Ten Lessons of Arabic

TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC

based on Das Sabaq of Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents i List of Tables ii Introduction iii LESSON 1 – Subject and Predicate 1 مُْبُتََُدُأٌَُوُ َخبَ ٌرُ LESSON 2 ِ ِ 7 ُم َضا ٌفَُوُُم َضا ٌفُإلَْيوُ LESSON 3 ِ ِ – Past Tense Verb 15 اَلْفْع ُلُالَْماضى LESSON 4 ِ ِ – Verb, Subject, Object 23 فْع ٌل،ُفَاع ٌل،َُمْفعُْوٌلُ LESSON 5 – Prepositions 29 اَ ْْلُُرْو ُفُا ْْلَاَّرةُ LESSON 6 ِ – Pronouns 35 َضَمائُرُ LESSON 7 ِ – Present and Future Tense 43 اَلْفْع ُلُالُْم َضاِرعُ Verb

LESSON 8 – Adjective 53 اَل ِّصَفةَُُوُالَْمْو ُصْو ُفُ LESSON 9 – Imperative & Prohibitive 61 اَْْلَْمُرَُوُالنَّ ْه ُيُ Singular, Dual, Plural 67 – الْوا ِحد،ُالتَّثنِية،ُا ْْلمعُ LESSON 10 َ َ ُ َ ْ َُ َ َْ ُ

LIST OF TABLES

3.1 Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice 16 ( ِ ِ ) اَلْفْع ُلُالَْماضىُاَلَْمْعُرْو ُفُ 3.2 Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice 17 ( ِ ِ ) اَلْفْع ُلُالَْماضىُاَلَُْم ْجُهْوُلُ 5.1 Prepositions ( ) 29 اَ ْْلُُرْو ُفُا ْْلَاَّرةُ Possessive ( ِ) & Objective ( ) Pronouns 35 6.1 َمْفعُْوِلُي إ َضاُِفي 37 ِِ 6.2 Pronouns (فَاعل يُ) Subjective Verb Forms of ( ِ) in Active Voice ( ) 44 7.1 َمْعُُرْو ٌفُ فْع ٌلُُم َضاِرعٌُ Verb Forms of ( ِ) in Passive Voice ( ) 45 7.2 ََمُْهْوٌلُ فْع ٌلُُمُ َضاِرعٌُ 9.1 Second Person Imperative in Active Voice 61 ( ِ ) أَْمٌرُ َحاضٌرَُمْعُرْو ٌفُ 9.2 Second Person Prohibitive in Active Voice 62 ( ِ ) ن َْه ٌيُ َحاضٌرَُمْعُرْو ٌفُ 10.1 Singular, Dual, and Plural 67

بسمُاهللُالرمحنُالرحيمُ حنمدهُوُنصليُعلىُرسولوُالكرمي Introduction to the Text & Translation

This book is based on the famous Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar Das Sabaq [Ten Lessons] by Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi. Das Sabaq in Urdu has been a part of the ‘Aalim course curriculum in Western madrasahs for a number of years. We have revised and edited an existing translation of the text that was available online. During this process, we have taken liberty with the translation to make the content more accessible and beneficial to the reader. The first draft of this translation was prepared in co- operation with Darul Uloom al-Madania, and was used as a textbook for Darul Uloom’s eAlim program during the last academic year. We received a number of suggestions during the course of that. Later, we had the chance to review this text again while teaching portions of it during this Ramadan, and then, the whole text during the first term of this academic year at Darul Uloom. This text has thus been revised multiple times; and we hope, this first online edition is free of errors. Nevertheless, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some mistakes in it. We hope that the readers, students and teachers, will apprise us of any such issues. Your feedback (suggestions, constructive criticism, etc.) is valuable to us. You can contact us at the email address given below. This is a beginner-level text; therefore, we have not transliterated Arabic words exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, we have used approximate

iii

equivalents that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized. As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, we have not used the original Arabic duals and plurals; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by adding an ‘s’ to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain. The word still remains italicized to reflect its non-English origin. The following abbreviations appear in the text: S = Singular D = Dual P = Plural

M = Masculine F = Feminine Many times, these have been used in combination. Thus, we also have the following abbreviations: (S/M) = ‘Singular masculine’ which means one male (D/M) = ‘Dual masculine’ which means two males (P/M) = ‘Plural masculine’ which means multiple males (S/F) = ‘Singular feminine’ which means one female (D/F) = ‘Dual feminine’ which means two females (P/F) = ‘Plural feminine’ which means multiple females We hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. We also pray that Allah, the Exalted, accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. We also request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us in their prayers. And He alone gives success. ٰ ٰ ِ ِِ ِ ٍ ٰ ِِٰ ِِ ِ َوُ َصلَّىُاهللُتَ َعالُُ َعلُىُ َخْْيُ َخْلقوُ َسيِّدنَُاَُوَُمْوََلنَاَُُُُمََّمدَُّوُ َعلُىُأُلوَُوُأَُ ْص َحابوُأَُ ْْجَعَُْي ‘Aamir Bashir Buffalo, NY 17th Muharram, 1433 (13th December, 2011) Email: [email protected]

LESSON 1

مُ بُتُ دُأٌُ وُ خب ٌرُ Subject and Predicate

Consider the following sentences: ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ ‘Haamid is pious,’ ‘Khalid is a conqueror.’ These sentences and other sentences of the same pattern are called mubtada ( ) and مُْبُتََُدُأٌُ khabar ( ). The subject of the sentence is called mubtada and it َخبَ ٌرُ comes at the beginning of the sentence. The predicate of the sentence is called khabar and it is the second part of the sentence. For example, in ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ Mahmood is the subject and the information about him being knowledgeable is the ُ’predicate. Therefore, ‘Mahmood’ is mubtada and ‘knowledgeable is khabar.

To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps: 1. Take out the “is”. 2. Translate the words into Arabic .to both words in the sentence ( َضَّمتَ ِيُ) Give two dammahs .3 ْ Examples: 1. Mahmood is knowledgeable. ِ َُْم ُمْوٌدُ َعا ُلٌ 2. Haamid is pious. ِ ِ َحامٌدُ َصال ٌحُ 3. Khalid is a conqueror. ِ ِ َخالٌدُفَات ٌحُ 4. Muhammad (Allah bless him and give him peace) is a messenger. َّ ِ َّ ُُمََّمٌدُُ) َصلىُاهللُ َعلَْيوَُوُ َسل َمُ(َُرُسْوٌلُ 5. Naasir is a friend. ِ ِ نَاصٌرُ َصديٌْقُ

1 Lesson 1

In the above examples, the mubtada is a proper noun.1 However, if it is a common noun, an alif-laam will be added to the beginning of the word. For example, if the first sentence was ‘the . ِ man is knowledgeable,’ it would be translated as اَلَّرُج ُلُ َعا ُلٌ It is important to note here that whenever alif-laam comes before a word, the tanween becomes a single fathah ( ), kasrah فَ ْت َحةٌُ ( ) or dammah ( ), eg. to . Alif-laam is mainly used اَلَُّرُجلُ َرُج ٌلُ َضَّمةٌُ َك ْسَرةٌُ in place of the definite article “the.” It gives distinction to a word. For example, ‘a man’ is any man and ‘the man’ is a specific man. Sometimes alif-laam is used for the meaning of ‘a whole category/class.’ For example, ِ means ‘mankind’ and اَ ْْلَْم ُد اَُُْلنْ َسا ُنُ means ‘all praise.’ If the mubtada is feminine, then the khabar will also have to be feminine. To change a word to its feminine form, add the round to the end of the word. For example, ‘the man is pious’ is (ة) taa ’,written as ِ . Now if you want to say ‘the woman is pious اَلَّرُج ُلُ َصال ٌحُ you will say ِ . Similarly, ‘the girl is knowledgeable’ will be اَلَْمْرأَةُُ َصاْلَةٌُ . ِ ِ written as اَلْبْن ُتُ َعال َمةٌُ Word List Arabic English Singular Plural father اُٰبَُاءُ أَُ ٌبُ mother أَُُّمَها ٌتُ أُُمُي ِ son أَُبْ نَاءُ ابْ ٌنُ ِ daughter, girl ب َنَا ٌتُ بْن ٌتُ paternal uncle أَُْع َماٌمُ َعمُي

1In Arabic, a proper noun is called ma‘rifah ( ) and a common noun is called َمْعِرفَةٌُ .( ِ ) nakirah نَكَرةٌُ 2

مُبُْتََُدُأٌَُوُ َخبَ ٌرُ Arabic English Singular Plural َعَّماةٌُ,ُ َعَّما ٌتُ َعَّمةٌُ paternal aunt maternal uncle أَُ ْخَواٌلُ َخاٌلُ maternal aunt َخاََل ٌتُ َخالَةٌُ ِ ِ brother إُ ْخَوا ٌن،ُإُ ْخَوةٌُ أَُ ٌخُ sister أَُ َخَوا ٌتُ أُُ ْخ ٌتُ grandfather أَُ ْجَداٌدُ َجيدُ grandmother َجَّدا ٌتُ َجَّدةٌُ ِ (grandson (son’s son أَُ ْحَفاٌد،ُ َحَفَدةٌُ َحفْيٌدُ ِ (grandson (daughter’s son أَُ ْسبَا ٌطُ سْب ٌطُ ِ man رَجاٌلُ َرُج ٌلُ ِ ِ woman ن َساءٌُ اْمَرأَةٌُ ِ male child, boy أَُطَْفاٌلُ طْف ٌلُ strong أَُقِْويَاءُ قَِويُ ِ weak ُضَعَفاءُ َضعْي ٌفُ ice, snow ث َْل ٌجُ cold بَاِرٌدُ ِ water ميَاهٌُ َماءٌُ sweet َع ْذ ٌبُ ِ pious ُصلَ َحاءُ َصال ٌحُ عُبَّاٌدُ َعابٌِدُ worshipper chicken ُد ُج ٌج،َُُد َجا ٌجُ َد َجا َجةٌُ ِ sheep; goat شيَاهٌُ َشاةٌُ ِ ِ intelligent أَُذْكيَاءُ ذَك يُ ِ wise عَُقََلءُ َعاق ٌلُ 3 Lesson 1

Arabic English Singular Plural ِ ِ thankful, grateful َشاكُرُْوَنُ َشاكٌرُ إُِماءُ أَُمةُ َ ُ ٌَ slave girl ٍ ِ َجَوارُ َجاريَةٌُ ِ ِ truthful َصادقُ ْوَنُ َصاد ٌقُ ِ ِ generous كَراٌمُ َكرْميٌُ ِ path صَرا ٌطُ ِ straight ُم ْستَقْي ٌمُ ritual prayer (salah) َصلََوا ٌتُ َصلٰوةٌ،ُ َصََلةٌُ ِ (standing (F قَائ َمةٌُ ِ slave عبَاٌدُ َعْبٌدُ brave ُش ْجَعا ٌنُ ُش َجاعٌُ ِ leader, commander قُ َّواٌد،ُقَاَدةٌُ قَائٌدُ the hour; day of

اَُل َّسا َعةُ resurrection ِ (coming (F اُٰتيَةٌُ respectful (F) ُمَؤَّدبَةٌُ ِ (going (F ذَاىبَةٌُ ِ (small (F َصغْي َرةٌُ ِ (fat (F ََسْي نَةٌُ hardworking َُْمتَِه ُدْوَنُ َُْمتَِهٌدُ ِ religion, deen; judgment أَُْديَا ٌنُ ديْ ٌنُ ِ merciful َرحْي ٌمُ ِ beautiful َْجْي ٌلُ Lord َر يبُ

مُبُْتََُدُأٌَُوُ َخبَ ٌرُ Arabic English Singular Plural ِ prophet أَُنْبيَاءُ نَِبُي messenger ُرُس ٌلُ َرُسْوٌلُ ِ knowledgeable; scholar عُلََماءُ َعا ُلٌ ِ conqueror فَات ٌحُ ِ ِ friend أَُ ْصدقَاءُ َصديٌْقُ mankind, the person, ِ اَُْلنْ َسا ُن someone all praise اَ ْْلَْم ُدُ and َوُُ

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic. 1. Haamid is a father. 2. Mahmood is a son. 3. Khalid is an uncle (paternal). 4. Zaid is an uncle (maternal). 5. Bakr is a brother. 6. Sa‘eed is a grandfather. 7. Hameed is a grandson (son’s son). 8. Haseeb is a grandson (daughter’s son) 9. The man is strong. 10. The child (M) is weak. 11. The ice is cold. 12. The water is sweet. 13. The son is wise. 14. The brother is a worshipper. 15. The father is pious.

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic. 1. The mother is pious. 2. The daughter is a worshipper.

5 Lesson 1

3. The aunt (maternal) is intelligent. 4. The aunt (paternal) is wise. 5. The sister is beautiful. 6. The grandmother is thankful. 7. The chicken is small. 8. The sheep is fat. 9. The aunt (paternal) is pious. 10. The slave girl is wise. 11. The grandmother is pious. 12. The aunt (maternal) is a worshipper.

Exercise 3: Translate into English.

1. اَهللَُُر يبُ َّ ِ َّ .2 ُُمََّمٌدُ) َصلىُاهللُ َعلَْيوَُوُ َسل َمُ(ُنَِيبُ ِ .3 اَلَّرُسْوُلُ َصاد ٌقُ ِ .4 اَل ِّصَرا ُطُُم ْستَقْي ٌمُ ِ .5 اَُِْل ْسََلُمُديْ ٌنُ ِ .6 اَُْلنْ َسا ُنُ َعْبٌدُ ِ ِ .7 َخالٌدُقَائٌدُ

اَُْْلَ ُخَُكِرُْميٌ .8 ِ .9 اَل َّسا َعةُُاُٰتيَةٌُ ِ .10 َع ْمٌُروَُُْمتَهٌدُ 11. طَاِرٌقُ ُش َجا ٌعُ 12. اَلْبِْن ُتُُمَؤَّدبَةٌُ ِ ِ .13 اَ ْْلَاُلُ َعاق ٌلَُوُالَْع ُّمُذَك يُ ِ ِ .14 اَ ْْلَفْي ُدُُمَؤَّد ٌبَُوا ْْلَُّدَُرحْي ٌمُ ِ .15 اَُْْلََمةُُذَاىبَةٌُ ِ .16 اَُل َّشاةُُاُٰتيَةٌُ

LESSON 2

ِ م ضا ٌفُ وُ م ضا ٌفُإِل يهُ

Consider the following sentences: ‘slave of Allah,’ ‘messenger of Allah,’ ‘door of the house,’ ‘the Messenger’s order,’ ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ ‘Khalid’s book,’ ‘Hameed’s house.’ These phrases and those with a similar pattern are called mudaaf ( ) and mudaaf ilayhi ُم َضا ٌفُ One thing (mudaaf) is attributed to the other (mudaaf .( ِ ِ) ُم َضا ٌفُإلَْيوُ ilayhi). Many times, the relationship is that of the possessed to its possessor. The possessed is called mudaaf and the possessor is called mudaaf ilayhi. For example, in the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ the pen is owned by Mahmood. Therefore, ‘pen’ is mudaaf and ‘Mahmood’ is mudaaf ilayhi.

To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps: 1. Take out ‘of’ or the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ which show possession. 2. If you have taken out the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ reverse the sequence. Write the second word first and the first word second. If you took out ‘of,’ then there is no need to reverse the sequence. 3. Replace the English words with their Arabic equivalents. 4. Give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs. For example, to translate the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen’ to Arabic, first take out the apostrophe and ‘s.’ It becomes ‘Mahmood pen.’ Then, change the order of the words to ‘pen Mahmood.’ قلمُ Next, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi .ُممود ,two kasrahs. You get ٍ . Following the same method قَ لَ ُم َُُْم ُمْودُ Khalid’s book’ becomes ٍِ ِ . For a sentence with ‘of,’ such as‘ كتَا ُبُ َخالدُ ‘ring of gold,’ first remove the ‘of.’ It becomes ‘ring gold.’ Now, .خامتُذىب replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get

7 Lesson 2

Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two . َخاَمتُُذََى ٍبُ kasrahs. You get The rules concerning alif-laam have been mentioned in the first lesson. Those rules will apply here also. Thus, if there is an alif- laam at the beginning of the mudaaf ilayhi, the two kasrahs will It should be . َخاَمتُُالَّذَى ِبُ will become َخاَمتُُذََى ٍبُ .become one kasrah noted here that the mudaaf never accepts alif-laam or tanween. For will not accept alif-laam or َخاَمتُ ,instance, in the above example tanween.

Word List Arabic English Singular Plural ِديارُ،ُدُورُ دارُ َ ٌ ٌُْ َ ٌ home, house

ب ُيُ ْو ٌتُ ب َْي ٌتُ ِ wall ُج ُدٌر،ُ ُج ْدَرا ٌنُ جَداٌرُ door أَُبْ َُوا ٌبُ بَا ٌبُ ِ clay طٌْيُ ِ jar جَراٌرُ َجَّرةٌُ حجراتُ حجرةُ ُ َُ ٌ ُ ٌَْ room غَُر ٌفُ غُْرفَةٌُ ِ window َشبَابْي ُكُ ُشبَّاٌكُ ِ ِ table َمنَاض ُدُ مْن َضَدةٌُ wood ُخ ُش ٌبُ,ُأَُ ْخ َشا ٌبُ َخ َش ٌبُ ceiling ُسُقْو ٌفُ َسْق ٌفُ roof ُسطُْوٌحُ,ُأَُ ْسطُ ٌحُ َسطْ ٌحُ ِ dirt أَُتْربَةٌُ ت َُرا ٌبُ ِ iron َحديٌْدُ

8 ِ ُم َضا ٌفَُوُُم َضا ٌفُإلَيْوُ Arabic English Singular Plural cupboard, shelf ُرفُ ْو ٌفُ َر يفُ ِ bed أَُسَّرةٌُ َسِريْ ٌرُ throne عُُرْو ٌشُ َعْر ٌشُ ِ ِ .leg of a table, bed, etc قَ َوائمُ قَائ َمةٌُ ِ ِ stove َمَواق ُدُ َمْوقٌدُ ِ fire نْي َرا ٌنُ نَاٌرُ لٌَِبُ لَبِنَةٌُ unbaked brick baked brick اٰ ُجيرُ اٰ ُجَّرةٌُ brass ُصْفٌرُ copper ُحنَا ٌسُ ِ jug أَُبَاِريْ ُقُ إُبِْريٌْقُ ِ cooking pot قُُدْوٌرُ ق ْدٌرُ sun َُشُْو ٌسُ ََشْ ٌسُ heat َحيرُ glass (as substance) ُزَجا ٌجُ ٍ ِ bottle قَ نَانُ قنِّ ْي نَةٌُ ِ notebook َكَراريْ ُسُ ُكَّرا َسةٌُ ِ ِ paper قَ َراطْي ُسُ قُْرطَا ٌسُ ِ cap قَََلن ُسُ قَ لَْن ُسَوةٌُ ِ ِ gun ب َنَاد ُقُ ب ُْن ُدْوقيَّةٌُ bullet َر َصا ٌصُ َر َصا َصةٌُ ِ sock َجَوار ُبُ َجْوَر ٌبُ wool أَُ ْصَوا ٌفُ ُصْو ٌفُ ِ cheap َرخْي ٌصُ 9 Lesson 2

Arabic English Singular Plural ِ expensive ََثٌْيُ ِ high َرفْي ٌعُ ِ ِ long, tall طَواٌلُ طَُويْ ٌلُ ِ religion, deen; judgment ديْ ٌنُ doubt َريْ ٌبُ ِ to establish, establishing إُقَاَمةٌُ ِ to give, giving إُيْ تَاءٌُ إُِنْ َفا ٌقُ to spend, spending ِ ِ (to light (a fire ا ْستْي َقاٌدُ ِ foolish, stupid, silly; fool ُسَفَهاءُ َسفْيوٌُ ِ meeting لَقُاءٌُ oppression; to exceed

طُْغيَا ٌنُ proper bounds city, town ب َْلَدةٌُ ِ country; city, town بََُلٌد،ُب ُْلَدا ٌنُ ب َلٌَدُ ِ city, town ُم ُد ٌنُ َمديْ نَةٌُ people نَا ٌسُ light أَُ ْضَواءُ َضْوءٌُ ِ lamp ُسُرٌجُ سَرا ٌجُ around َحْوَلُ darkness ظُلَُما ٌتُ ظُْل َمةٌُ ٍ َّ ِ night لَيَالُُ)اَلليَالُ( لَْي ٌلُ sound أَُ ْصَوا ٌتُ َصْو ٌتُ thunder ُرعُْوٌدُ َرْعٌدُ

10 ِ ُم َضا ٌفَُوُُم َضا ٌفُإلَيْوُ Arabic English Singular Plural flash لَْمَعا ٌنُ lightning ب ُُرْوٌقُ ب َْرٌقُ ِ ِ finger, toe أَُ َصابعُ إُ ْصبٌَعُ ِ foot; leg أَُْرُج ٌلُ رْج ٌلُ ِ soldier ُجنُ ْوٌدُ ُجْنديُ journey, travel ِرْحلَةٌُ ِ winter شتَاءٌُ summer َصْي ٌفُ ِ spring َربْي ٌعُ autumn, fall َخِريْ ٌفُ ِ person إُنْ َسا ٌنُ َزكٰوةٌ،َُزَكاةٌُ (poor due (zakah material wealth أَُْمَواٌلُ َماٌلُ rug, carpet فُ ُرْو ٌشُ فَ ْر ٌشُ day أَُيَّاٌمُ ي َْوٌمُ أَُُواِمرُُ أَُمرُُ َ ُ ٌْ order أَ ْح َكاٌمُ ُح ْك ٌمُ pen أَُقََْلٌمُ قَ ُلٌَمُ ِ servant ُخَّداٌمُ َخادٌمُ ِ book ُكتُ ٌبُ كتَا ٌبُ gold ذََى ٌبُ ِ ring َخَوامتُ َخاَمتٌُ ground/floor أْر ٌضُ

11 Lesson 2

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic. 1. Wall of the house 2. Clay jar (jar of clay) 3. Window of the room 4. Wood of the table 5. Roof of the house 6. Dirt of the roof 7. Iron cupboard (cupboard of iron) 8. Hameed’s bed 9. Legs of the throne 10. Fire of the stove 11. The baked brick floor (floor of baked bricks) 12. The sun’s heat 13. Brass jug (jug of brass) 14. The copper cooking pot (cooking pot of copper) 15. The glass bottle (bottle of glass) 16. The notebook’s paper 17. The woolen cap (cap of wool) 18. The gun’s bullet 19. The woolen socks (socks of wool) 20. The cupboard’s glass is expensive. 21. The clay jar is cheap. 22. The house’s wall is long. 23. The house’s roof is high. 24. The copper jug is expensive.

Exercise 2: Translate into English.

1. ي َْوُمُالِّديْ ِنُ ِ ِ .2 َريْ ُبُاُْلنْ َسانُ ِ ِ .3 إُقَاَمةُُال َّصََلُةُ ِ ِ .4 إُيْ تَاءُُالَّزَكُاةُ ِ ِ .5 إُنْ َفا ُقُالَْمالُ ِ ِ ٍ .6 لَقاءُُ َصديْقُ

12 ِ ُم َضا ٌفَُوُُم َضا ٌفُإلَيْوُ ٍ .7 ُسَفَهاءُُب َْلَُدُةُ 8. طُْغيَا ُنُالنَّا ِسُ ِ ِ .9 ا ْستْي َقاُدُالنَّاِرُ ِ .10 َضْوءُُسَُراٍجُ ِ ِ .11 َحْوَلُُالَْمديْ نَةُ 12. ظُْل َمةُُاللَّْيِلُ ِ .13 َصْو ُتُالَّرْعدُ ِ .14 لَْمَعا ُنُالْبَ ْرقُ ِ .15 أَُ َصاب ُعُُِرْجٍُلُ ِ ِ ِ .16 رْحلَةُُال ِّشتَاءَُوُال َّصْيفُ ِ .17 َماءُُالثَّ ْل ِجُبَارٌدُ ِ ِ .18 َخ َش ُبُالْبَابََُثٌْيُ ِ ِ .19 َر ُّفُالْقْرطَا ِسَُرخْي ٌصُ ِ .20 إُِبِْريْ ُقُال ُّصُْفِرََُثٌْيُ ِ ِ .21 ابْ ُنُالَّرُجِلُ َعاقُ ٌلُ

14 ِ ِ اَلْفْع ُلُالَْماضى LESSON 3

ِ ِ ا ل ف ع لُال ماضى Past Tense Verb

In this lesson, we will look at the various forms a past tense verb takes in accordance with the number and gender of the one(s) performing the action. To begin with, means “he (S/M) did,” فَ َع َلُ means “they (D/M) did,” means “they (P/M) did,” and فَ َعلُْوا فَ َعََلُ ِ ) means “she (S/F) did.” These verbs are in active voice فْع ٌلُ فَ َعلَ ْتُ ). َمْعُرْو ٌفُ In Arabic, each verb form is called ِ (seeghah). Looking at صْي غَةٌُ the table below, we can see that there are fourteen seeghahs in it. Each of these seeghahs has a name. This name identifies, whether it is singular, dual or plural, whether it is masculine or feminine, and whether it is first person, second person or third person. In Arabic, , the words for singular, dual and plural are ِ , ِ , and َْجٌْعُ تَ ُثْنيَةٌُ َواحٌدُ respectively. Thus, singular masculine of the third person will be called ِ ِ in Arabic. Dual masculine of the third person َواحٌدُُُمَذَّكٌرُ َغائ ٌبُ will be called ِ ِ , and plural masculine of the third تَ ُثْنيَةٌُ ُُمَذَّكٌر ُ َغائ ٌبُ person will be called ِ , and so on. In the case of the َْجٌْعُُُمَذَّكٌرُ َغائ ٌبُ first person, because the gender is not identified, and there is no separate seeghah for dual, therefore, the two seeghahs, singular first , person and plural first person will be called ِ and َْجٌْعُُمتَ َكلٌُِّمُ َواحٌدُُمتَ َكلٌُِّمُ respectively. We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense verb in active voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.

15 Lesson 3

Table 3.1 ( ِ ِ ) Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice ا ل ف ع لُال ماضىُا لُ م ع ر و فُ Person Gender Plurality English Arabic ف علُ .Singular He did ََ َ Masculine Dual They did. فَ عََلُ ( ) َ مَذَّكرُ Third .Plural They did ُ ٌ فَ َعلُْوا Person ف علَتُ .Singular She did ( ِ ) ََ ْ Feminine َغائ ٌبُ فَ علَتَا .Dual They did َ (مَؤنَّ ٌثُ) .Plural They did ُ فَ َعْل َنُ ف عْلتُ .Singular You did ََ َ Masculine Dual You did. فَ عْلتُما ( ) َ َ مَذَّكرُ Second .Plural You did ُ ٌ فَ َعْلتُ ْمُ Person فَ عْل ِتُ .Singular You did ( ِ ) َ Feminine َحاضٌرُ فَ عْلتُما .Dual You did َ َ (مَؤنَّ ٌثُ) .Plural You did ُ فَ َعْلَُُّت First Masculine/ فَ عْلتُ .Singular I did َ ُ Person Feminine Masculine/ Dual/ ( ) We did. فَ َعْلنَا Feminine Plural ُمتَ َكلٌِّمُ

Now, to change these verbs into passive voice, follow the following procedure. Put a dammah on the first letter ( ) of , فَ َع َلُ ف and a kasrah on its second letter ( ). It will become ِ . Its فُع َلُ ع meaning will change to “he (S/M) was done upon.” This is passive voice ( ِ). Similarly, will become ِ , will become فَ َعُلُْوا فُعََلُ فَ َعََلُ فْع ٌلََُُْمُهْوٌلُ will become ِ , and so on. We are listing below the , ِ فُعلَ ْتُ ُ فَ َعلَ ْتُ ُ فُعلُْوا verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense verb in passive voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.

16 ِ ِ اَلْفْع ُلُالَْماضى

Table 3.2 ( ِ ِ ) Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice ا ل ف ع لُال ماضىُا لُ م ج ه و لُ Person Gender Plurality English Arabic فعِلُ .Singular He was done ُ َ Masculine ِ .Dual They were done فُعََلُ ( ) مَذَّكرُ Third ِ .Plural They were done ُ ٌ فُعلُْوا Person فعِلَتُ .Singular She was done ( ِ ) ُ ْ Feminine َغائ ٌبُ فُعِلَتَا .Dual They were done (مَؤنَّ ٌثُ) ِ .Plural They were done ُ فُعْل َنُ فعِْلتُ .Singular You were done ُ َ Masculine ِ .Dual You were done فُعْلتُما ( ) َ مَذَّكرُ Second ِ .Plural You were done ُ ٌ فُعْلتُ ْمُ Person فعِْل ِتُ .Singular You were done ( ِ ) ُ Feminine َحاضٌرُ فُعِْلتُما .Dual You were done َ (مَؤنَّ ٌثُ) ِ .Plural You were done ُ فُعْلَُُّت First Masculine/ فُعِْلتُ .Singular I was done ُ Person Feminine Masculine/ Dual/ ِ .We were done ( ) فُعْلنَا Faminine Plural ُمتَ َكلٌِّمُ

17 Lesson 3

Having memorized these two tables, the next stage is to identify the verb forms of other verbs by comparing them to these tables. For this, we need to know that ِ ِ of any verb َواحٌدُُُمَذّكٌرُ َغائ ٌبُ table is considered to be the basic verb form. Generally, it is composed of three letters. The first is called ِ , the second is فَاءَُكل َمةٌُ called ِ , and the third is called ِ . Now all that remains ََلم َكل َمةٌُ َعْيَُُكل َمةٌُ to be done is to identify which letter of the new verb matches which letter of the basic verb form of the tables given above. Consider, the verb (he helped). Comparing this to of Table فَ َع َلُ نَ َصَرُ , ِ we can see that in this verb, is the ِ , is the ,3.1 َعْيَُكل َمةٌُ ص فَاءَُكل َمةٌُ ن and is the ِ . Once, this is established, it is easy to compare ََلم َكل َمةٌُ ر any of its forms with the rest of table.

ِ ) Below, we are providing a list of the basic forms َواحٌدُُُمَذّكٌرُ .of various verbs and their meanings ( ِ َغائ ٌبُ Word List

English Arabic he helped نَ َصَرُ he wrote َكتَ َبُ he put (something) َو َض َعُ he ran, he fled َىَر َبُ he opened فَ تَ َحُ he slaughtered ذَبَ َحُ he cooked طَبَ َخُ he entered َد َخ َلُ he joined, he arrived َو َص َلُ he made َصنَ َعُ

18 ِ ِ اَلْفْع ُلُالَْماضى English Arabic he returned َرَج َعُ he read قَ َرأَُ he hit َضَر َبُ he ate أَ َك َلُ he made َجَُع َلُ he asked َسأََلُ he found َوَجَدُ he filled َمَلَُ he sought, he demanded طَلَ َبُ he took أَ َخَذُ he cut قَطََعُ he oppressed ظَلَ َمُ he saw نَظََرُ he created َخلَ َقُ he imprisoned, he detained َحبَ َسُ he went ذََى َبُ

Exercise 1: Translate into English and identify the seeghah.

1. نَ َصُرْوا 2. فَ تَ َح ْتُ 3. َضَربْ تُ ْمُ 4. َد َخْل ُتُ 5. َو َض َعُ ِ .6 َصنَ ْعتُ

19 Lesson 3

7. ذََىبَتَا 8. َوَج ْدتَُّّنُ 9. ذََىْبتَُما 10. َكتَْب نَا 11. قَ َرأَ ْتُ 12. طَبَ َخا 13. أَ َكْل َنُ 14. َو َصْل َتُ 15. َىَرب ُْوا 16. َرَجْعتُ ْمُ

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic. 1. I wrote. 2. They (P/F) read. 3. You (S/M) found. 4. You (P/F) cooked. 5. They (P/F) cut. 6. We filled. 7. You (P/M) demanded. 8. They (D/M) asked. 9. They (D/F) made. 10. You (S/F) took. 11. You (D/M) ate. 12. I cut. 13. You (P/F) made. 14. They (P/F) ran. 15. You (S/M) went. 16. You (P/M) found.

20 ِ ِ اَلْفْع ُلُالَْماضى Exercise 3: Translate into English and identify the seeghah.

1. ُضِرب ُْوا ِ .2 نُصْر ُتُ ِ .3 ذُِبَ ْتُ ِ .4 ظُل َم ْتُ ِ .5 قُط َعُ ِ .6 نُظْر َتُ ِ .7 ُصنعُْوا ِ .8 ُخلْقتُ ْمُ ِ .9 ُخلْقنَا ِ .10 ُحب ْستَُما ِ .11 ُوجَدتَا ِ .12 ُسئْلَُُّت

22 ِ ِ فْع ٌل،ُفَاع ٌل،َُمْفعُْوٌلُ LESSON 4

ِ ِ فُ عُ ٌلُ،ُفُ اعُ ٌلُ،ُ مُ فُعُ ُوٌلُ Verb, Subject, Object

In Arabic, the word sequence is as follows: verb ( ِ), then subject فْع ٌلُ .( ) and finally the object ,( ِ ) َمْفعُْوٌلُ فَُاع ٌلُ .verb) = the action being done) ِ فْع ٌلُ .subject) = the person doing the action) ِ فَاع ٌلُ (object) = the person or the thing to whom or to which َمْفعُْوٌلُ the action is being done.

Rule: The ِ gets a dammah (or two dammahs as the case may فَاع ٌلُ .(gets a fathah (or two fathahs مْفعوٌلُ be), and the َ ُْ Examples: Haamid helped Mahmood.’ In this sentence, the ِ is‘ – فْع ٌلُ . helped,’ Haamid is the ِ and Mahmood is the‘ َمْفعُْوٌلُ فَاع ٌلُ When translating this sentence into Arabic, the Arabic word for helped ( ) will come first followed by the faa‘il, نَ َصَرُ ,Hamid ( ِ ) with two dammahs, and then the maf‘ool َحامٌدُ Mahmood ( ) with two fathahs. The final sentence will َُْم ُمْوًدا . ِ be نَ َصَرُ َحامٌدَُُْم ُمْوًدا A slave ( ِ ) opened ( ) a door ( ).’ The same order‘ – بَابًا فَ تَ َحُ َخادٌُمُ used for the last example ( ِ first, ِ second and َمْفُعْوٌلُ فَاع ٌلُ فْع ٌلُ last) will apply here. Remember, the ِ will get two فَاع ٌلُ dammahs and the will get two fathahs. The full َمْفعُْوٌلُ . ِ sentence will be فَ تَ َحُ َخادٌمُبَابًا

23 Lesson 4

Notes: – If there is an alif-laam on any word, the tanween (double harakah) at the end will change to a single harakah (the two fathahs will change to a single fathah, the two kasrahs will change to a single kasrah, and the two dammahs will change to a single dammah). Thus, ‘the slave opened the door’ will be written as ِ . Here, the alif-laam فَ تَ َحُا ْْلَادُمُالْبَا َبُ caused the double harakah to be dropped, and only a single harakah remained. Mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi can combine to form a ِ or a – فَاع ٌلُ . In this case, it is important to remember that the َمُْفُعُُْوٌلُ mudaaf does not get an alif-laam or a tanween. However, the mudaaf ilayhi can accept both.

Word List for Nouns Arabic English Singular Plural ِ book ُكتُ ٌبُ كتَا ٌبُ enemy أَْعَداءُ َع ُديوُ ِ flour َدقْي ٌقُ meat ُْلُْوٌمُ َْلْ ٌمُ ِ laborer أُ َجَراءُ أَُجْي ٌرُ ِ wheat قَْم ٌح،ُحْنطَةٌ،ُب ُيرُ boy أَْوََلٌدُ َولٌَدُ bread أَ ْخبَاٌزُ ُخْب ٌزُ rice أَُُريزُ ِ rooster ُدي ُْوٌكُ ديْ ٌكُ ِ dog كََل ٌبُ َكْل ٌبُ (drinking) glass ُكُؤُْو ٌس،َُكأْ َسا ٌتُ َكأْ ٌسُ

24 ِ ِ فْع ٌل،ُفَاع ٌل،َُمْفعُْوٌلُ Arabic English Singular Plural ِ garment, dress; cloth أَُثْ َوا ٌب،ُثيَا ٌبُ ث َْو ٌبُ ََٰسٰو ٌتُُ) ََٰسوا ٌت،ُ َ َساءُ sky ََ ٌ ََسَاَوا ٌتُ( ِ ِ building/roof أَبْنيَةٌُ بنَاءٌُ ِ ِ bed, spread أَفْرَشةٌُ فَرا ٌشُ ِ deceiver َخادعٌُ اٰذَا ٌنُ أُُذُ ٌنُ ear eye عُيُ ْوٌنُ َعٌْيُ heart قُ لُْو ٌبُ قَ ْل ٌبُ ِ ِ transgressor فَاسُقْوَنُ،ُفُ َّسا ٌقُ فَاس ٌقُ اٌٰلُ descendants; followers ِ sea ِبَاٌرُ َِْبٌرُ cow ب ََقَرا ٌتُ ب ََقَرةٌُ rain أَْمطَاٌرُ َمطٌَرُ fruit أََْثَاٌرُ ََثٌَرُ ن َبَا ٌتُُ ن َْبتَةٌُ plants ) َْجْ ُعُا ْْلَْمِعُ:ُن َبَاتَا ٌتُ( soul أَنْ ُف ٌس،ُن ُُفْو ٌسُ ن َْف ٌسُ ِ ِ muslim ُم ْسل ُمْوَنُ ُم ْسل ٌمُ َكََلٌمُ talk, speech likeness, similitude أَْمثَاٌلُ َمثَ ٌلُ ِ ِ blessing نَع ٌمُ نْع َمةٌُ ِ land, earth أََرا ٍضُ،ُاَْْلََراضى أَْر ٌضُ ِ trade ِتَاَرةٌُ 25 Lesson 4

Arabic English Singular Plural oath; pledge; promise;

عُُهْوٌدُ َعْهٌدُ contract, agreement ِ servant ُخَّداٌمُ َخادٌمُ ِ ِ letter َرَسائلُ رَسالَةٌُ door أَُبْ َوا ٌبُ بَا ٌبُ army ُجنُ ْوٌدُ ُجْنٌدُ ِ devil َشيَاطُْيُ َشْيطَا ٌنُ not; what?; that which, َما what; some

Word List for Verbs English Arabic he stopped َمنَ َعُ he defeated َىَزَمُ he kneaded َع َج َنُُ he ground (wheat, etc.) طَ َح َنُ it thrust with horns نَطَ َحُ he worshipped َعبََدُ he broke َك َسَرُ he tore َخَرَقُ he cheated, he deceived َخَد َعُ ِ he profited َرب َحُ ِ he heard ََس َعُ ٰ he saw َرأُى he caused (someone) to drown أَْغَرَقُ

26 ِ ِ فْع ٌل،ُفَاع ٌل،َُمْفعُْوٌلُ English Arabic he understood َعَق َلُ he remembered ذََكَرُ he saw نَظََرُ he broke (something) ن ََق َضُ he gave an example َضَر َبُ)َمثًََلُ( he separated فَ َرَقُ he milked َحلَ َبُ he created, he made, he originated َخلَ َقُ he sent down أَنْ َزَلُ he caused (something) to grow أَنْ بَ َتُ he was ungrateful;

َكَفَرُ he disbelieved he killed قَ تَ َلُ he sat (down) َجلَ َسُ he believed اَٰم َنُ he imposed َكتَ َبُ)عل ٰىُ(

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic 1. Hameed read a book. 2. Naseer stopped Mahmood. 3. Khalid wrote a letter. 4. Taariq defeated the army. 5. The woman kneaded the flour. 6. The girl cooked the meat. 7. The laborer ground the wheat. 8. The uncle (maternal) ate the bread. 9. The goat pushed (with its horns) the child. 10. I ate the rice. 11. I hit the dog.

27 Lesson 4

12. You (P/M) worshipped Allah. 13. They (P/F) broke the glass. 14. You (S/F) tore the cloth. 15. Hameed’s friend helped Khalid’s grandson (son’s son). 16. The girl’s mother broke the glass. 17. The servant kneaded the wheat flour.

Exercise 2: Translate into English َّ ِ َّ .1 َجَع َلُاهللُُُُمََّمًداُ) َصلىُاهللُ َعلَْيوَُوُ َسل َمُ(َُّرُسْوًَلُ ِ ِ .2 َوُ َجَع َلُاهللُُاُْل ْسََلَمُديْ نًا ِ ِ .3 َجَعُ َلُُاهللُُال َّس َمآءَُبنَاءًَُّوُاُْْلَْر َضُفَرا ًشا ِ .4 َخَد َعُال َّشْيطَُا ُنُاُْلنْ َسا َنُ ِ ِ .5 َماَُرِبَ ْتُِتَاَرةٌُ ِ .6 ََسَع ْتُُاْ َٰلُذَا ُنَُوَُُُرأَُ ْتُُالْعُيُ ْوُنَُوُ َعَقلَ ْتُُالُْقلُْو ُبُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .7 ن ََق َضُالَْفاس ُقُ َعْهَدُاهللَُوُ ََس َعُالْ ُم ْسل ُمَُكََلَمُاهللُ 8. َضَر َبَُرُج ٌلَُمثًََلُ ِ ِ .9 ذََكُرْواُنْع َمةَُاهللَُوَُماَُكَفُرْوا ِ .10 فَ َرقْ نَاُالْبَ ْحَرَُوُأَُْغَرقْ نَاُاَُٰلُفْرَعْوَنُ 11. َحلََْبُال َّشاةََُوُ َحلَْبَُُّتُالْبَ َقَرةَُ َّ .12 ذََُِْبتُ ُمُالِّديُْ َكَُوُطَبَ ْخُتُمُُالل ْح َمُ 13. أَُنْ َزَلُاهللُُالَْمطََرَُوُأَُنْ بَ َتُالنَّبَا َتَُوُاُْْلََْثَاَرُ

LESSON 5

ا لُ حُ ُر ُو فُُالُ جُاُ رةُ Prepositions

The following particles are used as prepositions in Arabic. They occur quite frequently. Table 5.1 Prepositions ( ) ا لُ حُ ُر ُو فُُالُ جُاُ رةُ ِ in, regarding ِ with بُ ُْف ِ from ِ to, up to إ ٰلُ م ْنُ ِلُ for َعل ٰىُ on as, like up to, until َحُّٰت َكُ about, from, regarding by (for oath) َوُ َع ْنُ

The words that come after these prepositions end with a kasrah on the final letter. We give examples of each of these.

= Zaid is in the house. َزيٌْدُُِفُُالَّداِرُ = I wrote with the pen. َكتَْب ُتُبِالَْقلَِمُ from the house to the mosque = ِ ِ ِ ِ م َنُالْبَ ْيتُإَُلُُالَْم ْسجد .Zaid sat on the chair = ِ َجلَ َسَُزيٌْدُ َعُلَُىُالْ ُكْرس ِّىُ .The car belongs to Zaid = ِ ٍ اَل َّسيَّاَرةُُلَزيْدُ .Ahmad is like a lion = ٍ أَ ْمحَُدَُكأَ َسدُ .I slept until the morning = ِ ِنْ ُتُ َحَّتُُال ُّصْب ِحُ .She asked about the book = ِ ِ َسأَلَ ْتُ َع ِنُالْكتَابُ !By Allah = ِ َواهللُ

29 Lesson 5

Besides the ten prepositions listed above, there are seven other prepositions that occur less frequently. Since they do occur; therefore, it is appropriate to mention them as well. They are as follows:

.by (for oath). This is specific with Allah, the Exalted : َتُ .1 !By Allah – تَاا ِهللُ :Example 2 & 3. : since. These are used to define a time period. ُمْن ُذُ َوُ ُم ْذُ Example: ِ ِ ِ ِ – I have not gone َماُذََىْب ُتُإَُلُُالَْم ْدَرَسةُُمْن ُذُي َْومُا ْْلُُمَعةُ to the school since Friday. 4. : many a, so many. The noun used after is always ُر َّبُ ُر َّبُ singular. Example: – I have helped so many ُر َّبَُرُجٍلُنَ َصْرتُوُ men. besides, except. Example: ٍ – I : .5 َعلَّْمُ ُت ُاُْْلَطَْفاَل ُ َخََل َُزيْدُ َخََلُ taught all of the children except Zaid. 6. : besides, except. Example: – I َمنَ ْع ُت ُالِّرَجاَل ُ َحا َشا ُ َع ْمٍرو َحا َشا stopped all of the men except ‘Amr. besides, except. Example: ٍِ – All of the : .7 َجاءَُالَْقْوُمُ َعَداُ َخالدُ َعَدا people came except Khalid.

Word List Arabic English Singular Plural village قُ ٰرى قَ ْريَةٌُ ِ town, city ُم ُد ٌنُ َمديْ نَةٌُ lion أُُ ُسٌدُ أَُ َسٌدُ milk أَُلْبَا ٌنُ لٌََبُ sword ُسيُ ْو ٌفُ َسْي ٌفُ ِ ِ scissors َمَقاريْ ُضُ مْقَرا ٌضُ ِ large bowl ق َص ٌع،ُقَ َصَعا ٌتُ قَ ْصَعةٌُ

اَ ْْلُُرْو ُفُا ْْلَاَّرةُ Arabic English Singular Plural ِ stone ح َجاَرةٌُ َح َجٌرُ to milk َحْل ٌبُ ِ ِ pants َسَُراويْلُ سْرَواٌلُ ِ ِ pencil َمَراسمُ مْرَس ٌمُ بِطَاقَا ٌتُ بِطَاقَةٌُ card butter ُزبٌَدُ ُزبَْدةٌُ clarified butter َُسُْوٌنُ ََسْ ٌنُ قِ ْشطَةٌُ cream biscuit َكْع ٌكُ َكْع َكةٌُ ِ teacher أَُ َساتَذةُ أُُ ْستَاذٌُ ِ ِ ِ ِ student تَََلمْي ُذُ،ُتَََلمَذةٌُ تْلمْيٌذُ lesson دُُرْو ٌسُ َدْر ٌسُ day-time أَُنْ ُهٌرُ ن ََهاٌرُ white أَُبْ يَ ُضُ action/work أَُْع َماٌلُ َع َم ٌلُ ِ buffalo َجَوامْي ُسُ َجاُمْو ٌسُ gold ذََى ٌبُ فِ َّضةٌُ silver moon أَُقَْماٌرُ قََمٌرُ star َُنُْوٌمُ ََْن ٌمُ ِ ِ key َمَفاتْي ُح مُْفتَا ٌحُ ِ garden بَ َساتُْيُ بُُ ْستَا ٌنُ grass أَُْع َشا ٌبُ عُ ْشُ ٌبُ between; among, amidst ب ََْيُ 31 Lesson 5

Arabic English Singular Plural sleep ن َْوٌمُ to fall َوقٌُْع،َُوقُ ْوٌعُ clouds (collective noun) َس َحا ٌبُ something which is under

ُم َس َّخٌرُ control part, portion أَُ ْجَزاءُ ُجْزءٌُ rain َصيِّ ٌبُ ِ fly أَُذبَّةٌُ ذُبَُا ٌبُ ِ Friday ي َْوُمُا ْْلُُمَعةُ ِ Saturday ي َْوُمُال َّسْبتُ ِ Sunday ي َْوُمُاْْلَُ َحدُ ِ ِ Monday ي َْوُمُاَْلثْ نَ ُْي ِ Tuesday ي َْوُمُالثََُّلثَاءُ ي ومُاْْلَُرب عاِءُ َْ ُ ََْ Wednesday ِ ي َْوُمُاْْلَُْربَُِعاءُ ِ Thursday ي َْوُمُا ْْلَمْي ِسُ today اَلْيَ ُْوَمُ َغًدا tomorrow yesterday أَُْم ِسُ ِ ِ mosque َم َساج ُدُ َم ْسجٌدُ ِ ِ chair َكَراس يىُ ُكْرس يىُ ِ school َمَدار ُسُ َم ْدَرَسةٌُ he came َجاءَُ nation; people أَُقْ َواٌمُ قَ ْوٌمُ

اَ ْْلُُرْو ُفُا ْْلَاَّرةُ Arabic English Singular Plural ِ shirt قُُم ٌصُ قَمْي ٌصُ

ِ ,by, at, with (of place عْنَدُ (time and possession good deed َح َسنَا ٌتُ َح َسنَةٌُ ِ crate, box; chest; suitcase َصنَاديْ ُقُ ُصْن ُدْوٌق،ُ َصْن ُدْوٌقُ in the opinion of (so and ِ ٍ عْنَدُُ)فََُلنُ( (so ِ Jew; Jewish اَلُْيَ ُهْودُ ي َُهْود يىُ ِ Christian نَ َصاٰرى نَ ْصَرانُي he believed اَُٰم َنُ world ُدنْ يَا ِ hereafter آخَرةٌُ َمحٌْدُ praise right guidance ُىًدى lock أَُقْ َفاٌلُ قُ ْف ٌلُ ِ food أَُطْع َمةٌُ طََعاٌمُ Qur’anic verse; sign اٰيَا ٌتُ اٰيَةٌُ

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic 1. Zaid went from the village to the city. 2. Mahmood killed the lion with the sword. 3. I cut the cloth with the scissors. 4. She milked the cow’s milk in the bowl. 5. You (S/M) put the shirt and the pants (one pair) in the suitcase. 6. You (P/M) wrote on the cards with pencils. 7. They (P/F) ate biscuits with butter and cream. 8. By Allah (oath).

33 Lesson 5

9. The teacher asked the students about the lesson. 10. Allah made the night for sleeping and the day for working. 11. Buffalo’s milk is whiter than cow’s milk. 12. Gold and silver are like stones to Zahid. 13. I looked towards the moon and the stars. 14. They (P/M) opened the lock with the key. 15. We went to the garden and we sat on the grass.

Exercise 2: Translate into English

ِ ِ .1 اَ ْْلَْم ُدُللَّوُ ِ ِ .2 ِفُالُْقْرآنُُىًدىُلِّلنَّا ِسُ ِ ِ .3 اَل َّس َحا ُبُُم َس َّخٌرُب ََْيُال َّس َمآءَُوُاُْْلَْرضُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .4 ُُي َْوُمُال َّسْبتُُلُْليَ ُهْودَُُويَ ْوُمُاُْْلَ َحدُُللنَّ َصاٰرى ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .5 قَ َُرأَُ ْتُ ُجْزءًاُِّم َنُالُْقْرآنُ ِْفُي َْومُا ْْلَمْي ِسَُوُا ْْلُُمَعةُ ِ ِِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .6 لْل ُم ْسلمُِفُالُّدنْ يَاُ َح َسنَةٌَُّوُِفُاْلُخَرةُ َح َسنَةٌُ ِ .7 اَُٰمْن ُتُِبَآُأَُنْ َزَلُاهللُ ُّ ِ ِ .8 َوقََعُالذبَا ُبُِفُالطََّعامُ ِ ٍ ِ .9 أُُنِْزلَُتُاْلُيَا ُتَُك َصيِّبُِّم َنُال َّس َمآءُ ِ ِ ِِ .10 ُكتبَتُال َّصلٰوةُُ َعلَُىُالْ ُم ْسلمُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .11 فَ تَ ُحْواُبَا َبُا ْْلُ ْجَرةُي َْوَمُاَْلثْ نَ ْيَُوُ َجلَ ُسْواُ َعل َىُال َّسريْرُي َْوَمُالثََُّلثَاءُ ِ ِ ِ ِ .12 َك َسْرتَُّنُقنِّ ْي نَةَُالُّزَجاِجُباْلُ ُجَّرةُيَ ْوَمُاُْْلَْرب ََعآءُ

LESSON 6

ِ ضُ مُائُ رُ Pronouns

( ) We are listing below the possessive ( ِ) and objective َمْفعُْوُِلي إ َضاُِفي pronouns. By possessive, we mean those pronouns, which indicate possession, and by objective we mean those pronouns, which refer to the object. Table 6.1

Possessive ( ِ ) & Objective ( ِ ) Pronouns م فع ول يُ إِ ضافُ يُ Pronouns Person Gender Plurality English Arabic هُ Singular his, him ُ Masculine Dual their, them ُُهَا ( ) مَذَّكرُ Third Plural their, them ُ ٌ ُى ْمُ Person ىا Singular hers, her ( ِ ) َ Feminine َغائ ٌبُ ُُهَا Dual their, them (مَُؤنَّ ٌثُ) Plural their, them ُ ُى َّنُ كُ Singular your, you َ Masculine Dual your, you ُكما ( ) َ مَذَّكرُ Second Plural your, you ُ ٌ ُك ْمُ Person ِكُ Singular your, you ( ِ ) Feminine َحاضٌرُ Dual your, you ُك َما ( ) ُمَؤنَّ ٌثُ ُك َّنُ Plural your, you Masculine/ يُُ,ُِنُ First Singular my, me ْ Person Feminine Masculine/ Dual/ ours, us ( ِّ ) نَا Feminine Plural ُمتَ َكل ٌمُ

35 Lesson 6

These pronouns can come after nouns, verbs and particles as shown in the examples below. 1. After a noun: – his (S/M) pen قَ لَُموُ your (S/M) book – ِ كتَابُ َكُ my book – ِ كتَاِ ْبُ .her (S/F) book – ِ كتَاب َُها 2. After a verb: – I helped him نَ َصْرتُوُ – I commanded you أََُمْرتُ َكُ .you (S/M) helped me – ِ نَ َصْرتَ ْنُ 3. After a particle: ِ ِ in it – فْيوُ for him – لَوُ (from you (S/M – ِمُْن َكُ to/towards us – إُِلَْي نَا (indeed you (P/M – ِ إنَّ ُك ْمُ ِ .on him – َعلَْيوُ mentioned above are used (إ The two pronouns ( and َضُاُِفي َمُْفُعُُْوُِلي most frequently in Arabic and should be understood well. The ِِ Examples are not being .(فَُاعُلُ يُ) following pronouns are subjective given for these since these are easier to learn.

36 ِ َض َمائُرُ Table 6.2 ِ Pronouns (ف اعِلُ يُ) Subjective Pronouns Person Gender Plurality English Arabic ىوُ Singular he َُ Masculine Dual they ُُهَا ( ) مَُذَّكرُ Third Plural they ُ ٌ ُى ْمُ Person ِىُيُ Singular she ( ِ ) َ Feminine َغائ ٌبُ ُُها Dual they َ (مؤنَّ ٌثُ) َُ ُى َّنُ Plural they أَُنتُ Singular you ْ َ Masculine Dual you أَُنْ تُما ( ) َ مَذَّكرُ Second Plural you ُ ٌ أَُنْ تُ ْمُ Person أَُنْ ِتُ Singular you ( ِ ) Feminine َحاضٌرُ أَُنْ تُما Dual you َ (مَؤنَّ ٌثُ) Plural you ُ أَُنْ َُُّت Masculine/ أَُنا First Singular I َ Person Feminine Masculine/ Dual/ We ( ِّ ) َْحن ُنُ Feminine Plural ُمتَ َكل ٌمُ

In Arabic grammar, the technical terms that are usually used for these pronouns are ِِ , , and ِ ِ but for إُ َضُا ُفيََُْمُُرُْوٌرُ َمُْفُعُُْوُِليَُمُْنُصُُْو ٌبُ فَُاعُلُ يَُُمُُْرف ُُْوعٌُُ ِِ .إُِ َضُاُِفي and مُْفُعُُوُِلي ,فَُاعُلُ يُ the ease of students, we have used the terms َ ُْ

37 Lesson 6

Word List

Arabic English Singular Plural ِ ِ tongue أَُلْسنَةٌُ ل َسا ٌنُ head ُرُؤْو ٌسُ َرأْ ٌسُ nose أُُن ُْو ٌفُ أَُنْ ٌفُ ٍ ِ hand أَُيْدُُ,ُاَْلَُيْد ْىُ يٌَدُ ِ ِ tooth أَُ ْسنَا ٌنُ س ٌنُ)س ينُ( chest ُص ُدْوٌرُ َص ْدٌرُ ِ ِ ِ handkerchief َمنَاديْلُ مْنديْ ٌلُ car َسيَّاَرا ٌتُ َسيَّاَرةٌُ to ride َرْك ٌبُ bicycle َدَّرا َجا ٌتُ َدَّرا َجةٌُ to break َك ْسٌرُ ِ ِ shoe أَُ ْحذيَةٌُ حَذاءٌُ to fall َسْق ٌطُ to lift, to raise َرفٌُْعُ ِ he played لَعُ َبُ ball ُكَرا ٌتُ ُكَرةٌُ ِ order, command أََُوامُرُ أَُْمٌرُ ِ ِ to lie down ا ْضط َجا ٌعُ ِ Remembrance ذْكٌرُ Mango اَنْ بَ ْج،َُمْن ُجْوُ Apple ت َُّفا ٌحُ ت َُّفا َحةٌُ field; arable land ُحُقْوٌلُ َحْق ٌلُ

38 ِ َض َمائُرُ Arabic English Singular Plural melon, watermelon بِطِّْي ٌخُ ِ cucumber قثَّاءٌُ act of kindness, favor; ِ إُنْ َعاٌمُ grant with َم َعُ to snatch َخطُْ ٌفُ ِ to warn إُنَْذاٌرُ to seal; seal َخْت ٌمُ eyesight; glance أَُبْ َصاٌرُ بَ َصٌرُ ِ veil, covering غ َشاَوةٌُ to leave; abandonment تَ ْرٌكُ light أَُنْ َواٌرُ ن ُْوٌرُ ِ ِ covenant َمَواثْي ُقُ مْيثَا ٌقُ ِ to send down; revelation تَ ْنزيْ ٌلُ fuel َوقُ ْوٌدُ ِ ِ eternal َخال ُدُْوَنُ َخالٌدُ presentation َعْر ٌضُ dwelling ُم ْستَ َقيرُ ِ object; property أَُْمُتَُعةٌُ َمتَا ٌعُ ِ time أَُ ْحيَا ٌنُ حٌْيُ to speak, say, tell قَ ْوٌلُ أَُ ْخٌذُ to take above فَ ْوَقُ ِ ِ old فَ َوار ُضُ فَار ٌضُ

39 Lesson 6

Arabic English Singular Plural ِ young أَُبْ َكاٌرُ ب ْكٌرُ color أَُلَْوا ٌنُ لَْوٌنُ ِ bright yellow فَاق ٌعُ who?, whoever; the one

َم ْنُ who; those who compensation, reward أُُ ُجْوٌرُ أَُ ْجٌرُ َفُ then; so; therefore إِ َّنُ indeed before, previously, earlier قَ ْبلُُ)قَ ْب َلُ( name of a mountain طُْوٌرُ ِ angel َمََُلئ َكةٌُ َملَ ٌكُ clean, pure (F) ُمطََّهَرةٌُ husband; wife; spouse أَُْزَوا ٌجُ َزْوٌجُ hearing, also used for ears ََسٌْعُ livelihood, sustenance أَُْرَزا ٌقُ ِرْزٌقُ ِ he did, acted َعم َلُ soul; heart; also used in أَنْ ُفسُ ن َْفسُ ,the meaning of oneself ٌ ٌ himself, herself, and so on

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic 1. My father 2. His mother 3. Her tongue 4. Your (S/M) head 5. Your (S/F) nose 6. My hand

40 ِ َض َمائُرُ 7. Their (P/F) teeth 8. Their (P/M) chests 9. Our handkerchief 10. I rode in your (S/M) car. 11. She broke my bike. 12. The shoe fell off your (S/M) foot. 13. I stopped them (P/F). 14. They (P/M) raised me. 15. You (P/M) played with the ball. 16. They (P/M) ordered me to lie down. 17. They (D/M) looked at me. 18. You (D/F) worshipped him. 19. My mother remembered me yesterday. 20. You (S/M) ate a mango and an apple in your garden and you ate a watermelon and a cucumber in your field.

Exercise 2: Translate into English ِ .1 أَُنْ َع ْم َتُ َعلَْيه ْمُ ِ .2 إُنَّاَُمَع ُك ْمُ 3. َرَزقْ نَاُى ْمُ 4. أَُنَْذْرتَ ُه ْمُ ِِ ِِ .5 َختَ َمُاهللُُ َعل ٰىُقُ لُْوِب ْمَُوُ َعل ٰىُ ََسْعه ْمُ ِِ ِ .6 َعل ٰىُأَُبْ َصارى ْمُغ َشاَوةٌُ 7. َخَدعُْواُأَُنْ ُف َسُه ْمُ ِ ِِ ِ ٍ .8 ذََى َبُاهللُُبنُ ْورى ْمَُوُتَ َرَكُه ْمُ ِْفُظُلُ ٰمتُ 9. َخطَ َفُالْبَ ْرُقُأَُبْ َصاَرُى ْمُ ِ .10 ا َّنَُربَّ ُك ْمُ َخلََق ُك ْمُ ِ .11 ن ََّزلْنَاُ َعل ٰىُ َعْبدنَا ِ .12 َوقُ ْوُدَىاُالنَّا ُسَُوُا ْْل َجاَرةُ ِ ِ ِ .13 ََلُْمُفْي َهاُأَُْزَوا ٌجُُّمطََّهَرةٌَُوُُى ْمُفْي َهاُ ٰخل ُدُْوَنُ

41 Lesson 6

ِٰ ِ .14 َعَر َضُه ْمُ َعل َىُالَْملُئ َكةُ ِ ِ ِ ٍ .15 لَ ُك ْمُ ِْفُاْْلَُْر ِضُُم ْستَ َقيرَُّوَُمتَا ٌعُإُ ٰلُحُْي ِ ِِ ِ .16 قَاَلُُمْوس ٰىُلَقْوموُإُنَّ ُك ْمُظَلَْمتُ ْمُأَُنْ ُف َس ُك ْمُ ِ ُّ .17 أَُ َخ ْذنَاُمْيثَاقَ ُك ْمَُوَُرفَ ْعنَاُفَ ْوقَ ُك ُمُالطْوَرُ ِ َّ ِ ِ ِ .18 إنَّ َهاُب ََقَرةٌَُلُفَُار ٌضَُّوََُلُبُ ْكٌرُلَْون َُهاُفَاق ٌعُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .19 َم ْنُاَُٰم َنُباهللَُوُالْيَ ْومُاْلُخرَُوُ َعم َلُ َصاْلًاُفَ لَُه ْمُأَُ ْجُرُى ْمُعْنَدَُرِِّب ْمُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِِ .20 اَُٰمنَّاُباهللَُوَُماُأُُنِْزَلُإُ ٰلَُرُسْولنَاَُوَُماُأُُنِْزَلُم ْنُقَ ْبلوُ

LESSON 7

ِ ا لُ فُ عُ لُُالُ مُ ضُاُِرعُ Present and Future Tense Verb

We have already discussed the past tense verb and pronouns. In this lesson, we will discuss ِ which is equivalent to present and فُْعُ ٌلُُمُ َضُاُِرعٌُ future tense. ِ (past tense) and ِ (present/future فُْعُ ٌلُ ُمُ َضُاُِرٌعُ ُ فُْعُ ٌلُ َُمُا ٍضُ tense), as well as ِ (pronouns) are the foundations of the Arabic َضُ َمُائُُرُ language. These should be memorized properly. This will make all future lessons much easier. We are listing below the conjugations verb forms) of ِ (present and future tense verb) in active) فُْعُ ٌلُُمُ َضُاُِرٌعُ voice ( ). َمْعُرْو ٌفُ ِ In lesson 3, we discussed the method of converting فُْعُ ٌلَُُمُا ٍضُُ past tense active voice) to ِ (past tense passive) فُْعُ ٌلَُُمُا ٍضََُُُْمُهُْوٌلُ َمُْعُُرُْو ٌفُ and a (ف) voice). This required putting a dammah on the first letter ,kasrah on the second ( ). Thus, changes to ِ . Similarly ي َْفَعلُ فُع َلُ فَ َع َلُ ع which means “he does or will do” is in active voice ( ). To َمْعُرْو ٌفُ convert this ِ to ِ, we give the first فُْعُ ٌلُ ُمُ َضُاُِرعٌُ ََُُْمُهُْوٌلُ فُْعُ ٌلُ ُمُ َضُاُِرعٌُ َُمْعُرْو ٌفُ letter a dammah and the third letter a fathah. becomes , ي ُْفَعلُ ي َْفَعلُ becomes , becomes , becomes , and so ِ أُُنْ َصُرُ أَُنْ ُصُرُ ي ُْفتَ ُح ي َْفتَ ُح تُ ْضَر ُبُ تَ ْضر ُبُ on.

43 Lesson 7

Table 7.1 ( ) Verb Forms of ( ِ) in Active Voice م ع ر و ٌفُ ف ع ٌلُ م ضاِرٌعُ

Person Gender Plurality English Arabic He/It is doing or Singular ي َْفَعلُ will do Masculine They are doing or ِ Dual ي َْفَعََلنُ will do ( ) ُمَذَّكٌرُ Third They are doing or ي ْفعلُوَنُ Plural َ َ ْ Person will do She/It is doing or Singular ( ِ ) تَ ْفَعلُ will do َغائ ٌبُ Feminine They are doing or ِ Dual تَ ْفَعََلنُ will do ( ) ُمَؤنَّ ٌثُ They are doing or Plural ي َْفَعْل َنُ will do You are doing or Singular تَ ْفَعلُ will do Masculine You are doing or ِ Dual تَ ْفَعََلنُ will do ( ) ُمَذَّكٌرُ Second You are doing or ت ْفعلُوَنُ Plural َ َ ْ Person will do You are doing or ِ Singular ( ِ ) تَ ْفَعلَُْي will do َحاضٌرُ Feminine You are doing or ِ Dual تَ ْفَعََلنُ will do ( ) ُمَؤنَّ ٌثُ You are doing or Plural تَ ْفَعْل َنُ will do First Masculine/ I am doing or will أَُفْ علُ Singular َ ُ Person Feminine do Masculine/ Dual/ We are doing or ( ِّ ) ن َْفَعلُ Feminine Plural will do ُمتَ َكل ٌمُ

44 ِ اَلْفْع ُلُالُْم َضاُِرعُ Table 7.2 ( ) Verb Forms of ( ِ) in Passive Voice م ج ه وٌلُ ف ع ٌلُُ مُ ضاِرٌعُ

Person Gender Plurality English Arabic He/It is being done Singular ي ُْفَعلُ or will be done Masculine They are being done ِ Dual ي ُْفَعََلنُ or will be done )ُمَذَّكٌرُ( Third They are being done ي ْفعلُوَنُ Plural ُ َ ْ Person or will be done She/It is being done Singular ِ ت ُْفَعلُ or will be done ) َغائ ٌبُ( Feminine They are being done ِ Dual ت ُْفَعََلنُ or will be done )ُمَؤنَّ ٌثُ( They are being done Plural ي ُْفَعْل َنُ or will be done You are being done Singular ت ُْفَعلُ or will be done Masculine You are being done ِ Dual ت ُْفَعََلنُ or will be done )ُمَذَّكٌرُ( Second You are being done ت ْفعلُوَنُ Plural ُ َ ْ Person or will be done You are being done ِ Singular ِ ت ُْفَعلَُْي or will be done ) َحاضٌرُ( Feminine You are being done ِ Dual ت ُْفَعََلنُ or will be done )ُمَؤنَّ ٌثُ( You are being done Plural ت ُْفَعْل َنُ or will be done First Masculine/ I am being done or أُُفْ علُ Singular َ ُ Person Feminine will be done Masculine/ Dual/ We are being done ِّ ن ُْفَعلُ Feminine Plural or will be done )ُمتَ َكلُ ٌمُ(

45 Lesson 7

Note: When a passive verb is used, the ِ (subject) is not فَُاعُ ٌلُ ِ mentioned. Rather, the (object) takes the place of the فَُاعُ ٌلُ َمُْفُعُُْوٌلُ ِ subject) and is called ِ ِ (subject of the passive verb) or) قَُائُ ٌمُُ نَُائُ ُبُُفَُاعٍُلُ substitute subject). Since it takes the place of the ِ , it) ِ فَُاعُ ٌلُ َمَُقُاَمُُفَُاعٍُلُ also gets a dammah.

Examples:

.The boy was hit = ِ :ِ ُضر َبُالَْولَُدُ فُْعُ ٌلَُُمُا ٍضََُُُْمُهُْوٌلُ .The woman was stopped = ِ ِ ُمنَعتُالَْمْرأَةُ .The door will be opened = :ِ ي ُْفتَ ُحُالْبَا ُبُ فُْعُ ٌلُُمُ َضُاُِرٌعََُُُْمُهُْوٌلُ .The wall will be broken = ِ يُ ْك َسُرُا ْْلَداُرُ

Word List Arabic English Singular Plural ho wandered about, he ِ َعموَُ strayed he realized َشَعَرُ ِ he wore لَب َسُ sadness, grief, sorrow, أَُ ْحَزا ٌنُ ُحْزٌنُ affliction you (P/M) recite تَ ْت لُْوَنُ you (P/M) forget تَ ْن َسْوَنُ ِ those (P/M) believe ي ُْؤمنُ ْوَنُ ِ ِ newspaper َجَرائُ ُدُ َجريَْدةٌُ potato بَطَاطَا ِ ِ spoon َمََلع ُقُ مْلَعَقةٌُ َشاي tea

46 ِ اَلْفْع ُلُالُْم َضاُِرعُ Arabic English Singular Plural ِ rope حبَاٌلُ َحْب ٌلُ ِ pond, pool غُ ُدٌرُ َغديْ ٌرُ م ْكتباتُ،ُ م ْكتبة، َ ََ ٌ َ ٌََ library ِ ِ َم َكات ُبُ َخَزانَةُُالْ ُكتُبُ magazine ََمَََّل ٌتُ ََمَلَّةٌُ ِ mill, grinder طََواحُْيُ طَُا ُحْوٌنُ article; essay َمَقاََل ٌتُ َمَقالَةٌُ that which is hidden غُيُ ْو ٌبُ َغْي ٌبُ ِ ِ prayer leader; leader أَُئَّمةٌُ إَُماٌمُ thing أَُ ْشيَاءُ َش ْىءٌُ alteration, change ََْتِريْ َفا ٌتُ ََْتِريْ ٌفُ ِ blood دَماءُ َدٌمُ ِ ِ thunder َصَواع ُقُ َصاعَقةٌُ ُثَُّ then caution َح ْذٌرُ to break, nullify ن َْق ٌضُ what?; do…?; will…?; etc. أ (depends on the context) he (S/M) is causing ِ ي ُْفس ُدُ mischief to shed (blood) َسْف ٌكُ to order أَْمٌرُ بِيرُ piety secrecy, concealment َكْتُ ٌمُ

أَُْنُ that

47 Lesson 7

English Arabic he sharpened a pencil ب َٰرى he colored, he dyed َصبَ َغُ ٍ day after tomorrow ب َْعَدُ َغدُ he sent ب ََع َثُ ٍ a year ago قَ ْب َلُ َسنَةُ ِ day before yesterday قَ ْب َلُاُْْلَْمسُ he drank َشِر َبُ ِ he came to know َعل َمُ he repaid َجٰزى unbelief, infidelity ُكْفٌرُ fear َخْو ٌفُ ِ sinfulness ف ْس ٌقُ death َمْو ٌتُ ِ remembrance ذْكٌرُ carrying, bearing َمحْ ٌلُ ِ he was angry َسخ َطُ) َعٰلُى( washerman قَ َّصاٌرُ ِ he is washing ي َْغسلُ

Exercise 1: Translate into English

1. أَُْذَى ُبُ 2. ي َْع َمُهْوَنُ 3. ََْيَعلُ 4. أَُْعلَمُ 5. ن َُْعبُُدُ

48 ِ اَلْفْع ُلُالُْم َضاُِرعُ 6. تَ ْشعُُرْوَنُ ِ .7 تَ ْس َمعَْيُ 8. تَ ْلَعبَِْيُ 9. ي َْلبَ ْس َنُ ِ .10 ََْتَُزنَانُ ِ .11 ي ُْؤمنُ ْوَنُ 12. تَ ْت لُْوَنُ 13. تَ ْن َسْوَنُ ِ .14 يَْذَِبَانُ 15. أَُ ْشَر ُبُ

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic 1. They (P/M) came to know. 2. You (P/F) are reading. 3. She is cooking. 4. He is grieving. 5. They (P/F) are cooking. 6. I am making. 7. We will drink. 8. You (S/F) will go. 9. You (S/M) will stop. 10. They (D/M) will go.

Exercise 3: Translate into Arabic 1. I will read your (S/M) newspaper. 2. They (P/F) will cook a potatoe for you (P/M). 3. You (P/M) are drinking tea with a spoon. 4. Your (P/M) uncle (maternal) will open the lock with his key. 5. The washerman is washing the clothes in the pond. 6. Haamid is laughing in his house. 7. I am hearing his laughter in my house.

49 Lesson 7

8. Your (P/M) laborer is grinding wheat in the mill. 9. Khalid’s friend will go to your (S/M) house. 10. We will make you (S/M) a leader for the people. 11. Are you (P/F) stopping them (P/M) from sinfulness and infidelity? 12. Today I read your (S/F) letter. 13. Tomorrow I will go to her uncle’s (paternal) house. 14. Are you (S/F) angry with him?

Exercise 4: Translate into English ِ .1 ََلُ َخْو ٌفُ َعلَْيه ْمَُوََُلُُى ْمََُْيَزن ُْوَنُ ِ ِ ِ ِ .2 ي ُْؤمنُ ْوَنُبالْغَْيبَُوُيُقْي ُمْوَنُال َّصلٰوَةُ ِ .3 ي َْن ُق ُضْوَنُ َعْهَدُاهللُ ِ .4 إُ ِّْنُأَُْعلَ ُمَُماََُلُتَ ْعلَُمْوَنُ ِ ِ .5 أَُتَأُْمُرْوَنُالنَّا َسُبالْ ِّبُ 6. َْحن ُنََُلُنَ ْكتُ ُمَُماُأََُمَرنَاُاهللُ َِّ .7 انُاهللَُيَأُْمُرُك ْمُأَُْنُتَْذَِبُْواُب ََقَرًةُ ِ .8 يَ ْس َمعُْوَنَُكََلَمُاهللُُثََُُّيَِّرفُ ْونَوُ

Exercise 5: Translate to Arabic 1. Is being read (S/M, third person) 2. Is being written (S/M, third person) 3. Will be broken (S/M, third person) 4. Will be cut (S/M, third person) 5. She is being helped. 6. You are being stopped (S/M) 7. I am being stopped. 8. We are being helped. 9. You (S/F) will be stopped. 10. You (S/M) are being cheated.

50 ِ اَلْفْع ُلُالُْم َضاُِرعُ Exercise 6: Translate into Arabic 1. The rope is being cut. 2. The cloth will be dyed. 3. Remembrance of the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is being raised. 4. The prophets are being sent. 5. Fruits are being eaten. 6. Allah is being remembered. 7. Tomorrow, the newspaper will be read in the library. 8. An article will be written for your (S/F) magazine the day after tomorrow. 9. The vow was broken a year ago.

LESSON 8

ا ل ِّص فة ُ وُال م و ص و فُ Adjective

Consider the following phrases: ‘truthful Muslim,’ ‘pious man,’ ‘large mosque,’ ‘small book,’ ‘trustworthy servant.’ These phrases (adjective) ِصَفةٌُ and other phrases of similar pattern are called and (the described). In the phrase ‘small book, ‘small’ َمْو ُصْو ٌف ُ ’adjective), and ‘book) ِصَفةٌُ describes the ‘book.’ Thus, ‘small’ is .(the described) موصو ٌفisُ َْ ُْ To convert a phrase into Arabic, follow the following steps: 1. Translate the individual words into Arabic. 2. Reverse the order of the words so that the first word comes second and the second word comes first. 3. Give both words one or two dammah(s) (depending on the situation).

Example: We want to convert the phrase, ‘truthful Muslim’ into Arabic. First, we translate the individual words into Arabic. We get Next, we reverse the order to get ِ ِ . Then, we . ِ ِ مُ ْسُلُمُ َصُادُق َصُادُق مُ ْسُلُم ,give two dammahs to both the words. We get ِ ِ . Similarly ُم ْسل ٌمُُ َصاد ٌقُ if we want to convert ‘pious man’ into Arabic, we will first translate the individual words into Arabic – ِ . Next, we will reverse َصُالُحَُُرُجل the order of the words – ِ . Lastly, we will give two َُرُجل ُ َصُالُح .رجُلُصالِحُ – dammahs to both words َ ُ ٌ َ ٌ Additional Rules:

,Both the ِ and the have to be in the same state .1 َمْو ُصْو ٌفُ صَفةٌُ i.e., if one has a dammah at the end, the other will also have a dammah at the end. Similarly, if one has a fathah at the end, the other will also have a fathah, and so on. For

53 Lesson 8

example, consider ِ . Since has two dammahs at َرُج ٌلُ َرُج ٌلُ َصال ٌحُ the end, ِ also has two dammahs. If for some reason َُرُجل َصال ٌحُ .had two fathahs, ِ would also have had two fathahs َصُالُح The phrase would then have been ِ such as in َرُجًَل ُ َصاْلًا I helped a pious man). Similarly, if) ِ َُرُجل نَ َصْر ُتَُرُجًَلُ َصاْلًا had two kasrahs at the end, ِ would also have had two َصُالُح kasrahs. The phrase would then have been ِ such َرُجٍلُ َصال ٍحُ .(as in ِ ِ (I went to a pious man ذََىْب ُتُإُ ٰلَُرُجٍلُ َصال ٍحُ -If the has an alif-laam, the ِ will also get an alif .2 صَفةٌُ َمْو ُصْو ٌفُ ِ , laam. For example, if were to be changed to َصُالُح اَُلَُّرُجل َُرُجل .اَُل َّصُالُِح would also change to If the is feminine, the ِ will also be feminine. To .3 صَفةٌُ َمْو ُصْو ٌفُ change a word to its feminine form, just add a round taa at the end of the word. For example, ‘a pious teacher (ة) F)’ will be ِ and ‘the pious teacher (F)’ will be) أُ ْستَاذَةٌُُ َصاْلَةٌُ . ِ اَُْْلُ ْستَاذَةُُال َّصاْلَةُ 4. If the is a proper noun, it will not accept alif-laam. َمْو ُصْو ٌفُ Alif-laam is used to change a common noun into a proper will still require an alif-laam to ِصَفةٌُ noun. However, the make it a proper noun. For example, when converting ‘the conquering Khalid’ into Arabic, we will not add alif-laam ِ because it is already a proper noun. However, we َخالٌدtoُُ will add an alif-laam to the ِ ( ِ ) because it is not a فَات ٌحُ صَفةٌُ . ِ ِ proper noun. The sentence will be َخالٌدُالَْفات ُحُ The following examples illustrate this point: . ِ The king Mahmood’ will be‘ َُْم ُمْوٌدُاَُلَْمل ُكُ .طَاِرٌقُاَُلَْقائُِدُ The commander Taariq’ will be‘

اَل ِّصَّفةَُُوُالَْمْو ُصْو ُفُ . ِ ِ The poet Ghalib’ will be‘ َغال ٌبُاَُل َّشاعُرُ , ِ ِ , ِ ِ ِ These sentences can also be read as َُْم ُمْوُدُنالَْمل ُكُ َخال ُدُنالَْفات ُحُ . ِ ِ ِ and ِ ِ ِ َغال ُبُنال َّشاعُرُ طَارُقُنالَْقائ ُدُ Word List Arabic English Singular Plural most-forgiving َغُفْوٌرُ ِ rooster ُدي ُْوٌكُ ديْ ٌكُ ِ shouting; noisy َصائ ٌحُ ِ mat ُح ُصٌرُ َحصْي ٌرُ shabby, worn (garment) َخلَ ٌقُ ِ excellent; good جيَاٌدُ َجيٌِّدُ ِ ;beautiful, handsome ح َسا ٌنُ َح َس ٌنُ good street َشَواُِرعُ َشاِرعٌُ ِ ship, boat ُسُف ٌنُ َسفْي نَةٌُ ِ Sea ِبَاٌرُ َِْبٌرُ ِ Deep َعمْي ٌقُ ِ Mountain جبَاٌلُ َجبَ ٌلُ ِ great; powerful عُظََماءُ َعظْي ٌمُ ِ Train قُطٌُرُ قطَاٌرُ ِ ِ Engine قَاطَُرا ٌتُ قَاطَرةٌُ Station َُمَُطَّا ٌتُ َُمَطَّةٌُ (finger or toe) nail أَُظَْفاٌرُ ظُْفٌرُ hair أَُ ْشَعاٌرُ َشْعٌرُ قَ َّصُ (he cut (hair

55 Lesson 8

Arabic English Singular Plural he cut (used for nails) قَ لَ َمُ ِ store, shop َدَكاكُْيُ ُدَّكا ٌنُ old man; scholar ُشيُ ْوٌخُ َشْي ٌخُ ِ ِ ugly دَماٌمُ َدمْي ٌمُ ِ matches كِْبيْ ٌتُ post, mail بَِريٌْد،ُب ُْو َسطَةٌُ ِ post office َم ْكتَبَةُُالَِْبيْدُ ِ fan َمَراِو ُح مْرَوَحةٌُ bitter ُميرُ army ُجنُ ْوٌدُ ُجْنٌدُ defeat َىْزٌمُ ِ ِ capital city َعَواصمُ َعاص َمةٌُ ِ daily ي َْوميَّةٌُ ِ ِ to buy ا ْشِتَاءٌُ barber َحََّل ٌقُ skillful; outstanding بَاِرعٌُ box; can عُلَ ٌبُ عُْلبَُةٌُ he touched, he felt (by

َج َّسُ hand); he examined medical prescription َو ْصَفةٌُ ِ painful أَُلْي ٌمُ trial, tribulation بَََلءٌُ mosquito ب َعُْو َضةٌُ price أََُْثَا ٌنُ ََثٌَنُ

اَل ِّصَّفةَُُوُالَْمْو ُصْو ُفُ Arabic English Singular Plural ِ cloud َغ َمائمُ َغ َماٌمُ shady, shading ُمظَلِّ ٌلُ ِ dark ُمظْل َمةٌُ ٰىَذا (this (M ٰى ِذِهُ (this (F ِ (these (M & F ٰىُؤََلءُ twig, branch غُ ُصْوٌنُ غُ ْص ٌنُ ثَابِ ٌتُ firm, established ِ ِ big, large كبَاٌرُ َكبْي ٌرُ root أُُ ُصْوٌلُ أَُ ْص ٌلُ ِ fort, fortress, castle ُح ُصْوٌنُ ح ْص ٌنُ ِ ٰذُل َكُ (that (M تِْل َكُ (that (F اُوٰلُئِ َكُ (those (M & F ٍ everyday, daily ُك َّلُي َْومُ ِ ِ small, little صغَاٌرُ َصغْي ٌرُ sick, ill َمْر ٰضى َمِريْ ٌضُ branch فُ ُرْوعٌُ فَ ْرعٌُ ِ poet ُشَعَراءُ َشاعٌرُ ِ ِ word َكل َما ٌتُ َكل َمةٌُ Romans اَلُّرْومُ ِ (immoral (person فُ َّجاٌرُ فَُاجٌرُ medicine أَُْدِويَةٌُ َدَواءٌُ ِ mischievous أَُشَّراءُ َشِريْ ٌرُ 57 Lesson 8

Arabic English Singular Plural ِ ِ doctor أَُطبَّاءُ طَبْي ٌبُ ِ king ُملُْوٌكُ َمل ٌكُ livelihood أَُْرَزا ٌقُ ِرْزٌقُ market أَُ ْسَوا ٌقُ ُسْوٌقُ torment; punishment َعَذا ٌبُ َِّ ِ little; few أَُقَلءُ قَلْي ٌلُ tree َش َجَرا ٌتُ َش َجَُرةٌُ he opened; he conquered فَ تَ َحُ good; pleasant (F) طَيِّبَا ٌتُ طَيِّبَةٌُ ِ قَدْميٌُ old near, close قَِريْ ٌبُ

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic 1. Pious father 2. The son Sa‘eed 3. Most-forgiving Lord 4. Big door 5. The noisy rooster 6. The old mat 7. Good article 8. Good magazine 9. Big street 10. Small boat 11. Deep sea 12. Great mountain 13. Long train 14. Big engine 15. Small station

اَل ِّصَّفةَُُوُالَْمْو ُصْو ُفُ Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic 1. I hit an immoral man. 2. You (P/M) took a beautiful fan. 3. The sick woman drank bitter medicine. 4. Brave Tariq defeated a big king’s army and he entered his capital. 5. Do you (S/M) go to the city’s market everyday to buy the newspaper? 6. Today I will go to a skilled barber’s shop to cut hair and to cut nails. 7. This is a pious old man and that is a mischievous child. 8. This is a handsome man and that is an ugly girl. 9. You (S/M) went to a shop close to your house to buy a box of matches. 10. Doctor Mahmood examined a sick woman and wrote a good prescription for her.

Exercise 3: Translate into English.

ِ .1 اَل ِّصَُرا ُطُالْ ُم ْستَقْيمُ ِ .2 َعَذا ٌبُأَُلْي ٌمُ ِ .3 ب َعُْو َضةٌُ َصغْي َرةٌُ ِ .4 َرَزقَ ُه ُمُاهللُُرْزقًاُ َح َسنًا ِ .5 بَََلءٌُ َعظْي ٌمُ ِ ِ ِ ِ .6 ََلُيَ ْشتَ ُرْوَنُبٰاُيٰتُاهللََُثَنًاُقَلْيًَلُ 7. َغ َماٌمُُُمظَلِّ ٌلُ ِ .8 لَْي لَةٌُُمظْل َمةٌُ ِ ٍ ٍ ٍ ٍ .9 َمثَ ُلَُكل َمةُطَيِّبَةَُك َش َجَرةُطَيِّبَةُ ِ ِ ِ .10 أَُ ْصلَُهاُثَاب ٌتَُّوُفَ ْرعَُهاُِفُال َّس َمآءُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ٍ .11 فَ تَ َحُطَارُقُنُُالَْقائ ُدَُمديْ نَةًُ َعظْي َمةًَُوُأَ َخَذُح ْصنَ َهاُم ْنُيَُدَُملكُ َعظْيمُ ِ ِ ِ .12 َد َخ َلُُُمََّم ُدُِنُُالَْفات ُحُ َعاص َمةَُالُّرْومُ

اَْْلَْمُرَُوُالنَّ ْه ُىُ LESSON 9

ا ُل مُ رُُ وُُالن ُ هُ يُ Imperative (Positive Command) & Prohibitive (Negative Command)

The command is used to demand an action. That verb which contains a command to do something is called , for example, أَُْمٌُرُ ‘read!’ and ‘write!;’ while that verb which contains a command to not do something is called , as in ‘do not go’ and ‘do not fear.’ ن َُْهُ ٌيُ The conjugation (verb forms) of second person imperative and second person prohibitive in active voice is being listed below. These must be memorized.

Table 9.1 ( ِ ) Second Person Imperative in Active Voice أ مٌرُ حاضٌرُ مُ ع ر و ٌفُ Person Gender Plurality English Arabic اِف علُ !Singular (You) Do ْ َ ْ Masculine ِ !Dual (You) Do افْ عََلُ ( ) َ مَذَّكرُ Second ِ !Plural (You) Do ُ ٌ افْ َعلُْوا Person اِفِعلُِيُ !Singular (You) Do ( ِ ) َ ْ Feminine َحاضٌرُ اِفْ عََلُ !Dual (You) Do َ (مَؤنَّ ٌثُ) ِ !Plural (You) Do ُ افْ َعْلُ َنُ

61 Lesson 9

Table 9.2 ( ِ ) Second Person Prohibitive in Active Voice ن ه ٌيُ حاضٌرُ م ع ر و ٌفُ Person Gender Plurality English Arabic َلُت فعلُ !Singular (You) Don’t do َ َْ َ ْ Masculine Dual (You) Don’t do! ََلُتَ ْفعََلُ ( ) َ مَذَّكرُ Second !Plural (You) Don’t do ُ ٌ ََلُتَ ْفَعلُْوا Person ََلُت ْفعلُِيُ !Singular (You) Don’t do ( ِ ) َ َ ْ Feminine َحاضٌرُ ََلُتَ ْفعََلُ !Dual (You) Don’t do َ (مَؤنَّ ٌثُ) !Plural (You) Don’t do ُ ََلُتَ ْفَعْل َنُ

The vowels (harakah) of أ مٌرُ .ِ Many times we find to be on the pattern of ِ as in ا َْسَْعُ افْ َع ْلُ أَُْمٌُرُ However, this is not always the case. Sometimes, it follows the اُفْ عُ ْلُ pattern as in , and sometimes the ِ ِ pattern as in ِ ِ. The ا ْضر ْبُ افْعُ ْلُ اُنْ ُصْرُ reason behind this difference is that the particular vowel pattern of ( ) and ) is dependent on the ( ) letter of ِ. The) ع فُْعُ ٌلُُمُ َضُاُِرعٌُ ع ن َُْهُ ٌيُ أَُْمٌُرُ .letter of ِ governs the in two ways, and in one way ن َُْهُ ٌيُ أَُْمٌُرُ فُْعُ ٌلُُمُ َضُاُِرٌعُ The one way where it governs both and is the harakah ن َُْهُ ٌيُ أَُْمٌُرُ of the ( ) letter of and . Here, the harakah has to correspond ن َُْهُ ٌيُ أَُْمٌُرُ ع exactly. Thus, when the ( ) letter of ِ has a fathah, or فُْعُ ٌلُ ُمُ َضُاُِرٌعُ ع kasrah, or dammah, the ( ) letter of and will have the same ن َُُْه ٌيُ أَُْمٌُرُ ع vowel. For example, in the ( ) letter is ( ) and has a fathah. م ع يَُ ْسُ َمُعُ Therefore, in its and forms, the ( ) will also get a fathah. Its م ن َُْهُ ٌيُ أَُْمٌُرُ will be ِ and its will be . In ِ there is a kasrah يَ ْضر ُبُ ََلُتَ ْس َم ْعُ ن َُْهُ ٌيُ ا َْسَْعُ أَُْمٌُرُ ِ under ( ); therefore, its and forms will be ِ ِ and ََلُتَ ْضر ْبُ ا ْضر ْبُ ن َُْهُ ٌيُ أَُْمٌُرُ ر

اَْْلَْمُرَُوُالنَّ ْه ُىُ respectively. In there is a dammah on ( ); therefore, its and أَُْمٌُرُ ص ي َْن ُصُرُ forms will be and respectively. ََلُتَ ْن ُصْرُ اُنْ ُصْرُ ن َُْهُ ٌيُ The other way in which ( ) letter of ِ governs is أَُْمٌُرُ فُْعُ ٌلُُمُ َضُاُِرٌعُ ع with respect to the alif2 of . This alif either gets a kasrah or a أَُْمٌُرُ dammah. It cannot have a fathah. If the ( ) letter of ِ has a فُْعُ ٌلُُمُ َضُاُِرٌعُ ع dammah, the alif of will also have a dammah. For example, the أَُْمٌُرُ of will be because ( ) is the ( ) letter of ِ and فْع ٌلُُم َضاِرٌعُ ع ص اُنْ ُصْرُ ي َْن ُصُرُ أَُْمٌُرُ it has a dammah. And if the ( ) letter of ِ has a fathah or a فُْعُ ٌلُُمُ َضُاُِرٌعُ ع kasrah, then in both cases the alif of will get a kasrah. For أَُْمٌُرُ example, the of is ِ, the of is ِ, and the of أَُْمٌُرُ ا َْسَْعُ يَ ْس َمعُ أَُْمٌُرُ ا ْضِر ْبُ يَ ْضِر ُبُ أَُْمٌُرُ .ِ is ا ْضِر ْبُ يَ ْضِر ُبُ It should be noted that there is no alif in . It is ن َُْهُ ٌيُ dependent on the ( ) letter of ِ only with respect to the فُْعُ ٌلُُمُ َضُاُِرعٌُ ع .letter (ع) harakah on its own

Word List Arabic English Singular Plural to search َِْب ٌثُ he started بََدأَُ َّ sugar ُسكٌرُ ِ salt مْل ٌحُ ِ he accepted قَبُ َلُ ِ (.share (n نُ ُص ٌبُ نَصْي ٌبُ

2 It is, in fact, hamzat al-wasl ( ). We are calling it alif for the ease of the َُهَْزةُُالَْو ْصِلُ students because it is generally written as an alif. 63 Lesson 9

Arabic English Singular Plural deaf ُصمُي أَُ َص ُّمُ dumb بُ ْك ٌمُ أَُبْ َكمُ blind عُ ْمُ ٌيُ أَُْع ٰمى ِ ِ اْىدُ (guide (command for S/M derision; mockery َىْزءٌُ justice; compensation َع ْدٌلُ َىْب ٌطُ to come down قِطَ ٌطُ قِطَّةٌُ cat doll ُدًمى ُدْميَةٌُ ball ُكَرا ٌتُ،ُ ُكًرى ُكَرةٌُ ٍ ِ ٰ mirror َمَراءُ مْرأةٌُ ِ comb أَُْم َشا ٌطُ م ْش ٌطُ snake َحيَّا ٌتُ َحيَّةٌُ ِ scorpion َعَُقار ُبُ َعْقَر ٌبُ ِ bull; ox ثْي َرا ٌنُ ث َْوٌرُ but, rather, however بَ ْلُ mixing َمْزٌجُ sermon َوْع ٌظُ act; deed أَُْع َماٌلُ َع َم ٌلُ ُكلُي every ِ big city أَُْم َصاٌرُ م ْصٌرُ bad, evil, wicked ُخبُ ٌثُ َخبِْي ٌثُ ِ فَ نَاد ُقُ فُ ْن ُد ٌقُ hotel ِ manager; editor مُديْ ٌرُ 64

اَْْلَْمُرَُوُالنَّ ْه ُىُ English Arabic ِ he did, he acted, he worked َعم َلُ ِ powerful قَديْ ٌرُ intercession َشَفا َعةٌُ change تَ بَُّدٌلُ he came near قَ ُر َبُ اِتَّ ٰقى he feared ِ a lot َكثْي ًرا

Exercise 1: Translate into English

ِ .1 اْذَى ْبُ 2. ََلُتَْذَى ْبُ 3. ََلََُتْنَ عُْوا ِ .4 ََلُتَ ْبَدئُ ْيُ ِ ِ .5 افْ تَحُ ْيُ 6. ََلُتَ ْب َحثْ َنُ 7. ََلُتَ ْس َمعُْوا ِ .8 اُ ْض َح ُكْوا ِ .9 ا ْع َملُْوا ِ .10 ا َْسََعا ِ .11 ا ْعلََما 12. ََلُتَ ْلَعبَا

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic 1. Don’t go (P/M) to the market, but go to the mosque. 2. Open (S/M) the box. 3. Put (P/M) sugar in the tea.

65 Lesson 9

4. Work (D/M) for yourselves. 5. Don’t laugh (P/M) a lot. 6. Accept (P/F) the advice of your mothers. 7. Don’t make (D/M) a share for Shaytan in your deeds. 8. Don’t (P/M) play with the doll; play (P/M) with the ball. 9. Listen (S/M) to the speech of Allah. 10. Don’t (S/F) play with the mirror and the comb; cook (S/F) the meat. 11. Be cautious (P/F) of the snake and the scorpion. 12. Don’t (D/F) go near the ball; play (D/F) with this cat.

Exercise 3: Translate into English. ِ ِ م ِ .1 ََلََُْتَزْنُ َعلَْيه ْمُإُنَّ ُه ْمُ ُصمُي ُبُ ْك ٌمُعُ ْمُ ٌيُُفَ ُه ْمََُلُي َْرجعُْوَنُ ِ ِ ِ .2 اْىدنَاُال ِّصَرا َطُالْ ُم ْستَقْي َمُ 3. ََلُتَ ْهَزءُْواَُوََُلُتَ ْض َح ُكْوا ِ .4 افْ َعلُواُا ْْلَْي َرَُواتَّ ُقُواُاهللَُ ِ ِ .5 اقْ َرءُ ْيَُُوََُلُتَ ْلَعب ْيُ ِ َّ ٍ ِ .6 اُ ْعلَُمْواُأَُنُاهللَُ َعل ٰىُُك ِّلُ َشُ ْيُءُقَديْ ٌرُ ِ .7 اقْ بَ لُواُال َّشَفا َعةَُ ِ ِ ِ .8 اْىبطُْواُم ْصًرا ِِ .9 اُْد ُخلُْواُ ٰىذهُالَْقْريَةَُ ِ .10 ََلُتَ تَبََّدلُواُا ْْلَبِْي َثُبالطَّيِّ ِبُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ َّ .11 اْذَىبُ ْواَُم َعُ َصديْق ُك ْمُإَُلُالُْفْن ُدقَُوُا ْشَرب ُْواُاللََبَُمَعوُ ِ ِ ِٰ ِ ِ .12 افْ تَ ُحْواُبَا َبُالْبَ ْيتَُوُاْذَىبُ ْواُإُلُُمُديِْرُُا ْْلَِريَْدةُ

LESSON 10

ِ ِ ا لُ ُواحُ دُ،ُا لتُ ثُ نُيُ ةُ ،ُا لُ جُ مُ عُ Singular, Dual, Plural

We have seen in the previous lessons that verb forms are sometimes single, sometimes dual, and sometimes plural.3 Similarly, nouns can also be single, dual and plural. For example, ِ means ‘one مُُْؤمُ ٌنُ believer,’ ِ ِ means ‘two believers,’ and ِ means ‘three or مُُْؤمُنُ ْوَنُ مُُْؤمُنَانُ more believers.’ If for some reason ِ needs to be vowelized with مُُْؤمُ ٌنُ a fathah, it will become ِ , ِ ِ will become ِ ِ and ِ will مُُْؤمُنُ ْوَنُ مُُْؤمُنَ ُْي مُُْؤمُنَانُ مُُْؤمُنًُا become ِِ . If for some reason ِ needs to be vowelized with a مُُْؤمُ ٌنُ مُُْؤمُنَْيُ kasrah, it will become ِ . When the dual and plural of ِ are مُُْؤمُ ٌنُ مُُْؤمُ ٍنُ vowelized with a kasrah, they will be the same as when they are vowelized with a fathah. The same rule applies to similar nouns. For the ease of the students, a chart showing ِ and its dual and ُم ْسل ٌمُ plural forms in each of the different states is given below.

Table 10.1 Singular, Dual, and Plural

Singular Dual Plural

( ) ( ِ ) ( ِ ) اَُ ْْلَُْمُعُ اَُلتَُّثُْنُيَُةُ اَُلَُُْواحُ ُدُ when vowelized ِِ ِ ِ ِ ُم ْسلمَُْي ُم ْسل َمُْي مُ ْسل ًما with a fathah when vowelized ِِ ِ ِ ٍِ ُم ْسلمَُْي ُم ْسل َمُْي ُم ْسلمُ with a kasrah when vowelized ِ ِ ِ ِ ُم ْسل ُمْوَنُ ُم ْسل َمانُ ُم ْسل ٌمُ with a dammah

3 It should be remembered that when the verb forms are dual or plural, it is not the action that is dual or plural. The action taking place is only one. It is only the doers of the action who are two or more. 67 Lesson 10

Examples: 1. Two men went to the market. ِ ِ ِ ذََى َبَُرُجََلنُإَُلُُال ُّسْوقُ 2. The scholars gave a speech in the mosque. ِ ِ ِ ِ َخطَ َبُالَْعال ُمْوَنُِفُالَْم ْسجدُ 3. Nasir helped two oppressed persons. ِ ِ نَ َصَرُنَاصٌرُالَْمظْلُْوَمْ ُي 4. Naseer hit the oppressors. ِ َّ ِِ َضَر َبُنَصْي ٌرُالظالمَُْي 5. I wrote with two pens. ِ ِ َكتَْب ُتُبالَْقلََمْ ُي 6. A man came from amongst the believers. ِِ َجآءََُرُج ٌلُِّم َنُالْ ُمُْؤمُنَُُْي

Word List Arabic English Singular Plural ِ year سنُ ْوَن،ُأَُْعَواٌمُ َسنَةٌ،ُ َعاٌمُ أَُ َْسَاٌكُ ََسَ ٌكُ fish ََسَ َكةٌُ a fish woe (unto you) َويْ ٌلُُ)لَ َكُ( thief َساِرقُ ْوَنُ َساِرٌقُ ٍ ِ neglectful َساُىْوَنُ َساهُ)اَل َّساىي( ِ ِ successful; prosperous ُمْفل ُحْوَنُ ُمْفل ٌحُ أََُعَّدُ he prepared ِ however, but ٰلُك ْنُ ِ jail, prison ُس ُجْوٌنُ س ْج ٌنُ master; chief َساَدةٌُ َسيٌِّدُ

68 ِ ِ اَلَْواح ُد،ُاَلتَّثْنيَةُ،ُاَ ْْلَْمعُ Arabic English Singular Plural insulting, abusive; ِ ُمهٌْيُ disgraceful (S/F) flows َِْتُِر ْيُ below, beneath ََْت َتُ repentant, accepting of ِ تَ َّواب ُْوَنُُ)تَ َّوابَُْي( تَ َّوا ٌبُ repentance he forgave َغَفَرُ he who; who, which, َِّ َِّ اَلذيْ َنُ اَلذُ ْيُ that َّ canopy ظُلَ ٌلُ ظُلةٌُ ِ ِ preacher َواعظُْوَنُ َواع ٌظُ tree َش َجَرا ٌتُ،ُأَُ ْش َجاٌرُُ َش َجَُرةٌُ،ُ َش َجٌرُ ِ female servant, maid َخادَمةٌُ the one praying salah4 ُم َّصلُّْوَنُ ُم َص لُُ)اَلْ ُم َصلِّى( إَُِِّنَا only ِ ِ peacemaker ُم ْصل ُحْوَنُ ُم ْصل ٌحُ أَََُلُ verily ِ corrupt ُمْفسٌدُ ِ ِ disbeliever, infidel َكافُرْوَنُ َكافٌرُ garden, paradise َجنَّا ٌتُ َجنَّةٌُ river أَُنْ َهاٌرُ ن َْهٌرُ blessing, grace (of Allah,

َصلََوا ٌتُ َصلٰوةٌُ (the Exalted

4 Here we are distinguishing between prayer and salah. Prayer is any form of praying (to Allah) whose Arabic equivalent is ( ). Salah ( ) refers to the ritual َصََلةٌُ دُ َعُاءٌُ prayer that Muslims pray at least five times a day. 69 Lesson 10

Arabic English Singular Plural ِمظَاُّلُ ِمظَلَّةٌُ umbrella peace َسََلٌمُ he studies يَْدُر ُسُ messenger ُمْرَسلُْوَنُ ُمْرَس ٌلُ ِ notebook َكَراريْ ُسُ ُكَّرا َسةٌُ ِ seal; ring َخَُُوامتُ َخاَمتٌُ ِ companion أَُ ْص َحا ٌبُ َصاح ٌبُ all أَُ ْْجَعُْوَنُ أَُ ْْجَعُ he loved َح َّبُ he gave a speech َخطَ َبُ oppressed, wronged َمظْلُْوُمْوَنُ َمظْلُُْوٌمُ ِ ِ oppressor ظَال ُمْوَنُ ظَا ُلٌ ِ ِ believer مُْؤمنُ ْوَنُ ُمْؤم ٌنُ world َعالَُمْوَنُ َعا َلٌُ

Exercise 1: Translate into English 1. I ordered the preachers. 2. They (P/M) wrote a book for the believers. 3. They (P/F) ate the bread. 4. You (P/M) cut the tree. 5. She hit two boys and she took the umbrellas. 6. They (P/M) killed the thieves. 7. You (P/F) will study for two years. 8. You (S/F) will cook for the worshippers. 9. You (S/M) ate a fish, but I ate two fishes. 10. She wrote two notebooks and you (P/M) read two books. 11. The house’s maid cooked bread and she filled two jars. 12. Khalid’s uncle (maternal) imprisoned the thieves in the jail.

70 ِ ِ اَلَْواح ُد،ُاَلتَّثْنيَةُ،ُاَ ْْلَْمعُ Exercise 2: Translate into English

ِ ِ ِ ِ .1 ٰذُل َكُالْكٰت ُبََُلَُريْ َبُفَ ْيوُُىًدىُلِّْل ُمتَّقَْيُ ِٰ ِ ِٰ ِ .2 اُولُئ َكُ َعل ٰىُُىًدىُِّم ْنَُّرِِّب ْمَُوُاُولُئ َكُُى ُمُالْ ُمْفل ُحْوَنُ ِّ َِّ ِِ .3 َويْ ٌلُلْل ُم َصلَِّْيُالذيْ َنُُى ْمُُ َع ْنُ َصََلِت ْمُ َساُىْوَنُ َِّ ِ ِ ِ ٰ ِ َّ .4 قَالُْواُإُِنَاَُْحن ُنُُم ْصل ُحْوَنُأَََُلُإُنَّ ُه ْمُُى ُمُالْ ُمْفس ُدْوَنَُولُك ْنَُلُيَ ْشعُُرْوَنُ ِ ِِ .5 َوَُماُُى ْمُِبُْؤمنَُْي ِ ِِٰ ِ .6 إُ َّنُال ُظّلمَْيََُلُْمُ َعَذا ٌبُأَُلْي ٌمُ ِ ِ ِ .7 أََُعَّدُاهللُُلْل َكافِريْ َنُ َعَذابًاُُّمهْي نًا ِ ِ ِ .8 إُ َّنُُاهللََُُي ُّبُالتَّ َّوابَُْي ِ ِ ِ ِِ ِ ٰ ٍ ِ ِ ِ .9 إُنَّوُُي َْغفُرُلْل ُمْؤمنَْيَُوُيُْدخلُُه ْمُ َجنّتَُِْتر ْىُم ْنََُْتتَهاُاُْْلَنْ ٰهُرُ ِ ِ ِ .10 اَ ْْلَْم ُدُللّوَُر ِّبُالْٰعلَمَْيُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ٰ ِِ ِِ .11 اَُل َّصلٰوةَُُوُال َّسََلُمُ َعل ٰىُ َسيِّدُالْ ُمْرَسلَْيُ َخاَمتُُالنَّبيِّ َُْيُُُُمََّمدَُّوُُ َعلُىُاُٰلوَُوُأَُ ْص َحابوُ ِ أَُ ْْجَعَُْي