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Index

Abies 182 Agave 278 marocana 182 parviflora 278 pinsapo 182 Age of Herbalists 33 subsp. marocana 182 agencies 15, 229, 231 Abissinia [sic], Prince of 205 agents, dispersal 210 Aborigines, Malay 232 valuable 199 Abreu Matos, Professor F. J. de 134 agriculture 9, 130, 155, 165 abundance, relative 142 intensive 223 Aburi Botanic Garden, Ghana 284 agriculturists 46, 130 Acacia karoo 277 agronomists 46 Academy leopoldina of Germany aid agreements, bilateral 283 accessions 281 ailments 196 number 281 Akaniaceae 55 Achillea millefolium 224 Akeroyd, Dr John R. ix, 221, 307 acids Alchemilla 213, 214 amino 193, 194 algae 103, 109, 113, 117, 193, 194 fatty 193 green 194 nucleic 193 Algeria 178, 183 Acis 311 algorithms 158, 159, 182, 195, 198, 199, 208, 213, Actaea 239 216, 217, 218, 221, 222, 247, 250, 251, 298, arizonica 239 300, 301 cordifolia 239 phenetics 39 elata 239 alien species 20, 225, 270 action plans 20, 255, 269, 278 control 225 activities, human 266, 267, 268, 269 invasive 162, 167 activity, biological 194 alkaloids 38, 188, 192, 194, 199, 200 Adam and Eve 266 allelic divergence 194 Adanson, M. 34, 48, 53 alliances 173 adaptation 205, 244 allozyme studies 236, 247 adaptive radiation 209 Alps 173, 224 Adelaide Botanic Gardens 286 alumni v adulteration 198 Amaryllidaceae 311 Advanced Revelation 308 amateur volunteers 213, 299 Advisor, Honorary 309, 310 Amazonia xv, 130, 131, 132, 134 AFLPs 8, 197, 237, 250 ambiguity 207 Africa xvi, 5, 22, 132, 192, 241, American Association for the Advancement of 257 Science xiii East 241 American Society of Plant Taxonomists xvi northwest 309 Amman, Jordan 167 southern 23, 277 amplified fragment length polymorphisms tropical x see AFLPs Agathaea Cass. 117 Amsterdam 312 Agatea 117 amusement parks, plant-themed 136

315

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analyses 239 Articles to the CBD 18, 19 chemical 198 arts cladistic 40, 237 Asclepiadaceae 56 complex 237 Asia 5, 22, 257 conservation 159 South Eeast 228 decision 159 western 215 diversity 159 Asparagus 205 maximum likelihood 237 officinalis 215 phylogenetic 208, 236, 238, 243 prostrates 215 protein based 8 Asphodelus 311 morphometric 8 assemblages 151 systematic 243 assessments anatomy 38, 49, 234 molecular characters 198 Anemone narcissiflora 114 morphological characters 198 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 34, 54, 55, 56, 195, associations 173 238, 243 Asteraceae and see also Compositae 48, 195, 311 angiosperms xiii, 51, 192, 194, 195, 241, 243 Asteridae 195 Anglesey 215 Astragale animal groups 130 de Marseille 174 animals 103, 135, 191, 225, 312 de Montpellier 174 endangered farmed 165 Astragalus Annual Meadow-grass 222 massiliensis 168, 174 Anthriscus 311 monspelliensis 174 anthropologists 286 tragacantha 174 Anthyllis vulneraria 212, 223, 224 Atlas Florae Europaeae 223, 311 subsp. carpatica 224 Atp B 243 subsp. corbierei 215 attribute, sets 157 subsp. polyphylla 224 Australia 5, 7, 118, 241, 270, 284 subsp. vulneraria 215 Australian Department of Natural Resources and anti-cancer properties 35 Environment 278 antihypertensive activity 199 Australian Virtual Herbarium 8 antimicrobial agent 188 author citation 263 properties 188 authorities, prosecuting 262 Apiaceae and see also Umbelliferae 48, 311 Azores 279 Apocyanaceae 56, 199, 200 apomicts 212, 213 bacteria 36, 37, 41, 103, 188 appearances, general 205 Bakker, Freek 241, 243 approaches, chemosystematic 199 Balearic Islands x, 96 phylogenetic 144, 145 Baltic Sea Protected Areas 164 traditional 54 Bangladesh 230 aquaria 199 Barrie, Fred R. 105, 109 aquatics 38 Bartling Arabidopsis thaliana 193, 243, 245 base pairs 35 Araceae 198 basionym Araliaceae 56 basis of life 135 architects, landscape 46 Bauhim, Gaspar 33 areas Baum, B. R. 119 biodiversity-rich 196 Baxter, H. xii complementary 155, 156, 157, 158 bear bile 198 conservation 157, 167, 168 Beccari 230, 233 designated 162, 163, 165 bee plants 134 priorities 154, 155, 156, 182, 277 bees, bumble 143, 146, 147 priorities of designated 162 behaviour, functional 142 protected 15, 20, 142, 165, 166, 268, 285 Belgium 312 rural 231 Belize ix selection 152, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 166 Bellis perennis 212 of Special Conservation Interest 164 benefit sharing 9, 11, 18, 20, 26, 302 Arecaceae and see also Palmae 49 Bentham & Hooker 49, 56 Aristotelian logic 207 berberine 188 Arnold Arboretum, USA 280 Berberis 188 aromatic plants xiii, xvi, 275 Berendsohm, Walter 311

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Berlin 108, 311 population 210, 244 Botanic Garden 109 reproductive 209 Taxonomic Information Model 311 systematic 130 Bessey 34, 49 BioNet International 22, 23, 26 betalains 38, 191 BIOSIS 308 BG-BASE 281 Biosphere Reserves 164 BG-Recorder 281, 282 Biosynthesis 195, 199, 200 bibliographic information 134 biotas, complementary 157 Bielowieza Forest, Poland 267 birds 130, 134, 148, 157, 166, 224, 268 bifuscation 51 bird watcher 130 compressed 51 Bisby, Professor F. A. 312 binomial system 5 Biscutella laevigata 222 bioactive agents bison 267 biochemistry, combinatory 196 Black Medick 224 biodiversity xix, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26, Blackmore, Professor Stephen 266 31, 40, 41, 100, 134, 150, 152, 155, 166, 167, blanket bog 268 177, 207, 210, 213, 223, 244, 288, 294, 313 bluebells 153 assessment 11, 299 boar, wild 267 conservation 100, 141, 152, 156, 162, 163, 165, Bonfante Gardens, California 136 192, 206, 213, 264, 266, 267, 268, 269, 286, Bonn Guidelines 20, 21 290 Boquila 249 conservation areas 142 Borneo 135, 228, 229, 231, 234 crisis 141, 266, 272 botanic gardens ix, 11, 23, 136, 205, 206, 218, 221, currency of value 142, 264 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276, distribution 150, 230 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, ecosystem level 142, 213 286, 290 estimates of value 142, 213 British 49 genetic level 142, 213 communities 267 indigenous 270 Conservation International x, 11, 276, 282, 286 islands 205, 206, 284, 285 development and utilisation 276 loss 31, 173, 266, 267, 284 order beds 288 management 141 staff 283, 288 measurement 141, 244 botanical centres 105, 107 monitoring 131, 282 Botanical Society of America 135 patterns 236 Botanical Society of the British Isles xv richness, estimating 143 Threatened Plants Database 217 richness, relative 145 botanists 23, 25, 26, 49, 102, 182, 213, 214, 216, 222, science 5, 232 230, 265, 300, 307 of Scotland 268 field 181, 299 specific level 142, 213 botany 102, 255, 286 sustaining 141 showcase 143 theatres of 268, 269 teachers 135 urban 269 Botswana value 141, 142, 143, 146, 151, 153, 154, 154, 156, boundaries, ecological 222 166, 196 infraspecies value, measuring 146, 149 morphological 206, 296, 299 World Project 243 national 16, 229, 230 Biogenetic Reserves 164 Bradshaw, Professor A. D. 222 biogeographers 22 Bramwell, David ix, 205 biogeography ix, 11 branch length 145 historical xiii, 155 branching events 145 biologically active compounds 188 patterns 35, 143 biological recording programmes 269 Brassica 311 records centres 217, 270 Brassicaceae and see also Cruciferae 48, 311 biologists 35, 46, 142, 143, 205, 207 Bratislava 310 conservation 236 Braun-Blanquet 169 molecular 52 Brazil 7, 8, 40, 118, 134, 135, 197 biology 33, 46, 209, 210, 238 Flora of Pico das Almas 132 comparative 35 Manaus Ducke Reserve 132, 134, 147 developmental 35 Brecon Beacons, South Wales 215, 218 molecular 193 breeding systems 40, 288

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Bretschneideriaceae 55 Candolle Brickell, C. D. 120 A. L. P. P. de 34 Briquet, J. 123 A. P. de 34, 49, 102, 104 British Isles xv, 153, 213, 306 cane, rattan 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234 British Trust for Ornithology 157 capacity building xv, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 18, 22, 23, British Vascular Plant Red Data Book 213, 261, 271, 302 215 capital input 302 Brittonia Rules 124 Caprifoliaceae 57 Bromeliaceae 278 Capsella 113 Bromus purgans 114 Capul Kaliakra National Park, Romania 163 Brummitt, Dick 50, 54, 55, 58, 101, 118, 311 Caralluma 205 Vascular Plant Families and Genera 282 Cardamine 311 Brussels Rules of 1912 123 card games 134 bryologists 168 Carex Bryophyta 106, 109, 112, 113, 168 acuta 169 BSBI see Botanical Society of the British Isles laevigata 98, 99 buffers 247, 249 panormitana 168, 169 bulbs 260 Caribbean 257 Bulgaria 222 carotenoids 193, 194 bumble bee diversity carpels 33 Burdet, H. M. 105 Carson 205 Burges, Alan carvacrol 180 burial grounds 268 Caryocaraceae 147 Burma 230 caryology bush fires 7 Caryophyllales 191 buttercups 49 Caryopteris divaricata 199 butterflies 148, 156 Castroviejo, Professor Santiago x, 96, 99 milkweed 143, 145 cataloguing 40 Buxbaumia viridis 168 categories 37 IUCN threat 182 Cactaceae 117 taxonomic 46, 47 cacti 256, 278 Catharanthus roseus 192, 199 Caesalpino, Andreas 33 Caucalideae 305 caesium chloride 249 CBD see Convention on Biological Diversity Caithness 215 CBD for Botanists, The xvii Calamus census methodology 218 caesius 230, 231, 232, 233 Centaurea giganteus 232 epirota 117 var. robustus 233 epirotica 117 inops 233, 234 Center for Plant Conservation, St Louis, USA insignis var. insignis 233 278 manna 230, 232, 233 Central America 22, 135 ornatus 233 centre of expertise 261 platyacanthoides 230 Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques scipionum 232 M´editerran´eennes 178, 313 spinifolius 231, 232 Centro Nordestino de Informa¸coesSobre Plantas subinermis 229, 233, 234 (CNIP) 134, 135 Callimorpha quadripunctata 168 Ceropegia 205 Calvados 306, 308 cetaceans 268 Camargue 163 chain families 48 Cambodia 230 chalcone 194 Cambridge Rule of 1935 123 synthase 194 Cambridge University, Botanic Garden xvi, 288 changes, pattern of 145 Cameroon, Limbe Botanic Garden 283 characters 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 51, 52, 142, 143, Campanulaceae 97 145, 146, 191 Canada 239 cereals 165 Canary Islands ix, 11, 23, 136, 205, 206, 218, 221, Chara 194 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276, character change 52, 143 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, models 145 286, 290 character differences 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, cancers 192 288

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characters 209, 265, 288 Cimicifuga 239 anatomical 197, 205 CITES 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, chemical 143, 197, 198 265, 284, 311 cytological 197 Animals Committee 256 diagnostic 217, 239, 275, 288 Appendix 1 255, 256 discontinuities 209 Appendix 2 255, 256, 260 distinctive 215 Country Directory 260 divergence 147 enforcement 261, 262, 263, 264, 265 evolution 143 export permit 260 floral 199 listing 257, 261, 262 fruiting 199 Management Authority 257, 258 micromorphological 206, 296, 299 Nomenclature Committee 256 molecular 198 officials 261 morphological 143, 197, 198, 207, 209, 239, 244, plants xiv, 234 247 Plants Committee 256, 257, 258 palynological 197 regions 257 phenotypic 142 Scientific Advisory Groups 258 richness 142, 145, 156 Scientific Authority 257, 258, 259, 260, 261 states 37, 38, 39 Scientific Working Group 260 taxonomic 6, 33, 275 specimens 265 Charophyceae 194 Standing Committee 256, 257, 258 Chase, Mark W. 238 training programmes 264 checklists 10, 97, 208, 209, 274, 285, 295, 299, 312 CITES and Succulents xiv Euro+Med 312 cladistics 39, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 European pteridophytes 307 cladists 57 global 20 cladogram, rooting 51 Smythies, Bill 96, 97 cladograms 35, 50, 51, 52, 53, 144, 145, 239 synonymic 308 classes World Conifers 182 land 156 Cheddar Gorge 216 vegetation 148, 155, 156 cheetah 157 classification 4, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, chemistry 49, 142, 179, 184, 187 48, 50, 51, 53, 101, 255, 274, 275, 288 combinatorial 196 activities 289 plant 178, 189 artificial 33, 34, 47, 48 chemosystematics 191, 195, 196, 197 biological 39 Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen 199 concepts 31 chemotaxonomy 179, 189, 191 flowering plant 239 chemotypes 180, 187, 198 genealogical 143 Chigua 278 hierarchical 35 children 288 methods 31, 36, 238 childrens’ games 134 natural 34, 47 China ix, 192, 230, 270, 271 objects 288 Chinese Academy of Sciences 271 predictive 35 chlorophylls 193, 194 principals 31, 50 chloroplast 35, 193 quantitative evolutionary 39 genome 14, 243 systems 21, 33, 34, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 281, 288 chorology x, 297 taxonomic 144, 147 chromatograms, thin-layer 197 vegetation 156 chromatography 6 classifications 34, 35, 37, 39, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 193, gas 197 239, 244, 300 high performance liquid 197 Bentham & Hooker 288 liquid 197 biological 35 chromosomes 38, 99 botanical 49 fission 99 general-purpose 49 number 99 infrageneric 239 Chrysanthemum 113, 119 natural 47 indicum 113 phenetic 47, 49 Chrysobolanaceae 132, 134, 147 phylogenetic 49 cibachromes 296 classifiers 33 CIHEAM see Centre International des Hautes Etudes classify, need to 34 Agronomiques M´editerran´eennes Clerodendron trichotomum 199

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clerodendroside 199 Compositae and see also Asteraceae xvi, 48, 56, 117, climate change xix, 223, 241, 243, 269 288 influences 230 composition, chemical 184, 187, 189, 198 modelling 243 compounds clock bioactive 192, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200 anagenetic 145 chemicals 187, 188, 191, 195, 197 molecular 52 medicinal plant 196 clocks 144, 145 medicinal qualities of 192, 196 clones 212, 213, 245 natural 199 Clover, Alsike 224 new 199 Red 224 plant 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199 White 224 primary 193 clovers 224 secondary 193, 194 Clusiaceae and see also Guttiferae 48 synthetic 196 CNRS 305 Compton, Dr James A. 239 Cochlearia 212 computer analyses 6, 50 Coincya xiii entry 217 collaboration 4, 10, 15, 300, 302, 306, 307 issues 308 collecting computer programmes 51 prioritisation 282, 295, 299 scanning 132 programme 300 computers 6, 49, 159, 237 seed 296, 297, 298, 302 computing power 237 wild plants 284, 300 CONABIO 22, 135 collections 19, 20, 270, 276, 278, 283, 295, 297, concepts, philosophical 34 300 within systematics accessions policy 276 Concerted Action 308 back-up 277 Conference botanic garden 276 of Ministers 162 curation 20, 216 of the Parties xiv, 9, 10, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 255, cycads 289 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 265, 274, 313 documentation 280, 282 conservation 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, documented 274, 276, 280, 286 40, 41, 42, 45, 96, 98, 99, 100, 134, 152, 154, ex situ 277 156, 159, 165, 177, 178, 189, 207, 208, 209, guides 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 218, 219, 223, 225, illegal 278 230, 244, 247, 249, 251, 255, 266, 267, 268, living 261 269, 271, 274, 275, 276, 282, 283, 284, 286, maintenance 279, 283 288, 289, 290, 294, 298, 305, 311, 313 National Endangered Plants 278 action 14, 162, 274, 282 original 281 measurement planning of 276 practice records 280 agencies xix reference 216, 269, 270, 276, 283, 297 area selection 154, 155 resource 276 assessment 11, 14, 15, 20, 154, 216, 217, 219, 298, wild 193, 260 299 collectors 15, 192, 216, 261, 297 biological 267 seed 296, 299, 300 biology 8, 244, 268, 271 colonial past 15 collections 280, 281, 283, 284 colonisation 223 community 210 colour classes 148 conventions 164 commercial partnerships 26 critical taxa 219 significance 231 crop wild relatives 246, 301 Common Agricultural Policy 165, 225 crops 301 communication 33, 36, 155, 216, 286 decisions 206 gap 234 European law 131 communities future options 301 plant 169 goals 154, 155, 156, 301 urban 269 groups 15 community, systematics 40, 103, 108, 115, 130 habitat 163, 164, 165, 166 comparisons, genetic 236 in situ 154, 155, 156, 301 complementarity 157, 158, 159 interest in 136 complexes 4 island floras 205, 210

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issues xiii, 182, 236 Corner, E. J. H. 117 landscapes 286 Cornera 117 legislators 209 Corneria 117 long term 285, 300, 301 Cornwall 215 management 134, 135, 155, 163, 218, 268 Corrie Etchachan, Scotland 217 management plans 162, 166 Corsica 174 managers 209 cosmetics 196 movement 225 Costa Rica 135, 197 native flora 279 Council of Europe 164, 167 organisations 15, 135, 299 Biogenetic Reserves 164 persistence of value 154 European Diploma 164 planners 295, 299, 301 Council of Ministers 174 plant 164, 167, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, countries 157, 179, 180, 181 266, 267, 272, 274, 276, 277, 278, 283, 290, Asia 230 294, 297, 301 developing 200 policies 239, 276 Mediterranean 177, 178 practice 218, 271 countryside 224 priorities 40, 153, 154, 168, 213, 268, 275, 277, 290 Council for Wales 214, 218 programmes 221, 276, 279, 280, 302 Cracraft, J. 208, 209 projects 11, 25, 26 Craig y Cilau NNR 216, 218, 219 promotion 131 Crane, Professor Sir Peter R. v, 3, 305 regional resources 134 Crawford, D. J. 236 responsibility for 302 creation 33, 231 science 8, 301 creator 34 seed 302 Crick, Francis 15 species measures 163 crime 262, 263, 264 species-orientated 267 Critica Botanica by Linnaeus 102 status 24, 26, 168, 169, 178, 179, 181, 182, 213, critical plants xx, 214, 218, 219 247, 260, 261, 272, 275, 277, 288, 298 Cronquists, Arthur 34, 49, 54, 55 strategies 301 crops sustainable 131 agricultural 166, 178, 246 taxon 239 forage 224 techniques 276, 301 timber 232 value 154, 155 Cruciferae and see also Brassicaceae xiii, 48, 56, 288 wetlands 285 Crucifers of Great Britain and Ireland xv work 26, 159, 244, 275 Cryptocoryana 198 conservationists xix, 22, 23, 25, 26, 46, 96, 141, 154, Cuba 210 163, 174, 213, 224, 234, 239, 280, 297, 298, Culham, Dr Alastair xi, 236, 311 299, 302 Cullen, Dr James xi, 45 Constantinople 260 cultivar 46, 241 consumer groups 46 cultivation 215, 224, 229, 231, 275, 277, 279, 282, contamination 249, 250 285, 286 continents 157 land 165 contributors 179 medicinal plants 198, 200 Convention culture Barcelona 164, 165 cell 195 Bern 164, 167 tissue 195 on Biological Diversity 9, 10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, Cumberland Plain Woodland 285 23, 24, 25, 26, 154, 162, 213, 267, 270, 272, currency 142, 151, 156, 159 274, 276, 277, 282, 284, 285, 286 customs officers 199, 263, 264, 265 Strategic Plan 162 cuttings 218 on Climate Change 24 Cwm Haffes 215 Helsinki 164, 165 cyanogenic glycosides 194 International 163 Cycad Pages, The 279 Ramsar 164 cycads 278, 279 World Heritage 164 Cycads Status Survey and Conservation Action convergence 51 Plan, The 278 Copenhagen 313 Cyclamen xi, 260, 261 CORINE biotopes 170 Cypripedium calceolus 14 programme 170 Cyprus 180, 183 Cornaceae 56 cytogenetics 38

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cytological features 38 Medusa 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187, cytology 311 188, 189, 313 cytotaxonomy 99 natural product 199 cytotypes 6, 99 on-line 282 PHYSIS 171 Dactylorhiza 169 Phytokaryon 311 Dahlgren, Rolf 49 Daucus carota Dahlia 288 Davidia involucrata 271 Dalla Torre & Harms Davis, J. I. 208, 209 dandelion 142, 216 Davis, Kate xi, 18 Darwin, C. 5, 34, 205 Davis, Peter H. xi, 4, 5, 6, 206, 207 influence of theories 49 decision maker 174 Origin of Species 34 decisions Darwin Declaration 19, 21 nomenclatural 179 Darwin Initiative For The Survival of Species 11, 230, subjective 52 270, 280, 286 deep morphology 38 Das Pflanzenreich, Engler & Prantl 49 Deep Time Project 241 Dasylirion 278 degradation 9 data delimitation, generic 239 acquisition cost 151 democracy 101, 103, 106 archive 217 Denmark 118, 173, 313 availability 151 Department for International Development biosystematic 209 (UK DFID) 132, 134 chemical 187, 188, 193 depression 192 chemosystematic 195 out breeding 224 collation 219 descent with modification 145 comparative 38 descriptions 237 conservation 197 designations deficient 213 European 163 dissemination 228 international 163 distribution 197, 213 national 163 ecological 223, 229 detection, diode array 197 electronic 135 development 40, 178, 283, 284 equivalence 52 applied 228 exchange 282 costs 250 experimental 231 sustainable xx, 9, 10, 22, 285 fossil 241 Dichapetalaceae 147 geographical 223 dicotyledons xiv, 48 incomplete 155, 216 Dictionary of Natural Products and Natural Product interpretation 216, 217 Alert 191 molecular 6, 47, 52, 53, 206, 239, 246, 247 Die naturlichen¨ Pflanzenfamilien, Engler & morphological 6, 239, 241, 246, 247 Prantl 49, 54 original 217 differentiation, intra-specific 222 primary 233 digital photography 134 reinterpretation 217 digitising 8, 135 sample 145 Dimartino, Professor Andrea 308 sequence 237 dimensions, evolutionary 39 sets 159 Dioon edule 278 size 52 diploid 215 spatial 8 Dipterocarpaceae 285 specimen 270 discontinuity, degree of 207 standardisation 217, 282 diseases 9, 33, 192, 195, 196 storage and retrieval 281 resistance 301 taxonomic 9, 159, 197, 216 dispersal 40 verified 311 displays 274, 276, 286 databases 131, 134, 170, 177, 182, 184, 281, 282, dissemination of information 15 296, 298, 311 distributions 25, 31, 35, 40, 96, 99, 118, 131, 168, commercial 199 169, 229, 236, 243, 245, 261, 274, 277, 288, EMBL 244 295 European flora 307, 308, 309 narrow 7, 152 global 15 patterns 223, 245 herbarium 217 range 269, 275

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diterpenoids 194 Earth 36, 193, 266, 272 divergence events 145 Summit 9, 213 divergent processes 209 Easter Island 236, 247, 250, 251 diversification Echium xi evolutionary 241, 243 ecologists 22, 135, 163, 218, 299 rates 241 ecology x, 4, 6, 7, 35, 99, 141, 168, 169, 173, 229, DIVERSITAS v, 25 241, 261, 288 diversity 31, 32, 39, 236, 250, 251, 289 restoration 223 agricultural plant 166 economic centres of 7, 241 botany xv, xvi, 9, 19, 20, 24, 26, 131, 134, 135, chemical 191, 196 136, 177, 178, 192, 196, 200, 276, 277, 278, cladistic 156 283, 286, 290 conserved in cultivation 276 rewards 5 cultural 31 importance 278, 279 DNA sequence 244 value, threatened plants 196 ecosystem 152 Economic Botany Data Collection Standard x, 49, 57, estimates 243 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, evaluation 276 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 122 genetic xi, 8, 11, 41, 152, 243, 301 economics 198 greatest relative 146, 275 economists 154 infraspecific 301 economy, global 4 interspecific 263, 285 ecosystems 20, 39, 151, 162, 163, 221, 225, 260, 267, measuring 141, 143, 236, 275, 290 268, 269, 294 monitoring 236, 275, 290 approach 21 organismic 4, 274 assessment 21 plant 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 20, 167, 272, 274, 275, coastal 263, 285 276, 286, 290, 294 diversity 21 prediction of relative 144 functioning of 31 representation of 157 management 284 species 152, 243 restoration 284 taxic 40, 156, 239 richness 151 value 135 ecotourism 268 DNA 6, 7, 15, 35, 38, 39, 41, 52, 249, 250, 269 ecotourists 130 amplification 250 ecotypes, coastal 222 banks 249 Ecuador 40, 144 contamination 250 Eden Estuary, Fife 267 data 41, 246 Eden Project, Cornwall 136, 279 Databank of Japan, DDBJ 237 Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Garden ix, 182, 267, 270, extraction 249 271, 308 fungal 249, 250 editing 310 inventory 41 Edmondson, Dr John R. nuclear 35, 239 education xi, 16, 136, 163, 274 organelle 35 environmental 286 plastid 239 programmes 289 profiling 247 public 286, 290, 301 restriction analysis 236 Egypt 178, 183, 310 samples 218 electronic plant information centre see ePIC sequences 35, 37, 38, 41, 193, 237, 239, 243, 250 electronic resources 8 sequencing 8, 198, 236, 237, 244, 250, 251 electron microscopy Dodo 244 scanning 6, 38 Donana 163 transmission 6, 38 Donetsk Botanic Garden, Ukraine 283 electrophoresis 237 Dracaena 205 capillary 197 Dransfield, John 228 Elenco de la Flora Vascular Espanola 96, 97 Drosera rotundifolia elephant 157, 257 Droseraceae xi Elichrysum 113 drugs 192, 195, 196, 199, 200, 283 elicitors 200 medicinal 199 elms 241 plant 200 embryology 38 synthetic 196 EMIPS, Euro-Mediterranean Initiative in Plant drylands 302 Systematics 308 dysgenic efforts 280 employment 200, 231

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Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa European Garden Flora xi, 53 Agropecu´aria-Embrapa197 European Molecular Biology Laboratory 237 Encephalartos engine-maraisi¨ı 280 European Nature Information System see EUNIS endemics European Plant Conservation Strategy 167 British 215, 216 European Register of Marine Species 312 endemism 152, 156, 205, 208, 210, 213, 241, 295 European Science Foundation 307 narrow 152, 153, 156, 157 European Topic Centre on Nature Conservation see Endersby, Jim 50 European Topic Centre on Nature Protection endophytes, fungal 249 and Biodiversity, Paris Enforcement Authorities 261 European Topic Centre on Nature Protection and England 33, 216 Biodiversity, Paris xii, 168, 169 Engler & Prantl 34, 49 European Union 11, 165, 166, 169, 173, 178, 260, Engler School 49 305, 308, 313 Englera, journal 109 enlargement 173 English Nature 14 legislation 167 Enquiry into Plants by Theophrastus 33 European Vegetation Survey 173 Enumeration of Philippine Plants 231 Evans, Doug xii, 162 environment 9, 162, 191, 209, 228, 267, 268 Evans, T. D. 234 change 270 evolution 6, 7, 14, 34, 39, 51, 99, 191, 193, 194, 195, degradation 270 196, 205, 207, 243, 268, 269 human destabilization 31 insular 209 environmental by natural selection 5 conditions 205 evolutionary divergence 32 factors 151, 222 features 205 impact assessment xv history 6, 50 impacts 286 processes 31, 35, 36, 49, 213 subjects 288 steps 51 enzymes 193, 194, 196 studies 35 ePIC 8 theory 34, 205 Equador, Rio Palenque 132 tree 52 Eriacaceae, Neotropical 135 vector 51 Erica carnea 146 excursions, field 270 herbacea 114 exhibits, plant educational 136 ERMS 312 exotics, removal of 285 Erodium 311 expeditions, seed-collecting 279, 296, 300 errors, observer 218 experimentation 232 ESFEDS 307, 308, 309 expertise essential oils xiii horticultural 271 ethnobotany xv, xvi scientific 258 EUNIS 170 technical 302 Euphrasia 214 experts 259 Euro+Med PlantBase 169, 179, 181, 307, 308, 309 exploitation, commercial 255, 256 authors 310 exports 260 Beads 311 quotas 260 Families’ Editorial Panels 309 Expressed Sequence Tag 243 Input Centres 309, 310 ex situ xx, 11, 20, 271 National Centres 310 conservation 218, 221, 272, 275, 276, 277, 295, Regional Centres 310 296, 299, 300, 301, 302 Satellite Database conservationists 298, 302 Taxonomic Core extinct 285 Europe xiii, 53, 98, 118, 153, 163, 167, 169, 173, 192, extinction xix, 36, 38, 99, 255, 294 215, 222, 223, 224, 257, 267, 268 Central 169, 224, 310 Fabaceae and see also Leguminosae 48 Eastern 192, 215, 224, 310 families 38, 40, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 98, 112, northern 310 149, 150, 191, 223, 274, 276, 288 northwestern 215 delimitation 310 southern 310 flowering plant 45, 46, 50, 131, 134 Western 99, 222, 224, 260 monogeneric 55, 56 European Bioinformatics Institute 237, 238 monotypic 56 European Commission xii, 168, 169, 305, 308 families en groupe 48 European Environment Agency xv, 165 families par enshrinement 48

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family 7, 46, 48, 49, 101, 263, 300 Flora Malesiana 132 level 50, 53 Flora Neotropica 132, 147, 148, 149 Family Planning Committee 57 Flora of China 230 family richness Flora of Cyprus 180, 181 sorts 300 Flora of Egypt 181 farmers 165 Flora of Europe 306, 307, 308 farming Flora of Libya 181 organic 165 Flora of Macovenesia 309, 310 sustainable and extensive systems 165 Flora of Tropical East Africa 132 Farrell, Lynne 218 Flora of Turkey xi, 181 fauna 157 Flora Palestina 181 Fauna Europaea 312 floras (vegetation) 283 Faunas 130, 143 Floras (books) 15, 46, 47, 53, 96, 97, 130, 143, 179, Faurea 117 180, 181, 209, 274, 275, 279, 295, 296, 297, Fauria 117 298, 299 features, characteristic 217 local 132, 208 chemical 198 standard 309, 310 macromorphological 243 tree 148 morphological 142, 198 tropical 132 vegetative 132 Flore pratique du Maroc 181 Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 134 floristic diversity 97 ferns 194, 213 floristics xiii filmy 247 Florulas 132, 134 fertilisers, chemical 165 Flowering Plants of the World 311 field guides 25, 130, 131, 132 flowering time 218 CD ROMs 130, 299, 300 flowers 132, 191, 198, 212, 224 illustrated 130, 131, 132 folk taxonomies 4, 48 Field Guides to the Rattans of Lao PDR 234 food 196, 275, 284 Field Museum, Chicago forecasts, economic development 232 fieldwork 7, 8, 14, 38, 134, 218, 229, 247, 272, 275, forest 300, 313 areas 232 experience 300 cover 232 opportunities 300 loss 228 finches 205 Malaysian 232 fingerprinting 197 reserves 132 DNA 38, 237, 243, 244, 245, 250 foresters 130, 231, 234 fingerprints 191, 244, 249 forestry 130, 270 chemical 197, 198 authorities 232 DNA 197, 236, 245, 250 forests 210, 229, 232, 284 Finland 165, 311 forma 46 fisheries 9 Fosberg, Ray 116 Fitch 207 fossil, living 7 Flacourtiaceae 56 fossil plants 103, 109, 110, 113, 243 flagellates 103 Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Flanders Marine Research Institute, Oostende 312 Tradition, Bangalore 283 flavonoids xvi, 38, 194, 195, 199 fragmentation 9 Flora de l’Afrique du Nord 181 fragments, biological 236, 244, 251 Flora Europaea 15, 53, 96, 97, 98, 131, 169, 180, framework 308, 310 181, 222, 223, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, France 33, 163, 166, 174, 178, 183, 230 311 French Guiana, Central 132 authors 306 fruiting time 218 Editorial Committee 306, 307 fruits 198, 212 Editors 306 Fumariaceae 56 ‘Green Book’ 306 functions, ecological 194 Organisation 307, 310 funding 21, 137 Regional advisors 306, 307, 310 fungi 103, 109, 113, 114 royalty payments 307 fungicides 192 Secretariat 306 Funk, Vicki 58 Symposia 306, 307 Fusarium 247 Trust Fund 307, 308 fuzzy continuum 207 Flora iberica 96, 97, 98, 311 logic 207

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Galanthus 261, 311 Gentry, Alwyn 150 elwesii 114 genus 7, 46, 101, 263, 288, 306 Galapagos Islands 205 concept 5 game 224 geophytes 260, 261 gametophyte 247 Georgia, Atlanta Botanic Garden 285 gap analysis 154 Geraniaceae 311 Garden of Eden 266 Geranium 311 gardeners 46, 260, 266 German Technical Cooperation 283 gardening 266, 269, 270, 272 Germany 118 gardens 266 germplasm 302 medicinal plant 134 Ghiselin, M. T. 209 GBIF see Global Biodiversity Information Facility giraffe 157 GEF see Global Environment Facility GIS 8, 14, 296 Geltman, Dmitry glaciers 169 Genbank, USA 237, 238 Global Biodiversity Assessment 9 gender 113 Global Biodiversity Information Facility 23, 26, 313 genealogy 142 global change genebanks 276, 278, 279 Global Environment Facility 24, 25, 26, 283 gene flow 222, 243 Global Partnership for Plant Conservation xvii genera 5, 38, 48, 53, 54, 56, 57, 149, 169, 236, 249, Global Plant Conservation Strategy ix, 11 274, 300, 307 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 10, 16, 18, 20, apomictic 213 23, 24, 26, 167, 267, 270, 271, 272, 274, 277, critical 213 279, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 301, 313 Cruciferae 53 Global Taxonomy Initiative xiv, 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, Genera plantarum, Bentham & Hooker 49 23, 24, 25, 26 General Committee for Botanical Nomenclature 102 global warming 270 generic concepts 34 glossaries, interactive 234 genes 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, governments 271 151, 152, 156, 193, 194 British 213 divergence 194 departments 262 duplication 194 Dutch 261 evolution 143 Irish 213 exchange 207 ministries 259 rbcL 193 Gramineae and see also Poaceae 48, 56 genetic Gran Canaria ix analysis 247 Declaration ix composition 38 grants 134, 305 differences 38, 144 graphics 41 discontinuities 244 grass 216 divergence 38, 195, 236, 238 grassland diversity 197, 198, 236, 239, 244, 245, 246, 247, amenity 223 249, 269 limestone 166 diversity loss 210 Grayer, Ren´ee J. xii, 191 engineering 31 grazing 165 erosion 166 cattle 196, 281 knowledge 225 Great Britain 148, 156, 157, 212, 214, 223, 224, 225, principles 245 230 resources 9, 20, 162 Greece 165, 169, 178, 179, 183, 311 richness 145, 151 Greeks, Ancient 33 similarities 38 greenhouses 136 stasis 294 Green Plant Phylogeny Group 239 studies 218 Greuter, Werner 105, 108, 109 variants 222, 268 Grevillea genetically modified organisms 31 aquifolium 278 geneticists 163, 224 williamsonii 277, 278 genetics xvi, 35, 40 group family 48 Geneva 34 grouping 39 Genista 249 groups, mutually exclusive 207 genome 6, 15, 243 groves, sacred 268 genotypes 14, 197, 198, 245, 247, 276 growth forms 212 chemical 198 Guizhou, Hua Xi Botanic Garden 270, 271

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Guttiferae and see also Clusiaceae 48 specimens 5, 98, 217, 233, 244, 249, 250, 269, 281, Guyana 197 283, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300 Gymnosperms 113, 117, 194 photocopies of 296 tracing cited 217 habitats 20, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 173, 178, 195, studies 215, 275 223, 296 herbivores 191, 194 alpine 173 heritage, biological 40 associations 148 Her Majesty’s Customs and Excise 262, 264 biodiversity rich 223 Hetterscheid, W. L. A. 119 classification 169, 170, 173 Heupler, Hennig descriptions 170 Hey 206, 207, 209 destruction 9, 278 Heyne, L. 233 Directive xii, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 173, 174, Heywood, Professor Vernon H. v, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 222, 255 14, 15, 41, 45, 47, 131, 178, 179, 181, 189, fragmentation 269 206, 207, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 312, 313 grassland 222 Hieracium 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219 loss 192, 223, 275 asteridiophyllum 219 management 280 cillense 219 marine 170 cyathis 219 Palaearctic 170 hethlandiae 213 preservation 269 linguans 217 protection 162, 163, 165 Section Alpina 217 restoration 163, 221, 223, 225, 266, 269, 270, 280 snowdoniense 213, 214 semi-natural 221, 223 trinitatis 215 terrestrial 170 uiginskyense 216 types 163, 167 hierarchical systems 36 xerophytic 278 hierarchies 38, 46, 206 Hague, The 10 Himalayas 144 halting biodiversity decline 162 homonyms 110, 113, 116, 117 haplotyping, chloroplast DNA 247 homonymy 111, 116, 117 Harborne, Professor Jeffrey B. xii homoplasy 145 harvesting 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 284, 286 Hopkins, Michael 132 Hawaii 205 horticulture xvii, 130, 255, 270, 276, 284, 286 Amy B. H. Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden horticulturists 23, 130, 280 278 hotspots 7, 157, 158 National Tropical Botanical Gardens 285 diversity 156, 245, 268 Hawksworth, David L. 105, 109 rarity 155, 156, 157, 159 Hayata, B. 47, 48 richness 155, 156, 157 hay-making 224 selection 268 hay-meadows 224 House of Lords 130 healers, traditional Select Committee on Science and Technology 130 health care 283 Houston, Mrs. L 214 heathland 222 HSBC 26 Hegnauer 199 Hultgard, Ulla-Mai Helichrysum 113 human Helsinki 311 affairs 35 Hemigraphis 209 impacts 269, 270, 283 Hennig, Willi 49 resources 15 herbalists 4 welfare 268 herbaria 217, 230, 249, 264, 269, 283, 297, Humphries, Professor Christopher xii, 141, 311 300 Hungary 165 herbarium collections 14, 23, 106, 210, 214, 215, 216, hunting 267, 268 229, 296 Hutchinson, J. 34, 49 collections data 11, 14, 15, 20, 154, 216, 217, 219, Huxley, T. H. 45 298, 299 Hyacinthoides non-scripta 153 curation xi, 280 hybridization 32, 36, 212, 224, 225, 243, 244, 247, curator xiii 280 Kew 297 artificial 38 liaison officer 297 cryptic 236, 243 research 285 hybrids 277, 281 resources 213, 216, 281 Hydrangeaceae 57

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Hypericum perforatum 192 infrastructure 21 hypotheses 53, 206 insecticides 192 phylogenetic 239 insects 191, 192 species 206 attacks 192 in situ xx, 15, 20, 301 IAPT see International Association for Plant conservation 218, 221, 271, 272, 285, 301 Taxonomy conservationists 299 Iberian floristic diversity inspectors, animal health 263 Iberian Peninsula 96, 99, 245 Institute of Terrestrial Ecology xii ICMAP see International Council for Medicinal and Institutions, research 259, 261 Aromatic Plants Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Costa Rica identification 4, 20, 21, 31, 46, 47, 48, 131, 132, 177, instruction manuals 134 197, 198, 199, 212, 213, 214, 216, 218, 221, instruments, statutory 167 225, 231, 233, 234, 244, 261, 264, 265, 275, insular conditions 205 276, 277, 281, 282, 283, 286, 288, 290, 296, ecosystems 210 297, 300, 313 endemics 210 aids 296, 299 intellectual property rights 26 correct 232, 233, 280, 294, 297 interfertility 209 electronic 234 International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in errors 217 Conservation 276 expert 217, 218 Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies expertise 300 102 field 294, 296, 297, 299 Association for Plant Taxonomy 102, 103, 104, guides 25, 216, 299, 300 105, 108, 110, 118 interactive 234 Association for Vegetation Scientists 173 keys 41, 132, 216, 234, 265, 281, 289, 296, 299 International Botanical Congress x, 49, 57, 101, 102, plant 46, 223, 247, 275, 285 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, tools 294, 296 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 122 ILDIS 307 Amsterdam, 1935 123 illegitimacy of names 116 Berlin, 1987 114, 116, 128 illnesses Edinburgh, 1964 106, 126 illustrations 216, 234, 296 General Assembly 103 images, plant 296 Leningrad, 1975 114, 127 Imlac 205 Montreal, 1959 125 impact, anthropogenic 267 Nomenclature Section 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, Important Plant Areas 167 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 118 INBIO 135 Bureau of Nomenclature 105, 106, 109 Index Kewensis 7, 41, 135, 308 card vote 107 India 198, 230, 283 Committee for Bryophyta 111 indicator groups 146, 148, 149 Committee for Spermatophyta x, 111, 115, 117, relationships 148, 296 118, 119 indigenous peoples 21, 26 Editorial Committee 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, individuals 205 116 Indochina 229, 230, 234 General Committee 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, Indonesia 210 116, 118, 120 industrial revolution 267 institutional votes 105, 107 industry 233 mail vote 105 pharmaceutical 196 Names in Current Use 106, 109, 112, 113, 168 infections, fungal 192 Nominating Committee 110 inferences 47 Permanent Committees 109, 110, 111, 112, informatics 46, 134 115 information and see also data 231 President 105, 106, 107 background 217 Rapporteurs 104, 105, 106 Centre, Brazil 134, 135 Rapporteur-G´en´eral 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, difference 146 110, 111, 118, 120 exchange 20, 218 Recorder 105, 106, 108 genealogical 146 Reports on Botanical Nomenclature 108 phylogenetic 143, 146 Special Committees 109, 111, 112: Effective retrieval 34, 35, 36 Publication 111; Electronic Publishing 111; storage 35, 36 Generic Typifications 111; Nomenclatural systems, species orientated 205, 206 Codes 111; Suprageneric Names 111

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Standing Committees 106, 109, 112 Ireland 165 Vice-Rapporteur 104, 105, 106, 108 Iridaceae 296 Paris, 1954 125, 306 iridoids 194, 195 Seattle, 1969 207 Irish Plant Red Book xiv St Louis, 2000 107, 108, 109, 111, 118, 129 islands 205, 208 Stockholm, 1950 122, 124 ecosystems 205 Sydney, 1981 114, 127, 275, 288 floras xvii Tokyo, 1993 112, 114, 117, 128 geographical isolation 205 Utrecht, 1948 124 Isoetes 170 Vienna, 2005 104, 106, 108, 113 isolating mechanisms 38 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 101, isolation 205 102, 103, 104, 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, reproductive 38, 207, 209, 215 116, 117, 118, 120, 122, 206, 207, 281 isoprenoid precursors 195 Articles 104, 105, 106, 112 isoprenyl units 194 authority 102, 103 isozymes 38 Berlin Code, 1998 113, 128 Israel 178, 183 changing the rules 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110 ISSR 237, 250 Edinburgh Code, 1966 108, 126 Istanbul 260 Leningrad Code, 1987 127 Italy 33, 169, 178, 183, 308 Montreal Code, 1961 112, 125 Emilia-Romagna region 166 Paris Code, 1956 125 ITESM-Campus Quer´etaro 278 rules 101, 102, 122, 263, 281 IUCN 182 St Louis Code 101, 105, 108, 113, 129 Cycad Specialist Group 278 Seattle Code, 1972 126 Red List of Threatened Plants xix, 98, 182, 277 Stockholm Code, 1950 119, 122, 124 Reintroduction Group 221 Sydney Code, 1983 114, 127 Species Survival Commission 279 Tokyo Code, 1994 128 threat categories 210, 213, 219 Vienna Code 49 World Conservation Congress 167 International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria 103 Iwokrama International Centre, Guyana 197 International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants 103, 120 Jade Dragon Field Station ix Editorial Committee 119 Japan 118 International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 103 Jard´ın Bot´anicoViera y Clavijo ix International Cosmos Prize xv, 5, 6, 7, 20, 283 jobs 196 International Council for Medicinal and Aromatic Johannesburg 2002 10, 162 Plants 178 Johnson, Dr Christopher B. xiii, 177 International Diploma Course in Botanic Garden Johnson, Samuel 205 Education xvii Jordan 167 international perspective 4, 10 journalism 225 International Plant Names Index 8, 135 journals 234, 237 International Transfer Format 282 phytochemical 199 International Union of Biological Sciences 102, 116, Juncaceae 98 118 Jury, Dr Stephen L. 305, 308 Commission for Cultivated Plants 120 Jussieu International Working Group on Taxonomic Antoine Lauren 34 Databases 183 Genera Plantarum 34 Standards 183 Bernard de 34 internet xiii, 23, 40, 41, 130, 134, 135 Internet Editor 311 Karoo flora 296 internet key 135 Kashmir 144 interpretation manual 173 Kay, Dr Q. O. N. 280 evolutionary 39 Kenya 247 Inter-SSR 197 Kerala, Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary 288 intersterility 209 Keuken, Wil 107, 108, 109, 111, 118, 129 Introduction to Vertebrates 50 Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens x, 8, 14, 54, 57, 134, introgression 250 146, 229, 250, 264, 279, 283, 288, 294, 298 inventories xvi, 14, 20, 22, 23, 24, 31, 40, 42, 166, Seed Bank 302 209, 232, 233, 234, 270, 299 Seed Conservation Department 302 of wild resources 232 Kiev 162 IPAs see Important Plant Areas Kidney-vetch 224 Iran 247 kingdoms 236, 244, 251

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Kokia drynarioides 278 life forms 40 Korthalsia 232 Lifemapper Project 270 Kunming Institute of Botany, China 55, 270, 271, Lijiang Botanic Garden, China xiv, 270, 271 305 Liliaceae 56, 311 Kuntze, Otto 113 Limonium 214 Linares, Edelmira 289 Labiatae and see also Lamiaceae 48, 55, 56, 275 Lindley, John 56 laboratory 218 lineages 236, 238, 241 Lady’s Slipper Orchid 14 bifurcation of 50, 51 Lamiaceae and see also Labiatae xii, 48, 199 isolated 8 land rate of establishment 236 access 267 Linnaeus, Carl 5, 33, 47, 48, 102, 122, 229 agencies 221 Sexual System 33 agricultural 165 Linnean Society of London xiii, 130, 307, 308 development 284 lion 157 grazing 165 literature 8, 214, 217, 225 management 267 resources 213, 216 managers 15, 46 litigation 155 races 166 Litorella 170 restoration 223 Litorelletalia uniflorae 170 use 155, 156, 165, 232 Litorelletea uniflorae 170 waste 223 liverworts 194 LandSat images living world 41 landscapes 165, 210, 223, 224 Lobelia dortmana 170 agricultural 241, 268 locality information 216, 295 changes 142, 152 Loganiaceae 200 protected 163 Lois de la Nomenclature botanique by de urban 268 Candolle 102 landscaping 223, 224 Long Xi Reserve, China 271 Lanjouw, J. 108, 122, 124 Lotus corniculatus 224 Lao PDR 230 Lovejoy, Thomas 41 Lardizabalaceae 249 Low, Hugh 229 Las Cuevas Research Station ix Luce˜no, M. 99 Latin diagnoses 123 lumpers 206 Launaea 311 lumping 206 lava fields 169 Luteyn, Jim 135 lawns 222 Luzon 231 laws, plant protection 283, 284 lynx 267 lawyers 173, 174 Leadlay, Dr Etelka A. xiii, 274 Mabberley, David 54 leaflets 134 Macaronesia 279 leaves 38, 191, 198, 199, 224, 288 Macaronesian Seed Bank 279 Lebanon 178, 183 machines, computing 39 Lecythidaceae 147 Madagascar 7, 156, 210, 299 legal requirements 222 Periwinkle 192 legislation 21, 164, 174, 209, 210, 255, 256, 278 Madeira 279 legitimacy 113 Madrid 55, 270, 271, 305 legumes 165, 224, 307 Real Jard´ınBot´anicox Leguminosae and see also Fabaceae 48, 299, 307 Magnol, Pierre 48 Lemna 212 magnolias 49 lemurs 156 Mairie de Paris 288 leopard 157 majorana 180 Leslie, Alan C. 120 Malaysia, East 231, 233 Leucanthemum vulgare 224 Peninsular 228, 231, 232, 233 Leucojum 311 Forestry Department 232 leukaemia 199 Malta 178, 183, 310 Levant 180 Malvaceae 55 library, botanical 118, 134, 135, 283 Malvales 55, 56 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 118 mammals 267 Libya 308, 310 management Licania 132 field 209 licences 284 plans 165

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schemes 165, 285 Medusa database 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 187, 189, scientific 221 313 sustainable 228 Melbourne, Royal Botanic Gardens 277 Manila 231, 232, 233 Melchior, H. 53, 55, 56 manufacture 229 Menyanthaceae 117 mapping 159, 213 Merril, E. D. 231 maps 148, 152 Mesembryanthemaceae 296 digital 148 metabolism, secondary 194 distribution 152 metabolites 191, 200 surrogate 150 secondary 191, 193 taxic 150 metals, heavy 222 markers, chemotaxonomic meteorite 36, 101 fluorescent 247 methods, analytic 47 molecular 236, 247, 250, 251 chemical 198 marketing 229 chemotaxonomic 199 Mars 36 cladistic 49, 51 mass spectrometry 197 complementarity 157 Massachusetts 118 mathematical 49 material molecular 199 exported 199 morphological 199 fragments 237 natural 48 herbal 198 phylogenetic 47, 49, 50 source 222, 232 quantitative 155, 159 matrix, data 39, 156, 158 statistical 51 Maunder, Dr Michael 244, 249 surrogate 142 Mayr, E. 208 synthetic 47, 48 McCosh, David 215 traditional 52 McDade, L. A. 209 5-methoxyhydnocarpin 188 McDonnell, R. 216 Mexican Association of Botanic Gardens 278 McGough, Noel xiii, 255, 261 People’s Institute 289 McNeill, John 106, 109, 120, 124 Mexico 22, 135, 270, 278, 289 McVaugh 118 Meyers, Norman 157 meadows 166 Miami, Montgomery Botanical Center 278 measurement, levels of 159 microenvironment 7 measures micro-evolutionary processes 31 agri-environment 165 micromolecules 192 biodiversity 154 micro-organisms 37, 191, 194 cladistic diversity 146 microscopes 38, 213 conservation 173 Middle Ages 33 continuous 152, 153 East 308, 310 discontinuous 152, 153, 157 migration 38, 243, 269 diversity 159 Millennium Commission 297, 302 molecular 236 Development Goals xx phylogenetic 144, 245 Seed Bank, Wakehurst Place 11, 279, 294, 296, surrogate 151 297, 299, 300, 302 taxonomic diversity 144, 146 millstone grit 218 M´edail, F. 246 Mindoro 231 Med-Checklist 96, 169, 180, 181, 309, 310, 311, Mirbel 48, 49 312 Mirto di Sardegna 308 Medicago Missouri 118 lupulina 224 Botanical Garden 8, 23, 135 sativa 243 mitochondria 35 medicinal plants 33, 134 moas 244 medicine 184, 187, 192, 196, 198, 275, 284, 286 models 145 anticancer 196 biology 207 cheaper 200 cladogenetic 145 herbal 198 empirical 145 traditional Chinese 192, 198 evolutionary 143, 145 Mediterranean 164, 170, 177, 178, 179, 180, 223, sample 145, 146 245, 247, 313 Monanthes 206 Mediterranean Agronomical Institute of Chania, monitoring xv, 10, 20, 23, 162, 218, 219, 225, 277, Crete xiii, xvi, 177, 178, 313 280, 283, 285

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monocotyledons 48 trade 233 petaloid 296 vernacular 174, 231, 232, 275, 283, 288, 296 monographers 209 naming 4, 5, 33, 100, 206, 238, 263, 288, 297, 300 monographic studies 98, 209 NAPRALERT see Dictionary of Natural Products and monographs 26, 46, 47, 130, 132, 135, 207, 274, 275, Natural Product Alert 279, 281, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299 National Biodiversity Action Plans 22 monophyletic group 50, 151 National Biodiversity Strategy 20, 22 monophyly 36, 37, 50 National Botanic Garden of Wales 214 monospecific 56 National Botanical Institute, South Africa 278 monoterpenoids 180, 194 National Centre of Biotechnology Information 238 Moore, Janet 50, 51, 52 National Focal Points 18, 19 moorland, heather 166 forest inventories 232 Morocco xiii, 178, 182, 183, 246 Information System on Biodiversity 22 morphological delimitation 207 Museums and Galleries of Wales, Cardiff xv, 214 differences 209 Museum of Natural History, Paris xv differentiation 209 national habitats 33, 38 discontinuities 209 National History Museum, London xii, 11, 142, 159, features 48, 209 308 morphology 6, 38, 39, 49 national strategies 21 morphotypes 212 native mosses 194 plants moths 168 taxa motorways 224 Natura 164, 168, 209 mountains 285 natural Mount Annan Botanic Garden, Australia 285 orders 48, 49 Mount Cameroon 283 products 177, 187, 188 Moylan, E. C. 209 selection 34, 205, 225, 268 M.Sc. in Plant Diversity xiv systems 48 Mueller-Dombois 205, 208 world, the 47 multidrug resistance pumps 188 naturalists, amateur 299 museums 131, 264, 270 nature 207, 208, 266, 267 mushrooms, wild 284 Nature [journal] 313 Mustard, M. J. 261 Naxi ethnic minority 271 mutation rate 52 Neotropics x mutations 35, 38 Nephrophyllidium 117 mycology 102 Netherlands 312 Myoporaceae 97 National Herbarium 135 mythology 177, 187, 189 networking 279 networks 305 names 36, 98, 101, 103, 116, 117, 178, 179, 180, New Guinea 210 181, 206, 214, 217, 231, 263, 295, 300, 307, New York 118 309 Botanical Garden, Herbarium 8, 135 accepted 181, 281, 282 New Zealand 205, 244 alternative 49 NGOs 22, 258, 262 as reference tool 275 Nicolson, Dan 116, 120, 122 binomial 263 Nolina 278 conservation 101, 102, 103, 110, 111, 112, 113, Nomenclaturalists 101, 116 114, 115, 116 nomenclature x, xiii, 4, 31, 34, 40, 102, 256, 263, 281, correct 101, 184, 214, 219, 256, 281, 282, 283 311 generic 113, 114 botanical 101, 102, 103, 112, 122, 178, 179, 184, heterotypic 116 233 illegitimate 113, 116 hierarchy 206 local 230 problems 216, 230 manuscript 233 rules 101, 102, 122, 263, 281 new 230, 281 standardised 180 rejected 114 stability 101, 112 rejection 101, 102, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, nomina utique rejicienda 114 116 Nong Nooch Tropical Garden, Thailand 278 scientific 179, 219, 229, 231, 232, 234, 263, 281, non-taxonomists 234, 299 283 Norma official Mexicana 278 specific 113 North Africa 180 standardising 179 North America 5, 118, 223, 239

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North Sulawesi 229, 230 palynology ix Northern Ireland 166 Panama, Barro Colorado 132 Norway 165 Pandora 308, 311 Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie 181 Pan-European Initiative in Plant Systematics 308 Nouvelle flore de l’Algerie 181 Pankhurst, Dr Richard 308, 309, 310 novelties, horticultural 5 Panopsis 147 nucleotides 52 Papaveraceae 56 Nucleotides Sequence Database Collaboration 237 Papua New Guinea 198 nurseries, medicinal plant 283 paradigm for taxonomy 45 parahomonyms 116 Oaxaca 289 parallelism 51 objects, inanimate 34 paranyms 116 observation 206, 289 parataxonomists 40 observer bias 218 Paris 34, 288, 305 Occan’s razor 51 caf´e306 Oceania 257 Royal Botanic Garden 34 Official Journal 168 parks oils, essential 194 landscape 170, 224 Olea europaea 245, 247 national 40, 163, 268 subsp. cuspidate 247 regional 163 subsp. europaea 246 Parks Victoria 278 subsp. guanchica 247 parsimony 50, 51, 52 subsp. laperrinei 246 Parties to the CBD 18, 24, 255, 256, 257 subsp. maroccana 247 Partnership Against Wildlife Crime (PAW) 262 olives 245, 247 pasture 166 on-line 8 Paterson, David S. xiv, 266, 268 Ono, M. 209 pathways Opera utique oppressa 117 acetate/malonate 194 ORACLE 308 biosynthetic 194 Orchidaceae 56, 296, 299 Paton, Alan xiv, 18 order beds 49 Patras 311 orders 46, 49, 191 patterns Ordines naturales 48, 49 banding 250 Ordo 49 branching 39 oregano 180 genealogical 146 Oregon Gap Analysis Project 159 geographical 148, 213 organisms 218 PCR 6, 8, 237, 247, 250 disease 268 Pelargonium 241 non-speciating 205 Section Horaea 241 self-perpetuating 209 people, local 131, 132 Origanum 180 permits, systems of 256 dubium 180 Perpignan 305 majorana 180 Perth, Australia, Kingo Park Botanic Garden 284 origins, evolutionary 275 Peru, Iquitos Biological Reserves 132 life 36 pesticides 165, 196 species 5 pests 195, 268 ornamentals 198 agricultural 168 Oryza sativa 243 insect 191 OSPAR 164, 165 petal colour 37 outgroup 51 pharmacies 192 analysis 51 phenetics 39, 47 over-harvesting 9, 192, 198, 199, 228 phenology 209, 295, 296 Overseas Development Administration 283 phenylalamine 194 overviews 15 Philippines 118, 209, 230, 231 owners, private 221 Phoenix, Desert Botanical Garden 278 Oxford 216 photographs 216, 217 phyletics 39 Palawan 229, 231, 232 PhyloCode 40, 53, 57 Palermo 308, 310, 312 phylogenetic diagrams 39 Palmae and see also Arecaceae 48, 117 history 35 subfamily Calamoideae 228 molecular 237 palms xii, 228, 230 principles 34, 48

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phylogenetic diagrams (cont.) interest in 136, 137 species concept 208 living 5, 274, 276 trees 35, 238, 241, 243 medicinal 187, 192, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 277, phylogenetics 7, 11, 47, 48, 49, 50 279, 283, 289 phylogenies 6, 7, 32, 35, 46, 52, 53, 208, 239, 241 native 223, 224, 225, 278, 284 molecular xi, 237, 238, 241, 250 Pitcher 281, 282 nodes 243 protection 162 phylogenists 57 provenance phylogeny 39, 46, 239, 250 public relevance 275 phylograms 35, 39 rare 221 physicians 33 reintroduction 225 PHYSIS Database rigorously identified 221 phytochemistry xvi, 6, 191, 305 succulent 278 phytosociologists 170, 224 terrestrial 194, 195 phytosociology 169, 173 threats to 301 Pichi Sermolli, R. E. G. 118 transplant 225 pigments, photosynthetic 193 tropical 130 place of publication utilisation 301 planning data 296 vascular 98, 100, 166, 276, 278, 279 permission 284 wild 261 plans, management 163, 283 plasticity 38 plant Pleasants, Laura xiv, 3 hunters 56 Pliny the Elder 33 introductions 9 Natural History 33 kingdom 193, 195, 199 Poa annua 222 movement around world 5 Poaceae and see also Gramineae 49 recording 213 poet 205 plant records 217, 282 poisons 187 plant biodiversity xix Poland 165, 267 blindness 135 Polemoniaceae 113 development xiii police 262, 263, 264 evolution policy processes 255 exploration 49 political extracts 187, 188, 198 correctness 225 Plant Crib, The xv jargon 100 Plant Finder, The 46 politicians 154 Plant Life International ix, 167 politics 225 Plant Science Bulletin 135 pollen grains, structure 38 Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach by Judd, pollination 40 Campbell, Kellogg & Stevens 50 syndromes 39 Plant Talk ix pollinators 209, 210 Planta Europa 167 pollution 9 Plantaginaceae 56 polygene complexes 224, 225 Plantas do Nordeste (PNE) 134 Polygonaceae 288 plantations 232 polymerase chain reaction see PCR planting, amenity 225 polyphyly 37 schemes 224 populations 7, 8, 31, 38, 96, 99, 197, 221, 222, 238, plants 249, 256, 275, 278 aquatic 198 alien 225 annual 222 behaviour 209 aromatic 192, 195, 198 changes 219 catkin-bearing 49 counts 218 critical vascular 212, 213, 217 fluctuations 209 crop 142 genetically relict 223 cultivated 46, 50, 103, 275 genetics 8, 14, 209 desert 285 growth of human 267 deciduous 296 healthy 268 economic importance 136, 177 human 141 exhibitions 136 island 205 exploitation 177, 178 isolation 210 flowering 213, 237, 238, 243 native 224, 225 green 239 natural 222, 225

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phenomena 31 Provence 174 race 221 Prunus Africana 192 size 209, 217 Pteridophyta 109, 113, 118 species 221 publications 136 studies 38 popular 131, 135 subspecies 217 secondary 130 surveying 221 Pugsley 216 threatened-plant punctuated equilibria 51 Welsh 215 Pyrus communis 244 wild-plant 221, 224, 271, 284, 301 cordata 245 Portugal 96, 178, 183, 222 Portuguese 131, 134 quality of life 134 Potamogetonaceae 98 poverty alleviation 162 race 222 Prance, Professor Sir Ghillean T. xv, 130 radiographs 237 predators 210 radioisotopes 237 predictability 35, 36, 46, 57, 275 radio programmes 134 predictions 47, 51, 53, 149 Raimondo, Professor Francesco-Maria 308 pre-Linnean period 47, 48 rain forests, primary 195, 196 primers 247, 250 Ramsar sites 164, 285 primitive condition 51, 52 range size 152, 153, 157 Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy v, 4, 5, 6, rank inflation 55, 56 206 ranking 38, 39 priority action 154 Ranunculaceae xi, 48, 239 Prismatocarpus 113 Ranunculus auricomus 214 procaryotes 41 RAPDs 197, 198, 199, 237, 241, 244, 246, 250 processes, biogeographic 35 rarity 152, 153, 158, 295, 296 decision-making 258 density 152 Prodromus range-size 152, 153 by de Candolle 34 rates by Willkomm & Lange 96, 97 biological change 243 production, agricultural 178 of growth 231 productivity estimates 151 unsustainable 231 products rattans 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234 forest 228 industry 229 natural 196 Raus, Thomas pharmaceutical 192 Raven, Peter 41 plant 188, 196, 284 Ray, John 33 secondary xiii, 35, 38, 178, 188, 194 rbcL 241, 243 useful 196 RCP 305 projects 137, 229, 271 Reading 305, 306, 308 floristic 238 recognition, academic 131 research 271, 305 recombination 38, 52 Project Sisyphus 308 reconstructions, phylogenetic 243 propagation 260, 278 recovery programme 14, 221, 223, 225, 271, 272, methods 279, 282 277 properties Red Data Books 182, 271 bending 234 red list assessments 299 essential oils 198 red lists 98, 166, 206, 209, 298 general 205 redundancy tests 158, 159 medicinal plant 192, 198 redwood, giant 142, 167 proposals to conserve or reject names 112, 114, 115, reference systems 46, 47, 53, 57 117, 118 reforestation programmes 22 Proteaceae 117, 147 regeneration 210, 223 protection, future 157 regions nature 163, 268 biogeographic 167, 169 systems 163 geographical 300 protista 41 registration 41 protocols xv, 5, 6, 7, 20, 283 Regnum Vegetabile 108, 119 cultivation 279, 280 reidentifications 217 germination 279 reintroduction 14, 221, 222, 223, 271, 276, 280, 283, propagation 279 285

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336 Index

Rejdali, Professor Mohamed Rodrigues 207 related 57 Romania 163 relationships 4, 33, 34, 35, 38, 40, 52, 141, 148, 151, Romans 33 251, 275 Rome, Fall of 33 evolutionary 47 Roots xvii, 198, 249 genealogical 143, 144, 145 Rosa 212, 214 national 148 Rosaceae 48 patterns of 35, 36, 50, 275 rosettes, vegetative 218 phylogenetic 239, 250 Royal Forestry Society xiv predictive 150 Royal Horticultural Society’s New Dictionary of relatives Gardening 46 close 35 Royal Society 10 wild 246, 275, 277, 279, 286, 311 Royal Society Aldabra Research Station ix remains, biological 247 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences remote sensing xvi, 31, 102, 209 Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens 288 Renaissance 33 Rubiaceae 200, 299 reproductive behaviour 40 Rubus 212, 213, 214, 217 system 38 Rules, Vienna 114 research 163, 206, 222, 228, 229, 233, 234, 274, 281 Russell, Bertrand 207 ecological 221 Russia 118, 284 genetic 224 groups 305 Sabah 229, 231 pharmaceutical 196 sabinine 180 systematic 241 SABONET 23, 25, 26, 49, 102, 182, 213, 214, 216, researchers 234 222, 230, 265, 300, 307 Research Infrastructures Programme 308, 310 Sage, Greek 181 Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke Saint John’s Wort 192 reserve scheme 155 Saint Petersburg, Komarov Botanical Institute 284 reserves Salicaceae 56 biosphere 40 Salicornia 212, 214 boundary limits 152 Salvia nature 163, 267 fruticosa 181 selection 154 triloba 181 resources 307 samples 218 maintenance of biological 268 sampling Mediterranean plant 177 destructive 237, 249 natural 163, 177, 178, 229 effort 148 research 267 methods 218 restoration activities 14 sand stabilisation 285 ecological 224, 274 Sanguisorba minor 224 programmes 221, 223, 270, 272, 277, 278, 285 Santo Domingo Historical Ethnobotanical Garden 289 results, scientific 231 Sapindus 113 Revisio Generum Plantarum by O. Kuntze 113 satellites RFLP 246 micro- 237 Rhodes 168 mini- 237 Rhododendrons 270, 271 Saxifragaceae 56, 57 Rhododendron SBSTTA see Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical balangense 271 and Technological Advice calophytum 271 science 3, 10, 14, 45, 206, 305 davidii 271 botanical 307 ponticum 222 forensic 247 subsp. baeticum 222 plant 228, 230 subsp. ponticum 222 plant diversity 5, 7, 8, 9 zheguoense 271 popularising 131 ribosomal RNA, gene coding 52 whole-plant Rich, Dr Tim xv, 216 scientific authorities Richard, Dr Dominique 162 discovery 5 Rickett, H. W. 118, 134, 135, 283 scientists 8, 225, 241, 260, 261, 302 Rio de Janeiro 9, 10, 14 academic 15 RNA sequences 37, 41 Sclerocactus spinosior subsp. blainei 256 roads 223 Scotland 217, 267, 268

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Scottish Highlands xii of special scientific interest 166, 268 screening, pharmaceutical 280 primer 250 seco-iridoid 200 restriction 250 secologanin 200 surveying 284, 285 sections 112 skills sedimentation 165 horticultural 284 seeds 218, 283, 297 plant identification 296, 299 agricultural 224 practical 272, 276, 285, 301 alien 223, 224, 225 Skoula, Dr Melpomeni xvi, 177, 178 banking 294, 295, 297, 300, 301, 302 slides, 35 mm 132 benefits 301 Slovakia 165 history 301 Smith, Paul P. xvi, 294 rationale 301 smuggling 247, 261 banks 11, 276, 279, 294, 297, 301, 302 prosecutions 261, 262 crops 301 Sneath, Professor Peter 6 research resource 301 Snowdrops 261 wild 301 society 45 characteristics 301 Sofia 309, 310 collecting expeditions soil organisms 40, 41 commercial mixtures 224 Sokal 6 native wildflower 223, 224, 225, 300 Sokhansanj 207 orthodox 295 Solanum esculentum 243 rattan 232 Sophora toromiro 244, 249 reintroduction 225 Sorbonne 306 storage 14, 280 Sorbus 213, 214, 217, 218, 219 technologies 301 anglica 219 uncommon 295 leptophylla 219 viability 301 minima 219 selection 145, 207 porrigentiformis 219 criteria 295 rupicola 219 Sell, Peter D. 216, 218 sources sequence data 239, 244 alternative 199 divergence 236, 238 plant 200 genomic 236, 241, 243, 244 wild 228 sequencing 236, 237, 243 South Africa xi, 118, 296 serology 236 Cape Province 296 sesquiterpene lactones 195 Cape flora 241 sesquiterpenoid 194 South America 5, 148, 249 Sevilla 308, 309 Spain 96, 163, 178, 182, 183, 222, 305, 310 Sexual System, The 48 spatial scales 148 Seychelles, endemic plants 280 Spearman correlation coefficient 148 shared characteristics 206 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) 168 sharks 257 speciation 32, 36, 145, 205, 207, 208, 241 Shenzen, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden 278 active 205 shops, health food 192 island 208 shrubs 135 Species 2000 312 Sichuan, Hua Xi Botanic Garden 270, 271 Europa 312 Sicily 309, 310 species 7, 8, 11, 20, 31, 38, 40, 41, 46, 52, 56, 57, 96, sika 231, 232 97, 98, 100, 101, 114, 141, 149, 150, 152, 153, silica gel 247 155, 156, 157, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, Singapore 285 168, 169, 173, 174, 179, 180, 181, 189, 191, Botanic Garden 285 193, 195, 197, 198, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, single-currency approach 142, 243 212, 213, 215, 216, 221, 222, 223, 224, 229, sister group 51 233, 234, 236, 238, 241, 244, 247, 255, 256, site 260, 261, 267, 268, 270, 274, 276, 277, 294, managers 216, 218 295, 297, 298, 300, 301, 307 networks 163 alien 283 selection 166, 169 biological 206, 209, 210 sites 167, 168, 169, 217, 261 British 216 industrial 223 carnivorous plant 285 of community interest 166 CITES 257

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species (cont.) recognition and description 96, 100, 244 classical taxonomic 207 related closely related 197, 250 representation 157 common 198, 199 restricted distributed 98, 157, 241 composition 163 richness 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153, concepts 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 230, 236, 256, 156, 299 300 scarce 166 conservation 206, 286, 294 survival 209, 228 controversy 209 sympatric 233 correct 217 targeted 163, 216, 271, 295, 297, 298, 301 critically endangered 278 taxonomic 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 definitions 206, 209, 256 threatened 167, 182, 192, 193, 198, 200, 208, 210, delimitation 206, 207, 208, 209, 244 221, 255, 271, 272, 277, 278, 279, 280, 285, descriptions 296, 299 290, 295, 298, 300, 301 domesticated 301 toxic 198 economically important 300 type 113 endangered 193, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 261, 271, unidentified 229 278, 283, 295 utilitarian 295, 301 endemic 182, 183, 199, 268, 271, 279, 290, 295 vulnerable 295 establishment 243 weedy 275 extinct 192, 213, 236, 237, 244, 268 widespread 158, 222 fuzzy 207, 208, 210 wild 278, 279, 284 good 208 Species Plantarum 5, 47, 135 history 208 Project x in-breeding 212 Species Survival Commission Global Plant indicator 277 Conservation Programme 167 insectivorous 192 specimens 8, 21, 38, 214, 215, 217, 218 interactions 210 reference 281, 282 introduced 225 type 4, 7, 8, 114, 135, 229, 234 invasive xix, 20, 268, 270, 283, 284 voucher 214, 217, 233, 234, 281, 297, 300 island 206, 209 spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance 197 key 173 Spermatophyta 109, 112, 113, 118 known plant 277 splitters 206 level 163 splitting 56, 206, 207 limits 244 sporophyte 247 lists 96, 98, 209, 256, 263, 272, 277, 282 Sprague, M. L. 124 morphological 209 Sprague, T. L. 124 native 285, 295 18SrDNA 243 nature of 206 Sri Lanka 198, 199 new 98, 218, 230 SSSI see Site of Special Scientific Interest non-domesticated 301 Stace, Professor Clive A. 213 numbers 5, 7, 19, 150, 205 stamens 33 occurrence data 157 Stanley Smith Horticultural Trust xi outbreeding 212 States, Member 166, 168, 169 pattern-based concept 209 statistical phylogenetic 209 analysis 52 polymorphic 222 methods 35 potential value 196 tests 35 predatory 267 status preservation 96 Sternbergia 261 priority 168, 295, 296, 299 Stockholm Rules 122 production 208 street theatre 134 protected 198, 199, 255 Students’ Flora of Egypt 181 protection 268 students radiation 206, 241 Ph.D. 131 rank 215 university 131 rare 158, 159, 182, 195, 198, 199, 208, 213, 216, studies 217, 218, 221, 222, 247, 250, 251, 298, 300, academic 131 301 genomic 243 rarity 217 molecular 52 ‘real’ 212 Stuessy, Professor Tod F. xvi, 31, 102, 209

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subfamilies 46, 55, 57 systems subgenera 112 management 178 subjectivity 6 nomenclature 47 Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and record 281, 282 Technological Advice 19 web-based 313 subspecies 46, 97, 98, 101, 112, 182, 215, 222, 223, 224, 247, 256, 277 Takhtajan, Armen 34, 49, 54, 55 new 98 Takhtajania perrieri 7 substitution patterns 243 Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam 286 subtribe 55 Taraxacum 212, 213, 214, 219 succession, ecological 269 cherwellense 216 sugars 193 target organisms 148, 296 Sulawesi 233, 234 targets xiv, 10, 16, 20, 23, 24, 167, 272, 274, Sumatra 231 277, 279, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 297, superorder 195 313 suppressed publications 117 taxa 7, 31, 32, 37, 51, 159, 208, 216, 218, 237, 255, suprageneric groups 49 256, 257, 261, 262, 274, 275, 300 surrogacy scale 141 alien 224, 225 scheme 159 closely related 275 surrogates 148, 149, 151, 155, 156, 157, 159, critical 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 311 299 diversity 275 environmental 142 evaluation 219 survey area 152 evolution 288 surveys higher 141, 142, 149, 150, 156 chemosystematic 197, 199 infraspecific 212 ecological xvi isolated 239 field 215, 217, 218, 219, 229, 299 limits 236 historical 219 lists of threatened 277, 278 vegetation 134 name survival 40, 267, 294 native 214 suspension cultures 200 new 41, 98, 219 sustainability 4, 10, 11, 15, 41, 228, 255, 257, 260, rare 213, 217 266, 272, 274, 284, 285, 286, 301, 313 richness of higher 149 Sweden 118, 165 threatened 213, 277, 282 Switzerland 33, 34, 311 variability 275 Sydney 7 well-researched 277 Sydney, Royal Botanic Garden 285 Welsh 213, 214 Symposia taxol 192 Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae 305 Taxon [journal] 104, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, Cluj, Romania 307 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122 Flora Europaea, Cambridge 306 taxon, see taxa Vienna 306 taxonomic SynBioSys Project 173 accuracy 180 synergistic interactions 188 assessment 222 Synge, Hugh ix backbone 180 synonyms 49, 98, 113, 117, 173, 174, 181, 191, 214, barriers 23 282 base 234, 260 synonymy 170, 173, 216, 307 capacity 8, 25, 26, 263 syntaxa 170, 173 categories 222 synthesis 3, 5, 10, 14, 15 community 22, 101, 300, 313 Systema Naturae 48 consensus 53, 179, 300 systematics xiii, 4, 7, 32, 35, 134, 156, 159, 191, 209, coverage 149, 179 244, 249, 251, 288, 311 data 21, 25, 234, 297, 299, 313 biochemical 191 diversity 300 molecular 54, 236, 237, 239, 243, 247, 249, 251 evaluation 215, 297 perception and understanding 137 experience units 207 expertise 19, 20, 21, 23, 173, 221, 225, 258, 259, Systematics Association 130 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 274, 279, 280, 281, Systematics, The New 244 282, 283, 290, 296, 297, 299, 300 systematists 45, 49, 130, 135, 137, 207, 249, framework 238 299 generalists 300

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taxonomic (cont.) end-products 132 hierarchy 38, 206 European plant 307 hypotheses 36 folk 232 impediment xx, 8, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 40 funding 24, 25 infrastructure 305 history of 33, 34, 47, 53 institutions 207, 258, 260, 265, 299, 300, 302 in action 288 interpretations 173 intuitive 6, 7, 14, 34, 39, 51, 99, 191, 193, 194, 195, investigations 98 196, 205, 207, 243, 268, 269 jargon 299 local 233 journals 50 molecular 52, 53, 237 literature 41, 274, 275, 283, 286 numerical 6, 47 matters 105 plant 33, 35, 46, 50, 136, 162, 163, 164, 221, 225, method 234 289, 301 monographs 98, 234 relevance 135, 137 needs assessment 21 reliable 232, 233 opinions 215 role of 297 philosophy 179 scientific 233 practice 31, 37 stable 228 principles 31, 36, 37, 263 teaching 290 problems 98, 168, 169, 173, 212, 230 textbooks 131 process 47 unresolved species 163 products 276, 294, 295, 298, 299, 300 tax payers 3 projects 135 Taxus brevifolia 192 publications 46, 135 TDWG see International Working Group on rank 150, 215, 223 Taxonomic Databases reassessment 115 teachers 45, 135 research 20, 21, 25, 57, 137, 218, 224, 234, 272, training 289 274, 275, 277, 278 teaching 135, 286 revisions 46, 47, 168, 173, 174, 209, 257, 299, biological sciences 286 311 resource 288 skills 25, 173, 297, 300 taxonomy 274, 286 specialists 134, 256 university 288 stability 46, 300 teamworking 305 status 169, 182, 215, 222, 256, 277 techniques 197, 247 studies 97, 98, 100, 182, 229, 280, 285, 286 chemical 197, 198, 199 surveys 229 data-modelling 159 systems 57, 289 DNA-based 8, 198, 236, 237, 244, 250, 251 training 263 heuristic 159 treatments 15, 134, 212, 222, 223, 279, 298 hyphenated 197 units 47, 51, 53, 149 microsatellites 8, 250 validity 262 molecular 241, 262 taxonomies 229 rate-smoothing 243 taxonomists x, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 22, 23, 24, technologies 25, 26, 40, 41, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 103, 135, DNA 237 137, 162, 174, 179, 184, 199, 206, 207, 208, GIS 245 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 225, technology 228, 229, 234, 238, 255, 257, 258, 261, 264, change 236 265, 279, 280, 282, 286, 294, 295, 296, 297, transfer 20 298, 299, 300, 302, 306, 310, 311, 313 Tennant, D. J. 215, 217 herbarium-based 299, 300 terminology 234 roles 135 terpenoids 38, 194, 195 taxonomy 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, tetraploids 215 24, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, Thailand 230 45, 46, 53, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 130, 131, 135, thematic work programmes 21 136, 137, 141, 166, 167, 168, 169, 189, 205, Theophrastus 33 206, 208, 209, 217, 228, 229, 230, 231, 234, theories 34 255, 256, 261, 263, 264, 265, 274, 275, 277, phylogenetic 6 280, 285, 286, 288, 290, 294, 298, 300, 306 theses v, 131 accessibility 131 C Thompson-ISI Web of Knowledge 237 alpha 210 Thorn, Sweet 277 classical 179 Thorne, Robert 49

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threat 157 Tver University Botanic Garden 283 thresholds 152, 153 type timber 196, 257 locality 215, 216 time estimation 243 method 123 time-scales 50 tissue, culture 11, 276 Ukraine 165, 283 leaf 247 UK Flora Programme 279 tolerances, ecological 40 UK Science Research Council 305 tools 15, 25, 32, 135 Ulmus 212, 214 chemosystematic 197 glabra 241 Toumey 117 minor 241 tourism 268 plotii 241 tourists 196 ultracentrifugation 249 Tournefort, Josef Pitton de 4, 5, 33 Umbelliferae and see also Apiaceae xiii, 48, 56, 305 trade 228, 231, 232, 233, 255, 257, 260, 261, UNDP see United Nations Development Programme 284 UNEP see United Nations Environment Programme sustainable 233, 260, 261 UNESCO MAP Programme 164 traders, rattan 231 United Kingdom 156, 165, 173, 213, 225, 245, 261, tradition 177, 179, 187 262, 270, 302 training 216, 271, 300, 302 United Nations programmes 8, 11, 16, 20 Conference on Environment and Development 9, Transvaal Department of Nature and Environmental 162 Conservation 280 Development Programme 24 TreeBase 239 Environment Programme 9, 24, 182 Tree of Life 32 United States of America 136, 163, 241, 256, 263, trees 135, 145, 148, 196, 251, 277, 285, 288 270, 278 ancient 267 Fish and Wildlife Service 263 branching patterns 145 United States National Academy of Sciences commonest 134 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico 289 length 144 Botanic Garden 289 native 142 Universit`a di Palermo 308 ultrametric 236, 241 university 131 Trefoil, Bird’s-Foot 224 University Lesser 224 Bern 311 Trehane, Piers 120 Cambridge xvi trials Edinburgh ix commercial 231, 232 Glasgow ix cultivation 261, 282 Grenoble xv tribes 46, 55, 57, 112 Lancaster xv Trichomanes speciosum 247 Leicester xv, 306 Trifolium Liverpool x, 6, 47 dubium 224 Melbourne xii hybridum 224 Reading v, 305 pratense 224 Herbarium of repens 224 Southampton xiv Trinity College, Dublin 306 Vienna, Institute of Botany xvi Tripora divaricata 199 Uotila, Professor Pertti 311 Triticum aestivum 114 useful plants 33 Tropicos 135 users 183 tropics 7, 231 conservation 155 Old World 228 taxonomy 46, 47, 57, 130, 131, 132, 135, 137, 234, Trust for Nature, Victoria 278 255 tulipomania 260 uses 183, 184, 195, 228, 232, 233, 275, 286, 313 tulips 260 catalogue of 196 streaks 205 future 142, 152 Tunisia 178 medicinal 130, 179, 192 Tuomeya 117 plant 131, 134, 177, 179, 180, 196, 276, 288, 313 Turkey 178, 222, 260, 261 sustainable xv, xvi, 9, 19, 20, 24, 26, 131, 134, 135, Turpan Eremophyte Botanic Garden, China 136, 177, 178, 192, 196, 200, 276, 277, 278, 285 283, 286, 290 Tutin, Professor T. G. 306 USSR 310

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Utrecht 108 Wakehurst Place xvi Utricularia intermedia 213 Wallace, Alfred Russell 5 UV radiation 191, 193, 194 Walters, Dr S. Max xvi, 45, 306 Washington DC 118 Vald´es, Professor Benito 308 waters 36 Vane-Wright, Dick inland 284 variants oligotrophic 170 agricultural 224 Watson, James 15 alien 224, 225 WCMC 182 ecotypic 221, 222 Webb, Professor David A. 306 native 224 websites 135, 313 taxonomic 221, 277 weeds 224 wild 224 invasive 222 variation 4, 145, 166, 207, 218 weighting 152, 153 chemical 180 Welwitschia 113 cytological 222 wetlands 166, 223 ecological 229 Wetlands of International Importance 164 genetic 197, 213, 221, 222, 238, 245, 247, whales 257 249 Wickstrom, N. 243 geographical 222, 229 Wiersema, John H. 119 intraspecific 156, 225 Wigtown Bay, Galloway 267 morphological 99, 229 Wild Birds Directive 167 non-heritable 52 wild collected 200, 271 observer 218 wilderness 268, 269 origin of 31 wildfowling 267 pattern of 146, 222, 245 Wildlife and Countryside Act 166 phenotypic 222 wildlife preservation 268 polymorphic 215 Wildlife Service, Ireland xiv, 14 population Wilkins 207 sequence 247 Williams somoclonal 236 China xi, 18 species 223, 229, 238 Paul 160 taxonomic 99, 222 Willison, Julia xvii, 274 varieties 46, 97, 112, 165, 215, 223, 230 Willkomm & Lange 96 Vascular Plant Families and Genera 58 Wilson VAScular Tropicos 8, 23 E. O. 41, 268 vegetation Rupert G. classification 169 Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin xii history 269, 270 witness indigenous 151, 284 defence 262 mapping xvi expert 261 Verbenaceae 55, 56, 199 Wollemia nobilis 7 verges, road 224 Wollemi National Park 7 verification, review of 280 Wollemi Pine 7 vermin 267 wolves 267 Versailles, Petit Trianon 34 woodland 222, 223 vertebrates 159, 237 Woodsia ilvensis 270 Vetch, Common 224 works vicariance 209 phylogenetic 53 biogeography 51 scholarly 131 Vicia sativa 224 world 266, 269 videos 134 developing 131, 135 Vienna 49, 102 flora 10, 24, 34 Rules, 1906 122 Heritage Site 164 Vietnam 230, 286 natural 266 vinblastine 192, 199 World Conservation Union x vincristine 192, 199 World Summit on Sustainable Development 9, 10, 23, Violaceae 117 162 visitors 289 Worldmap Project 11, 239 Vrugtman, F. 119 worldwide web 311, 313

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Index 343

WRI 152 Yugoslavia (former) 310 Wye Valley 214 Yulong Xue Shan Mountain, China 271 Wyse Jackson, Dr Peter xvii, 274 Zadehian Logic 208 Xalapa, Jard´ın Bot´anicoFrancisco Clavijero 278 zone, biogeographic 167 xerophytes 278 Zone naturelle d’int´erˆetecologique, faunistique et floristique 166 Yellowstone National Park 163 zoological kingdom 103 Yemen 247 zoologists 49, 50, 265 Yucca 278 zoology 100

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