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Ten Lessons of Arabic

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Ten Lessons of Arabic TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC based on Das Sabaq of Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi Copyright © DÉr al-Sa‘Édah Publications 2011 First Online Edition Dec 2011 ilmresources.wordpress.com “General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered duplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.” In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents i List of Tables ii Introduction iii LESSON 1 – Subject and Predicate 1 مُْبُتََُدُأٌَُوُ َخبَ ٌرُ LESSON 2 ِ ِ 7 ُم َضا ٌفَُوُُم َضا ٌفُإلَْيوُ LESSON 3 ِ ِ – Past Tense Verb 15 اَلْفْع ُلُالَْماضى LESSON 4 ِ ِ – Verb, Subject, Object 23 فْع ٌل،ُفَاع ٌل،َُمْفعُْوٌلُ LESSON 5 – Prepositions 29 اَ ْْلُُرْو ُفُا ْْلَاَّرةُ LESSON 6 ِ – Pronouns 35 َضَمائُرُ LESSON 7 ِ – Present and Future Tense 43 اَلْفْع ُلُالُْم َضاِرعُ Verb LESSON 8 – Adjective 53 اَل ِّصَفةَُُوُالَْمْو ُصْو ُفُ LESSON 9 – Imperative & Prohibitive 61 اَْْلَْمُرَُوُالنَّ ْه ُيُ Singular, Dual, Plural 67 – الْوا ِحد،ُالتَّثنِية،ُا ْْلمعُ LESSON 10 َ َ ُ َ ْ َُ َ َْ ُ i LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice 16 ( ِ ِ ) اَلْفْع ُلُالَْماضىُاَلَْمْعُرْو ُفُ 3.2 Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice 17 ( ِ ِ ) اَلْفْع ُلُالَْماضىُاَلَُْم ْجُهْوُلُ 5.1 Prepositions ( ) 29 اَ ْْلُُرْو ُفُا ْْلَاَّرةُ Possessive ( ِ) & Objective ( ) Pronouns 35 6.1 َمْفعُْوِلُي إ َضاِفُي 37 ِِ 6.2 Pronouns (فَاعل يُ) Subjective Verb Forms of ( ِ) in Active Voice ( ) 44 7.1 َمْعُُرْو ٌفُ فْع ٌلُُم َضاِرعٌُ Verb Forms of ( ِ) in Passive Voice ( ) 45 7.2 ََمُْهْوٌلُ فْع ٌلُُمُ َضاِرعٌُ 9.1 Second Person Imperative in Active Voice 61 ( ِ ) أَْمٌرُ َحاضٌرَُمْعُرْو ٌفُ 9.2 Second Person Prohibitive in Active Voice 62 ( ِ ) ن َْه ٌيُ َحاضٌرَُمْعُرْو ٌفُ 10.1 Singular, Dual, and Plural 67 ii بسمُاهللُالرمحنُالرحيمُ حنمدهُوُنصليُعلىُرسولوُالكرمي Introduction to the Text & Translation This book is based on the famous Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar Das Sabaq [Ten Lessons] by Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi. Das Sabaq in Urdu has been a part of the ‘Aalim course curriculum in Western madrasahs for a number of years. We have revised and edited an existing translation of the text that was available online. During this process, we have taken liberty with the translation to make the content more accessible and beneficial to the reader. The first draft of this translation was prepared in co- operation with Darul Uloom al-Madania, and was used as a textbook for Darul Uloom’s eAlim program during the last academic year. We received a number of suggestions during the course of that. Later, we had the chance to review this text again while teaching portions of it during this Ramadan, and then, the whole text during the first term of this academic year at Darul Uloom. This text has thus been revised multiple times; and we hope, this first online edition is free of errors. Nevertheless, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some mistakes in it. We hope that the readers, students and teachers, will apprise us of any such issues. Your feedback (suggestions, constructive criticism, etc.) is valuable to us. You can contact us at the email address given below. This is a beginner-level text; therefore, we have not transliterated Arabic words exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, we have used approximate iii equivalents that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized. As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, we have not used the original Arabic duals and plurals; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by adding an ‘s’ to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain. The word still remains italicized to reflect its non-English origin. The following abbreviations appear in the text: S = Singular D = Dual P = Plural M = Masculine F = Feminine Many times, these have been used in combination. Thus, we also have the following abbreviations: (S/M) = ‘Singular masculine’ which means one male (D/M) = ‘Dual masculine’ which means two males (P/M) = ‘Plural masculine’ which means multiple males (S/F) = ‘Singular feminine’ which means one female (D/F) = ‘Dual feminine’ which means two females (P/F) = ‘Plural feminine’ which means multiple females We hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. We also pray that Allah, the Exalted, accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. We also request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us in their prayers. And He alone gives success. ٰ ٰ ِ ِِ ِ ٍ ٰ ِِٰ ِِ ِ َوُ َصلَّىُاهللُتَ َعالُُ َعلُىُ َخْْيُ َخْلقوُ َسيِّدنَُاَُوَُمْوََلنَاَُُُُمََّمدَُّوُ َعلُىُأُلوَُوُأَُ ْص َحابوُأَُ ْْجَعَْيُ ‘Aamir Bashir Buffalo, NY 17th Muharram, 1433 (13th December, 2011) Email: [email protected] iv LESSON 1 مُ بُتُ دُأٌُ وُ خب ٌرُ Subject and Predicate Consider the following sentences: ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ ‘Haamid is pious,’ ‘Khalid is a conqueror.’ These sentences and other sentences of the same pattern are called mubtada ( ) and مُْبُتََُدُأٌُ khabar ( ). The subject of the sentence is called mubtada and it َخبَ ٌرُ comes at the beginning of the sentence. The predicate of the sentence is called khabar and it is the second part of the sentence. For example, in ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ Mahmood is the subject and the information about him being knowledgeable is the ُ’predicate. Therefore, ‘Mahmood’ is mubtada and ‘knowledgeable is khabar. To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps: 1. Take out the “is”. 2. Translate the words into Arabic .to both words in the sentence ( َضَّمتَ ُِي) Give two dammahs .3 ْ Examples: 1. Mahmood is knowledgeable. ِ َُْم ُمْوٌدُ َعا ُلٌ 2. Haamid is pious. ِ ِ َحامٌدُ َصال ٌحُ 3. Khalid is a conqueror. ِ ِ َخالٌدُفَات ٌحُ 4. Muhammad (Allah bless him and give him peace) is a messenger. َّ ِ َّ ُُمََّمٌدُُ) َصلىُاهللُ َعلَْيوَُوُ َسل َمُ(َُرُسْوٌلُ 5. Naasir is a friend. ِ ِ نَاصٌرُ َصديٌْقُ 1 Lesson 1 In the above examples, the mubtada is a proper noun.1 However, if it is a common noun, an alif-laam will be added to the beginning of the word. For example, if the first sentence was ‘the . ِ man is knowledgeable,’ it would be translated as اَلَّرُج ُلُ َعا ُلٌ It is important to note here that whenever alif-laam comes before a word, the tanween becomes a single fathah ( ), kasrah فَ ْت َحةٌُ ( ) or dammah ( ), eg. to . Alif-laam is mainly used اَلَُّرُجلُ َرُج ٌلُ َضَّمةٌُ َك ْسَرةٌُ in place of the definite article “the.” It gives distinction to a word. For example, ‘a man’ is any man and ‘the man’ is a specific man. Sometimes alif-laam is used for the meaning of ‘a whole category/class.’ For example, ِ means ‘mankind’ and اَ ْْلَْم ُد اَُُْلنْ َسا ُنُ means ‘all praise.’ If the mubtada is feminine, then the khabar will also have to be feminine. To change a word to its feminine form, add the round to the end of the word. For example, ‘the man is pious’ is (ة) taa ’,written as ِ . Now if you want to say ‘the woman is pious اَلَّرُج ُلُ َصال ٌحُ you will say ِ . Similarly, ‘the girl is knowledgeable’ will be اَلَْمْرأَةُُ َصاْلَةٌُ . ِ ِ written as اَلْبْن ُتُ َعال َمةٌُ Word List Arabic English Singular Plural father اُٰبَُاءُ أَُ ٌبُ mother أَُُّمَها ٌتُ أُُمُي ِ son أَُبْ نَاءُ ابْ ٌنُ ِ daughter, girl ب َنَا ٌتُ بْن ٌتُ paternal uncle أَُْع َماٌمُ َعمُي 1In Arabic, a proper noun is called ma‘rifah ( ) and a common noun is called َمْعِرفَةٌُ .( ِ ) nakirah نَكَرةٌُ 2 مُبُْتََُدُأٌَُوُ َخبَ ٌرُ Arabic English Singular Plural َعَّماةٌُ,ُ َعَّما ٌتُ َعَّمةٌُ paternal aunt maternal uncle أَُ ْخَواٌلُ َخاٌلُ maternal aunt َخاََل ٌتُ َخالَةٌُ ِ ِ brother إُ ْخَوا ٌن،ُإُ ْخَوةٌُ أَُ ٌخُ sister أَُ َخَوا ٌتُ أُُ ْخ ٌتُ grandfather أَُ ْجَداٌدُ َجيدُ grandmother َجَّدا ٌتُ َجَّدةٌُ ِ (grandson (son’s son أَُ ْحَفاٌد،ُ َحَفَدةٌُ َحفْيٌدُ ِ (grandson (daughter’s son أَُ ْسبَا ٌطُ سْب ٌطُ ِ man رَجاٌلُ َرُج ٌلُ ِ ِ woman ن َساءٌُ اْمَرأَةٌُ ِ male child, boy أَُطَْفاٌلُ طْف ٌلُ strong أَُقِْويَاءُ قَِويُ ِ weak ُضَعَفاءُ َضعْي ٌفُ ice, snow ث َْل ٌجُ cold بَاِرٌدُ ِ water ميَاهٌُ َماءٌُ sweet َع ْذ ٌبُ ِ pious ُصلَ َحاءُ َصال ٌحُ عُبَّاٌدُ َعابٌِدُ worshipper chicken ُد ُج ٌج،َُُد َجا ٌجُ َد َجا َجةٌُ ِ sheep; goat شيَاهٌُ َشاةٌُ ِ ِ intelligent أَُذْكيَاءُ ذَك يُ ِ wise عَُقََلءُ َعاق ٌلُ 3 Lesson 1 Arabic English Singular Plural ِ ِ thankful, grateful َشاكُرُْوَنُ َشاكٌرُ إُِماءُ أَُمةُ َ ُ ٌَ slave girl ٍ ِ َجَوارُ َجاريَةٌُ ِ ِ truthful َصادقُ ْوَنُ َصاد ٌقُ ِ ِ generous كَراٌمُ َكرْميٌُ ِ path صَرا ٌطُ ِ straight ُم ْستَقْي ٌمُ ritual prayer (salah) َصلََوا ٌتُ َصلٰوةٌ،ُ َصََلةٌُ ِ (standing (F قَائ َمةٌُ ِ slave عبَاٌدُ َعْبٌدُ brave ُش ْجَعا ٌنُ ُش َجاعٌُ ِ leader, commander قُ َّواٌد،ُقَاَدةٌُ قَائٌدُ the hour; day of اَُل َّسا َعةُ resurrection ِ (coming (F اُٰتيَةٌُ respectful (F) ُمَؤَّدبَةٌُ ِ (going (F ذَاىبَةٌُ ِ (small (F َصغْي َرةٌُ ِ (fat (F ََسْي نَةٌُ hardworking َُْمتَِه ُدْوَنُ َُْمتَِهٌدُ ِ religion, deen; judgment أَُْديَا ٌنُ ديْ ٌنُ ِ merciful َرحْي ٌمُ ِ beautiful َْجْي ٌلُ Lord َر يبُ 4 مُبُْتََُدُأٌَُوُ َخبَ ٌرُ Arabic English Singular Plural ِ prophet أَُنْبيَاءُ نَِبُي messenger ُرُس ٌلُ َرُسْوٌلُ ِ knowledgeable; scholar عُلََماءُ َعا ُلٌ ِ conqueror فَات ٌحُ ِ ِ friend أَُ ْصدقَاءُ َصديٌْقُ mankind, the person, ِ اَُْلنْ َسا ُن someone all praise اَ ْْلَْم ُدُ and َوُُ Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic.
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