Ten Lessons of Arabic

TEN LESSONS OF ARABIC

based on Das Sabaq of Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi

Revised & Edited by ‘Aamir Bashir

ilmresources.wordpress.com

“General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered duplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.”

In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents i List of Tables ii Acknowledgments iii Foreword v LESSON 1 – Subject and Predicate 1 مُ بُتُ دُأٌُ و خب ٌرُ LESSON 2 ِ ِ 7 م ضا ٌفُ و م ضا ٌفُإل يهُ LESSON 3 ِ ِ – Past Tense Verb 11 ا ل ف ع لُال ماضُ يُ LESSON 4 ِ ِ – Verb, Subject, Object 19 ف ع ٌل،ُف اع ٌل،ُ م فع وٌلُ LESSON 5 – Prepositions 25 ا ْل ر و فُا ْل اَّرةُ LESSON 6 ِ – Pronouns 31 ا ل َّضُ مائ رُ LESSON 7 ِ – Present and Future Tense Verb 39 ا ل ف ع لُال م ضاِر عُ LESSON 8 – Adjective 49 ا ل ِّص فة ُ وال م و ص و فُ LESSON 9 – Imperative & Prohibitive 57 ا ْل م رُ والنَّ ه يُ LESSON 10 ِ ِ – Singular, Dual, Plural 67 ا ل واح د،ُا لتَّث نُي ة ،ُا ْل م عُ

LIST OF TABLES

Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice ( ِ ِ ) 12 3.1 ا ل ف ع لُال ماضُ يُُا ل م ع ر و فُ 3.1a ِ ِ 13 ا ل ف ع لُال ماضُ يُُا ل م ع ر و فُ Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice ( ِ ِ ) 14 3.2 اُ ل ف ع لُال ماضُ يُُا لُ م ج ه و لُ 3.2a ِ ِ 15 ا ل ف ع لُال ماضُ يُُا لُ م ج ه و لُ 5.1 Prepositions ( ) 25 ا ْل ر و فُا ْل اَّرةُ Unattached ( ِ ) Pronouns 31 6.1 م ن فص ٌلُ Attached ( ِ ) Pronouns 32 6.2 متَّص ٌلُ Verb Forms of ( ِ) in Active Voice ( ) 39 7.1 م ع ر و ٌفُ ف ع ٌلُ م ضاِرٌعُ 7.1a ِ 40 ا ل ف ع لُال م ضاِرع ُال م ع ر و فُ Verb Forms of ( ِ) in Passive Voice ( ) 41 7.2 َم ه وٌلُ ف ع ٌلُُ مُ ضاِرٌعُ 7.2a ِ 42 ا ل ف ع لُال م ضاِرع ُالُ م ج ه و لُ Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice ( ِ ) 58 9.1 أ مٌرُُ حاضٌرُ م ع ر و ٌفُ Second Person Imperative in Active Voice ( ِ ) 58 9.2 أ مٌرُ حاضٌرُ م ع ر و ٌفُ 9.2a ِ 59 ا ْل م رُا ْل اض رُال م ع ر و فُ Creating Second Person Prohibitive ( ِ ) in Active Voice 60 9.3 ن ه ٌيُ حاضٌرُ م ع ر و ٌفُ Second Person Prohibitive ( ِ ) in Active Voice 60 9.4 ن ه ٌيُ حاضٌرُ م ع ر و ٌفُ 9.4a ِ 61 ا لنَّ ه يُا ْل اض رُال م ع ر و فُ 10.1 Singular, Dual, and Plural 68

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who helped in making this project a success. To begin with, I would like to thank Sr. A. Naviwala who, working on behalf of Darul Uloom al-Madania, prepared the first draft, which I edited. I would also like to thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon for his valuable feedback. I am also indebted to my First year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012 academic year) who suggested important improvements and pointed out the many mistakes. My prepatory year students at Darul Uloom (2011–2012), including Ahmad Hatim who proof-read the draft for the second edition, have also given me valuable feedback. I have greatly benefitted from their questions, comments and suggestions. May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.

iii

بسمُاهللُالرمحنُالرحيمُوالصل ُوةُوالسالمُعلىُرسولهُالكرمي

FOREWORD

This is the second edition of the revised Ten Lessons of Arabic, which in turn was based on the famous Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar Das Sabaq [Ten Lessons] by Mawlana ‘Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi. Das Sabaq in Urdu has been a part of the ‘Aalim course curriculum in Western madrasahs for a number of years. In 2011, I was commissioned by Darul Uloom al-Madania to edit a translation that they had prepared by revising an existing translation of the text that was available online. I completed the editing in a few months. During this process, I took liberty with the translation to make the content more accessible and beneficial to the student. The edited version was then used as a textbook for Darul Uloom’s eAlim program. At that time, I received a number of suggestions from eAlim instructors and students regarding improvement of the text. Later, I got the chance to teach the first four chapters myself during Ramadan 2011 to a sincere student. At that time, I realized the many flaws that had remained, especially in the first four chapters. I revised these chapters thoroughly to make them more student friendly. Later still, I got the chance to go over the whole text during the first term of 2011–2012 academic year, while teaching it to first year students at Darul Uloom. During this time, a number of issues came up and I made the changes accordingly. The first online edition was released at that time. Later, during the last two terms of 2011–2012 academic year, I got the chance to teach it again; this time, to the prepatory year students at Darul Uloom. More issues came up and I fixed them. Now, at the end of this academic year (2011– 2012), I have gone through the whole text again and revised it throughly. I have added more explanation and tables in many chapters. I have also revised the word lists and exercises, and reduced the overall number of vocabulary words. While teaching, I had felt that memorizing too many new words was taking the students’ attention away from the real thing, viz. grammar rules and construction of the language. In many cases, plurals of words are given, but they are merely for reference. Students should not be required to memorize these. The vocabulary lists still appear quite formidable. However, this is because of the many repeated words. If they were to be taken out, the overall count will be much less. This text has been revised multiple times. In the process, it has changed considerably and those looking for an exact translation of Das Sabaq will be disappointed. However, I believe it is now much more beneficial. I have tried my

best, with help from many of my students, to remove all of the errors in it. Nevertheless, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. I hope that the readers, students and teachers, will apprise me of any such issues. Your feedback (suggestions, constructive criticism, etc.) is valuable to me. You can contact me at the email address given at the end. This is a beginner-level text but notwithstanding its ease, it should be studied with a teacher. It is also expected that the student will be studying other Arabic books along with it as well. I would recommend Fundamentals of Classical Arabic vol. 1 (by Dr. Husain Abdul Sattar) and Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah vol. 1 (by Dr. V. Abdur Rahim). I got the chance to teach both during this academic year. They are both excellent books. There is some overlap between them and Ten Lessons. However, this should not be seen as redundancy, but as re-inforcement. Of the three, Fundamentals is for Sarf, Ten Lessons and Durus al-Lughah are for general Arabic. The last one is probably the best in terms of its gradual and progressive introduction to Arabic language concepts. However, the former two provide concise information for Sarf and Nahw, which is spread out in Durus al-Lughah. I recommend that Ten lessons and Durus al-Lughah be started at the beginning of the semester, while Fundamentals be started in the second half. Since this is a beginner-level text; therefore, Arabic words have not been transliterated exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, their approximate equivalents have been used that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized. As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, the original Arabic duals and plurals have not been used; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by adding an ‘s’ to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain. The word still remains italicized to reflect its non-English origin. The following abbreviations appear in the text: S = Singular D = Dual P = Plural

M = Masculine F = Feminine Many times, these have been used in combination. Thus, we also have the following abbreviations: (S/M) = ‘Singular masculine’ which means one male (D/M) = ‘Dual masculine’ which means two males (P/M) = ‘Plural masculine’ which means multiple males (S/F) = ‘Singular feminine’ which means one female (D/F) = ‘Dual feminine’ which means two females (P/F) = ‘Plural feminine’ which means multiple females

vi I hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. I also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. I also request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us all in their prayers. And He alone gives success. ِ ِِ ِ ٍ ِِ ِِ ِ و صلَّىُاهللُ ُت عالُُ علُىُ خ ْيُ خ لقهُ سيِّدن اُ و م و َلن اُ ُ ُم َّمدَُّو علُىُأُلهُُ وأُ ص حابهُأُ ْج ع يُ ‘Aamir Bashir Buffalo, NY 91th Shaʻban, 1433 (1th July, 2012) Email: [email protected]

vii

LESSON 1

مُ بُتُ دُأٌُُ و خب ٌرُ Subject and Predicate

Consider the following sentences: ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ ‘Haamid is pious,’ ‘Khalid is a conqueror.’ These sentences and other sentences of the same pattern are called mubtada ( ) and khabar ( ). The subject of the sentence is called خب ٌرُ مُ بُتُ دُأٌُ mubtada and it comes at the beginning of the sentence. The predicate of the sentence is called khabar and it is the second part of the sentence. For example, in ‘Mahmood is knowledgeable,’ Mahmood is the subject and the information about him being knowledgeable is the predicate. Therefore, ‘Mahmood’ is mubtada and .knowledgeable’ُis khabar‘

To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps: 1. Take out the “is”. 2. Translate the words into Arabic. .to both words in the sentence ( ضَّمت ِيُ) Give two dammahs .3

Examples: 1. Mahmood is knowledgeable. ِ ُم م وٌدُ عا ُلٌ 2. Haamid is pious. ِ ِ حامٌدُ صال ٌحُ 3. Khalid is a conqueror. ِ ِ خالٌدُف ات ٌحُ 4. Muhammad (Allah bless him and give him peace) is a messenger. َّ ِ َّ ُم َّمٌدُُ) صلىُاهللُ ُ عل يهُ و سل مُ(ُ ر س وٌلُ 5. Naasir is a friend. ِ ِ ن اصٌرُ صدي ٌقُ In the above examples, the mubtada is a definite noun.1 However, if it is a common noun, an alif-laam will be added to the beginning of the word. For example, if the first sentence was ‘the man is knowledgeable,’ it would be translated . ِ as ا لَّر ج لُ عا ُلٌ It is important to note here that whenever alif-laam comes before a word, the tanween becomes a single fathah ( ), kasrah ( ) or dammah ( ) as the case ضَّمةٌُ ك س رةٌُ ف ت حةٌُ

.( ِ ) In Arabic, a definite noun is called ma‘rifah ( ِ ) and a common noun is called nakirah 1 ن ك رةٌُ م عرف ةٌُ

1 Lesson 1

may be, eg. becomes . Alif-laam is mainly used in place of the definite ا لَّر ج لُ ر ج ٌلُ article “the.” It gives distinction to a word. For example, ‘a man’ is any man and ‘the man’ is a specific man. Sometimes alif-laam is used for the meaning of ‘a whole ’.category/class.’ For example, ِ means ‘mankind’ and means ‘all praise ا ْل م دُ ا ُلن سا نُ If the mubtada is feminine, then the khabar will also have to be feminine. To .to the end of the word (ة) change a word to its feminine form, add the round taa For example, ‘the man is pious’ is written as ِ . Now if you want to say ‘the ا لَّر ج لُ صال ٌحُ woman is pious,’ you will say ِ . Similarly, ‘the girl is knowledgeable’ will be ا ل م رأ ة ُ صاْل ةٌُ . ِ ِ written as ا ل ب ن تُ عال مةٌُ Word List Arabic English Singular Plural father أُب اءُ أُ ٌبُ mother أُ َّم ها ٌتُ أُ مُ ِ son أُ ب ن اءُ اب ٌنُ boy أ و َلٌدُ ول ٌدُ ِ daughter, girl ب ن ا ٌتُ ب ن ٌتُ paternal uncle أُ ع ماٌمُ عمُ عَّماةٌُ،ُ عَّما ٌتُ عَّمةٌُ paternal aunt maternal uncle أُ خ واٌلُ خاٌلُ maternal aunt خا َل ٌتُ خال ةٌُ ِ ِ brother إُ خ وا ٌن،ُإُ خ وةٌُ أُ ٌخُ sister أُ خ وا ٌتُ أُ خ ٌتُ grandfather أُ ج داٌدُ ج دُ grandmother جَّدا ٌتُ جَّدةٌُ ِ grandson أُ ح فاٌد،ُ ح ف دةٌُ حف يٌدُ ِ granddaughter حف ي دُةٌُ ِ man ر جاٌلُ ر ج ٌلُ ِ ِ woman ن ساءٌُ ا م رأ ةٌُ

مُبُ تُ دُأٌُُ و خب ٌرُ

Arabic English Singular Plural ِ male child, infant, toddler أُ ط فاٌلُ ط ف ٌلُ ِط فلُ ةٌُ female male child, infant, toddler strong أُ ق ِوي اءُ ق ِو يُ ِ weak ض ع فاءُ ضع ي ٌفُ ice, snow ث ل ٌجُ cold ب اِرٌدُ ِ water مي اهٌُ ماءٌُ sweet ع ذ ٌبُ ِ small صُغ ي ٌرُ ِ fat َس ٌيُ ِ pious صل حاءُ صال ٌحُ ع بَّاٌدُ عابٌِدُ worshipper أُ ذ كِياءُ ذكِيُ intelligent, smart ِ ع ق الءُ عاق ٌلُ hard-working َمت ِه د و نُ َمت ِهٌدُ ِ beautiful ْج ي ٌلُ ِ ِ thankful, grateful شاك ر ُو نُ شاكٌرُ ِ ِ truthful صادق و نُ صاد ٌقُ Lord ر بُ ِ prophet, messenger أُ ن بي اءُ ن ِبُ messenger ر س ٌلُ ر س وٌلُ ِ path ص را ٌطُ ِ straight م ست ق ي ٌمُ ِ ِ Muslim م سل م و نُ م سل ٌمُ ِ man, mankind ا ُلن سا نُ ِ slave عب اٌدُ ع بٌدُ ِ leader, commander ق َّواٌد،ُق ا دُةٌُ ق ائٌدُ

3 Lesson 1

Arabic English Singular Plural brave ش جاعٌُ ِ ِ generous ك راٌمُ كر ميٌُ ا ل َّسا عةُ the hour; day of resurrection ِ (coming (F أُتي ةٌُ respectful م ؤَّد ٌبُ and وُ ِ merciful رح ي ٌمُ ِ (going (M ذ اه ٌبُ ِ knowledgeable; scholar ع لُ ماءُ عا ُلٌ

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic. 1. Haamid is a father. 2. Mahmood is a son. 3. Khalid is an uncle (paternal). 4. Zayd is an uncle (maternal). 5. Bakr is a brother. 6. Sa‘eed is a grandfather. 7. Hameed is a grandson. 8. The man is strong. 9. The child (M) is weak. 10. The ice is cold. 11. The water is sweet. 12. The son is small. 13. Hamzah is fat. 14. The brother is pious.

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic. 1. The woman is strong. 2. The mother is beautiful. 3. The daughter is a worshipper. 4. The aunt (maternal) is intelligent. 5. The aunt (paternal) is hard-working. 6. The sister is beautiful. 7. The grandmother is thankful.

مُبُ تُ دُأٌُُ و خب ٌرُ

8. ‘Aishah is intelligent. 9. Fatimah is small. 10. Maimoonah is a grand daughter. 11. The aunt (paternal) is pious. 12. The girl is fat. 13. The grandmother is pious. 14. The aunt (maternal) is a worshipper.

Exercise 3: Translate into English.

1. 11. اُ ْل خُ كِر ميٌُ ا هلل ُ ر بُ ِ .12 َّ ِ َّ .2 ا ل َّسا عة ُاُ تي ةٌُ ُم َّمٌدُ) صلىُاهللُ ُ عل يهُ و سل مُ(ُن ِ بُ ِ .13 ِ .3 ع مٌروُ َمت هٌدُ ا لَّر س و لُ صاد ٌقُ ِ .14 ِ .4 ط ارٌقُ م ؤَّد ٌبُ ا ل ِّص را طُ م ست ق ي ٌمُ ِ .15 ِ ا ل ب ن تُ م ؤَّدب ةٌُ ُم م وٌدُ م سل ٌمُ .5 ِ .16 ِ .6 اُ ل ع ُّمُذ ك يُ ا لن سا نُ ع بٌدُ ِ ِ .17 ِ ِ .7 ا ْل ف ي دُ م ؤَّد ٌبُ وا ْل ُّدُ رح ي ٌمُ خالٌدُق ائٌدُ ِ ِ .18 ِ .8 ف اط مةُ ُذ اهب ةٌُ ا ل قائ دُ ش جا ٌعُ ِ ِ ِ .9 حُامٌدُذ اه ٌبُ .19 سع يٌدُأ ٌخُ ِ ِ .10 ُم م وٌدُ عا ُلٌ .20 ا ْل ا لُ عاق ٌلُ

LESSON 2

ِ م ضا ٌفُ و م ضا ٌفُإِل يهُ

Consider the following sentences: ‘slave of Allah,’ ‘messenger of Allah,’ ‘door of the house,’ ‘the Messenger’s order,’ ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ ‘Khalid’s book,’ ‘Hameed’s house.’ These phrases and those with a similar pattern are called mudaaf ( ) م ضا ٌفُ and mudaaf ilayhi (ِ ِ ). One thing (mudaaf) is attributed to the other م ضا ٌف ُإل يهُ (mudaaf ilayhi). Many times, the relationship is that of the possessed to its possessor. The possessed is called mudaaf and the possessor is called mudaaf ilayhi. For example, in the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen,’ the pen is owned by Mahmood. Therefore, ‘pen’ is mudaaf and ‘Mahmood’ is mudaaf ilayhi.

To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps: 1. Take out ‘of’ or the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ which show possession. 2. If you have taken out the apostrophe and the ‘s,’ reverse the sequence. Write the second word first and the first word second. If you took out ‘of,’ then there is no need to reverse the sequence. 3. Replace the English words with their Arabic equivalents. 4. Give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs. For example, to translate the phrase ‘Mahmood’s pen’ to Arabic, first take out the apostrophe and ‘s.’ It becomes ‘Mahmood pen.’ Then, change the order of the words to ‘pen Mahmood.’ Next, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two .قلمُُممود You get kasrahs. You get ٍ . Following the same method, ‘Khalid’s book’ becomes ق ل مُ ُم م ودُ For a sentence with ‘of,’ such as ‘ring of gold,’ first remove the ‘of.’ It . ِ ٍِ كت ا بُ خالدُ becomes ‘ring gold.’ Now, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get .Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs .خامتُذهب . خا مت ُذ ه ٍبُ You get The rules concerning alif-laam have been mentioned in the first lesson. Those rules will apply here also. Thus, if there is an alif-laam at the beginning of the خا مت ُ will become خا مت ُذ ه ٍبُ .mudaaf ilayhi, the two kasrahs will become one kasrah .It should be noted here that the mudaaf never accepts alif-laam or tanween .الَّذ ه ِبُ .will not accept alif-laam or tanween خا متُ ,For instance, in the above example

7 Lesson 2

Word List Arabic English Singular Plural ِ wall ج دٌر،ُ ج د را ٌنُ ج داٌرُ ِديارُ،ُدُورُ دارُ ٌ ٌ ٌ home, house

ب ي و ٌتُ ب ي ٌتُ door أُ ب ُ وا ٌبُ ب ا ٌبُ ِ window شب اب ي كُ شبَّاٌكُ حجراتُ حجرةُ ٌ ٌ room غ ر ٌفُ غ رف ةٌُ roof سط وٌحُ،ُأُ سط ٌحُ سط ٌحُ ceiling س ق و ٌفُ س ق ٌفُ ِ bed س رٌرُ سري ٌرُ pen أُ ق الٌمُ ق ُل ٌمُ heat ح رُ sun َش و ٌسُ َش ٌسُ day أ يَّاٌمُ ي وٌمُ ِ judgment; religion ديُ ٌنُ ِ to establish, establishing إُق ا مةٌُ ritual prayer (salah) ص الةٌُ،ُ ص لُوةٌُ ِ to give, giving إُي ت اءٌُ زك وةٌ،ُ ز كاةٌُ (poor due (zakah city, town ب ل دةٌُ ِ country; city, town بُ الٌد،ُب ل دا ٌنُ ب ل ٌدُ ِ city, town م د ٌنُ مدي ن ةٌُ people ن ا ٌسُ light أُ ض واءُ ض وءٌُ ِ lamp س رٌجُ س را ٌجُ darkness ظ ل ما ٌتُ ظ ل مةٌُ

8 ِ م ضا ٌفُ ُو م ضا ٌفُإل ي هُ

Arabic English Singular Plural night ل ي ٌلُ ِ ِ finger, toe أُ صاب عُ إُ صب ٌعُ ِ foot; leg أُ ر ج ٌلُ ر ج ٌلُ tall, long ط ِوي ٌلُ ِ leader, governor أ م ي ٌرُ ِ short ق ص ي ٌرُ ِ expensive َث ٌيُ ِ high رف ي ٌعُ ِ winter شت اءٌُ summer ص ي ٌفُ ِ spring رب ي ٌعُ autumn, fall خِري ٌفُ ِ new جدي ٌدُ ِ ق د ميٌُ old ِ book كت ا ٌبُ note-book كَّرا سةٌُ jouney, travel س فٌرُ

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic. 1. Haamid’s son/son of Hameed 2. Khalid’s mother/mother of Khalid 3. Fatimah’s sister/sister of Fatimah 4. The house’s wall/wall of the house 5. The room’s door/door of the room 6. The room’s window/window of the room 7. The house’s roof/roof of the house 8. The room’s ceiling/ceiling of the room 9. Hameed’s bed/bed of Hameed 10. The grandfather’s pen/pen of the grandfather 11. The sun’s heat/heat of the sun

9 Lesson 2

Exercise 2: Translate into English.

1. 6. ظ ل مة ُاللَّ يِلُ ي و مُالِّدي ِنُ ِ .7 ِ ِ .2 أ صاب عُِر جٍلُ إق ا مة ُال َّص الةُ ِ ٍ .8 ِ ِ .3 ق ل مُ حامدُ إي ت اء ُالَّز كاةُ ِ ٍِ .9 ِ .4 س را جُ خالدُ ن ا سُال ب ل دةُ ِ ِ ِ .10 ِ .5 أ م ي رُال مدي ن ةُ ض وء ُس راٍجُ

Exercise 3: Translate into Arabic. 1. Mahmood’s pen is expensive. 2. The house’s wall is long. 3. The house’s roof is high. 4. Haamid’s son is tall. 5. Fatimah’s sister is short. 6. Days of Summer are long. 7. Days of Winter are short. 8. Door of the house is high. 9. Ceiling of the room is expensive.

Exercise 4: Translate into English. ِ ِ .1 اب نُالَّر جِلُُ عاق ٌلُ ِ ِ ِ ِ .2 ب ن تُا َل م رأ ةُط وي ل ةٌُ ِ ِ .3 ب ا بُال ب يتُ جدي ٌدُ ٍ ِ .4 أ ُّمُ ُم م ودُق ص ي رةٌُ ِ ِ ِ .5 كت ا بُ عائ شة ُق د ُميٌ ِ ِ .6 كَّرا سة ُآمن ة ُ جدي دةٌُ ِ ٍ ِ .7 ب ي تُ مح يدُق د ُميٌ ِ ِ ِ .8 اب نُ خال دة ُذ ك يُ ِ ِ .9 ص الة ُال َّس فرُق ص ي رةٌُ

LESSON 3

ِ ِ ا ل ف ع لُال ماضُ يُ Past Tense Verb

In this lesson, we will look at the various forms a past tense verb takes in accordance with the number and gender of the one(s) performing the action. To begin with, it should be noted that means “he (S/M) did,” means “they (D/M) did,” ف عل وا ف ع الُ ف ع لُ means “they (P/M) did,” means “she (S/F) did” and so on. These verbs are in ف عل تُ .(ِ ) active voice ف ع ٌلُ م ع ر و ٌُف ,In Arabic, each verb form is called ِ (seeghah). Looking at the table below ص ي غ ةٌُ we can see that there are fourteen seeghahs in it. Each of these seeghahs has a name. This name identifies, whether it is singular, dual or plural, whether it is masculine or feminine, and whether it is first person, second person or third person. In Arabic, the words for singular, dual and plural are ِ , ِ , and , respectively; first ْج ٌعُ ت ُث ني ةٌُ واحٌدُ ; ِ person is called , second person is called ِ , and third person is called غائ ٌبُ حاضٌرُ مت كلٌُِّمُ and masculine is called , and feminine is called . Thus, singular masculine م ؤنَّ ٌثُ م ذَّكٌرُ of the third person will be called ِ ِ in Arabic. Dual masculine of the واحٌدُُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ third person will be called ِ ِ , and plural masculine of the third person ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ .will be called ِ , and so on ْج ٌعُُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ In the case of the first person, because the gender is not identified, and there is no separate seeghah for dual, therefore, the two seeghahs, singular first person and .plural first person will be called ِ and , respectively ْج ٌعُ مت كلٌُِّمُ واحٌدُ مت كلٌُِّمُ

11 Lesson 3

We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense verb in active voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.

Table 3.1 ( ِ ِ ) Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice ا ل ف ع لُال ماضىُا لُ م ع ر و فُ

Person Gender Plurality English Arabic

ف علُ .Singular He did Masculine Dual They did. ف ع الُ ( ) م ذَّكرُ Third .Plural They did ٌ ف عل وا Person

ف علتُ .Singular She did ِ ) Feminine ( غائبُ ٌ ف عل ت ا .Dual They did (م ؤنَّ ٌثُ) Plural They did. ف ع ل نُ

ف ع لتُ .Singular You did Masculine Dual You did. ف ع لت ما ( ) م ذَّكرُ Second .Plural You did ٌ ف ع لت مُ Person

ف ع ل ِتُ .Singular You did ( ِ ) Feminine حاضرُ ٌ ف ع لت ما .Dual You did (م ؤنَّ ٌثُ) Plural You did. ف ع ل َُّت First Masculine/ ف ع لتُ .Singular I did Person Feminine Masculine/ Dual/ ( ) We did. ف ع لن ا Feminine Plural مت كلٌِّمُ

12 ِ ِ ا ل ف ع لُال ماضُ يُ

Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.1 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows:

Table 3.1a ِ ِ ا ل ف ع لُال ماضىُا ل م ع ر و فُ ِ ِ ا س مُال ِّصي غ ةُ ا ل ِّصي غ ةُ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ ف ع لُ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ ف ع الُ ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ ف عل وا ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ غائ ٌبُ ف عل تُ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ غائ ٌبُ ف عل ت ا ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ غائ ٌبُ ف ع ل نُ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ذَّكٌرُ حاضٌرُ ف ع ل تُ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ذَّكٌرُ حاضٌرُ ف ع لت ما ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ذَّكٌرُ حاضٌرُ ف ع لت مُ ِ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ ف ع لتُ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ ف ع لت ما ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ؤنَُّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ ف ع ل َُّت ِ واحٌدُ مت كلٌُِّمُ ف ع ل تُ

ْج ٌعُ مت كلٌُِّمُ ف ع لن ا

Note: In the tables above, has been translated as “he did” and as “she ف عل تُ ف ع لُ did.” It should be kept in mind that these forms could also mean “it (masculine) did” and “it (feminine) did,” respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.

13 Lesson 3

Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice Now, to change these verbs into passive voice, follow the following procedure. Put a dammah on the first letter ( ) of , and a kasrah on its second letter ( ). It will ع ف ع لُ ف become ِ . Its meaning will change to “he (S/M) was done upon.” This is passive ف ع لُ voice ( ِ). Similarly, will become ِ , will become ِ , will ف عل تُ ُ ف عل وا ف عل وا ف ع الُ ف ع الُ ف ع ٌلُ ُ َم ه وٌلُ ِ and so on. We are listing below the verb forms (also called ,ف عل تُ becomeُ conjugations) of the past tense verb in passive voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.

Table 3.2 (ا ل ِفعلُال مُا ِضىُا لُ مجهو لُ) Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice

Person Gender Plurality English Arabic

فعِلُ .Singular He was done Masculine ِ .Dual They were done ف ع الُ ( ) م ذَّكرُ Third ِ .Plural They were done ٌ ف عل وا Person فعِل تُ .Singular She was done ( ِ ) Feminine غائ ٌبُ ِ .Dual They were done ف عل ت ا ( ) م ؤنَّ ٌثُ ِ .Plural They were done ف ع ل نُ فعِ لتُ .Singular You were done Masculine ِ .Dual You were done ف ع لت ما ( ) م ذَّكٌرُ Second ف عِ لت مُ .Plural You were done Person فعِ ل ِتُ .Singular You were done ( ِ ) Feminine حاضٌرُ

ف عِ لت ما .Dual You were done (م ؤنَّ ٌثُ) ِ .Plural You were done ف ع ل َُّت First Masculine/ ف عِ لتُ .Singular I was done Person Feminine Masculine/ Dual/ ِ .We were done ( ) ف ع لن ا Faminine Plural مت كلٌِّمُ

14 ِ ِ ا ل ف ع لُال ماضُ يُ

Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.2 would be written in Arabic.

Table 3.2a ِ ِ ا ل ف ع لُال ماضىُا لُ م ج ه و لُ ِ ِ ا س مُال ِّصي غ ةُ ا ل ِّصي غ ةُ ِ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ ف ع لُ ِ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ ف ع الُ ِ ِ ْج ٌعُُ مُ ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ ف عل وا ِ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ غائ ٌبُ ف عل تُ ِ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ غائ ٌبُ ف عل ت ا ِ ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ غائ ٌبُ ف ع ل نُ ِ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ذَّكٌرُ حاضٌرُ ف ع ل تُ ِ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ذَّكٌرُ حاضٌرُ ف ع لت ما ِ ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ذَّكٌرُ حاضٌرُ ف ع لت مُ ِ ِ ِ ِ واحٌُدُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ ف ع لتُ ِ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ ف ع لت ما ِ ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ ف ع ل َُّت ِ ِ واحٌدُ مت كلٌُِّمُ ف ع ل تُ ِ ْج ٌعُ مت كلٌُِّمُ ف ع لن ا

Note: In these two tables, ِ has been translated as “he was done” and ِ as “she فُ عل تُ ف ع لُ was done.” As mentioned above in the note after Tables 3.9 & 3.9a, these forms could also mean “it (masculine) was done” and “it (feminine) was done,” respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.

15 Lesson 3

ِ ِ Creating Conjugation Tables from واحٌدُ م ذّكٌرُغ ائ ٌبُ Having memorized these two tables, the next stage is to identify the verb forms of ِ other verbs by comparing them to these tables. For this, we need to know that واحٌدُُ of any verb table is considered to be the basic verb form. Generally, it is ِ م ذّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ , ِ composed of three letters. The first is called ِ , the second is called ع يُُ كل مةٌُ ف اءُ كل مةٌُ and the third is called ِ . Now all that remains to be done is to identify which َلم كل مةٌُ letter of the new verb matches which letter of the basic verb form of the tables given above. Consider, the verb (he helped). Comparing this to of Table 3.1 or ف ع لُ ن ص رُ Table 3.1a, we can see that in this verb, is the ِ , is the ِ , and is ر ع يُ كل مةٌُ ص ف اءُ كل مةٌُ ن the ِ . Once, this is established, it is easy to compare any of its forms with the َلم كل مةٌُ rest of table. Below, we are providing a list of the basic forms ( ِ ِ ) of various verbs واحٌدُُ م ذّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ and their meanings. Their remaining forms can be created from them.

Word List For Verbs

English Arabic he wrote كت بُ he read ق رأُ he found و ج دُ he cooked ط ب خُ he cut ق ط عُ he filled م لُ he sought, he demanded ط ل بُ he asked سأ لُ he made صن عُ he took أ خ ذُ he ate أ ك لُ he ran, he fled ه ر بُ he went ذ ه بُ he opened ف ت حُ

16 ِ ِ ا ل ف ع لُال ماضُ يُ

English Arabic he hit ض ر بُ he entered د خ لُ he put (something) و ض عُ he helped ن ص رُ he joined, he arrived و ص لُ he returned ر ج عُ he slaughtered ذ ب حُ he oppressed ظ ل مُ he imprisoned, he detained حب سُ

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic. 1. I wrote. 2. They (P/F) read. 3. You (S/M) found. 4. You (P/F) cooked. 5. They (P/F) cut. 6. We filled. 7. You (P/M) demanded. 8. They (D/M) asked. 9. They (D/F) made. 10. You (S/F) took.

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic. 1. It (S/M) was eaten. 2. They (P/M) were cut. 3. They (P/F) were made. 4. They (P/F) ran. 5. You (S/M) went. 6. You (P/M) were found. 7. It (S/F) was opened. 8. He was hit. 9. They (P/F) entered. 10. It (S/F) was placed.

17 Lesson 3

Exercise 2: Translate into English and identify the seeghah.

1. 9. ذ ه بت ما ن ص ر وا 2. 10. كت ب ن ا ف ت ح تُ 3. 11. ق رأ تُ ض رب ت مُ 4. 12. ط ب خا د خ ل تُ 5. 13. أ ك ل نُ و ض عُ .14 ِ .6 و ص ل تُ صن عتُ 7. 15. ه رب وا ذ هب ت ا 8. 16 ر ج عت مُ . و ج دتَُّّنُ

Exercise 3: Translate into English and identify the seeghah.

ِ .7 .1 صنع وا ضِرب وا ِ .8 ِ .2 خل قت مُ ن ص ر تُ ِ .9 ِ .3 خل قن ا ذ ِب تُ ِ .10 ِ .4 حب ست ما ظ ل م تُ ِ .11 ِ .5 وج دت ا ق ط عُ ِ .12 ِ .6 سئ ل َُّت ُوضُ عُ تُ

LESSON 4

ِ ِ فُ عُ ٌلُ،ُفُ اعُ ٌلُ،ُ مُ فُعُ ُوٌلُ Verb, Subject, Object

In Arabic, the word sequence in a verbal sentence is as follows: verb ( ِ), then ف ع ٌلُ .( ) subject ( ِ ), and finally the object م فع وٌلُ ف اع ٌلُ .verb) = the action being done) ِ ف ع ٌلُ .subject) = the person doing the action) ِ ف اع ٌلُ (object) = the person or the thing to whom or to which the action is being م فع وٌلُ done.

Rule: The ِ gets a dammah (or two dammahs as the case may be), and the م فع وٌلُ ف اع ٌلُ gets a fathah (or two fathahs).

Examples: Haamid helped Mahmood.’ In this sentence, the ِ is ‘helped,’ Haamid is‘ .1 ف ع ٌلُ the ِ and Mahmood is the . When translating this sentence into م فع وٌلُ ف اع ٌلُ Arabic, the Arabic word for helped ( ) will come first followed by the ن ص رُ faa‘il, Hamid ( ِ ) with two dammahs, and then the maf‘ool, Mahmood حامٌدُ . ِ with two fathahs. The final sentence will be ( ) ن ص رُ حامٌدُ ُم م وًدا ُم م وًدا A servant ( ِ ) opened ( ) a door ( ).’ The same order used for the last‘ .2 ب ابًا ف ت حُ خادٌمُ ,example ( ِ first, ِ second and last) will apply here. Remember م فع وٌلُ ف اع ٌلُ ف ع ٌلُ the ِ will get two dammahs and the will get two fathahs. The full م فع وٌلُ ف اع ٌلُ . ِ sentence will be ف ت حُ خادٌمُب ابًا

Notes: . If there is an alif-laam on any word, the tanween (double harakah) at the end will change to a single harakah (the two fathahs will change to a single fathah, the two kasrahs will change to a single kasrah, and the two dammahs will change to a single dammah). Thus, ‘the servant opened the door’ will be written as ِ . Here, the alif-laam caused the double harakah ف ت حُا ْل اد مُال ب ا بُ to be dropped, and only a single harakah remained.

19 Lesson 4

Mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi can combine to form a ِ or a . For . مُ فُعُ ُوٌلُ ف اع ٌلُ example: ِ ف ت حُ خاد مُ م ح م ودُُا لُ ب ا بُ Mahmood’s servant opened the door. ِ ِ ف ت حُا ْلُ اد مُُب ا بُال ب يتُ The servant opened the door of the house. ِ ِ ف ت حُ خاد مُ م ح م ودُب ا بُال ب يتُ Mahmood’s servant opened the door of the house. In this case, it is important to remember that the mudaaf does not accept an alif-laam or a tanween. However, the mudaaf ilayhi can accept both. Moreover, the effect of being a ِ or will show on the mudaaf alone م فع وٌلُ ف اع ٌلُ and not the mudaaf ilayhi.

Word List for Verbs English Arabic he read ق رأُ he stopped (someone) من عُ he wrote كت بُ he defeated ه ز مُ he cooked ط ب خُ he ate أ ك لُ he hit; he beat ض ر بُ he worshipped عب دُ he broke (something physical) ك س رُ he tore خ ر قُ he helped ن ص رُ he cheated, he deceived خ د عُ ِ he profited رب حُ ِ he heard َس عُ he made (someone into someone

ج ع لُ (or something into something

20 ِ ِ ف ع ٌل،ُف اع ٌل،ُ م فع وٌلُ

English Arabic ِ he understood ف ه مُ he remembered ذ ك رُ ِ (he looked (at/towards ن ظ رُُ)إلُ( he broke (something non- ن ق ضُ (physical he gave an example ض ر بُ) مث ًالُ( he separated ف ر قُ he created, he made; he originated خل قُ he was ungrateful; disbelieved ك ف رُ he killed ق ت لُ he sat (down) جل سُ he imposed; he made something

كت بُ) عُلُى( obligatory

Word List for Nouns & Particles Arabic English Singular Plural ِ book كت ٌبُ كت ا ٌبُ ِ ِ letter ر سائ لُ ر سال ةٌُ army جن وٌدُ ج نٌدُ بِ ن ٌتُ girl meat ْل وٌمُ ْل ٌمُ عمُ (uncle (paternal bread أ خب اٌزُ خ ب ٌزُ rice أُ ر زُ ِ dog ك ال ٌبُ ك ل ٌبُ (drinking) glass ك ؤ و ٌسُ كأ ٌسُ ِ garment, dress; cloth ثي ا ٌبُ ث و ٌبُ ِ ِ friend أ صدق اءُ صدي ٌقُ

21 Lesson 4

Arabic English Singular Plural mother أ َّم ها ٌتُ أ مُ messenger; prophet ر س ٌلُ ُ ر س وٌلُ ِ religion أ دي ا ٌنُ دي ٌنُ sky َس و ٌتُُ) َس وا ٌت،ُ َس ا وا ٌتُ( َس اءٌُ ِ ِ building; roof أ ب ني ةٌُ بن اءٌُ ِ land, earth أ را ٍضُ،ُا ْل راضى أ ر ٌضُ ِ ِ bed; spread; mattress أ ف ر شةٌُ ف را ٌشُ ا ل َّش يط ا نُ Satan, the Devil not ما ِ trade ِت ا رةٌُ أُذ ا ٌنُ أُ ذ ٌنُ ear heart ق ل و ٌبُ ق ل ٌبُ ِ ِ transgressor ف اس ق و نُ،ُف َّسا ٌقُ ف اس ٌقُ oath; pledge; promise ع ه وٌدُ ع هٌدُ ِ ِ Muslim م سل م و نُ م سل ٌمُ ك الٌمُ speech man ر ج ٌلُ example أ مث اٌلُ مث ٌلُ ِ ِ blessing ن ع ٌمُ ن ع مةٌُ ِ sea ِب اٌرُ ِبٌُرُ chicken, hen د ج ٌجُ د جا جةٌُ ِ servant خَّداٌمُ خادٌمُ door أُ ب وا ٌبُ ب ا ٌبُ

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic 1. Hameed read a book. 2. Naseer stopped Mahmood. 3. Khalid wrote a letter.

22 ِ ِ ف ع ٌل،ُف اع ٌل،ُ م فع وٌلُ

4. Tariq defeated the army. 5. The girl cooked the meat. 6. The uncle (maternal) ate the bread. 7. I ate the rice. 8. I hit the dog. 9. You (P/M) worshipped Allah. 10. You (S/F) tore the cloth. 11. Hameed’s friend helped Khalid’s grandson (son’s son). 12. The girl’s mother broke the glass.

Exercise 2: Translate into English and identify the ِ, ِ , and , where م فع وٌلُ ف اع ٌلُ ف ع ٌلُ applicable. َّ ِ َّ .1 ج ع لُاهللُ ُ ُم َّمًداُ) صلىُاهللُ ُ عل يهُ وُ سل مُ(َُّر س وًَلُ ِ ِ .2 ج ع لُاهللُ ُا ُل س ال مُدي نًا ِ ِ .3 ج عُ لُُاهللُ ُال َّس مآء ُبن اءًَُّوا ُْل ر ضُف را ًشا ِ .4 خ د عُال َّش يطُ ا نُا ُلن سا نُ ِ .5 ماُ رِب تُا لتُِّ جا رةُ ِ .6 َس ع تُُاُ ْلُذ ا نُ و ع قل تُُاُ ل قل و بُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .7 ن ق ضُال فاس قُ ع ه دُاهللُ وُ َس عُال م سل مُ ك ال مُاهللُ 8. ض ر بُ ر ج ٌلُ مث ًالُ ِ ِ .9 ذ ك ر واُن ع مة ُاهللُ و ماُ ك ف ر وا 10. ف رق ن اُال ب ح رُ َّ .11 ذُ ِبت مُالَّد جا جةُ ُ وط ب خُت مُُالل ح مُ

LESSON 5

ا لُ حُ ُر ُو فُُالُ جُاُ رةُ Prepositions

The following particles are used as prepositions in Arabic. They occur quite frequently. Table 5.1 Prepositions ( ) ا لُ حُ ُر ُو فُُالُ جُاُ رةُ ِ in; regarding ِ with; at بُ ُف ِ from; than ِ to; up to إ لُ م نُ ِلُ for; belongs to ع لُى on; upon as, like up to, until ح ُّت كُ about; from; regarding by (for oath) وُ ع نُ

The words that come after these prepositions end with a kasrah on the final letter. Below, we give examples of each of these.

= Zayd is in the house. زي ٌدُُِفُُالَّداِرُ = I wrote with the pen. كت ب تُبِال قل ِمُ from the house to the mosque = ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ م نُال ب يتُإُ لُُال م سجدُ .Zayd sat on the chair = ِ جل سُ زي ٌدُ علُ ىُال ك رسُ ِّيُ .The car belongs to Zayd = ِ ٍ ا ل َّسيَّا رة ُل زي دُ .Ahmad is like a lion = ٍ أ مح دُ كأ سدُ .I slept until the morning = ِ ِن تُ حَّتُُال ُّص ب ِحُ .She asked about the book = ِ ِ سأ ل تُ ع ِنُال كت ابُ !By Allah = ِ واهللُ

Besides the ten prepositions listed above, there are seven other prepositions that occur less frequently. Since they do occur; therefore, it is appropriate to mention them as well. They are as follows: ِ – ت ااهللُ :by (for oath). This is specific with Allah, the Exalted. Example : تُ .1 By Allah!

25 Lesson 5

ِ :since. These are used to define a time period. Example : .3 & 2 ماُذ ه ب تُإُ لُُ م ن ذُ وُ م ذُ .I have not gone to the school since Friday – ِ ِ ِ ال م د ر سةُ م ن ذُي ومُا ْل م عةُ 4. : many a, so many. The noun used after is always singular. Example: ر َّبُ ر َّبُ – I helped so many men. ر َّبُ ر جٍلُن صُ رت هُ besides, except. Example: ٍ – I taught the children : .5 علَّ مُ تُا ُْل ط فا لُ خ الُ زي دُ خ الُ except Zayd. 6. : besides, except. Example: – I stopped the men من ع تُالِّر جا لُ حا شاُ ع مٍرو حا شا except ‘Amr. besides, except. Example: ٍِ – The people came except : .7 جاء ُال ق و مُ ع داُ خالدُ ع دا Khalid.

Word List for Verbs

English Arabic he went ذ ه بُ he killed ق ت لُ he cut ق ط عُ he milked حل بُ he wrote كت بُ he ate أ ك لُ he asked سأ لُ he made ج ع لُ ِ (he looked (at ن ظ رُ)إلُ( he opened ف ت حُ he sat جل سُ he read ق رأُ it (M) fell وق عُ ِ (it (M) was prescribed (upon كت بُُ) علُى( he broke ك س رُ

ا ْل ر و فُا ْل اَّرةُ

Word List for Nouns Arabic English Singular Plural village ق ًُرى ق ري ةٌُ ِ city مُ د ٌنُ مدي ن ةٌُ lion أُ سٌدُ أُ سٌدُ sword سي و ٌفُ س ي ٌفُ ِ cloth; clothes ثُي ا ٌبُ ث و ٌبُ ِ ِ scissors م قاري ضُ م ق را ٌضُ cow ب ق رةٌُ milk أُ ل ب ا ٌنُ ل ٌبُ ِ large bowl ق ص ٌع،ُق ص عا ٌتُ ق ص عةٌُ بِط اق ا ٌتُ بِط اق ةٌُ card ِ ِ pencil م راس مُ م ر س ٌمُ biscuit ك ع ٌكُ ك ع كُةٌُ butter زب دةٌُ قِ شط ةٌُ cream ِ teacher أُ سات ذةُ أُ ست اذٌُ ِ ِ ِ ِ student ت الم ي ذُ،ُت الم ذةٌُ ت لم يٌذُ lesson د ر و ٌسُ د ر ٌسُ night-time ل ي ٌلُ sleep; sleeping ن وٌمُ day-time أُ ن هٌرُ ن هاٌرُ ِ buffalo ج وام ي سُ جا م و ٌسُ white; whiter أُ ب ي ضُ gold ذ ه ٌبُ فِ َّضةٌُ silver ِ stone أ ح جاٌرُ،ُح جا رةٌُ ح جٌرُ moon أُ ق ماٌرُ ق مٌرُ

27 Lesson 5

Arabic English Singular Plural star َن وٌمُ َن ٌمُ lock أُ ق فاٌلُ ق ف ٌلُ ِ ِ key م فات ي حُ مُ فت ا ٌحُ ِ garden ب سات يُ بُ ست ا ٌنُ grass أُ ع شا ٌبُ ع ش ٌبُ مح ٌدُ praise right guidance هًدى people ن ا ٌسُ clouds (collective noun) س حا ٌبُ something which is under

م س َّخٌرُ control between; among, amidst ب ُي sky َس و ٌتُُ) َس وا ٌت،ُ َس ا وا ٌتُ( َس اءٌُ ِ land, earth أ را ٍضُ،ُا ُْل راضى أ ر ٌضُ ِ Friday ي و مُا ْل مُ عةُ ِ Saturday ي و مُال َّس بتُ ِ Sunday ي و مُا ُْل حدُ ِ ِ Monday ي و مُا َلث ن ُي ِ Tuesday ي و مُالثَُّ الث اءُ ي ومُا ُْل رب عاِءُ Wednesday ِ ي و مُا ُْل ربُِ عاءُ ِ Thursday ي و مُا ْل م ي ِسُ ِ Jew; Jewish ا لُ ي ه و دُ ي هُ ود ىُ ِ Christian ن صا رى ن ص را ُن part, portion أُ ج زاءُ ج زءٌُ good deed ح سن ا ٌتُ ح سن ةٌُ world دن ي ا ِ hereafter آخ رةٌُ

ا ْل ر و فُا ْل اَّرةُ

Arabic English Singular Plural ِ fly أُ ذبَّةٌُ ذ ب ا ٌبُ food ط عاٌمُ ritual prayer (salah) ص الةٌُ،ُ ص لُوةٌُ door أُ ب وا ٌبُ ب ا ٌبُ حجراتُ حجرةُ ٌ ٌ room غ ر ٌفُ غ رف ةٌُ ِ bed أُ سَّرةٌُ سِري ٌرُ today ا ل ي و مُ غًدا tomorrow yesterday أُ م ِسُ

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic 1. Zayd went from the village to the city. 2. Mahmood killed the lion with the sword. 3. I cut the cloth with the scissors. 4. She milked the cow’s milk in the bowl. 5. You (S/M) put the shirt and the pants (one pair) in the box. 6. You (P/M) wrote on the cards with pencils. 7. They (P/F) ate biscuits with butter and cream. 8. By Allah (oath). 9. The teacher asked the students about the lesson. 10. Allah made the night-time for sleeping and the day-time for working. 11. Buffalo’s milk is whiter than cow’s milk. 12. Gold and silver are like stones to Zahid. 13. I looked towards the moon and the stars. 14. They (P/M) opened the lock with the key. 15. We went to the garden and we sat on the grass.

Exercise 2: Translate into English

ِ ِ .1 ا ْل م دُلُلّهُ ِ ِ .2 ِفُال ق رآنُ هًدىُلِّلنَّا ِسُ ِ ِ .3 ا ل َّس حا بُ م س َّخٌرُب يُال َّس مآءُ وا ُْل رضُ

29 Lesson 5

ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .4 ُُي و مُال َّس بتُُل لي ه ودُ ُوي ُ و مُا ْلُ حدُُللنَّ صا رى ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .5 ق ُ رأُ تُ ج زءًاُِّم نُال ق رآنُ ِفُي ومُا ْل م ي ِسُ وا ْل م عةُ ِ ِِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .6 ل ل م سلمُِفُالُّدن ي اُ ح سن ةٌَُّوِفُا لُخ رةُ ح سن ةٌُ ُّ ِ ِ .7 وق عُالذب ا بُِفُالطَّ عامُ ِ ِ ِِ .8 كتب تُال َّصل وة ُ علُ ىُال م سلمُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .9 ف ت ح واُب ا بُا ْل ج رةُي و مُا َلث ن يُ و جل س ُواُ عل ىُال َّسري رُي و مُالثَُّ الث اءُ

LESSON 6

ِ ا ل ضُ مُائُ رُ Pronouns

A pronoun is called ِ in Arabic. Its plural is ِ . There are a number of ض مائ رُ ضم ي ٌرُ different types of pronouns in Arabic. We are listing below those pronouns that are unattached ( ِ ). These dameers are not joined to any word but appear as م ن فص ٌلُ separate words. They can appear as mubtada. These should be memorized.

Table 6.1

Unattached ( ِ ) Pronouns م ن فص ٌلُ

Pronouns Person Gender Plurality English Arabic

هوُ Singular he Masculine Dual they ُه ا ( ) م ذَّكرُ Third Plural they ٌ ه مُ Person

ِهُيُ Singular she ( ِ ) Feminine غائ ٌبُ ُها Dual they (مؤنَّ ٌثُ)

ه َّنُ Plural they

أُ نتُ Singular you Masculine Dual you أُ ن ت ما ( ) م ذَّكٌرُ Second أُ ن تمُ Plural you Person أُ ن ِتُ Singular you ( ِ ) Feminine حاضٌرُ Dual you أُ ن ت ما ( ) م ؤنَّ ٌثُ Plural you أُ ن َُّت Masculine/ أُ نا First Singular I Person Feminine Masculine/ Dual/ َننُ we (مت كلِّمُ) Feminine Plural ٌ

31 Lesson 6

(ِ ِ ) Below, we list the attached ( ِ ) dameers. They are also called possessive إ ضا ُف متَّص ٌلُ and objective ( ) dameers. By possessive, we mean those pronouns, which م فع وُِل and by objective we mean those pronouns, which refer to ;(إِ ضافُ ةٌُ) indicate possession the object ( ). م فع وٌلُ

Table 6.2 Attached ( ِ ) Pronouns مت ص ٌلُ

Pronouns Person Gender Plurality English Arabic

ه Singular his, him Masculine Dual their, them ُه ا ( ) م ذَّكرُ Third Plural their, them ٌ ه مُ Person

ها Singular hers, her ( ِ ) Feminine غائ ٌبُ Dual their, them ُه ا (م ؤنَّ ٌثُ) Plural their, them ه َّنُ

كُ Singular your, you Masculine Dual your, you ك ما ( ) م ذَّكٌرُ Second كمُ Plural your, you Person ِكُ Singular your, you ( ِ ) Feminine حاضٌرُ Dual your, you كما ( ) م ؤنَّ ٌثُ Plural your, you ك َّنُ Masculine/ يُُ،ُِنُ First Singular my, me Person Feminine Masculine/ Dual/ نا ours, us (مت كلِّمُ) Feminine Plural ٌ

32 ِ ا ل َّضُ مائ رُ

Examples of Usage of Unattached Dameers – He is Zayd. ه وُ زي ٌدُ .I am a student – ِ أُ ن اُط ال ٌبُ .You are hardworking – أ ن تُ َمت ِهٌدُ

Examples of Usage of Attached Dameers These pronouns can come after nouns, verbs and particles as shown in the examples below. :(إِ ضاف ةٌُ) After a noun, showing attribution/possession .1 – his (S/M) pen ق ل مهُ your (S/M) book – ِ كت اب كُ my book – ِ كت اِ ُب .her (S/F) book – ِ كت اب ها 2. After a verb, indicating the object ( ): م فع وٌلُ – I helped him ن ص رت هُ – I commanded you أُ م رت كُ .you (S/M) helped me – ِ ن ص رت ُن 3. After a particle: ِ ِ in it – ف يهُ for him – ل هُ (from you (S/M – ِمُ ن كُ to/towards us – إُِل ي ن ا (indeed you (P/M – ِ إنَّ ك مُ ِ .on him – عل يهُ Word List for Verbs

English Arabic ِ he rode رك بُ he broke ك س رُ he fell س ق طُ he stopped (someone) من عُ

33 Lesson 6

English Arabic

he raised (someone or something) رف عُ ِ he played ل عُ بُ ِ he looked ن ظ رُ)إلُ( عب دُ he worshipped

he remembered ُذ كُ رُ he ate أ ك لُ he provided livelihood/sustenance ُ رُ ز قُ ختُمُ he sealed, he put a seal

he cheated, he deceived خ د عُ he left; he abandoned ت ُ ر كُ he snatched خطُ فُ he created خل قُ he presented ع ُر ضُ

أُ خُ ذُ he took ِ ِ he did (good deeds); he acted عم لُُ) صاْلًا( (righteously)

Word List for Nouns & Particles

Arabic English Singular Plural father أُب اءُ أُ ٌبُ mother أُ َّم ها ٌتُ أُ مُ ِ ِ tongue أُ ل سن ةٌُ ل سا ٌنُ head ر ؤ و ٌسُ رأ ٌسُ nose أُ ن و ٌفُ أُ ن ٌفُ ٍ ِ hand أُ ي دُ،ُا ْلُ ي دُ يُ ي ٌدُ ِ ِ tooth أُ سن ا ٌنُ س ٌنُ)س نُ( chest ص د وٌرُ ص دٌرُ

34 ِ ا ل َّضُ مائ رُ

Arabic English Singular Plural ِ ِ ِ handkerchief من ادي لُ م ندي ٌلُ car سيَّا را ٌتُ سيَّا رةٌُ bicycle دَّرا جا ٌتُ دَّرا جةٌُ ِ ِ shoe أُ حذي ةٌُ ح ذاءٌُ ِ foot ر ج ٌلُ،ُق دٌمُُ ball ك را ٌتُ ك رةٌُ mango ا ن ب ج،ُ م نُ ج وُ apple ت َّفا ٌحُ ت َّفا حةٌُ garden ب ست ا ٌنُ melon, watermelon بِطِّ ي ٌخُ ِ cucumber قثَّاءٌُ field; arable land ح ق وٌلُ ح ق ٌلُ heart ق ل و ٌبُ ق ل ٌبُ hearing; also used for ears َس ٌعُ eyesight; glance; also used for

أُ ب صاٌرُ ب صٌرُ eyes ِ veil, covering غ شا وةٌُ themselves أ ن ف س ه مُ darkness ظ ل ما ٌتُُ)ظ لُ مُ ٌتُ( ظ ل مةٌُ lightning ب رٌقُ Lord ر بُ fuel وق وٌدُ people ن ا ٌسُ ِ stone ح جا رةٌُ ح جٌرُ husband; wife; spouse أُ ز وا ٌجُ ز وٌجُ clean, pure (F) مط َّه رةٌُ ِ angel م الئ كةٌُ مُل ٌكُ

35 Lesson 6

Arabic English Singular Plural ِ ِ covenant م واث ي قُ م يث ا ٌقُ above ف و قُ Mount Sinai ط وٌرُ color أُ ل وا ٌنُ ل وٌنُ ِ bright yellow ف اق ٌعُ whoever م نُ then; so; therefore;

فُ sometimes, it is not translated compensation, reward أُ ج وٌرُ أُ جٌرُ

ِع ن دُ with

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic 1. My father 2. His mother 3. Her tongue 4. Your (S/M) head 5. Your (S/F) nose 6. My hand 7. Their (P/F) teeth 8. His chest 9. Our handkerchief 10. I rode in your (S/M) car. 11. She broke my bike. 12. The shoe fell off your (S/M) foot. 13. I stopped them (P/F). 14. They (P/M) raised me. 15. You (P/M) played with the ball. 16. They (D/M) looked at me. 17. You (D/F) worshipped Him. 18. My mother remembered me yesterday. 19. You (S/M) ate a mango and an apple in your garden and you ate a watermelon and a cucumber in your field.

36 ِ ا ل َّضُ مائ رُ

Exercise 2: Translate into English

1. ر زق ن ا ه مُ ِِ ِِ .2 خت مُاهلل ُ علُىُق ل وِب مُ و علُىُ َس عه مُ ِِ ِ .3 علُىُأُ ب صاره مُغ شا وةٌُ 4. خ دع واُأُ ن ف س ه مُ ِ ٍ .5 ت ر ك ه مُ ِفُظ ل متُ 6. خط فُال ب ر قُأُ ب صا ر ه مُ ِ .7 ا َّنُ ربَّ ك مُ خل ق ك مُ ِ .8 وق و د هاُالنَّا سُ وا ْل جا رةُ ِ .9 َل مُف ي ُ هاُأُ ز وا ٌجُُّمط َّه رةٌُ ِ ِ .10 ع ر ض ه مُ عل ىُال ملُئ كةُ ِ ُّ .11 أُ خ ذن اُم يث اق ك مُ و رف عن اُف وق ك مُالط و رُ ِ .12 ل ون هاُف اق ٌعُ ِ ِ .13 م نُ عم لُ صاْلًاُف ل ه ُأُ جُ رهُ

LESSON 7

ِ ا لُ فُ عُ لُُالُ مُ ضُاُِرعُ Present and Future Tense Verb

We have already discussed the past tense verb and pronouns. In this lesson, we will (discuss ِ which is equivalent to present and future tense. ِ (past tense فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُا ٍضُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ and ِ (present/future tense), as well as ِ (pronouns) are the foundations ضُ مُائُ رُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرعٌُُ of the Arabic language. These should be memorized properly. This will make all future lessons much easier. We are listing below the conjugations (verb forms) of .( ) present and future tense verb) in active voice) ِ م ع ر و ٌفُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ

Table 7.1 ( ) Verb Forms of ( ِ) in Active Voice م ع ر و ٌفُ ف ع ٌلُ م ضاِرٌعُ

Person Gender Plurality English Arabic

He/It is doing or Singular ي ف ع لُ will do Masculine They are doing or ِ Dual ي فُ ع النُ will do ( َّ ) م ذكٌرُ Third They are doing or ي فعل و نُ Plural Person will do She/It is doing or Singular (غائِبُ) ت ف ع لُ will do ٌ Feminine They are doing or ِ Dual ت ف ع النُ will do ( ) م ؤنَّ ٌثُ They are doing or Plural ي ف ع ل نُ will do

You are doing or ت فعلُ Singular Second will do Masculine You are doing or ِ Person Dual ت ف ع النُ will do ( ) م ذَّكٌرُ ( ِ ) You are doing or حاضٌرُ Plural ت ف عل و نُ will do

39 Lesson 7

Table 7.1 Continued

You are doing or ت فعلِ ُي Singular Second will do Feminine You are doing or ِ Person Dual ت ف ع النُ will do ( ) م ؤنَّ ٌثُ ( ِ ) You are doing or حاضٌرُ Plural ت ف ع ل نُ will do

First Masculine/ I am doing or will أُ ف علُ Singular Person Feminine do Masculine/ Dual/ We are doing or ن فعلُ (متكلِّمُ) Feminine Plural will do ٌ

Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.1 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows:

Table 7.1a ِ ا ل ف ع لُالُ م ضاِرعُ ُال م ع ر و فُ

ِ ِ ا س مُال ِّصي غ ةُ ا ل ِّصي غ ةُ

ِ َّ ِ واحٌدُُ م ذكٌرُ غُائ ٌبُ ي ف ع لُ ت ُث نِيةٌُُم ذَّكرُ غائِبُ ي فع ال ِنُ ٌ ٌ ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ ي ف عل و نُ وا ِحدُُمؤنَّثُُغائِبُ ت فعلُ ٌ ٌ ٌ ِ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ غائ ٌبُ ت ف ع النُ َّ ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ؤن ٌثُُ غائ ٌبُ ي ف ع ل نُ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ذَّكٌرُ حاضٌرُ ت ف ع لُ ِ ِ ِ ت ُث نُي ةٌُُ م ذَّكٌرُ حاضٌرُ ت ف ع النُ ْج عُُم ذَّكرُحا ِضرُ ت فعل و نُ ٌ ٌ ٌ ِ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ ت ف عل يُ ِ ِ ِ ت ُث نيةٌُُم ؤنَّ ٌثُُحاضرُ ت فع النُ ٌ ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ ت ف ع ل نُ ِ ِّ واحٌدُ مت كلُ ٌمُ أُ ف ع لُ ِّ ْج ٌعُ مت كلُ ٌمُ ن ف ع لُ

40 ِ ا ل ف ع لُال م ضاُِرعُ

ِ Creating Passive Voice ف ع ٌلُ م ضاِرعٌُ In lesson 3, we discussed the method of converting ِ (past tense active فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُا ٍضُُ مُ عُُ ر ُو ٌفُ voice) to ِ (past tense passive voice). Now, we discuss the method of فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُا ٍضُُ َمُ هُ ُوٌلُ converting ِ from active to passive voice. , which means “he does or will ي ف ع لُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ do,” is in active voice ( ). To convert this ِ to ِ, we فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُُ َمُ هُ ُوٌلُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرعٌُُ م ع ر و ٌفُ م ع ر و ٌفُ ِ , give the first letter a dammah and the third letter a fathah. becomes ت ضر بُ ي ف ع لُ ي ف ع لُ becomes , becomes , becomes , and so on. أُ ن ص رُ أُ ن ص رُ ي فت حُ ي فت حُ ت ض ر بُ

Table 7.2 ( ) Verb Forms of ( ِ) in Passive Voice م ج ه وٌلُ ف ع ٌلُُ مُ ضاِرٌعُ

Person Gender Plurality English Arabic He/It is being done Singular ي ف ع لُ or will be done Masculine They are being done ِ Dual ي ف ع النُ or will be done ) م ذَّكٌرُ( Third They are being done ي فعل و نُ Plural Person or will be done She/It is being done Singular ِ ت ف ع لُ or will be done ) غائ ٌبُ( Feminine They are being done ِ Dual ت ف ع النُ or will be done ) م ؤنَّ ٌثُ( They are being done Plural ي ف ع ل نُ or will be done You are being done Singular ت ف ع لُ or will be done Masculine You are being done ِ Dual ت ف ع النُ or will be done ) م ذَّكٌرُ( Second You are being done ت فعل و نُ Plural Person or will be done You are being done ِ Singular ِ ت ف عل ُي or will be done ) حاضٌرُ( Feminine You are being done ِ Dual ت ف ع النُ or will be done ) م ؤنَّ ٌثُ( You are being done Plural ت ف ع ل نُ or will be done

41 Lesson 7

Table 7.2 continued

First Masculine/ I am being done or أُ ف علُ Singular Person Feminine will be done Masculine/ Dual/ We are being done ِّ ن ف ع لُ Feminine Plural or will be done ) مت كل ٌمُ(

Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.2 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows:

Table 7.2a ِ ا ل ف ع لُالُ م ضاِرعُ ُالُ م ج ه و لُ

ِ ِ ا س مُال ِّصي غ ةُ ا ل ِّصي غ ةُ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ ي ف ع لُ ت ُث نِيةٌُُم ذَّكرُ غائِبُ ي فع ال ِنُ ٌ ٌ ِ ْج ٌعُُ مُ ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ ي ف عل و نُ وا ِحدُُمؤنَّثُُغائِبُ ت فعلُ ٌ ٌ ٌ ِ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ غائ ٌبُ ت ف ع النُ ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ غائ ٌبُ ي ف ع ل نُ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ذَّكٌرُ حاضٌرُ ت ف ع لُ ِ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ذَّكٌرُ حاضٌرُ ت ف ع النُ ْجعُُم ذَّكرُحا ِضرُ ت فعل و نُ ٌ ٌ ٌ ِ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ ت ف علُ يُ ت ُثنِيةُُمؤنَّثُُحا ِضرُ ت فعال ِنُ ٌ ٌ ٌ ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ ت ف ع ل نُ ِ ِّ واحٌدُ مت كلُ ٌمُ أُ ف ع لُ

ْج ٌعُمت كلُِّمُ ن ف علُ ٌ

42 ِ ا ل ف ع لُال م ضاُِرعُ

Note: When a passive verb is used, the ِ (subject) is not mentioned. Rather, the فُ اعُ ٌلُ object) takes the place of the ِ (subject) and is called ِ ِ (subject of) نُ ائُ بُُفُ اعٍُلُ فُ اعُ ٌلُ مُ فُعُ ُوٌلُ the passive verb) or ِ ِ (substitute subject). Since it takes the place of the قُ ائُ ٌمُُ مُ قُا مُُفُ اعٍُلُ .it also gets a dammah , ِ فُ اعُ ٌلُ

Examples:

.The boy was hit – ِ :ِ ضر بُال ول دُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُا ٍضُُ َُم هُ ُوٌلُ .The woman was stopped – ِ ِ من عتُال م رأ ةُ .The door will be opened – :ِ ي فت حُال ب ا بُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُُ َُم هُ ُوٌلُ .The wall will be broken – ِ ي ك س رُا ْل دا رُ

Note: In the tables above, the first letter of each seeghah of ِ, both and م ع ر و ٌفُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ , is called (plural: ). As can be seen in the table, these حُُ ر ُو فُال م ضاِرِعُ ح ر فُال م ضاِرِعُ َُم هُ ُوٌلُ .ن and ,أ ,ت ,ي are

ِ Relationship between the Seeghahs of ِ and ف ع ٌلُ م ضاِرعٌُ ف ع ٌلُ ما ضُ Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that the ‘ayn kalimah of the of a ِ and ِ can vary in a number of different ways. It ِ ِ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرعٌُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُا ٍضُ واحٌدُُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ can have a fathah, kasrah or dammah in ِ and/or ِ. It is beyond the فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُا ٍضُ scope of this book to discuss all of these combinations. However, at this stage, it is, nevertheless, important to take note of the harakah on the ‘ayn kalimah of any given .ِ and its corresponding ِ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُا ٍضُ Word List for Verbs

English Arabic (for past tense) م ضاِرٌعُ ما ضُ he went ي ذ ه بُ ذ ه بُ ِ he wandered about ي ع مهُ عمهُ he made (someone into someone or َي ع لُ ج ع لُ (something into something ِ he came to know ي عل مُ عل مُ

43 Lesson 7

English Arabic (for past tense) م ضاِرٌعُ ما ضُ he worshipped ي عب دُ عب دُ he realized; he became aware ي شع رُ ش ع رُ ِ he heard ي س م عُ َس عُ ِ he played ي ل ع بُ ل ع بُ ِ he wore ي لب سُ ل ب سُ he became sad, he grieved َي ز نُ حُُِز نُ he slaughtered ي ذب حُ ذ ب حُ ِ he drank ي ش ر بُ شر بُ he read ي ق رأُ he cooked ي ط ب خُ ط ب خُ he made (something) ي صن عُ صن عُ he stopped (someone) َي ن عُ من عُ he opened ي فت حُ ف ت حُ ِ he washed ي غس لُ غ سُ لُ ِ he laughed ي ض ح كُ ضح كُ ٍ ِ ٍ (he was angry (with someone ي س خ طُ) علُىُف النُ( سخ طُ) علُىُف النُ( he broke (something non-physical); ي ن ق ضُ ن ق ضُ he nullified he commanded, he ordered ي أ م رُ أ م رُ he concealed ي كت مُ كت مُ he wrote ي كت بُ كت بُ he cut ي قط عُ ق ط عُ he helped ي ن ص رُ ن ص رُ َي دعُ خ د عُ he deceived, he cheated he colored, he dyed ي صب غُ صب غُ he raised ي رف عُ رف عُ he sent ي ب ع ثُ ب ع ثُ

44 ِ ا ل ف ع لُال م ضاُِرعُ

English Arabic (for past tense) م ضاِرٌعُ ما ضُ he ate ي أ ك لُ أ ك لُ he remembered; he mentioned ي ذ ك رُ ذ ك رُ

Word List for Nouns & Particles Arabic English Singular Plural food ط عاٌمُ ِ ِ newspaper ج رائ دُ جري دةٌُ potato ب ط اط ا tea شا ٌيُ ِ ِ spoon م الع قُ م ل ع قةٌُ lock ق ف ٌلُ ِ key م فت ا ٌحُ washerman ق َّصاٌرُ ِ cloth; clothes ثُي ا ٌبُ ث و ٌبُ ِ pond, pool غ دٌرُ غدي ٌرُ ِ laughter ض ح ٌكُ،ُض ح ٌكُ ِ friend صدي ٌقُ house ب ي ٌتُ ِ ِ prayer leader; leader أ ئَّمةٌُ إ ماٌمُ people ن ا ٌسُ what?; do…?; will…?; etc. أُ ُ،ُ ه لُ (depending on the context) ِ sinfulness ف س ٌقُ disbelief, infidelity ك فٌرُ today ا ل ي و مُ غًدا tommorrow

45 Lesson 7

Arabic English Singular Plural ٍ day after tomorrow ب ع دُ غدُ ٍ a year ago ق ب لُ سن ةُ ِ day before yesterday ق ب لُا ْل مسُ letter ِر سُال ةٌُ عمُ paternal uncle fear خ و ٌفُ ع هٌدُ promise; pledge that, which ما بِ رُ piety, righteousness أ نُ that; to cow ب ق رةٌُ ك الٌمُ speech ِ rope حب اٌلُ ح ب ٌلُ ِ remembrance ذ كٌرُ prophet ر س وٌلُ،ُن ِ بُ ِ ِ fruit ف ُ واكهُ ف اك هةٌُ ِ ِ library م كت ب ا ٌتُ،ُ م كات بُ م كت ب ةٌ،ُ خ زان ة ُال كت بُ magazine َم َّال ٌتُ َم لَّةٌُ article; essay م قا َل ٌتُ م قال ةٌُ

Exercise 1: Translate into English

ِ .7 .1 ت س مع ُي أ ذ ه بُ ِ .8 .2 ت ُ ل عب ُي ي ع م ه و نُ 3. 9. ي لب س نُ َي ع لُ ِ .10 .4 َت زن انُ أ عل مُ ِ .11 .5 ي ذ ِب انُ ن عب دُ 6. 12. أ ش ر بُ ت شع ر و نُ

46 ِ ا ل ف ع لُال م ضاُِرعُ

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic 1. They (P/M) came to know. 2. You (P/F) are reading. 3. She is cooking. 4. He is grieving. 5. They (P/F) are cooking. 6. I am making food. 7. We will drink. 8. You (S/F) will go. 9. You (S/M) will stop. 10. They (D/M) will go.

Exercise 3: Translate into Arabic 1. I will read your (S/M) newspaper. 2. They (P/F) will cook a potato for you (P/M). 3. You (P/M) are drinking tea with a spoon. 4. Your (P/M) uncle (paternal) will open the lock with his key. 5. The washerman is washing the clothes in the pond. 6. Haamid is laughing in his house. 7. I am hearing his laughter in my house. 8. Khalid’s friend will go to your (S/M) house. 9. We will make you (S/M) a leader for the people. 10. Are you (P/F) stopping them (P/M) from sinfulness and disbelief? 11. Today I read your (S/F) letter. 12. Tomorrow I will go to her uncle’s (paternal) house. 13. Are you (S/F) angry with him?

Exercise 4: Translate into English ِ .1 َلُ خ و ٌفُ عل يه مُ و َلُ ه مُ َي زن و نُ ِ .2 ي ن ق ض و نُ ع ه دُاهللُ ِ .3 إُ ِّ ِّنُأُ علُ مُ ماُ َلُت عل م و نُ ِ ِ .4 أُ ت أ م ر و نُالنَّا سُبال ِّبُ 5. َن نُ َلُن كت مُ ماُأُ م رن اُاهللُ 6. اُ هللُ ُي أ م ر ك مُأُ نُت ذ ِب واُب ق رةًُ ِ .7 ي س مع و نُ ك ال مُاهللُ

47 Lesson 7

Exercise 5: Translate into Arabic 1. Is being read (S/M, third person) 2. Is being written (S/M, third person) 3. Will be broken (S/M, third person) 4. Will be cut (S/M, third person) 5. She is being helped. 6. You are being stopped (S/M) 7. I am being stopped. 8. We are being helped. 9. You (S/F) will be stopped. 10. You (S/M) are being cheated.

Exercise 6: Translate into Arabic 1. The rope is being cut. 2. The cloth will be dyed. 3. Remembrance of the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is being raised. 4. The prophets are being sent. 5. Fruits are being eaten. 6. Allah is being remembered. 7. Tomorrow, the newspaper will be read in the library. 8. An article will be written for your (S/F) magazine the day after tomorrow. 9. The promise was broken a year ago.

LESSON 8

ا ل ِّص فة ُ وُال م و ص و فُ Adjective

Consider the following phrases: ‘truthful Muslim,’ ‘pious man,’ ‘large mosque,’ ‘small book,’ ‘trustworthy servant.’ These phrases and other phrases of similar pattern are called ِ (adjective) and (the described). In the phrase ‘small م و ص و ٌفُ ص فةٌُ ’adjective), and ‘book) ِص فةٌُ book, ‘small’ describes the ‘book.’ Thus, ‘small’ is .(the described) موصو ٌفisُ

To convert such a phrase into Arabic, follow the following steps: 1. Translate the individual words into Arabic. 2. Reverse the order of the words so that the first word comes second and the second word comes first. 3. Give both words one or two dammah(s) (depending on the situation).

Example: We want to convert the phrase, ‘truthful Muslim’ into Arabic. First, we translate the individual words into Arabic. We get ِ ِ . Next, we reverse the صُادُق مُ سُلُم order to get ِ ِ . Then, we give two dammahs to both the words. We get مُ سُلُمُ صُادُق Similarly, if we want to convert ‘pious man’ into Arabic, we will first . ِ ِ م سل ٌمُ صاد ٌقُ translate the individual words into Arabic – ِ . Next, we will reverse the صُالُحُُ ر جُل – order of the words – ِ . Lastly, we will give two dammahs to both words ُ ر جُلُ صُالُح . ِ ر ج ٌلُ صال ٌحُ

States of Nouns: Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that each noun is always in a certain state. There are three states in total for nouns. These are as follows: 1. : This is the state when a noun has one or two dammahs at the end. Such a رف ٌعُ noun is called . For example, or . ا ل ب ي تُ ب ي ٌتُ م رف وعٌُ 2. : This is the state when a noun has one or two fathahs at the end. Such a ن ص ٌبُ noun is called . For example, or . ا ل ب ي تُ ب يتًا م ن ص و ٌبُ 3. : This is the state when a noun has one or two kasrahs at the end. Such a noun ُ ج رُ . ِ is called . For example, ٍ or ا ل ب يتُ ب يتُ َم ر وٌرُ

49 ُ Lesson 8

Note: There is another state which is specific to verbs. This is . This is the ج زٌمُ condition in which a appears at the end of a word or its substitute ( in the ن س ك وٌنُ case of ِ) is dropped from the end. Such a word is said to be . For َمُُ زوٌمُ ف ع ٌلُ م ضاِرعٌُ example, (he did not hit). ل ُي ضِر بُ : Additional Rules for ِ and م و ص و ٌفُ ص فةٌُ , Both the ِ and the have to be in the same state, i.e., if one is .1 م رف وعٌُ م و ص و ٌفُ ص فةٌُ then the other should also be . Similarly, if one is , the other م ن ص و ٌبُ م رف وعٌُ should also be . For example, consider ِ . Since has two ر ج ٌلُ ر ج ٌلُ صال ٌحُ م ن ص و ٌبُ dammahs at the end, it is ; therefore, ِ will also be given two صال ٌحُ م رف وعٌُ ِ , dammahs to make it . Similarly, if for some reason was صُالُح م ن ص و ٌبُ ُ ر جُل م رف وعٌُ ِ would also have to be . The phrase would then have been ر جًالُ صاْلًا م ن ص و ٌبُ ِ , such as in ِ (I helped a pious man). If had been صُالُح َم ر وٌرُ ُ ر جُل ن ص ر تُ ر جًالُ صاْلًا would also have been . The phrase would then have been ِ such ر جٍلُ صال ٍحُ َم ر وٌرُ .(as in ِ ِ (I went to a pious man ذ ه ب تُإُلُُ ر جٍلُ صال ٍحُ Both the ِ and the should either be maʻrifah or nakirah. Thus, if .2 م و ص و ٌفُ ص فةٌُ the has an alif-laam, the ِ should also have an alif-laam. For ص فةٌُ م و ص و ٌفُ example, if were to be changed to , ِ would also change to صُالُح اُ لَُّر جُل ُ ر جُل .اُ ل َّصُالُِح The gender of the ِ and the should be the same. Thus, if the .3 م و ص و ٌفُ ص فةٌُ is feminine, the ِ should also be feminine. To change a word to ص فةٌُ م و ص و ٌفُ at the end of the word. For (ة) its feminine form, just add a round taa ’(example, ‘a pious teacher (F)’ will be ِ and ‘the pious teacher (F أ ست اذ ةٌُُ صاْل ةٌُ . ِ will be اُ ْل ست اذ ةُ ُال َّصاْل ةُ 4. If the is a proper noun, it will not accept alif-laam. For non-proper م و ص و ٌفُ nouns alif-laam is used to change nakirah into maʻrifah. However, all proper nouns are considered maʻrifah by default even without an alif-laam. -Since, the is a proper noun; therefore, the ِ will require an alif ص فةٌُ م و ص و ٌفُ laam to make it maʻrifah. For example, when converting ‘the conqueror ِ because it is already a خالٌدKhalid’ into Arabic, we will not add alif-laam toُُ

ا ل ِّص فة ُ ُوال م و ص و فُ

proper noun. However, we will add an alif-laam to the ِ ( ِ ) because it ف ات ٌحُ ص فةٌُ . ِ ِ is not a proper noun. The sentence will be خالٌدُال فات حُ The following examples illustrate this point: . ِ The king Mahmood’ will be‘ ُم م وٌدُاُ ل مل كُ .ط اِرٌقُاُ ل قائِ دُ The commander Taariq’ will be‘ . ِ ِ The poet Ghalib’ will be‘ غال ٌبُاُ ل َّشاع رُ , ِ ِ , ِ ِ ِ These sentences can also be read (not written) as ُمُ م و دُنال مل كُ خال دُنال فات حُ . ِ ِ ِ and ِ ِ ِ غال بُنال َّشاع رُ ط ار قُنال قائ دُ

Word List for Verbs

English Arabic

he drank شِر بُ he defeated هُ ز مُ he entered د خ لُ he touched, he felt (by hand); ج َّسُ he examined he provided ر ز قُ he conquered ف ت حُ أ خ ذُ he took

Word List for Nouns Arabic English Singular Plural ِ pious, righteous صال ٌحُ أ ٌبُ father ِ son اب ٌنُ most-forgiving غ ف وٌرُ Lord ر بُ ِ ِ big, large كب اٌرُ كب ي ٌرُ

51 ُ Lesson 8

Arabic English Singular Plural door ب ا ٌبُ ِ ق د ميٌُ old ِ mat ح صٌرُ حص ي ٌرُ good; excellent جيٌِّدُ article; essay م قال ةٌُ magazine َم لَّةٌُ street ش واِرعُ شاِرعٌُ ِ ِ small, little صغ اٌرُ صغ ي ٌرُ ِ ship, boat س ف ٌنُ سف ي ن ةٌُ ِ deep عم ي ٌقُ ِ sea ِب اٌرُ ِبٌرُ ِ great; powerful ع ظ ماءُ عظ ي ٌمُ ِ mountain جب اٌلُ جب ٌلُ long ط ِوي ٌلُ ِ train ق ط ٌرُ قط اٌرُ ِ ِ train engine ق اطُ را ٌتُ ق اط رةٌُ station ُمُ طَّا ٌتُ ُم طَّةٌُ فجارُ فا ِجرُ َّ ٌ ٌ immoral person ِ ف َّسا ٌقُ ف اس ٌقُ man ر ج ٌلُ ِ beautiful, handsome; good ح سا ٌنُ ح س ٌنُ ِ fan م ر و حةٌُ sick, ill م ر ضى مِري ٌضُ ِ woman ا م رأ ةٌُ bitter م رُ medicine أُ دِوي ةٌُ د واءٌُ ِ king مل وٌكُ مل ٌكُ

ا ل ِّص فة ُ ُوال م و ص و فُ

Arabic English Singular Plural army جن وٌدُ ج نٌدُ ِ ِ capital city ع واص مُ عاص مةٌُ today ا ل ي و مُ ِ skillful; outstanding ب اِرعٌُ،ُ ماهٌرُ barber حَّال ٌقُ ِ store, shop د كاك يُ دَّكا ٌنُ old man; scholar شي وٌخُ ش ي ٌخُ ِ mischievous أُ شَّراءُ شِري ٌرُ boy ول ٌدُ ِ ِ ugly د ماٌمُ دم ي ٌمُ ِ near, close ق ِري ٌبُُ)م نُ( house ب ي ٌتُ ِ ِ doctor أُ طبَّاءُ ط ب ي ٌبُ medical prescription و ص فةٌُ ِ path ص را ٌطُ ِ straight م ست ق ي ٌمُ torment; punishment ع ذا ٌبُ ِ painful أُ ل ي ٌمُ mosquito ب ع و ضةٌُ livelihood أُ ر زا ٌقُ ِر زٌقُ trial, tribulation ب الءٌُ ٍ night ل ي الُُ)ا للَّي اِلُ( ل ي لُ ةٌُ ِ dark مظ ل مةٌُ example مث ٌلُ ِ ِ word كل ما ٌتُ كلُ مةٌُ tree ش ج را ٌتُ ش جُ رةٌُ good; pleasant (F) ط يِّب ا ٌتُ ط يِّب ةٌُ

53 ُ Lesson 8

Arabic English Singular Plural root أُ ص وٌلُ أُ ص ٌلُ ث ابِ ٌتُ firm, established branch ف ر وعٌُ ف رعٌُ sky َس اءٌُ ق ائٌِدُ commander, leader ِ city مدي ن ةٌُ ِ fort, fortress, castle ح ص وٌنُ ح ص ٌنُ hand; possession ي ٌدُ ِ conqueror ف ات ٌحُ Romans ا لُّر و مُ

Exercise 1: Translate into Arabic 1. Pious father 2. The son Sa‘eed 3. Most-forgiving Lord 4. Big door 5. The old mat 6. Good article 7. Good magazine 8. Big street 9. Small boat 10. Deep sea 11. Great mountain 12. Long train 13. Big engine 14. Small station

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic 1. I hit an immoral man. 2. You (P/M) took a beautiful fan. 3. The sick woman drank bitter medicine. 4. Brave Tariq defeated a big king’s army and he entered his capital. 5. Today I will go to a skilled barber’s shop.

ا ل ِّص فة ُ ُوال م و ص و فُ

6. This is a pious old man and that is a mischievous child. 7. This is a handsome man and that is an ugly boy. 8. You (S/M) went to a shop close to your house. 9. Doctor Mahmood examined a sick woman and wrote a good prescription for her.

Exercise 3: Translate into English.

ِ .1 ا ل ِّص را طُال م ست ق ي مُ ِ .2 ع ذا ٌبُأُ ل ي ٌمُ ِ .3 ب ع و ضةٌُ صغ ي رةٌُ ِ .4 ر زق ه مُاهلل ُر زقًاُ ح سنًا ِ .5 ب الءٌُ عظ ي ٌمُ ِ .6 ل ي ل ةٌُ مظ ل مةٌُ ِ ٍ ٍ ٍ ٍ .7 مث لُ كل مةُط يِّب ةُ ك ش ج رةُط يِّب ةُ ِ ِ ِ .8 أُ صل هاُث اب ٌتَُّوف ُ رع هاُِفُال َّس مآءُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ٍ .9 ف ت حُط ار قُنُُال قائ دُ مدي ن ةًُ عظ ي مةًُ ُوأ خ ذُح صن هاُم نُيُ دُ ملكُ عظ يمُ ِ ِ ِ .10 د خ لُ ُم َّم دُِنُُال فات حُ عاص مة ُالُّر ومُ

LESSON 9

ا ُل مُ رُُ ُوالن ُ هُ يُ Imperative (Positive Command) & Prohibitive (Negative Command)

The command is used to demand an action. That verb which contains a command to do something is called , for example, ‘read!’ and ‘write!;’ while that verb which أُ مٌُرُ contains a command to not do something is called , as in ‘do not go’ and ‘do not نُ هُ ٌيُ fear.’

Creating for the Second Person أ مٌرُ of any verb is created from its respective ِ. In this lesson, we will study فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرعٌُ أُ مٌُرُ the method of making for the second person. This is as follows. أُ مٌُرُ First, give a jazm to that seeghah of ِ, whose you wish to create. This .1 أُ مٌُرُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرعٌُ means that that seeghah which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which ends with a noon. The ِ for ِ is an exception to this.2 Also, in the ْج ٌعُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُ حاضٌرُ ص ي غ ةٌُ .case of ِ , an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon ْج ٌعُ مُُ ذَّكٌُرُُ حاضٌرُ 2. Now, remove the , which in this case is . The seeghah should be ت ح ر فُال م ضاِرِعُ unreadable. 3. Now, add a at the beginning and give it a kasrah.3 ُه زة ُال و صِلُ This process is illustrated in the following table.

In fact, this ِ is one of those words whose ends do not accept any vowel change. Such 2 ص ي غ ةٌُ words are called . مب ُِن 3 Hamzat al-wasl appears at the beginning of a word. It is not pronounced when there is a word before the word with a hamzat al-wasl. Giving it a kasrah is the basic principle. There is more detail to it, and is mentioned later in the lesson.

57 Lesson 9

Table 9.1 ( ِ ) Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice أ مٌرُ حاضٌرُ م ع ر و ٌفُ [From Left To Right]

Original seeghahs of Give jazm Drop the harf Add a hamzat al- Second Person to the al-mudari‘ wasl at the seeghahs beginning ِ ف ع ٌلُ م ضاِرٌعُ ِ اف ع لُ ف ع لُ ت ف ع لُ ت ف ع لُ ِ ِ اف ع الُ ف ع الُ ت ف ع الُ ت ف ع النُ ِ اف عل وا ف ُ عل وا ت ف عل وا ت ف عل و نُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ اف عل يُ ف عل يُ ت ف عل يُ ت ف عل يُ ِ ِ اف ع الُ ف ع الُ ت ف ع الُ ت ف ع النُ ِ اف ع ل نُ ف ع ل نُ ت ف ع ل نُ ت ف ع ل نُ

Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person imperative in active voice. These must be memorized.

Table 9.2 ( ِ ) Second Person Imperative In Active Voice أ مٌرُ حاضٌرُ م ع ر و ٌفُ

Person Gender Plurality English Arabic اِف علُ !Singular (You) Do Masculine ِ !Dual (You) Do اف ع الُ ( ) م ذَّكرُ Second ِ !Plural (You) Do ٌ اف عل وا Person اِف ُعلُِيُ !Singular (You) Do ( ِ ) Feminine حاضٌرُ اِف ع الُ !Dual (You) Do (م ؤنَّ ٌثُ) ِ !Plural (You) Do اف ع لُ نُ

58 َّ ا ْل م رُ ُوالن ه يُ

Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.2 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows:

Table 9.2a ِ ا ُل مُ رُُالُ حاض رُُالُ م ع ر و فُ ِ ِ ا س مُال ِّصي غ ةُ ا ل ِّصي غ ةُ

وا ِحدُُم ذَّكرُحا ِضرُ اِف علُ ٌ ٌ ٌ ت ُثنِيةٌُُم ذَّكرُحا ِضرُ اِف ع الُ ٌ ٌ ْجعُُم ذَّكرُحا ِضرُ اِف عل وا ٌ ٌ ٌ ِ وا ِحٌدُُمؤنَّ ٌثُُحا ِضرُ اف علِيُ ٌ ِ ت ُثنِيُةٌُُمؤنَّ ٌثُُحا ِضرُ اف ع الُ ٌ ِ ْجعُُمؤنَّ ٌثُُحا ِضرُ اف ع لنُ ٌ ٌ Examples: .(!From (you are opening/will open), we get ِ (open .1 اف ت حُ ت ُ فت حُ .(!From ِ (you are sitting/will sit), we get ِ ِ (sit .2 ا جل سُ ُِتل سُ .(!From (you are hearing/will hear), we get ِ (hear .3 ا َس عُ تُ س م عُ .(!From (you are hitting/will hit), we get ِ (hit .4 اُ ضُِر بُ تُ ضُِر بُ .(!From (you are going/will go), we get ِ (go .5 اُ ذُ هُ بُ تُ ذُ ه بُ

Creating for the Second Person ن ه ٌيُ Like , the of any verb is also created from its respective ِ. In this فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ نُ هُ ٌيُ أُ مٌُرُ lesson, we will study the method of making for the second person. It is partially نُ هُ ٌيُ similar to the method given above for , but there are also differences. The process أُ مٌُرُ is as follows.

Like in the case of , give a jazm to the ِ. This means that that seeghah .1 فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ أُ مٌُرُ which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which ends with a noon. As before, the ِ for ِ will be an exception to this. Also, in the case of ْج ٌعُ مُُ ذَّكٌُرُُ ْج ٌعُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُ حاضٌرُ ص ي غُ ةٌُ .an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon , ِ حاضٌرُ

59 Lesson 9

2. Now, instead of removing the , just place a before it. This is a َلُ َلُ ح ر فُال م ضاِرِعُ . ِ and is called , َلُُالنَُّاهُيُ ةُ ح ر فُالنَّ ه ِيُ This process is illustrated in the following table.

Table 9.3 ( ِ ) Creating Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice ن ه ٌيُُ حاضٌرُ م ع ر و ٌفُ [From Left To Right]

Original seeghahs of Give jazm to the Add a laa al-nahiyah at Second Person ِ seeghahs the beginning ف ع ٌلُ م ضاِرعٌُ

َلُُت ف ع لُ ت ف ع لُ ت ف ع لُ ِ َلُُت ف ع الُ ت ف ع الُ ت ف ع النُ

َلُُت ف عل وا ت ف عل وا ت ف عل و نُ ِ ِ ِ َلُُت ف عل يُ ت ف عل يُ ت ف عل يُ ِ َلُُت ف ع الُ ت فُ ع الُ ت ف ع النُ

َلُُت ف ع ل نُ ت ف ع ل نُ ت ف ع ل نُ

Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person prohibitive in active voice. These must be memorized.

Table 9.4 ( ِ ) Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice ن ه ٌيُ حُاضٌرُ م ع ر و ٌفُ

Person Gender Plurality English Arabic

َلُت فعلُ !Singular (You) Don’t do Masculine َلُت فعالُ !Dual (You) Don’t do (مذَّكرُ) ٌ Second َلُت فعل وا !Plural (You) Don’t do Person َلُت فعلُِيُ !Singular (You) Don’t do ( ِ ) Feminine حاضٌرُ Dual (You) Don’t do! َلُت ف ع الُ ( ) م ؤنَّ ٌثُ Plural (You) Don’t do! َلُت ف ع ل نُ

60 َّ ا ْل م رُ ُوالن ه يُ

Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.4 would be written in Arabic. This is as follows:

Table 9.4a ِ ا لنّ ُ ه يُُالُ حاض رُُالُ م ع ر و فُ

ِ ِ ا س مُال ِّصي غ ةُ ا ل ِّصي غ ةُ

وا ِحدُُمذَّكرُحا ِضرُ َلُت فعلُ ٌ ٌ ٌ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ذَّكٌرُ حاضٌرُ َلُت ف ع الُ

ْجعُُم ذَّكرُحا ِضرُ َلُت فعل وا ٌ ٌ ٌ ِ ِ ِ واحٌدُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ َلُت ف علُ يُ ِ ِ ت ُث ني ةٌُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ َلُت ف ع الُ ِ ْج ٌعُُ م ؤنَّ ٌثُُ حاضٌرُ َلُت ف ع ل نُ

Examples: 1. From (you are opening/will open), we get (do not open!). َلُُت ُ فت حُ ت ُ فت حُ .(!From ِ (you are sitting/will sit), we get ِ (do not sit .2 َلُُ ِتُل سُ ُِتل سُ 3. From (you are hearing/will hear), we get (do not hear!). َلُُتُ س م عُ تُ س م عُ 4. From (you are hitting/will hit), we get (do not hit!). َلُُتُ ضُِر بُ تُ ضُِر بُ 5. From (you are going/will go), we get (do not go!). َلُُتُ ذُ هُ بُ تُ ذُ ه بُ

The vowels (harakah) of and ن ه ٌيُ أ مٌُرُ Many times we find to be on the pattern of ِ as in ِ. However, this is not ا َس عُ اف ع لُ أُ مٌُرُ always the case. Sometimes, it follows the pattern as in , and sometimes the ا ن ص رُ ا ف ع لُ pattern as in ِ ِ. The reason behind this difference is that the particular vowel ِ ِ ا ضر بُ اف عُ لُ pattern of and is dependent on the ( ) letter of the ِ َّ ِ seeghah of واحٌدُ م ذكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ ع نُ هُ ٌيُ أُ مٌُرُ ,The ( ) letter of this ِ ِ ِ governs the in two ways .ِ أُ مٌُرُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرعٌُُ واحٌدُ م ذَّكٌرُ غائ ٌبُ ع ُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ and in one way. نُ هُ ٌيُ The one way where it governs both and is the harakah of the ( ) letter ع نُ هُ ٌيُ أُ مٌُرُ of and . Here, the harakah has to correspond exactly. Thus, when the ( ) ع نُ هُ ٌيُ أُ مٌُرُ letter of ِ ِ ِ has a fathah, or kasrah, or dammah, the ( ) letter ع فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرعٌُُ واحٌدُ م ذَّكٌرُ غُائ ٌبُ

61 Lesson 9

of and will have the same vowel. For example, in the ( ) letter is ( ) and م ع يُ سُ مُ عُ نُ هُ ٌيُ أُ مٌُرُ has a fathah. Therefore, in its and forms, the ( ) will also get a fathah. Its أُ مٌُرُ م نُ هُ ٌيُ أُ مٌُرُ ,will be ِ and its will be . In ِ there is a kasrah under ( ); therefore ر ي ضر بُ َلُت س م عُ نُ هُ ٌيُ ا َس عُ its and forms will be ِ ِ and ِ respectively. In , there is a ي ن ص رُ َل ُت ضر بُ ا ضر بُ نُ هُ ٌيُ أُ مٌُرُ dammah on ( ); therefore, its and forms will be and respectively. َلُت ن ص رُ ا ن ص رُ نُ هُ ٌيُ أُ مٌُرُ ص The other way in which ( ) letter of ِ governs is with respect to أُ مٌُرُ فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ ع the hamzat al-wasl of . This hamzat al-wasl either gets a kasrah or a dammah. It أُ مٌُرُ cannot have a fathah. If the ( ) letter of ِ has a dammah, the hamzat al-wasl فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ ع of will also have a dammah. For example, the of will be because ( ) ص ا ن ص رُ ي ن ص رُ أُ مٌُرُ أُ مٌُرُ ِ is the ( ) letter of ِ and it has a dammah. And if the ( ) letter of فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرعٌُ ع ف ع ٌلُ م ضاِرٌعُ ع has a fathah or a kasrah, then in both cases the hamzat al-wasl of will get a kasrah. أُ مٌُرُ .ِ For example, the of is ِ, and the of is ا ضِر بُ ي ضِر بُ أُ مٌُُر ا َس عُ ي س م عُ أُ مٌُرُ It should be noted that there is no hamzat al-wasl in . It is only نُ هُ ٌيُ .dependent on the ( ) letter of ِ for the harakah on its own ( ) letter ع فُ عُ ٌلُُ مُ ضُاُِرٌعُ ع

Word List For Verbs

English Arabic (for past tense) م ضاِرٌعُ ما ضُ he went ي ذ ه بُ ذ ه بُ he stopped (someone) َي ن عُ من عُ he started ي ب دأُ ب دأُ he opened ي فت حُ ف ت حُ he searched ي ب ح ثُ ُِب ثُ ِ he heard ي س م عُ َس عُ ِ he laughed ي ض ح كُ ضح كُ ِ he did, he acted, he worked ي ع م لُ عم لُ ِ he came to know ي عل مُ عل مُ ِ he played ي ل ع بُ ل ع بُ ِ he accepted ق بُ لُ

62 َّ ا ْل م رُ ُوالن ه يُ

English Arabic (for past tense) م ضاِرٌعُ ما ضُ he cooked ي ط ب خُ ط ب خُ ِ he was cautious َي ذ رُ حذ رُ he went near, he came near ي ق ر بُ ق ر بُ he became sad َيُُ ز نُ ح ز نُ he mocked ي ه زأُ هُ زأُ he did ي ف ع لُ ف ع لُ he read ي ق رأُ ق ُ رأُ he entered ي د خ لُ د خ لُ ِ he drank ي ش ر بُ شر بُ

Word List for Nouns & Particles Arabic English Singular Plural إِ لُ to market س وٌقُ ِ mosque م سجٌدُ but, rather, however ب لُ box ص ن د وٌقُ ِلُ for yourself أ ن فُ س ك مُ ن ف س كُ ِ a lot كث ي ًرا ِ advice ن ص ي حةٌُ mother أ َّم ها ٌتُ أ مُ with م عُ doll د مي ةٌُ ball ك رةٌُ ك الٌمُ speech

63 Lesson 9

Arabic English Singular Plural ِ mirror م رأةٌُ ِم ش ٌطُ comb meat ْل ٌمُ snake حيَّا ٌتُ حيَّةٌُ ِ scorpion ع قُار بُ ع ق ر ٌبُ قِط ٌطُ قِطَّةٌُ cat ع لى upon, on ِ path ص را ٌطُ ِ straight م ست ق ي ٌمُ good خ ي ٌرُ أ َّنُ that كلُ all, each thing شيءٌُ ِ powerful ق دي ٌرُ intercession ش فا عةٌُ village ق ًرى ق ري ةٌُ ِ friend صدي ٌقُ ِ ف ن اد قُ ف ن د ٌقُ hotel milk ل ٌبُ door ب ا ٌبُ house ب ي ٌتُ ِ manager; editor مُدي ٌرُ newspaper جِري دةٌُ

Exercise 1: Translate into English

.7 ِ .1 َلُت س مع وا ا ذ ه بُ ِ .8 .2 ا ض ح ك وا َلُت ذ ه بُ

64 َّ ا ْل م رُ ُوالن ه يُ

ِ .9 .3 ا ع مل وا َلُ َت ن ع وا ِ .10 ِ .4 ا َس عُا َلُت ب دئ يُ ِ .11 ِ ِ .5 ا عل ما اف ت ح يُ 6. 12. َلُت ل عب ا َلُت ب حث نُ

Exercise 2: Translate into Arabic 1. Don’t go (P/M) to the market, but go to the mosque. 2. Open (S/M) the box. 3. Work (D/M) for yourselves. 4. Don’t laugh (P/M) a lot. 5. Accept (P/F) the advice of your mothers. 6. Don’t (P/M) play with the doll; play (P/M) with the ball. 7. Listen (S/M) to the speech of Allah. 8. Don’t (S/F) play with the mirror and the comb; cook (S/F) the meat. 9. Be cautious (P/F) of the snake and the scorpion. 10. Don’t (D/F) go near the ball; play (D/F) with this cat.

Exercise 3: Translate into English. ِ .1 َلُ َت ز نُ عل يه مُ 2. َلُت ه زء واُ و َلُت ض ح ك وا ِ .3 اف عل واُا ْل ي رُ ِ ِ .4 اق رءُ يُُ و َلُت ل عب يُ ِ َّ ٍ ِ .5 اُ عل م واُأُ نُاهلل ُ علُىُ ك ِّلُ شُ يُءُق دي ٌرُ ِ .6 اق ب ل واُال َّش فا عةُ ِِ .7 ا د خل واُ هذهُال ق ري ةُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ َّ .8 ا ذ هب واُ م عُ صُدي ق ك مُإُ لُال ف ن دقُ وا ش رب واُالل بُ م عهُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ .9 اف ت ح واُب ا بُال ب يتُ وا ذ هب واُإُلُُ مُدي ِرُُا ْل ِري دةُ

LESSON 10

ِ ِ ا لُ ُواحُ دُ،ُا لتُ ثُ نُيُ ةُ ،ُا لُ جُ مُ عُ Singular, Dual, Plural

We have seen in the previous lessons that verb forms are sometimes single, sometimes dual, and sometimes plural.4 Similarly, nouns can also be single, dual and plural. For example, ِ means ‘one believer,’ ِ ِ means ‘two believers,’ and مُ ُؤمُن انُ مُ ُؤمُ ٌنُ means ‘three or more believers.’ Below, we give the rules for duals and plurals ِ مُ ُؤُمن و نُ of nouns.

Dual: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular ِ one of the – ِ ) واحٌدُ( ت ث ني ةٌُ following: ِ .An ِ preceded by a fathah and followed by a with a kasrah i.e . ]ﹷانُ[ نُ ُوٌنُ أُ لُ ٌفُ for the state of . ُ رفُ ٌعُ e.g. ِ two men ر ج النُ . A preceded by a fathah and a with a kasrah i.e. for the states of ]ﹷيُ ِنُ[ نُ ُوٌنُ يُ اءٌُ and . جُ رُ نُ صُ ٌبُ e.g. ِ two men ر جل ُي Plural: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular ِ one of the – ) واحٌدُ( ج م ٌعُ following:5 . A preceded by a dammah and followed by a with a fathah i.e. ]ﹹ و نُ[ نُ ُوٌنُ ُ واٌوُ for the state of . ُ رفُ ٌعُ e.g. ِ Muslims ُ م سل م و نُ . A preceded by a kasrah and followed by a with a fathah i.e. [ ] for ﹻي نُ نُ ُوٌنُ يُ اءٌُ the states of and . جُ رُ نُ صُ ٌبُ e.g. ِِ Muslims م سلم يُ

4 It should be remembered that when the verb forms are dual or plural, it is not the action that is dual or plural. The action taking place is only one. It is only the doers of the action who are two or more. 5 There is more detail to it, which can be studied in more advanced books.

67 Lesson 10

For the ease of the students, a chart showing ِ and its dual and plural forms in م سل ٌمُ each of the different states is given below.

Table 10.1 Singular, Dual, and Plural

( ) Singular ( ِ ) Dual ( ِ ) Plural اُ ْلُ مُ عُ ا لتَُّثُ نُيُ ةُ ا لُ ُ واحُ دُ ِ ِ ِ ِ In the state of م سل م و نُ م سل مانُ م سل ٌمُ ُ رفُ ٌعُ ِِ ِ ِ ِ In the state of م سلم ُي م سل م ُي م سل ًما نُ صُ ٌبُ ِِ ِ ِ ٍِ In the state of م سلم ُي م سل م ُي م سلمُ جُ رُ

Examples: 1. Two men went to the market. ِ ِ ِ ذ ه بُ ر ج النُإُ لُال ُّس ُوقُ 2. The scholars gave a speech in the mosque. ِ ِ ِ ِ خط بُال عال م و نُِفُال م سجدُ 3. Khalid helped two oppressed persons. ِ ِ ن ص رُ خُالٌُدُُ مظ ل و م ُي 4. Naseer hit the oppressors. ِ َّ ِِ ض ر بُن ص ي ٌرُاُ لظالم ُي 5. I wrote with two pens. ِ ِ كت ب تُب قل م ُي 6. A man from amongst the believers came. ِِ جآء ُ ر ج ٌلُِّم نُال مُ ُؤمُنُ ُي

Note: The of dual and plural is dropped when it appears at the end of mudaaf. نُ ُوٌنُ For example,

(Zayd’s two pens) ٍ .1 ق ل ماُ زي دُ This was originally ٍ ِ but the was dropped because it appeared at the نُ ُوٌنُ ق ل مانُ زي دُ end of mudaaf.

2. (a man’s two horses) ف ر ساُ ر جٍلُ This was originally ِ but the was dropped because it appeared at the نُ ُوٌنُ ف ر سانُ ر جٍلُ end of mudaaf.

68 ِ ِ ا ل واح د،ُا لتَّث ني ة ،ُا ْل م عُ

(Muslims of Egypt) ِ ِ .3 م سل م وُم ص رُ This was originally ِ ِ but the was dropped because it appeared at the نُ ُوٌنُ م سل م و نُم ص رُ end of mudaaf. (seekers of knowledge) ِ ِ .4 ط الب وُع لٍمُ This was originally ِ ِ but the was dropped because it appeared at the نُ ُوٌنُ ط الب و نُع لٍمُ end of mudaaf.

Word List for Verbs

English Arabic (for past tense) م ضاِرٌعُ ما ضُ he ordered ي أ م رُ أ م رُ he wrote ي كت بُ كت بُ he ate ي أ ك لُ أ ك لُ he cut ي قط عُ ق ط عُ ِ he hit ي ضر بُ ض ر بُ he took ي أ خ ذُ أ خ ذُ he studied ي د ر سُ د ر سُ he cooked ي ط ب خُ ط ب خُ he read ي ق رأُ ق رأُ he filled َي ُل م لُ ِ he imprisoned َيب سُ حب سُ ِ he forgave ي غف رُ غ ف رُ

Word List for Nouns Arabic English Singular Plural ِ ِ preacher واعظ و نُ واع ٌظُ ِ book كت ٌبُ كت ا ٌبُ ِ ِ believer م ؤمن و نُ مُ ؤم ٌنُ bread أ خب اٌزُ خ ب ٌزُ

69 Lesson 10

Arabic English Singular Plural tree ش ج رةٌُ boy

ِمظ لَّةٌُ umbrella ِ year سن و ن،ُأُ ع واٌمُ سن ةٌ،ُ عاٌمُ ِ ِ worshipper عب اٌدُ عابٌدُ َس كةٌُ a fish notebook كَّرا سةٌُ house ب ي ٌتُ ِ female servant, maid خاد مةٌُ jar جَّرةٌُ خاٌلُ (uncle (maternal thief ساِرق و نُ ساِرٌقُ ِ jail, prison س ج ٌنُ هًدى guidance ٍ ِ pious, God-fearing متَّ ق و نُ)ا ل متَّ ق و نُ( متَّقُ)ا ل متَّق يُ( ِ ِ successful; prosperous م فل ح و نُ م فل ٌحُ ِ ِ corrupt م فس دُ و نُ م فسٌدُ we َن نُ ِ ِ peacemaker م صل ح و نُ م صل ٌحُ ِ ِ oppressor ظ ال م و نُ ظ ا ُلٌ ع ذا ٌبُ punishment ِ painful أ ل ي ٌمُ ِ ِ disbeliever, infidel كاف ر و نُ كافٌرُ humiliating, disgraceful مِه ٌيُ with م عُ ِ ِ patient صاب ر و نُ صابٌرُ all praise ا ْل م دُ

70 ِ ِ ا ل واح د،ُا لتَّث ني ة ،ُا ْل م عُ

Arabic English Singular Plural Lord ر بُ world عال م و نُ عا لٌُ blessing, grace (of Allah ص لُوةٌُ (Most High peace س الٌمُ ع لى upon, on master; chief سيٌِّدُ messenger م ر سل و نُ م ر س ٌلُ ِ seal; ring خُُ وامتُ خا متٌُ ِ prophet ن بيُّ ُ و نُ ن ِبُ أٌلُ family ِ companion أُ ص حا ٌبُ صاح ٌبُ all أُ ْج ع و نُ أُ ْج عُ

Exercise 1: Translate into English 1. I ordered the preachers. 2. They (P/M) wrote a book for the believers. 3. They (P/F) ate the bread. 4. You (P/M) cut the tree. 5. She hit two boys and she took the umbrellas. 6. You (P/F) will study for two years. 7. You (S/F) will cook for the worshippers. 8. You (S/M) ate a fish, but I ate two fish. 9. She wrote two notebooks and you (P/M) read two books. 10. The house’s maid cooked bread and she filled two jars. 11. Khalid’s uncle (maternal) imprisoned the thieves in the jail.

Exercise 2: Translate into English

ِ .1 ا ل ق رآ نُُ هًدىُلِّ ل متَّق ُي ِ ِ .2 ا ل م ؤمن و نُُ م فل ح و نُ ِ ِ .3 ق ا لُُال م فس د و نُ:ُ َن نُ م صل ح و نُ

71 Lesson 10

ِ ِِ ِ .4 لُل ُظّلمُ يُ ع ذا ٌبُأُ ل ي ٌمُ ِ ِ ِ .5 ل ل كُافِري نُ ع ذا ٌبُُُّمه ٌيُ ِ .6 اُ هللُ ُ م عُُال َّصُابِري نُ ِ ِ ِِ .7 اُ هللُ ُي غف رُل ل م ؤمن ُي ِ ِ ِ .8 ا ْل م دُلُلّهُ ر ِّبُال عل م ُي ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ِِ ِِ ِ .9 اُ ل َّص الُة ُ وال َّس ال مُ عل ىُ سيِّدُال م ر سل يُ خا متُُالنَّبيِّ ُ يُُ ُم َّمدَُّو علُىُأُلُهُُ وأُ ص حابهُأُ ْج ع ُي