the) ’و‘ If any of the three radicals is F, i.e. weak or unsound אverb is called the mutall E ,’to arrive’, ‘to be pleased/ satisfied‘ و .verb, e.g 159 The Unsound Verbs to‘ و ,’to call/ invite’, ‘to iron‘ د ,’easy‘ save’.
:::FFFFא ْ زא ْ زEא ْ زThe Mahmuz EEE A verb, which has hamza as one of the radicals, is to ask’, ‘to‘ ل ,’called mahmuz , e.g. ‘to eat read’.
:FFFFא ْ אE ْ אThe Muda’af EEE ْ A verb in which the second and the third radicals are ,’F, e.g. ‘to smell אidentical is called mudaaf E ‘to touch’, ‘to think’, ‘to pass’.
We now take these categories one by one for some further elaboration.
:::FFFFא אE אThe Sound Verbs EEE The verbs that we have learnt so far mainly belong to this category. Hence it does not require further elaboration.
:FFFFא ْ אE ْ אWeak Verbs EEE ْ or ‘ ’ as one of the three radicals is ’و‘ A verb having ’و‘ Mutall , i.e. weak or sick verb, and the consonant F. The weak و אand ‘ ’ are called weak letters E ْ verbs are further divided into the following categories:
or ’و‘ the mutal fa ):):): If the first radical is) א 111 .F, i.e אthe verb is called mutall al-fa E ,’ ‘ ,F א ْ لweak of fa . It is also referred to as mithal E he‘ و ,’he promised‘ و ,’he arrived‘ و .e.g 160 The Unsound Verbs ,’he stopped/stood‘ و ,’he weighed‘ و ز ن ,’placed .’he granted’, ‘he facilitated/made easy‘ و Unlike the sound verbs, there is an abnormality in the mudare of the mithal verbs. In this case the first radical waw in the mithal perfect verb is lost in the is , which is و mudare , e.g. the mudare of originally like , and after omission of the waw it becomes . The amr from is which is based on two letters only. No hamzat al-wasl is needed at the beginning as the verb already commences with a consonant with vowel. By making the last radical sakin , the amr from is formed as ‘arrive’. Some more examples of the mudare and the amr are:
Perfect Imperfect Imperative ’to promise’ ‘promise‘ و ’to place’ ‘place it‘ و ’weigh‘ ز ن ن ’to weigh‘ و ز ن to stop/stand’ stop/stand up‘ و ’to grant’ ‘grant‘ و the mutal ain ):):): If the second radical is) א 222 i.e. weak of , א waw or ya the verb is called .F אain . It is also referred to as ajwaf verbs E Examples of perfect and imperfect are: Group (a-u): ’to be‘ ن ن ’to say, to tell‘ ل ل 161 The Unsound Verbs ’to visit‘ و ز א ’to fast‘ م م ’to taste‘ و ق ذ אق ’to get up‘ م م ‘to go round’
Group (a-i): ’to sell‘ ع ’to walk‘ ’to live‘ ش ’to come‘ ’to measure‘ ل
Group (i-a): ’to cease to do‘ אل ز אل ’to sleep‘ م م ’to be about to do‘ د د ‘to fear, to be afraid’
These verbs have undergone certain changes in relation to the second radicals, e.g.
in which ل is originally ل :(a-u) ل ل (i) ل waw has been replaced with alif , thus making it in ْ ل is ل the origin of ل he said’, and‘ which the vowel ‘u’ on waw has been shifted to the All the . ل preceding consonant, thus making it other changes in the (a-u) group will be on the same pattern.
(ii) (a-i): is originally in which ya has been replaced with alif , thus making it ‘he walked or went for a walk’, and the origin of is in which the vowel ‘i' on ya has been shifted to the preceding consonant, rendering the ya vowel-
162 The Unsound Verbs less, thus making it . All the other changes in this group, i.e. (a-i) will be on the same pattern.
in which waw م is originally م :(i-a) م م (iii) he‘ م has been replaced with alif , thus making it in which the م is م slept’, and the origin of vowel ‘a’ is shifted to the preceding consonant and All . م waw is replaced with alif , thus making it other ajwaf verbs in (i-a) group follow the same pattern.
The method of conjugation as shown, at Tables 18 and 19.
Table – 18 FFF אFFF --- al-alalal -Muhtal--Muhtal ain EEE א دMethod of Conjugation EEE (’to say‘ ل ل ——— (Madi (a(a(a-(a ---u)u)))
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
א ل (((♂))) 333rrrdrddd PersPersonononon
ْ (((♀))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
ْ ْ ْ (((♂))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
ْ ْ ْ (((♀))) 111ststst PersPersonononon
ْ ْ ْ (((♀&&&♂)))
163 The Unsound Verbs Table – 19 FFF אFFF --- al-alalal -Muhtal--Muhtal ain EEE א لConjugation EEE (((Madi (a(a(a-(a ---ii & ii----a)a) ——— ‘to walk’)
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
و א א (((♂))) 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
ن (((♀))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
(((♂))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
(((♀))) 111ststst PersPersonononon
(((♂&&&♀)))
Notes: 1. In the ajwaf verb of a-u group, the first radical takes F to mutaharrek א دdammah at the time of its isnad E E F pronoun, and if it is of a-i or i-a group it takes kasrah . (A mutaharrek pronoun is a pronoun which is and a sakin pronoun is ن , followed by a vowel (. د א in و vowelless like the 2. All the pronouns in the madi are mutaharrek E F Also note that in these . د د א د except those in cases the second radical is omitted. In the mudare only . ْ ْ is , and it is in ن the In the mudare marfu the second radical is omitted while conjugating the mutaharrek pronouns, e.g. 164 The Unsound Verbs ْ ,’they ♀ walk‘ ن ,’they ♀ sleep‘ : ْ ْ ‘they ♀ say/will say’
ْ ,’you ♀ walk‘ ن ,’you ♀ sleep‘ : ْ ْ ‘you ♀ say/will say’ In the mudare majzum the second radical is also omitted in the following four forms in addition to the two mentioned under the mudare marfu :
,’he didn’t say’, ‘he didn’t walk‘ : ْ ‘he didn’t sleep’ you didn’t say’, ‘you didn’t‘ : ْ walk’, ‘you didn’t sleep’ ,’I did not say’, ‘I did not walk‘ : ْ ‘I didn’t sleep’ ,’we didn’t say’, ‘we didn’t walk‘ : ْ ‘we didn’t sleep’ F א ْ This omission is due to iltika-assakenain :as explained below אE in which both the waw ل is originally and the lam are sakin (vowelless), hence cannot be vocalized, resulting into the omission of waw, being a weak letter.
Similarly is originally , the ya sakin is the alif م omitted, and in originally being is omitted, being the weak letter as it is in place of waw .
165 The Unsound Verbs For conjugation of the mudare majzum , see Table 20 below:
Table – 20 FFF of Mudare Majzum ––– ajwaf א لConjugation EEE ((( ––– ‘he did not say/tell’)
SINGULAR DUAL PLUPLURAL RAL 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
א (((♂))) 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
ْ (((♀))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
א (((♂))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
ْ (((♀))) 111ststst PersPersonononon
(((♂&&&♀)))
م is , and from is and ل The amr from and the א ع is . After dropping the , ل dammah on the last radical the verb becomes respectively, rendering the second and م ْ and .occurs א א .the third radical sakin , i.e Consequently, the weak letter, i.e. waw , ya and alif respectively are omitted resulting in ‘say or tell’, ‘walk’ and ‘sleep’ as amr (imperatives) from the ajwaf verbs. The method of conjugation of the amr from the ajwaf verbs is given at Table 21 below:
166 The Unsound Verbs Table – 21 FFF אThe Amr from Ajwaf verb EEE
Feminine Masculine Plural Dual Singular Plural Dual Singular א ْ א و א א ن א the mutal lam ):):): If the third radical is waw) א م 333 , i.e. weak of lam , א م or ya the verb is called which is also referred to as naqis E F, e.g. Group (a-u): ’to call/invite‘ د ‘to follow, to recite’ ‘to forgive’ ‘to complain’ Group (a-i): ’to walk’ ْ ‘to come‘ ‘to run/flow’ ‘to throw’ ‘to cry/weep’ ‘to guide’ Group (i-a): ‘to forget’ ‘to fear’ ‘to remain’ In madi the naqis verbs undergo the following changes:
– Both the waw and the ya become alif in ’ ‘ waw) is written) ’و‘ pronunciation. In writing 167 The Unsound Verbs (alif) while ‘ ’ (ya) is written ‘ ’ ( ya without and is د is originally د .dots), e.g originally – The ‘ ’ remains unchanged if the second radical has kasrah , e.g. , , . – While conjugating, the third radical is omitted in د א .the third person masculine plural form, e.g they‘ א and د و א they invited’ is originally‘ they forgot’ is‘ א and , א wept’ is originally the א Here, note that in) א ,originally second radical has dammah which has been changed from kasrah , because in Arabic a kasrah cannot be followed by waw ).
– The third radical is also omitted in the third , א א person feminine singular due to ’and ‘she wept د she invited’ for‘ د .e.g is for . – The third radical, waw and ya , is restored to its original form with the mutaharrek pronouns, e.g. ,’they ♀ invited‘ د ن :restoration of waw in we‘ د ,’I invited‘ د ,’you invited‘ د invited’. And restoration of ya in: .
For the conjugation of the naqis verbs see tables 22 and 23.
168 The Unsound Verbs Table – 22 FFFof Naqis Verb א لConjugation EEE ((( د د د he‘he called/invitedcalled/invited’’’’ for‘‘‘ ––– د د د ))) SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
د א د א د (((♂))) 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
د ن د د (((♀))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
د د د (((♂))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
د د د (((♀))) 111ststst PersPersonononon
د د د (((♀&&&♂)))
Table – 23 Conjugation of Naqis Verb ((( ––– ‘‘‘he‘he was pleasedpleased’’’’ for ))) SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
א (((♂))) 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
(((♀))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
(((♂))) 222ndndnd PersPersonononon
(((♀))) 111ststst PersPersonononon
(((♂&&&♀)))
169 The Unsound Verbs For conjugation of mudare marfu from naqis verb, see tables 24 and 25. Table – 24 Conjugation Method of Mudare Marfu in Naqis Verbs ((( ––– ‘he calls/invites, he will call/invite’ for ) SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL rdrdrd ن PersPersonononon 333 אن و ن for for (((♂))) 333rdrdrd PersPersonononon
ن אن (((♀))) ndndnd ن PersPersonononon 222 אن و ن for (((♂))) ndndnd 222 PersPersonononon ن אن (((♀))) for 111ststst PersPersonononon
د (((♀&&&♂)))
Table – 25 Conjugation of Mudare Marfu in Naqis Verb ((( ––– ‘‘‘to‘to weepweep’’’’)))) SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL
rdrdrd ن for ن ن PersPerson(on( ♂))) for 333 rdrdrd ن ن PersPersonononon (((♀))) for 333 ndndnd ن for ن ن PersPersonononon (((♂))) for 222 ndndnd ن PersPersonononon (((♀))) for 222 111ststst PersPersonononon
(((♂&&&♀)))
170 The Unsound Verbs Notes TTTableTable 224444 & 225555:::: 1. In the mudare marfu the dammah of the 3rd radical is omitted, e.g. is originally as ْ or and . or ل is originally as 2. The 3rd radical is dropped in the 3rd person ♂ plural ن و they ♂ invite/call’ is originally‘ ن .form, e.g thus both the masculine and , ن ْ or ن و like feminine plural in the 3rd person form becomes the However, in . א ن and ل א ن .same, i.e but ن و is changed from ن the first case the verb is in the original form ن in the second case the verb . ْ on the pattern of ْ ْ like the third radical ya , ن they weep’ is originally‘ ن .3 has been dropped, and the kasrah of the second radical is changed to dammah , as a kasrah is never followed by waw in Arabic. 4. The third radical is also dropped in the 2nd person feminine singular, e.g. ‘you ♀ invite/call’ which is originally . After the omission of waw along with ’ع‘ its vowel, the verb becomes . The dammah of (ain) is changed to kasrah as the dammah is not followed by ya in Arabic. 5. ‘you ♀ weep’ has the same form as ‘you ( ♀ plural) weep’ because the verb in the singular was originally like or . After the omission of the third radical ya the verb becomes , while the plural form of the verb is in its original form as and the ya is the third radical in . 171 The Unsound Verbs Some more examples of the naqis verb in useable form: ‘to give water’, ‘to build’, .’to fold’, ‘to erase‘ ْ As for the mudare mansub in naqis verb the fathah of the third radical is pronounced in verbs ending in waw and ya but not in verbs ending in alif , e.g.
‘he will not invite’, ‘he will not weep’ but in ‘he will not forget’ the fathah is not pronounced.
As for the mudare majzum (Jussive) the third radical he did not‘ ع .is omitted in the naqis verbs, e.g invite’ (here the third radical waw has been omitted), ‘he did not weep’ (here the third radical ya has been omitted).
As in the amr in naqis verbs, here also the 3 rd radical is omitted, e.g.
,’weep‘ א ,’invite/call‘ د ع .’forget‘ א Attachment): If there are two weak letters in) א 4 a verb it is called lafif . The lafif verbs are of two kinds, as explained below:
Lafif Maqrun) : If a verb has its) א א ْ ْ و ن – second and third radicals as weak letters, it is called lafif maqrun , i.e. attached weak letters, .’e.g. ْ ‘to iron 172 The Unsound Verbs Lafif Mafruq) : If a verb has its first) א א ْ ْ و ق – and third radicals as weak letters, it is called lafif و .mafruq , i.e. detached weak letters, e.g to understand, to‘ و ,’to save‘ remember by heart’. In lafif mafruq only the middle radical remains in the amr as the first radical is omitted in the mudare, and the third is omitted in the amr . Thus the amr and save“ ﴿ و א א ﴾ save’ as‘ ق is و from us from the punishment of the Fire”. [3/16] and from .’understand‘ ع is و
Some examples of unsound verbs from the Holy Quran:
﴿ و א ْ א ْ א ل و א אم ﴾ – “And say not concerning that which your tongues put forth falsely: This is lawful and this is forbidden”. [16/116]
Invite“ ﴿ א د ع ْ ْ و א ْ א ْ ﴾ – (mankind O! Muhammad ε) to the way of your Lord (i.e. Islam) with wisdom (i.e. with the Divine Revelation and the Quran) and fair preaching”. [16/125]
And (join together) in“ ﴿ و א א ْ و א א ﴾ – the mutual teaching of Truth, and of patience and constancy”. [103/3]
!Have you (O“ ﴿ א ْ ﴾ – Muhammad ε) not seen how your Lord dealt with the
173 The Unsound Verbs owners of the elephant (the Elephant Army which came from Yemen under the command of Abrahah Al-Ashram intending to destroy the Kabah at Makkah )”. [105/1]
Say (O! Muhammad ε) He is Allah The“ ﴿ א ﴾ – One and Only”. [112/1]
He begetteth not, Nor is He“ ﴿ و ﴾ – begotten”. [112/2]
(Then they (both“ ﴿ א א אً ن ﴾ – found therein a wall about to collapse, so he (Khidr) set it up straight”. [18/77]
(he (Khidr“ ﴿ ل אً﴾ – said: Did I not tell you that you can have no patience with me”. [18/75]
He (Moses) said: If Allah“ ﴿ ل ن א אً﴾ – Wills you will find me patient”. [18/69]
And give“ ﴿ و و א א ْ ذ א ْ و ز א ْ س א ْ ﴾ – full measure when you measure, and weigh with a balance that is straight”. [17/35]
and walk not on the earth“ ﴿ و א ض ً﴾ – with conceit and arrogance”. [17/377]
Glorified (and Exalted) be“ ﴿ א ً﴾ – He (Allah) Who took His slave (Muhammad ε) for journey by night”. [17/1]
174 The Unsound Verbs And heed“ ﴿ و د ع ذ א و א و و ً﴾ – not their annoyances, but put thy trust in Allah, and enough is Allah as a Disposer of Affairs”. [33/48]
175 Lesson 26222666 א س א دس و א ون
א ْ ز و א ْ א ْ ز و א ْ THE HAMZATED AND DUPLICATED RADICAL VERBS
:FFFFא ْ ز א ْ زE א ْ زThe Mahmuz EEE
If a verb has hamza E F as one of its radicals it is called Mahmuz . According to the pattern, the mahmuz verb is sub-divided into the following three categories:
::: ز א ْ A verb which has hamza as its first radical is called Mahmuzal fa , e.g. ‘he ate’, ‘he ordered’, ‘he took’.
::: ز א ْ A verb which has hamza as its second radical is called he asked’, ‘to be disgusted‘ ل .Mahmuzal ain , e.g at’.
::: ز א م A verb which has hamza as its third radical is called Mahmuzal lam , e.g. ‘he read’, ‘to err’.
The mudare from the mahmuz verbs is formed the same way as has been explained in the case of sound verbs, e.g.
177 The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs . ْ – ل ل – ْ – ْ However, in the amr (imperative) the mehmuz verb in some cases is reduced to only two radicals as indicated below:
Active Passive Perfect Imperfect Imperative PaPaParPa rrrtt (AP) ParPartt (PP) ْ ل ْ ْ ْ ْ ذ ْ ل א لL ل ل ْ و L א ْ ْ ْ א ْ
The format of conjugation for perfect and imperfect mahmuz is the same as for the sound verbs, e.g. , , ن , , و א , – ْ , , ْ , ْ ن , ْ , ْ –
Table – 26 Conjugation ––– Imperative of Mahmuz Verb
Root Singular Dual Plural Singular Plural Form ♂ ♂&&&♀ ♂ ♀ ♀ ن و א א ن و א א ْ א L ْ א ْ L א אL א א אL א لL ل ن ْא ْ א ْ א ْ و א א ْ א א ْ ْ
178 The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs :FFFFא ْ אE ْ אThe Muda’af EEE ْ
If a verb has two identical consonants as its second and third radicals, it is called the Muda’af (duplicate), e.g. to extend’, (for ) ‘to pass’, (for‘ ( د originally) ) ‘to smell’, (for ) ‘to perform Haj/pilgrimage’. Unlike English where double letters are written separately, as is ‘n’ in ‘connect’ and ‘r’ in irregular, in Arabic double consonants can be assimilated with a shaddah sign E_ F madada) , the two dals are assimilated) د above it, e.g. in and written as (madda) . Similarly, (marara) becomes (marra) , (shamama) becomes (shamma) and (hajaja) becomes (hajja) .
In muda’af verbs, the second radical loses its vowel when the verb is isnaded (conjugated) to the sakin pronouns, But it retains its vowel when the . , א , such as verb is conjugated to the mutaharrik pronouns as; , , , , , .
takes fathah as is the case in א ع In the mudare the all the thalathi verbs, e.g. – – ,’to reply‘ د د ,’to think’, ‘to pass‘ ‘to drag, to pull’, ‘to abuse’, ‘to touch’, ‘to smell’.
In the mudare maruf , the second radical loses its vowel when the verb is conjugated to the sakin pronouns, e.g. ,( for ), (for ), (for) ,( د for) (for ). But it retains its vowel in case of 179 The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs conjugation to the mutaharrik pronouns, e.g. , .
In mudare majzum the muda’af verb undergoes a change in the vowel of the last radical in respect of the following four forms: , , , . In these forms occurs in the last two radicals making it א א unreadable because both the second and the third radical have no vowel (lam ya-hujj) , and none of the two can be omitted being strong letters. Therefore, the third radical Thus the mudare . א א takes a fathah to remove majzum in these four forms is read as follows:
‘you didn’t perform Hajj’, ‘he didn’t perform Hajj’, ‘I didn’t perform Hajj’, ‘we didn’t perform Hajj’.
involved in other form of the א א There is no muda’af , hence the remaining forms are read on the ♂ ) you‘ א .standard pattern of mudare majzum , e.g they did not perform‘ א ,’all) did not perform Hajj Hajj’, ‘you ( ♀ sing.) did not perform Hajj’
also occurs in the formation of א א ,However and א ع the amr (imperative). After removing the the final dammah from what remains is (hajj), א therefore, the third radical takes fathah to remove So the amr becomes (hujja) without hamzat . א al-wasl .
180 The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs If the verb is of i-a group like (for ) and (for ) the kasrah of the second radical appears and the assimilation is removed when the verb is conjugated to the mutaharrik pronouns, e.g. because ‘we smelled’, ‘you smelled’, ‘I smelled’.
The important point to note is that the amr of muda’af verb is identical with the madi mudaf . A consolidated chart F is given at م אshowing different kinds of the verbs E table 27.
Table – 27 م א ––– (Categories of Verbs (Consolidated
א א (Juss) (Acc) א
(Nom) Verb Perfect Imperfect Imperfect Imperfect Imperative א ع א ع א ع א وم א ع א
א ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ א ز ل ل ل ل א لL (hamzated) ْ ْ ْ ْ א ْ ْ א (duplicated) א א F א لE و (weak of fa )
181 The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs א א ل ل ل F אE ع ( Weak of ain) م م م
א א م א F אE א Weak of) א ( lam د ع א د ع א א ون ْ ْ ْ א ْ א א وق و ق
Important Explanation:
The different categories of verbs used in Arabic language are consolidated in table 26. it may be noted by the learner that the forms of verbs that are mentioned in this table are in actual usable forms. The changes that these verbs have undergone may not be of importance to every learner. As far as a common learner of Arabic is concerned, it may be sufficient for him/her to know the usable forms of these verbs, i.e.:
he says’ is imperfect in‘ ل ,he said’ is perfect‘ ل he will‘ ل ,nominative case, ‘say, tell’ is imperative never say’ is imperfect in accusative case, ‘he did not say’ is imperfect in jussive form. Similarly, ‘he ,(walk’ (command‘ א ,’walked’, ‘he will walk ‘he will never walk’, ‘he did not walk’, and so on and so forth.
182 The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs In fact, the process of changes mentioned in chapters 25 and 26 are essentially of academic interest, hence the learner should not be discouraged if he/she finds the process rather complicated or incomprehensible. In reality, Arabic is highly sophisticated language encompassing almost unlimited scope and tremendous precision. By and large, it follows a very scientific and systematic patterns which makes it easy to learn and understand. Most of the א ل .verbs belong to the category of sound verbs, i.e , and it is only about 10 percent verbs which are . א .termed unsound, i.e
Examples of mahmuz and madaf from the Holy Quran:
He (Allah) has commanded that“ ﴿ و א ﴾ – you worship none but Him (i.e. His Monotheism)”. [12/40]
Said)“ ﴿ ْ ن א وא א و ﴾ – Jesus to Allah) Never did I say to them aught except what You (Allah) did command me to say; worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord”. [5/117]
Verily, Allah enjoins“ ﴿ ن א ْ ْ ل و א ن ﴾ – Al-Adl (Justice) and Al-Ihsan (to be patient in performing your duties to Allah, totally for Allah’s sake and in accordance with the Sunnah )”. [16/90]
A questioner asked concerning a“ ﴿ ل א و א ٍ﴾ – torment about to fall”. [70/1]
183 The Hamzated & Duplicated Radical Verbs it is they who have no hope of“ ﴿ و א ﴾ – My Mercy”. [29/23]
﴿ א ن د א ْ و ن א س ط ﴾ – “Man (the disbeliever) does not get tired of asking good (things from Allah) but if an evil touches him, then he gives up all hope and is lost in despair”. [41/49]
So when“ ﴿ ذ א ْ א ْ ن א ن א ﴾ – you want to recite the Quran, seek refuge with Allah from Satan, the out cast, the cursed one”. [16/98]
Read! In the Name of your“ ﴿ א ْ ْ א ﴾ – Lord Who has created (all that exists)”. [95/1]
Truly, your Lord“ ﴿ ن ﴾ – knows best who has gone astray from His path”. [16/125]
And“ ﴿ و ذ د א و א א ﴾ – (remember) Ayub when he cried to his Lord, verily, disease has seized me, and You are the Most Merciful of all those show mercy”. [21/83]
and whom Allah sends“ ﴿ و א د ﴾ – astray, for him there is no guide”. [13/33]
on each these as“ ﴿ و ﴾ – well as those We bestow from the Bounties of your Lord”. [17/20]
184 Lesson 27222777 א س א و א ون
א ْ د א ْ د THE NUMNUMERERERERALALALALSSSS
The cardinal numbers, in Arabic, are governed by a set of rules. In general terms they are treated as the declinable nouns, as their ending vowels are changed according to their case-endings. The cardinal numbers from one to ten are listed below both for masculine ( ♂)and feminine ( ♀).
Masculine ( ♂))) Figure Feminine ( ♀))) و א 1 א and و א א ن 2 א ن 3 4 5 6 7 8 ن 9 10
:FFFFא ن א ن א نLLLL א ن א نE א نFFFF and Two EEE و א و א و אLLLL و א و אE و אThe Rules for One EEE F i.e. the א ْ و دF agree with the madud E א ْ دThe numbers E noun counted, and follow the madud as adjectives, e.g. for 185 The Num er al s one pen’, and for‘ و א masculine singular noun is ,one watch’. Similarly‘ و א feminine singular noun is .’two watches‘ ن א ن two pens’ and‘ ن א ن
It may be noted that the madud L in itself means /means ‘two pens نL ن one pen/one watch’, and‘ is א نL א ن and و אL و א two watches’ even if the adad not mentioned. However, for emphasis these numbers can be added.
The RRulesules for 33----10:10: These numbers do not agree with the madud , i.e. if the madud is masculine the adad (number) is feminine, and vice versa. Secondly, the madud of 3-10 is genitive plural as listed below:
Masculine ( ♂) Madud Figure Feminine ( ♀) Madud ’men’ 3 ‘3 women 3‘ لٍ ’men’ 4 ‘4 women 4‘ لٍ ’men’ 5 ‘5 women 5‘ لٍ ’men’ 6 ‘6 women 6‘ لٍ ’men’ 7 ‘7 women 7‘ لٍ ’men’ 8 ’8 women 8‘ لٍ ’men’ 9 ‘9 women 9‘ لٍ ’men’ 10 ’10 women 10’ لٍ
The Rule for 11 and 12: Both parts of the adad agree with the madud and the madud is accusative singular, e.g.
186 The Num er al s students ( ♂)’ and 11’ ً – ’(♀ ) students 11’ ً
students ( ♂)’ and 12’ א ً – ’(♀ ) students 12’ א ً
Note: All the numbers from 11-99 are followed by a singular noun in the accusative.
The Rule for 1313----19:19: In these cases the second part of the adad agrees with the madud , and the first part is opposite gender. Secondly, the madud of 13-19 is accusative singular as mentioned below:
Male StStudentsudents Figure Female Students ً 13 ً ً 14 ً ً 15 ً ً 16 ً ً 17 ً ً 18 ً ً 19 ً
:::FFFFא د א دE א دThe Rule for the Uqud EEE F are called و ن KKK نThe multiples of ten from 20-90 E the uqud . They have the form and the Irab of the sound masculine plural, e.g.
there are 20 books on the‘ א ْ ْ و ن ً – .F عtable’. It is in nominative case E 187 The Num er al s I read 20 books’. It is in accusative‘ ْ ً – case E F. I bought the book for 20‘ א א ْ د و אً – .F وdollars’. It is in genitive case E
The Numbers of 2121----22:22: For 21, the first part of the number with the masculine .and with the feminine , e.g و א madud is students ( ♂)’ and 21’ و א و و ن ً – ’(♀ ) students 21’ و و ن ً
א ن For 22 the first part of the number with masculine is .e.g , א ن and with feminine is students ( ♂)’ and 22’ א ن و و ن ً – ’(♀ ) students 22’ א ن و و ن ً
For Numbers 2323----29:29: For 23-29, the first part of the numbers with the masculine madud is feminine, and with the feminine it is masculine, as mentioned below:
Male Students Figure Female Students و و ن ً 23 و و ن ً و و ن ً 24 و و ن ً و و ن ً 25 و و ن ً و و ن ً 26 و و ن ً و و ن ً 27 و و ن ً نٍ و و ن ً 28 و و ن ً و و ن ً 29 و و ن ً 188 The Num er al s The Uqud from 2020----90:90: The uqud have the same form with the masculine as well as the feminine madud as given below:
Male Students Figure Female Students و ن ً 20 و ن ً ن ً 30 ن ً ن ً 40 ن ً ن ً 50 ن ً ن ً 60 ن ً ن ً 70 ن ً ن ً 80 ن ً ن ً 90 ن ً 100 ْ 1000 ْ
From 100 upward cccountscounts are listed below: 100 – ( alif is not pronounced) also written ْ – 100,000 ْ – 1,000 ن – 200 ْ ن – 10,00,000 ْ ن – 2,000 – 300 400 – 3,000 – 500 – 4,000 – 600 – 5,000 – 700 – 800 – 900 –
For reading the number it is better to start with the units, then go to tens, to hundreds, and then to thousands, e.g. 189 The Num er al s – If the madud is masculine: و ن و و د و ٍ :Dollars 7,654
– If the madud is feminine: و ن و و و :Rupees 7,654
The Ordinal Numeral: The ordinal numbers from first to tenth are derived from the cardinals on the pattern of the active participle, , for א و for masculine, and א و ل except “the first” which is feminine.
Cardinal Number Masculine Feminine א و א و ل the first א א ( אل without نٍ ) the second א א the third א א א א the fourth א א the fifth א د א د س the sixth א א the seventh א א the eighth א א the ninth א א the tenth
After tenth the cardinal numbers are used along with the ordinals as follow: Cardinal Number MascMasculine uline Feminine א د א د the eleventh א א the twelveth 190 The Num er al s א א the thirteenth th א و ن א و ن the 20 st א د و א ْ و ن א د و א ْ و ن the 21 nd א و א ْ و ن א و א ْ و ن the 22 rd א و אْ و ن א و א ْ و ن the 23 th א א و א ْ و ن א א و א ْ و ن the 24 th א و א ْ و ن א و א ْ و ن the 29 th א ن א ن the 30
Examples from the Holy Quran:
And your Ilah (God) is one Illah (God“ ﴿ و و א ﴾ – i.e. Allah)” [2/163]
Then it will be a single“ ﴿ ز و א ﴾ – (compelling) cry” [37/19]
”Say: He is Allah, the one and only“ ﴿ א ﴾ – [112/1]
then take) the testimony of two)“ ﴿ א ن ذ و א لٍ ﴾ – just men of your own folk” [5/106]
And indeed We gave“ ﴿ و ﴾ – Moses nine clear signs” [17/10]
[This makes ten days in all” [2/196“ ﴿ ْ ﴾ – O my father! Verily, I“ ﴿ ً﴾ – saw eleven starts” [12/4]
and the weaning of him is thirty“ ﴿ و ن אً﴾ – months” [46/15] 191 The Num er al s then fasten him“ ﴿ ْ ذ ن ذ א ً ﴾ – with a chain whereof the length is seventy cubits” [69/32]
the widows) they)“ ﴿ ٍ و אً﴾ – shall wait concerning themselves four months and ten days” [2/234]
﴿ א ن א א – The likeness of those who“ ﴾ spend their wealth in the way of Allah is as the likeness of a grain (of corn); it grows seven ears, and each ear has a hundred grains” [2/261]
Did you not“ ﴿ א א د و ﴾ – turn your vision to those who abandoned their homes, and they were thousands (in number)” [2/243]
He (Allah) is the First (nothing is“ ﴿ א و ل و א ﴾ – before Him) and the Last (nothing is after Him)” [57/3]
The second of the two; when“ ﴿ א ذ א ْ ﴾ – they were in the cave” [9/40]
﴿ ن א ْ و ن د ْ ﴾ – “(some) say they were three, the dog being the fourth among them and (others) say they were five, the dog being the sixth” [18/22]
192 Lesson 28222888 א س א و א ون
א THE NOUNS IN ACCUSATIVE
There are some nouns which are used in accusative case in order to convey certain specific meanings and expressions. These are briefly explained under the following paragraphs.
:::FFFFא لא لEא لThe Hal EEE It is a grammatical term used for a noun in accusative to express the state of another noun which is called sahib the‘ د א א ْ ً .F, e.g א ْ لal-hal E student entered the classroom while he was laughing or is sahib al-hal , and א in a state of laughing’. Here is hal in accusative, which explains the state of ً the student when he entered the class, i.e. he was laughing.
the child spent the night crying’. Here‘ א ْ ً . is sahib al-hal א is the hal in accusative and ً the girl entered the class‘ د א ْ א ْ ً silently’ i.e. in a state of quietness. Here is -expressing the state of sahib al א ل mansub which is . is the sahib al-hal א hal in the given action and read while‘ א ْ ْ ً و و א ً :Some other examples א و א ْ و א ْ ,’sitting or standing 193 The Nouns in Accusative I like the meat grilled, the fish fried and the egg‘ ً boiled’.
The hal is usually an answer to the question or a sentence א ل א ْ د how?), and it may be a word) And the hal agrees with the sahib al-hal in . א ل א number and gender, e.g.
’the boy came smiling‘ א ْ ً – ’the two boys came smiling‘ א ْ אن – ’the boys came smiling‘ א و د – ’the girl came smiling‘ א ْ ً – ’the two girls came smiling‘ א ْ ن – ’the girls came smiling‘ א ْ – The sahib al-hal is mostly definite and it may be the . א or א , א ْ ل , א ْ ,
Examples from the Holy Quran:
So he (Moses) escaped from“ ﴿ ج ً ﴾ – there, looking about in a state of fear”. [28/21]
﴿ א ْ א ْ אم ن א و – Certainly, you shall enter Al-Masjid“ و ن ﴾ Al-Haram , if Allah Wills secure (in a state of security), (some) having your heads shaved, and (some) having your head hair cut short, having no fear”. [48/27]
those who“ ﴿ א و ن א ً و دאً و ﴾ – remember Allah standing, sitting and lying down on their sides”. [3/191]
194 The Nouns in Accusative :FFFF Distinctionא א אThe Tamiz EEE E It is a noun in accusative which is used to define and distinguish an undetermined idea contained in the אً .previous word or in the entire sentence, e.g the א I drank a liter of juice’. In this sentence‘ אً noun in accusative, is the tamiz , which specifies the action of the subject and completes the meaning without any ambiguity , i.e. I drank a liter of ‘juice’, not water or milk, etc. Sometimes the tamiz may be ْ אً .translated as “with regard to”, e.g I am elder to you with regard to‘ و ْ ْ ً age, but you are superior to me with regard to this boy is good with‘ א א ْ ً .’knowledge regard to manners’.
The numerals from 11 to 99 also take the following noun as at-tamiz in singular accusative, e.g. ن ً ,’students(♂ ) 50’ ن ً ,’pens 14’ ً ’60 ( ♀) students’.
Examples from the Holy Quran:
and you can never reach the“ ﴿ א ْ ل ً﴾ – mountain in height”. [17/37]
﴿ و ً د א و ً و ل – And who is better in speech than one who“ א ْ ﴾ calls (mankind) to Allah, and works righteousness, and says: I am of those who bow in Islam”. [41/33]
195 The Nouns in Accusative :::FFFFא ل א א ل אE א ل אThe Absolute Object EEE F in accusative occurring in אIt is a verbal noun E ْ the sentence, used along with the verb of the same kind. The absolute object is used to express emphasis Bilal beat‘ ل ً .or intensity of the action, e.g him violently or Bilal gave him thrashing’. Here is the absolute object in accusative, which follows the verb of its own kind, i.e. to express the intensity of beating.
He likes red color intensely or‘ א ن א he loves red color’. Here the emphasis or the intensity is doubled. Some more examples:
’Hamid became very happy‘ ً – ’close the door completely‘ ْ א ْ ْ ً – ’have sound patience‘ א אً – ’I thank you very much‘ ْ אً – ’I beg your pardon‘ ْ אً – The maful mutlaq is also used as a substitute for the verb. In case of the preceding three examples one can which conveys the same ْ אً , ْ אً , אً simply say meanings.
Examples from the Holy Quran:
And to Moses Allah spoke“ ﴿ و א ْ ً﴾ – directly”. [4/164]
196 The Nouns in Accusative (We (Allah“ ﴿ א ْ ْ א ض ﴾ – pour forth water in abundance. And we split the earth in cleft”. [80/25-26]
O you who“ ﴿ א א א א א و א ً אً﴾ – believe! Keep your duty to Allah and fear Him, and speak (always) the truth”. [33/70]
: א ل or א ل F which אIt is the object in the form of the masdar E ْ expresses the reason for doing an action, e.g. the teacher beat the student to‘ א ْ س א ْد ً tells us the د teach him manners’. Here the masdar reason for beating. This masdar mostly denotes a mental action like fear, love, desire, respect, etc. It is mansub . The masdar in maful lahu is mostly with the tanwin . However, it may also be fathah when mentioned as ﴿ و ْ א و د mudaf , e.g. the Quran says .”And kill not your children for fear of poverty“ قٍ﴾ [17/31]
:::FFFFא אE אException EEE The particle ‘ ’ is used as one of the tools for exception, and the noun following ‘ ’ is mostly all the‘ و א אً .accusative, e.g students have arrived except Hamid’.
:F has three elements אThe exception E
197 The Nouns in Accusative It is the thing that is excepted. In the above : א ْ 1 example it is . It is the thing from which exception is : א ْ 2 . א made. In the above example it is It is the tool of exception which is in : د א א 3 the given example, is a particle E F. (there are some other tools of exception like , which which are verbs. These א , are nouns and words of exception take the Irab they deserve in the sentence).
Examples:
’I saw none but Bilal‘ ً – Every sickness has a medicine‘ د א د و א א ْ – except death’
Allah forgives all the‘ א א א – sins except Shirk’
If the mastathna minhu E F is not mentioned in a sentence, then it takes the Irab it deserves in the No one has arrived‘ و .sentence, e.g except Hamid’. Here Hamid, the mustathna , is a fail I saw no‘ אً .E F, hence in nominative is maful א one except Hamid’. Here the mustathna bihi , hence in accusative.
In the above examples, if you omit ‘ ’ it becomes and in the , و clear, i.e. in the first case
198 The Nouns in Accusative This situation of Irab occurs in the . אً second negative, prohibitive or interrogative sentences.
Examples from the Holy Quran:
and they do not remember“ ﴿ و و ن א ً﴾ – Allah but little”. [4/142]
Everyone will perish save His“ ﴿ و ﴾ – Face”. [28/88]
Is there any reward for“ ﴿ א א ن א ن ﴾ – good other than good”. [55/60]
:FFFF--- The Adverbא ل א لE א لThe Maful Fihi EEE F. The zarf is a noun אIt is also called the zarf E which denotes the time or place of an action, e.g. I waited for you one hour’, ً ‘I‘ א ً I shall fast‘ م אً ن א ,’returned at night .zarf al-zaman) , i.e) א ن tomorrow’. This is called adverb of time.
F relates to the place of א ْ نThe zarf al-makan E action, i.e. adverb of place, e.g. ‘I sat the teacher is with the‘ א ْ س א ْ ,’under a tree ,’principal’, ً ‘I walked a mile .’where did you stay in the holidays‘ א ْ ْ The zarf is mansub (in accusative). However, a few are mabni . Some of them ( א plural of א و ) zuruf include: 199 The Nouns in Accusative 1 (where): It is zarf al-makan , ending in fathah , and א .is considered in place of nasab , e.g .’?where did you learn the Arabic language‘ א ْ 2 (yesterday): It is zarf al-zaman which is mabni ending in kasrah , and is considered as in place of I went to the market‘ ذ א ق .nasab , e.g yesterday’.
3 (where) & (never): Both are mabni , ending in dammah , and considered in place of nasab F E , e.g. ْ ‘never tell lie or don’t tell .’sit where ever you like‘ א א ,’lie ever 4 (here) & (when): Both end in sukun , and are considered . Both these words end in , ْ alif which is sakin , is originally ْ and is when did you return from‘ א ْ .e.g sit here till I‘ א א ,’the university return’.
Apart from the zuruf , there are certain words which are like the zarf and may take nasab ending even though they are not originally words denoting time or place. These are words like , , , . This happens when any of these words is mudaf and its mudaf ilaihi is a zarf denoting place or time, e.g.
.’I go to the university every day‘ ذ א ْ مٍ –
.’I traveled for part of a day‘ مٍ –
200 The Nouns in Accusative I recited the Quran for quarter of an‘ ْ א ْ ن – hour’.
.’I walked for half a mile‘ ٍ –
He said: I remained (dead) a“ ﴿ ل ً و مٍ﴾ – day or part of a day”. [2/259]
!He said: O my Lord“ ﴿ ل د ً و אً﴾ – Verily, I have called to my people night and day”.[71/5]
and we left Yusuf“ ﴿ و ْ א ﴾ – by our belongings and a wolf devoured him”. [12/17]
and they both found her lord“ ﴿ و ْ א א ْ ﴾ – (husband) at the door”. [12/25]
And over all those endowed“ ﴿ و ق ذ ْ ٍ ﴾ – with knowledge is the All-Knowing”. [12/76]
And they came to their father“ ﴿ و و א ن ﴾ – in the early part of the night weeping”. [12/16]
:::FFFF א אE אAbsolute Negative EEE The la nafiyatu lilgins negates absolutely the entire kind or genus, e.g. ‘I don’t have any kind of pen’. In this example the la negates anything which can be called a pen or any kind of writing material. In the given example, is ism (subject) of la and is its khabar (predicate). Both the ism and the khabar of la
201 The Nouns in Accusative should be indefinite, and its ism is mabni with ‘a’ ending. Some more examples are given below:
there is no god but Allah’. Here la negates‘ א א – absolutely any kind or sort of ilaha (god), worthy of worship, may he be a kind of human being, an angel, a jin or any kind of material or unnatural object, except the Lord , Allah.
,(This is the Book (the Quran“ ﴿ ذ א ْ ﴾ – whereof there is no doubt”. [2/2]. Here has been negated absolutely that there cannot be any doubt what so ever that the Book, al-Quran is an absolute truth and that it is from Allah Almighty.
There is no“ ﴿ ْ א א א א ْ ﴾ – compulsion (whatsoever) in religion, verily the right path has become distinct from the wrong path”. [2/256]
FF א ْ א ْ א و א ْ – There is no Salah after the Fajr (Salah) till“ א EE the sun rise, and there is no Salah after the Asr (Salah) till the sun set”.
202 Conclusion א
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this book covers the essential aspects of the Quranic grammar, which should enable the learner to follow the Arabic text of the Holy Quran. However, he would require assistance of an authentic Quranic dictionary to learn the meanings and application of unfamiliar words and phrases. The book should also form a sound base for those who desire to pursue higher studies in Arabic.
This book is an extension of my lectures on the subject in Urdu language ( www.sautulquran.org/CD ). It is written essentially on the request of some persons who desired to learn the Quranic language, but they did not find the study material in English language. I was fully conscious of my own limitations to undertake such a sensitive and complex task, but I ventured to do so primarily in the background of I . אEE FF ً و (the saying of our beloved Prophet (SAW have tried to convey to others whatever little knowledge of the subject that I had with a view to contributing, in a humble way, towards the promotion of the Quranic learning. Any views, comments or suggestions for improve- ment of the next addition would be welcomed and highly appreciated.
203 Conclusion May Allah Almighty forgive me for the shortcomings in the book, and May He help and guide the learners in under- standing and practicing the Quranic teachings (Amin).
My sincere thanks to all those who assisted me in the accomplishment of this work. May Allah (SWT) bless them and May He reward them for their contribution (Amin).
א א א K א و א ن א و و وא א אد وK
و د א ن א א وא وא م א وאK
204