ICBEMP Analysis of Vascular Plants
APPENDIX 1 Range Maps for Species of Concern
APPENDIX 2 List of Species Conservation Reports
APPENDIX 3 Rare Species Habitat Group Analysis
APPENDIX 4 Rare Plant Communities
APPENDIX 5 Plants of Cultural Importance
APPENDIX 6 Research, Development, and Applications Database
APPENDIX 7 Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the Interior Columbia River Basin
122 APPENDIX 1
Range Maps for Species of Conservation Concern These range maps were compiled from data from State Heritage Programs in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada. This information represents what was known at the end of the 1994 field season. These maps may not represent the most recent information on distribution and range for these taxa but it does illustrate geographic distribution across the assessment area. For many of these species, this is the first time information has been compiled on this scale. For the continued viability of many of these taxa, it is imperative that we begin to manage for them across their range and across administrative boundaries.
Of the 173 taxa analyzed, there are maps for 153 taxa. For those taxa that were not tracked by heritage programs, we were not able to generate range maps.
(Antmnnrin aromatica)
( ,a-’(,. .e-~pi~] i----j \ T--- d-,/‘-- L-J?.,: . ey
SAP?E%. %!?:,KnC,$ESS -,,-a-c--- --y-- I -&zII~ County Boundaries w1. ~~~~ State Boundaries ‘V 7 ‘\ I, !. / :L __---_- r--j -.---.- Columbia River Basin s-5: ts I, ,e: I’ 7 j ;\ ‘-3 “. I.’ - ESTES’ ARTEMISIA thrtamicia Ia,dnvipinnn ssn. estesii) _ ,c---r-d~---i+ 1 ---I----;--:G - --\.Y \,< /J [ 1 p-i k:~~,y~~ -!> ‘i ki L i,: -~~:*;~--~y!-~ j ______4---. ----:-!\ -____4~-- ‘-1 : ____;-l,.f\;\-----T-I--1 -----1,--,02-, ---- * eJ----;::::Gff._____I ? I-- ir::--,r:-~~-~-;~ -1: ------*_ T ______i / 1, ; f- ! t ' '------______i i /- ‘3-,!! if"-' ;-*. ;:$.yYl J \ J/y-i ---~jQ~--"i -1-J. i-e-. -.. ( 3-y-< 1 i ? i A . I !. -5 “2,-A $-T-- j ,;’ ,i i -1 j J. .L .-jI ---__ \. fLj _____---- -) I -.L- t--___+‘y ______u2=- :: $it _-_ k____ i-- I6 r :i;-;i,;;;;------ii,. 1______11 i ~~~~:~~~ ___ ;-/ I I ! I----’.______, \--T--7 . \.* GOOSE CREEK 1MILKvETc.H- --. 1 ,---l-- (Astragalus amer i-iii - ---a.--- I ! I - \ ( 1 1 County Boundaries ! ,f ! t i-4 State Boundaries i I Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Snecies Locations C. i i 7 ---r--~~-~.~i’-----’ -- : I j I.--; i __-- 1 D i 1 i -< I , ,P? i i ‘a \%A L JEFis!t?E ‘;S,c$::FR _ -c-- /----7-I ! I \yp@$------__ A County Boundaries i ,i ‘i i i ______State Boundaries Columbia River Basin _ Assessment Area Cnmrier l,ncations ,---_-_ f i---- i 2 ( 1 -5 i -! {--, /-: ______-- 5 - -g.)‘i -. ', / L- F--___q I : *T---- PiI--- IT--&.-&- ---_-_ YJ~'"-Jl 1 ,.J 4 i ,, ~,~~~,.~~~ -3:.; -___ -r------7 ,J--i-- i ';. i y ip-<--$ --i 4 -“I,-- iL’.----I---’! .---T ------.y I j i- i*____. 1 -g- ! .i: ---_ - _-___ I i I----? __--___--- T 7 \ --_, k Ll i r ;,J c 1 r’ IL:’._ !//kg&- ;y---! \ \* .--L-- y---; J (, -1 5 i i- I 1. / 4I’ 3 j \L. ‘; A ---- ‘:---i--~~~~~~,-?~~------~ ,‘i, !‘i.-Tew 1 f----p ------“-9 r / ,b-A -3: --w-r 1-i -7 1 :;“- ‘%, ‘..- : 1 .I .---- \ i-i<;-;; ,.-. -I--,-j---‘)-- s ,I-\‘*;. ‘c hj- -i ,*!1. I,I’ -;L-, ______i--.------r7 # I i v-e ---i--*L~J-iJ .&-I J’? 1, ! i h ‘-.L, ,’------______+I ~J,.c, 1 ; I.I / I I i----Y - I ______/ ~<~--~~7~~~;/‘-t*J ‘,x-J--I-’ L 1 ;---7.---______I 7 -:1 \ :* PICABO MILKVETCH (Astragalus onicif---:-\ I , ,P, I;.*- -21.-’ I*‘,-..- ----_ ir ______) / i 1 ;-..: !..... 9 WHITED MILK-VETCH k I. -.--l,,..n n:“..n,,,P\ ._ .- \ .-- -:. -..J h-7.. .; .i _------r---l ..,. _. ---..---- BASTARD KENTrophyta (Astragalus tegetarioides) cc-p- ” -,--e-y I ! --. I, ” County Boundaries ” State Boundaries rv Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Species Locations TYGW VALLEY MILK-VETC=’LLI (Astragalus tyghensis) _+-c-- --I 1 i i ,i t-1 i : $---’ !I “’ Countv Boundaries ‘J’ State Boundaries- Ev Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Species Locations WAVY MOONWART (Botrychium c-nlllntllml N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area - Snecies Locations I, : ; ____ >A-*ie I ~._ -I rAi - -(Botrychium 1 I JJ ~~~~~-I~~~~-~ ~ J-&fJ .b,,- “.*: :i- k--Y.. Z-pl:?-S$iJp~LhT ______j ______---- I ! fi ! . i ,A J :-..,j- r’------LI- ______; I e r -I : lum pumlco Pi State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area f; State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area .- .- .- . ‘:. GREEN-TINGED PAINTBRUSH (Castilleja chlorotica) suecies Locations -! “I-‘;-..-~ d_JL-r-i--% j- /--; ______‘f 7 - \,-- ‘..-kL-f-q ‘“\-.-___ i------4i ‘I---- 4--- JLLJq& i-a t-j “I* + ______iem.------J-J&A ‘7-l : \ \ 1 Y; ----- I x+, Lr---(-,/- ,- ‘1r _,--I--\ #-I -- . - ______;tii) -- ,I -,,-A--~-- T-- “’ County Boundaries State Boundaries Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Suecies Locations i 1, - 4 /--- ‘---l~-~ __ &‘“--i_ ‘T : lr, ‘\ \ ---_ : : : I r -x. .,--1 I !: i’ ,’ Y- I c “I T’ i I L le SV County Boundaries -a \ I’; State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area -+q*‘” 1A------yeAy ,;-; !j y-- _._. ;. v-:;, .J-q j \ Je,z!,/rq m-*I i < ,-----_ L ~~--!~~---~~--~~~~~-~-~~------5 7,i -,-- i-- \ f$yy _.,sT~~~y--;~~~ 1 7 ,---, j -Js. < y---J 1 I-. L--,I . :-.-, _I i :; i i 7: i ::/ I ‘---;~:.l.~J~~~,#!!iy ‘-‘r j i 7 MbU 1 4<;--.r.,-‘,:*‘-+._--*‘-r--n 1 i c UT- i* ______..--* \ ‘t ; ,____* --+-’ I ;--- _._, *. .,:...*j -1 I I ! ! ______.___ I : : : L : II , CA-- ! # -+A-’ \ r 51 ' i q; I----- 'i “1 n I( ,I--' ,.i'-.~-,"~------f------J----q- ,A,------/ I _____------\* - '\;:j I wm__, --+.-qI- -- ! +' *_ c CUSICK CHAENACTIS (Chaenactis cusickiil i : I L. ! i, Saecies Locations I Assessment Area ;--. c r__o -i---g~T‘~7;C/--‘~-,---._ *-----, ----- 3 i I -.--*-- $---:.m,s -J’ A-1 ( ,4 .A 1 L ; i i I ‘-$ - ‘\. 7 --__ - Columbia River Basin Assessment Area ,. -3:. .,--*-, '1 m‘)-$lS'----- 2. _ f imAJ7-. “\,-- f. .-.---I ---!7 1 -----r------.: Jo -L-- ! ; I 1.:;,,/! --\‘i / \GL ‘-"-J Y MT. MAZAMA COLLOMIA (Collomia mazama) Y \ Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Species Locations 1 ( ,,-. 1. !; i’ I’1, 3 j \ ‘-1 , 22 :-._ .J.-’ ;’------Jr ______4 / I L BARREN VALLEY COLLOMIA.^ 1 (Collomia renacta) _ ------, -3! ,” County Boundaries rr’ State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area - SueciesL Locations ‘L. :I ! :.4*..-~I-. ‘4* j ______$----’ :=.IL \- ‘: - i i 1 j-+*;y ------f ---- - __--- / I i ; ----3.______--- -_ I I 9 z%A B, IF-.-GREELEY’S ..-rC,br..r nnn,,I;P CYMO~~fppljnS,,,m\x?Pn. Ia River Basin Assessment Area ‘Clvmnnterrrs davisii) ,,,----Y--7 --- 11 I ” County Boundaries Pr’ State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin _ Assessment Area - Soecies Locations -x.. ,---8 %. '1 1. .: --I ,r ' 1. ,,)..- I - c DOUGLASS’ BISCUITROOT (Cymopterus douelassii) . i t. f 1-i I ( I) ‘1 i i- ___ { \ . *- - +\h\-y - s )I i. i _ ’ i,: peciesWm., 1, Locations\ i ’ ’I I ~~ i 0’ ,r 1 ;- &* ______- 7 ” -1 ,--I i &~kLq >-- --L&mm-~>k . . .--J----4 i&i, :,.J q.Jpb*;!-~ k... HAYDEN’S CYMOPTERUS \-J/Cvmnnternlc .,.“p’V. ..” -I-.nivnlis) ----, I County Boundaries Pr’ State Boundaries 1~~~ \ __ ,--. Af Columbia River Basin ! *. .- c i 1’ Assessment Area .+. L-- . Species Locations -x.I- /-*\ Is 1; i’ * _ T- ;: ?- i c- 7’ - 3 CL;JW~-XEJ)_LADY SLIPPER x%>I 1, C.-b”An..la+,.m> I ,:- . .._ !, -y-r I - : -i -2 ‘\.,cI.-..- 7 j i j I /mveee ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ‘ -8 I /,4 t;‘.-.~\ ,.------ir--..--..-- j v' .*,, '/'b! _I_-- : i 4I : - - - ______, f I !n L '---T---: ‘v County Boundaries Assessment Area Species Locations ._ ._. .- \ :. -.-f i.s \ LP 7 ‘!..;-yL, ______i __------.L-pJN \ ’ ‘: I ’ $.c, r----j ,‘,---(-/-’ .I ,,.’ I . . L‘*j‘2 a* -Tq---,2_- ,-- ,- Descurainia torulosa) Assessment Area -““i ( f----‘----l ,,f i.~ -- PTf &ilJ, ;______. w\-.se,--f i, ._ c‘\ ir"1 . 'li : ______.._. -Y *? *: ,-A...-.: “*,/L-,! ,_.-- : L L A- T ,V County Boundaries 7 ) :i t-i 1 ! \ I 1 1 immm...! .-I4 h’ State Boundaries ___- 7 N Columbia River Basin -__. Assessment Area k! -3: ,_-.‘> / :-, ,i-----r--l t--+ .___- i ---1-, 1.. ‘; i ,-y’ *,* ia v ‘1 ‘i: .-..-J 7 ;- ii. ‘\‘-I h JB?*------i, ______I ‘-.J ” 1 r;’ / i i 1“--?.______---- _ &L e _ -c---r------T----y --- II ,V Co&y Boundaries Y \ rr’ State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Saecies Locatinna I! .._____ i----T$-A-’ ,i -5 .,- .-_ -----r----s~71. 1- 1 i-.,c-. I -9. 1; t i ! . I;’ +( :‘- )I; ( \ L:: 1 x ky+q ______.____ 1.. _------. \. /; h 1-v - ! /*--’ ,..-i _*i-4 I_------;-‘ ‘: ------__ i, ______L-c------; a-.-> ) i v I A’---I* *> ‘,/ -l i ______-. _,_.. -.+4:- t,, Ji I + _ _ - - . - _. . . ,,:/y.J 1 r----i .___ _------. ‘: ?n 1 I 4 i 1 ” County Boundaries ” State Boundaries State Boundaries olumbia River Basin ssessment Area .--, -0, L .- .-- -:. .-. State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Soecies Locations {I-J [ <(..l;l,;y -L-- i LL,.(, \ ---;; 'VI I '-7' --- I ;--,:c, :- --* 5 -,:,r \5 '- 1-- ,, r..J--~:.:ee. km: LL :------Ii ---(i I- j :-j--"L~ / ? :- ,J-+~J:‘,r.. 1. A! i *w ,i ‘-.-t- ---cI.-. _/ 1 q, ; 1 ---~~_.y,l--i;~~~~-: i y-2 T i 1 1 ii.--;'----{-‘-'-' "'Tb,, '.< .L-__ ‘+ ( 7 * i---j?J.-/' '-~y.4> 1 ? h ' '\ f ! -‘("( i --, I 1 / +-i-.&-4q-+: \ :I i i. ” f ! ) *-.J-*;;>------Jr, -______j w - 1 ______- J$jy-JJ-;~--- I --‘7 p ___, I i ; .------_____, . ?I\ ,--- : (Grindeiia howellii) CRONQUIST’S STICKSEED (Hackelia cronquistii) s County Boundaries r~ State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area ! 1 ,3 I ,}I. ~-4:-* I’*------_ ir ______1 y$+q ______/ i i r-----0 .------r-i---: ~gi~%-~q---* 1. ./ ‘--\? SHOWY STICKSEED (Hackelia venusta) BUGLEG GOLDENWEED (Haplopappus insecticruris) ,,----y/- ---cc --- - c-l a i! ( -i ’ “:’ County Boundaries i f i 1 :------I 23____ ;- ! Pi State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin I..*, $\ f-‘-q--i *,-,, r“_- ,A-‘.., Assessment Area .- “I” 1 i ) ) 1: Suecies Locations PALOUSE GOLDENWEED (Haplo#ippus liatriformis) - ~~~A--- ’ i i 1-i i 2 ------A:. ( / :i 1 1----j y‘i ~~~ i ! 1 ,. ..I ,.?* *-. c,: r------.ir ______j I: ,’ i i t----!( /-- _ _----- a ---i-- ,-r+-----~---y-II ; i ,x-- ,r+-- 1-r---- >,, / -~-.-l; [+ _--______4 -3 ] Ii ,r \ r .- CF‘ ..---i f”i--,=’ ,,= L---y WATER HOW ELl.lA (Howellia aquatili Assessment Area .J Saecies Locations J,, i 1 II ,d> I_: L I , 1 .\’I__ ,e-. !. ,.: I’ 3 j i ! i l I ‘7 ,.‘) . . ;-a ‘: ------_. i, __.______i “-4 4 I: I 1 ;----i.__-_------_ 1 I “’ County Boundaries Pi State Boundaries cy Columbia River Basin Assessment Area ---cI,-..- e Boundaries Columbia River Basin BRUNEAU RIVER PRICKLY PHLOX (Leptodactylon glabrum) -,-c----r---I- I!. i i ~n~~~~--~f--ll~ -___ -q i,** i &~~~+-q 4*-.____ +~--->%. ----K --- ! I* --S '1 '2. -pJ-----;,$:~ ‘...,, ~ J-1 Je-- ;>iei;e \., / h.,-..-- 1. / “3 Z-, +I-' L---=-l~~~ -1 i,.\. ,i ‘,, ++q- i i /.., 1 j ‘1-\:& ‘?-- ~--\-_s] i"~J~--~--.;'- \ L .,-.:;- i-, ______j ____------/ $ ;: -J--$.l “" -; . ( y?Li i*i . t r\ \ 1 h Jy-- -Q< t-----i d , I _ L.. ‘\I 4 0-s i;-- A-,‘4 * ..-. <._&$-----~--- /-I~iy \ i \ j, ,-,A;--\ TI -. I ’ -’ ? +_- L _-- me-: ..- --. / Lomatlum suksdorfil) A’ County Boundaries pi State Boundaries rv Columbia River Basin Assessment Area ---LI.--.- HOOVER’S DESERT-PARSLEY (Lomatium tuberosuml i I r’ t-; 1 County Boundaries Fr’ State Boundaries E” Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Species Locations --5:.v .---'I :,7---cfJ %J,*-%/= k '1 r !, 5: I . C?- ! i ‘-I, c- y ' L (Luina serpentina) cc- I ,,,,----c i :. r’ I-: II ,V County Boundaries Fr’ State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Species Locations c’--L$...-~ 1 ‘T‘-7p---qL. ____ 3 ‘T--‘- ---~J\&-pi------c/i, \, LJff~~--p I -‘----\-,---I-’ I --.-g1-3 -~- * j ; ____ 5 ____ ;:;f p--;] 1--i’-y’ ii-, \-;J I i y-,’ I i =+---~I--, ‘7. :, :---,$ jj l-‘:\. c-g 1, “) 7 ;I ,- 1 --. 7 I! +-; -T&p& T q ______L------TV-_I * # I I i WpJ ti 1 ! f ----- J1 ,-2-): -. ) :.. &y;;; ------_ 1; ______j 1 I I ______--- “’ County Boundaries ” State Boundaries Columbia River Basin Assessment Area . Species Locations SMOOTH,.I em.L--,t- MEN_T_;:F,L’A .- .- \ .-- P -x. ’ ,’,- ..__, g--k..,- 2. i”, .-- +.,--.- i -.-;--: ‘; 1; -. i’ ‘1 4.,’ F ? Y- f i *Jo? ‘1.‘. m.2, y------i,-’ ______{ ! Lk$+p _____ ~<~--~:& y-s.;,c,\, I \--, ;,,L- &.- ,z- \‘ y / i ._--__-____ _ i---i---7 . ?” L 7 rr’ State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin -___ Assessment Area r I -5: ,.-. II; i’ 4; j7 ‘\*-I1 L‘!‘ ermannlol J?’ State Boundaries Fi State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area --- --, i-- L _.- ‘L-; .-- --- iPYGMY i, (~i;[lulus MONKEYFLOWER pygmaeus) N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Species Locations WASHINGTON MONKEYFLOWER (Mimulus washingtonensis var i i, .i 1-j SDecies Locations i,l _,__ i.- i ~~~~~ m,,-.. _ .-!-Ai-::: i ‘i ,*.: ;-.-.$-- :’‘L... ----Jr -______.I I_____ w: ______.___. ~~~~~,~~~~~.~----. / I ~‘--T---- 1 ( I. -. . _ _ _ _ _, : * : Ii ST. ANTHONY EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera psammoohila) --y--- ! I i tr-- n ” County--- Boundaries Suecies Locations ‘-(;-y--__ --‘- y---J ; /‘I ( ,4,!‘1,\ h -r -l :,/ ----?-c ‘$, _____,, i...-: ‘>-,-I ~ r ’ - -4 L. 4 1-q ;I-.--J---j r-pT /.+:-\.r-. :--J----L L, c-, ‘L-,1 ,s;-T-l\\ *,j r--c -y) -~~pLL.~ 4,--.- -_ -----~------~., I f f i i 1 li, i- [ ____ ;iA ____ J:+t- ---~-l.l \-y--: i&, j 7:~ ..___ I--!T: I-.--, 1 j +Tr--f--;---\ s- lal TN-1II--/ i I---/ i 1 ‘L.J.: ‘- L ~~:fqJyT ______1__------/ j I i 1 ..,*,? -r-i, ~,~ .___ ‘-;I: ?------_ ir ______j ~~~~--I 2 -I ! I I +-, \.“‘“+! ,___- : - .--- ______, t---T---: * 1” -1 I: I i ---r---1 i--- f’ --.-___ -y ---_ >v..-I_. ---~-?--*--~~--;~------f-. /--ye- rl------* I 3 .c...*J’ [- 1 -.-,,A --.- 1 -I 0’ I, \ I‘-%,*c ‘y-- y&Gfy-$-), r- ‘-I 7 J----?-/ -J; _____,. is* -’t-7-- ‘I “‘. 5 ! --)J T.&-.,:J=G k.. 7 ,-,:.\,;. r a+ :---h . ____- i -______,-.~>~sz ‘:j’-----J---r 1 q r.-;,“‘- ‘\..** ,,) ; ____ yb-~i- . . ‘. - :--. j iI”‘,j ‘.i./ / apaver pygmaeum ,,,------7 “’ County Boundaries Assessment Area --em_- i ~~~~~~~---~--ilp ______? \ j &-%i--~ 1 y-- -__ c ) ’a------i , ~~~~~ y-‘--/.~“\ ‘,- ,{-- ..A- I'~:L:j-( .-____d-2 C;-t ____ + ____ p-::; ____ c/--y------~ ':,. 1 &~IL---p; y-.-L.I I”’ *------.-----7 / < / A? I‘) ‘1 i ,-r- L,/ \* a;, \-______dLmm \n,.- ‘--7F-l ‘.I I x --y r;l /---.,J ; j -I ‘Y;L.+ ,-. ‘1 -J ---‘Ji~-----~~~~,,~ { \..r--e,-j Yp. ~~~~~i ____ ;--~:!t _-_ ______.-. ---- \\ I. .,,‘L’,.l ,___ - ;‘ ( pi-7 $ ?” IDAHO PEllJiTEM0.N +. ~~~~~~~~~ ! -r--l-\ *-’ .I \ ,*>---(--,,-’1 i L----r-- *? 1, J--- “/,J p-m__, --+---J-~ .-mm______ LEMHI PENSTEMON Penstemon lemhiensis) ,----r- __*-c-- I r ” County Boundaries - Columbia River Basiin _ Assessment Area Species Locations ._--- .c-* ‘\ r-i- - i.., --- L: .- __- .-- - 7 PECK’S PENSTEh’lPN 7 ,1=-,;~~ _-- v-. k.- i : ! Li+ --r”l; , \ +v-- ‘? :, _ L ,c _____ - ---- ci -a _--- i_-, .-- fI~~L-,s _____ . ..i _._-. ------CHELAN ROCKMAT (Petrophytum cinerascens) --- Assessment Area - Species Locations OBSCURE PHACELIA I (Phacelia inconspicua) -,,-----r----T “’ County Boundaries lumbia River Basin Assessment Area Species Locations -.~---‘---r--~~------~------Jr*---- i ; i I : ‘\, yd--r,-‘- I.-,-- p ; \ : i e-4 .! ! f=-,--f 7;; .J 7 :o’LL+ y-- f-I ( ☺m,,‘cIT l ’ :--i- ’ \ __-,__ \ =* a- ’ ‘. i ,I:,---, / h. “1 k------:- -i ‘i I’ f-i.- --I --- ~~f---;~;I$~~. pj-~-q>~-e,s ’ P..f_+ .___ 2 *-; -I- ‘\, ,/ ‘-f** v.. ,, j ;i f *.$ 1. [--.-h ____$Lr~s i--T-‘.1 1,--y’ -:y,* ---, / i ‘.-~~:--i;;l-;1~~~ ,Q> l-q--q-~~---, “\ ../ L-. ‘--3 ieT______i-....----- 2i. .: , ! 1 i i . +------i--i-7-rJrL-J;+. \ ! i i ,#‘5 ! !^‘.-.2;.-- ,;------+.. ______#; __-- _ m-1 ______. ~-I~~~~~,~~~~~.~----. ,I i .,,*:+j 1 ,#. --. . ______, r---q \ ?n STICKY PHACELIA I :, I-;(Phacelia i lenta)f c---j 7. : :;c 1 ! ______2 ‘0 \ N Columbia River Basin -___ Assessment Area Soecies Locations II > ’ I_. i-- --, 1 : Led----- l I : -d--,-j i I -4 '+..~~<.-‘L1 -r--~,~------~k~--~~ ,i. '--2 i?i - -i- \-‘I i :h /-‘-i+--2,--- i2 J.- i \ r ‘; I --J- \ .-.i ,A. -,=i !\ ;’ ; ,j- ,--: r- +j7( ,_._____ -j ‘CL{ ____ $ : I’ :: &:’ -A------____ .-‘--~~~~~~~-/:ir-j.,.. kLmyee :i $-Q-J \*- I. -5: -‘--\n,-.-v--- 1‘--7r’--iq T;i //---.J ..$ ______,i ‘TAT,- :I i , .‘-.,.- ,i-*x:;;e; ,,*--8 7 -?;i.,< ;.c ,:.~*,.3’:<- .\2m ~:j ~--JrpJ-J-~~~ h----c, .-___ i :1 ! 2 'J 1 i“‘.$i, y \ ____ L+ ____ ;:;ij’ i-- yq--Y--’ (,. 2 yei-2%-., I j ) [ &---( - ‘. I, i ,' ! L-21! ‘a. 1---y-f3:; ,l,~- j :-, :-- \ . :, .__----- 7 ;: ~~~~~~~~~----. :\ I ! i "I /? i “-;1; ‘------_ ir ______j I. I" / -1 : ./7.\? : I ! r-----t ______p--:--y r * >n L MALHEUR.YELLOW PHACELIA --- P. calva) - _ ---- I ------___ ” County Boundaries ~-~~~(I ‘j rr’ State Boundaries pq&---$\, I i N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area * Suecies Locations J-i i F i &--‘--: SALMON TWIN BLADDERPOI’ (Physaria didymocarpa var. lyratl hr Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Soecies Locations y-1 : .” ‘----A ,-!y(-.d -1; -.-,,I-i,;;j $ ‘--‘-, i'l-.,l, {-vY:-- wy$-J, I -5: ',.------’t-1-- ‘1 ,e-. !, : ---7-f-j ~,,-..~/-L~ '-0 . . . 's,m- ii ______J-i- .-- --j+-----~->-& r *-+ i -$-i.,. j- ;.-;‘c\x.~,_.:> J+-L.- :--h,--.- i LLmm -----T--- _____ i ’ I *.. , ‘; i 1 I ;- ‘5 ----L,_, y-’ i. ;’ i I i ; ___- ki ---- ;:;--J :---7-‘-i ____ 5. i “” ~l-c~.~~~~~~~~ ! L ,’ l-$-+~~;~.y \, i h \P’ ’ c,-f;--! 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I LI: I: e _ _ _ _ _ . _. 4 ._._._..._.. _ \. 9% # .,,“--‘*.~ ___. - I .-v-______, : : : r I ?” “1 ! 1 I *.,,3 I * ------_ i, ______‘-A r, -I i State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area aecies Locations II j q-J’- f---;,/ __------i \ ,V County Boundaries Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Species Locations _- _-. I- \ .-.. 7. --. *.. . ./ [ ‘t -a~-,--j;z L-,7 --.-f i, i “’ -\J ,.(__ ~ f--[L-mm-~ee~ r\ c:r --,-- Le.- *'Y.,, i i '--;, t-1 'y---&,,l."~- _ \ L h. vy & I jJ<-yLy______i-..------ I----i---L- q+; ; I by;, i-----j > =,, ;--v---q I ______-. . xyp h SEELY’S SILENE (Silene seelyi) Pb. --- :-\-- ;I ------J-j ~1“1--;--~ ____ T ______: : , \ ‘-8I . . i ,A.*- -2:.-a,’ :r------.ir ______I_____ w ______~~:~~~~~~.~~~~~.~----. r“ I: i .,,‘Q-~J J I 1 ,*.--s______( I--;---- I : * ?* e ‘i \ t L I fzmefx~ i- ~~JL~ys~J--ilp _------I - .! --.-___ ------s +------~~--V--“.- 1 1 2 jam ( -3---__ r’-l i \n,------7 --- 4 1-f ----I- 4 -..--, ii-"‘-=, I-.(_~!-, ,<-. '1 -;jf i-3 ‘L '-5Lm- f -----_. .I--- /’ ~~~;\\‘.\\~ ) i ! ‘-L il 1 :--k,-..- i., -----r------.~ s-4. i -_ ‘I 1 1 i’ i ,Lf‘ I 4. : --?--'I I Li I-..., f iii ! 7- r ‘\ ‘1.-;;;;j ‘L r -- i I ‘4 1 -I’ , ______--. -7 i c ~&--J-i.! c / i ----i p-T--3 ‘“,A\; L ------n Y c( \ State Boundaries -. N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area t . Species Locations ~~-7--.‘~,---~~~~-, I-r< /-yT--f 7 p -.A ,------T--- i : i I../ ii jr-1 !---.. 1 ‘) J-.- P ’ I ----+$---‘/ , ;-;y ); ” ‘<) I f--. \ ;” -----_ -j [ /- 1 ‘1 ’ \ u--5 1 -; P ..$. ---_ --- ~,.!q- { - y+,.-‘q-, --____ 4 i s I“ I i __ii.--__ ,1--i i ’ -Jl Ln,..- ---T -‘--I /J-7 / :“f 4 I I .--\mm.;,&- I I i I’I, 3 j \ ‘-, ‘A. V’ L .- .- .- . ‘:. HOOVER’S TUSCHIA (Tauschia hooveri) Q’ State Boundaries N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area Species Locations WOVENSPOREL1 ~~LICHENS _ (Texosporium sancti-jacobi) N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area i r--D- P I ’ ! ! j 7 1 , ,A ;-... a,--I 12------.i,_---_-~--- : ./ --I q--- I I ;---. I i j !-. TINY-FLOWER PHACELIA Whacelia minutissima) -- ” N Columbia River Basin Assessment Area species Locations _-_ac---1 +~~~--~J -J---!, ,.;i ,je-- ,J.-. 1 I ‘---T--Y -7-1 ,---r” i Y I? I ! i i r--’ \ ,\-2$,.--<~~ ------_i1 i --.r(..sm Ln,.-I ‘--Tr=--t ..-.. f !I -9 *;p.,,--*: i-.A pT-i.,,,/ :--.I -\,.- .q’J plI3‘-4 --..___c- i i <-‘, > ;’ ‘---L,ms 1 i q, : L-LJ- L-q-- 1,. ~....+---T--i :-, -,-‘-A----i ; ’ C.\\ i i T:....-7 I 1 j f( I-/-:\- \ ~---~‘:-ir3:--;~.-~~~- .I aLi.p.+q ,ri” L--r ______1------i i L.. ______1-L ------__A \ ~~~~I ’k------1, i :‘:,j i ---T./----- ,_____._ T----- : ______..... _ \> 0 i ,-+.~+-‘~ i .,,“+J ,_--- .A .---- ______,I.!;--7 :*. A- T-l;-w~c“‘yl . Species Locations / ----_ ii ____ y1 yy-k;r;~-,\ ! h. .a,,- ,J J7L.L~- \--h,-m-- :. .--- : 1 ( j“q, j-- fsm-;7+ ‘-<:-,-J :--s-,-mi -& i, ;: c -*f‘ I ‘t-’..> \.--‘, j y----q ;-\-pr--~~------i ‘k ‘-r” I L LI I 1 ‘---;i; ‘y--$,l..~, \, L,- ! 1 ! ) i_-, ______L------1 i ! I \ I ,#+---, 1.lf i # ! ;r . : ~ &----i.-‘,,_‘L--+-+-j i 5 / J 1 ,A ! ; & ______-~~,-,rhd I;i --,p, ‘-i.- ___ “~~, ,I;-.d-* j------f ______i L*:---(- ,a’,I .-i-l-----i / p---r---, ,-- -‘-- ; .I I i’I r---7.-- -______I ; : I ;,4\?I ?* *\ Columbia River Basin Assessment Area --- --______APPENDIX 2 List of Species Conservation Reports Listinq Dackages Taxon Title Author Area On File at..., Date Amsincia caranata Listing package ORNPS ou OIWP, 1991 Astragalus mulfrdiae Listing package Parenti, R. ID, ou USFWS, 1991 Astragalus sterilis Listing package ORNPS OU ; ID ONHP, 1991 Eriogonum crosbyae Listing package ORN-PS BR;NV ONI-P, 1991 Ivesia rhypara var. rhypara Listing package ORNPS BR, OU ONHP, 1991 Mentzelia mollis Listing package ORNPS OU;NV,ID ONm, 1991 Mentzelia packardiae Listing package Kagan, J. OU ORNPS, 1991 Senecio ertterae Listing package Kagan, J. OU, Malh for USFWS by ORNPS, ONHP, 199 1 Stephanomeria malheurensis Recovery plan USFWS BR, Ham USFWS, 1990 APPENDIX 3 Rare Habitat Group Analysis Appendix 3 Introduction The combining of sensitive species into habitat groups was accomplished to provide a habitat based analysis of plant communities that harbor rare plants that was both sufficient to foster protection and doable within the time and resource constraints of the project. In each section below, a list of species by major habitat group is provided with GIS attributes and themes. this information is given to facilitate planning efforts for future ecosystem management projects. Each section is prefaced with a short description of the important general physical attributes of each habitat group and a short discussion of the impacts of current and historic land use practices. In each case, the generalities have been stressed. We recognize that there is and always will be variation within the Basin with respect to the intensity and nature of the threats. ALPINE For this analysis, alpine includes true alpine and high subalpine habitats. These areas within the Interior Columbia Basin (ICB) are limited in extent though not infrequent. Our alpine areas are diverse in structure and composition. The more severe alpine areas include barren rocky outcrops, shallow residuum, and talus slopes. Areas with park-like subalpine fir and whitebark pine forests and forb meadows are significantly less arduous. The pattern and quantity of vegetation at high elevations is largely determined by snowpack, wind, and exposure. The economic uses of alpine areas in the ICB are essentially limited to sheep grazing and mining, though recreation-based commerce (e.g., outfitters and guides) is locally important. The most common human use of high elevation areas is recreational activities such as hiking and hunting. Alpine areas are very important to wildlife, especially as sites for reproduction and raising offspring (e.g., mountain goats and nutcrackers). The floristic diversity of high elevation habitats vary from low in harsh sites to high in moist meadows. Alpine areas contribute significantly to the beta-diversity (between site diversity) of local ecosystems because high portions of the species there are endemic to some degree. Historically, alpine areas throughout the ICB were heavily used by domestic sheep. This use has declined significantly in the past 50 years though scars created between 1880 and 1930 are still readably evident. Today’s sheep operations are smaller and better managed. Mining (usually gold or heavy metals such as antimony or uranium) at high elevations is generally devastating on a local scale (discounting the associated heavy road construction through subtending forest) but is scattered and infrequent. The pace of mineral exploration and extraction is highly dependent on the market price of the ore being sought. Beginning around 1920, white pine blister rust began infecting and devastating whitebark pine stands throughout the ICB. Today, this pathogen is still impacting high elevation woodlands. Exotic plant species (mostly grasses) are well represented in high elevation habitats though these areas are rarely as severely altered as low 1 elevation vegetation types. In many cases, exotic plants were purposely introduced either for or by sheep grazers to improve forage production. The recreational use of alpine habitats is usually of little to no consequence; however, popular and frequently uses areas (e.g., the northern Cascades of Washington and the Trinity Lakes region of central Idaho) can suffer greatly from trampling, compaction, and increased rill erosion. Idaho North Subgroup: Alpine Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS, CRB006, SAF206, SAF208 Species Arnica alpina tomentosa Draba incerta Artemisia campestris borealis purshii Erigeron radicatus Carex brewerii paddoensis Phacelia lyallii Carex incurviformis incurviformis Ranunculus gelidus Carex straminoformis Ranunculus pygmaeus Diaphasiastrum sitchense Saxifraga cemua Draba apiculata Silene uralensis montana Draba fladnizensis Thamnoha vermicularis Oregon, Blue Mountains Subgroup: Alpine barrens Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS, CRB006 Species Allium campanulatum Geum rossii turbinatum Anemone multitida tetonensis Hulsea algida Antennaria aromatica Lesquerella kingii diversifolia Arenaria rossii rossii Lomatium cusickii Asplenium trichomanes Lomatium erythrocarpum Astragalus robbinsii alpiniformis Lomatium greenmanii Bupleurum americanum Penstemon spatulatus Carex nardina Poa suksdorfii Castilleja rubida Polemonium viscosum Cymopteris nivalis Polystichum kruckebergii Draba lemmonii cyclomorpha Ranunculus verecundus Dryas drummondii Salix wolfii Epilobium latifolium Selaginella watsonii Eriogonum scopulorum Townsendia montana Eritrichium nanum Townsendia parryi Subgroup: Snow Banks Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS, CRB006 Species Thalictrum alpinum hebetum Trollius laxus albiflorus 2 Subgroup: Alpine Herbaceous Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS Species Agrostis humilis Hackelia patens patens Arenaria rossii rossii Lomatium grecnmanii Astragalus robbinsii alpiniformis Penstemon spatulatus Bupleurum americanum Polemonium viscosum Carex nardina Saxifraga adscendens oregonensis Carex nova Senecio dimorphophyllus Carex praeceptorum Senecio porter-i Castilleja glandulifera Thalictrum alpinum hebetum Epilobium latifolium Subgroup: Alpine wetlands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS, CRB007 Species Carex nova Salix brachycarpa Corydaiis caseana cusickii Salix drummondiana Epilobium latifolium Salix farriae Kobresia bellardii Thalictrum alpinum hebetum Kobresia simpliciuscula Trollius laxus albiflorus Piatanthera obtusata Oregon, Basin and Range Subgroup: Alpine Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS, CRB006, SAF206, SAF208, Steens Mountain Species Agrostis humilis Claytonia megarhiza Botrychium lanceoiatum Cryptantha humilis Botrychium lunaria Gentiana prostrata Botrychium minganense Gentiana simplex Botrychium pinnatum Gentianella tenella tenella Carex haydeniana Kobresia bellardii Carex nova Salix brachycarpa Carex praeceptorum Salix orestera Castilleja pilosa howeliii Salix wolfii Claytonia nevadensis Oregon, East Cascades South Subgroup: Alpine Barrens and Fell Fields Themes and /or Attribute: CRBOOS, CRB006 Species Arabis suffrutescens horizontalis Amica viscosa 3 Botrychium pumicola lvcsia shockleyi Castilleja rupicola Poa suksdorfii Collomia larsenii Polystichum kruckebergii Elmera racemosa puberulenta Silene suksdorfii Epilobium latifolium Smelowskia ovalis ovalis Hieracium bolanderi Washington, Columbia Basin Subgroup: Alpine Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS Species Pellaea brewer-i Spiraea densiflores splendens Washington, East Cascades North Subgroup: Alpine Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS, CRBS IO, SAF206 Species Agoseris elata Eritrichium nanum elongatum Agrostis borealis Gentiana glauca Anemone nuttalliana Gentianella tenella Arabis lemmonii paddoensis Geum rivale Amica nevadensis Geum rossii depressum Amica rydbergii Lloydia serotina Aster glaucescens Loiseleuria procumbens Botrychium lunaria Pamassia kotzebuei kotzebuei Botrychium pinnatum Pedicularis rainierensis Carex atrata atrosquama Penstemon washingtonensis Carex atrata erecta Polemonium viscosum Carex norvegica Potentilla diversifolia perdissecta Carex proposita Potentilla quinquefolia Carex scirpoidea scirpoidea Ranunculus pygmaeus Carex vallicola Salix tweedyi Castilleja suksdofii Salix vestita erecta Claytonia megarhiza nivalis Saxifraga apetala Doulgasia nivalis dentata Saxifraga cemua Draba aurea Saxifraga debilis Draba cana Spiranthes porrifolia Erigeron humilis Poa arctica arctica Erigeron leibergii Poa pancispicula Erigeron salishii Swertia perennia Eriophotum viridicarinatum Zigadenus elegans 4 Washington, Okanogan Highlands Subgroup: Barrens, tundra, snowbanks Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS, CRB006 Species Agrostis borealis Poa arctica arctica Antennaria corymbosa Polemonium viscosum Dodecatheon pulchellus watsonii Potentilla nivea Draba aurea Potentilla quinquefolia Draba cana Potentilla diversifolia perdissecta Erigeron humilis Saxifraga adscendens oregonensi Eriophorum viridicarinatum Saxifraga cemua Gentiana glauca Saxifraga debilis Gentianella tenella Subgroup: Subalpine Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS, SAF206 Species Botrychium lunaria Draba aurea Botrychium minganense Draba cana Botrychium pinnatum Gentiana glauca Botrychium simplex Gentianella tenella Carex atrata atrosquama Pamassia kotzebuei kotzbuei Carex atrata erecta Salix tweedyi Carex paupercula Saxifraga integrifolia apetala Carex scopulorum prinophylla Spiranthes ponifolia Dodecatheon pulchellum Trimorpha elata Utah Subgroup: Alpine Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS, CRBOOB Species Draba incerta Erigeron nanus Draba douglasii Wyoming Subgroup: Alpine meadows Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS Species Antennaria monocephala Pedicularis pulchella Parrya nudicaulis Sausaura weberi Subgroup: Alpine semibarrens 5 Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS. CRBOOG Species Minuartia macranthera Townsendia leptotes Subgroup: Alpine rock outcrops and boulder fields Themes and/or Attributes: CRBOOS, CRB006 Species Draba crassa Draba globosa AQUATIC AND RIPARIAN Aquatic and Riparian areas of the Interior Columbia Basin (ICB) include a broad range of intermittent and ephemeral features, perennial streams of all orders, large and small lakes, human-made water impoundments, and geothermal waters. These water bodies are of critical importance to all forms of life within the ICB. Humans use these resources for recreation, municipal utilities, commerce, and agriculture. Wildlife use them as habitat, breeding and hunting sites, refugia, and most obviously, for drinking. Migratory wildlife from salmon to neotropical birds and waterfowl have suffered irreparable harm and may even be faced with extinction because their water dominated habitats have been significantly altered. Bodies of water are no less important for plants. Vernal pools and ephemeral water courses provide unique sites in which many annuals may dependably complete their life cycles. Lakes, both large and small, provide a spectrum of habitats for plants that require submersion, wave action, low energy water movement, shallow water tables, etc. Open stream courses are the most common water feature in the ICB. The riparian areas and wetlands surrounding streams from the high mountains to the lowest deserts add structural and floristic diversity to the landscape, qualities that benefit plant species, wildlife, and humanity, and are very important in maintaining the overall biological diversity in the ICB. In lowland areas and xeric portions of the analysis area, essentially all of the riparian areas have been heavily and adversely impacted (primarily by domestic livestock grazing) which has lead to documented and significant losses in plant, fish, animal, and arthropod diversity. Other wetlands like peatlands, hotsprings, and seeps are generally very small but provide specialized microhabitats and are commonly occupied by unique plants and animals. Current and historic patterns of water use within the ICB pose many threats to the health of riparian and aquatic habitats. Sedimentation of streambeds and the accumulation of silts in standing water bodies (both natural and human made) degrade these habitats for many plants, wildlife and people. Domestic livestock grazing has been very destructive to riparian areas, especially in the more arid portions of the ICB where the removal and trampling of vegetation and the degradation of streambanks has reduced many streams that were once perennial and vested with diverse plant and animal communities to open, barren ephemeral gulleys (a condition that benefits no one). Eutrophication from agricultural run-off and untreated or poorly treated sewage from both humans and livestock has and continues to reduce the health and economic value of aquatic and riparian ecosystems throughout the ICB. Water diversions for agriculture, 6 industry, and direct human consumption has also negatively impacted water dominated plant and animal communities. The introduction of exotic plants and animals have exacted permanent alterations to aquatic and riparian communities throughout the ICB. From brook trout to purple loosestrife and reed canarygrass, exotic species have become both ubiquitous, destructive, and firmly incorporated into our biota. Idaho North Subgroup: Peatlands Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007; Channel Type IO,12 Species Andromeda polifolia Eriophorum viridicarinatum Betula pumila gladulifera Gaultheria hispidula Carex buxbaumii Helodium blandowii Carex chordorrhiza Hypericum majus Carex comosa Ludwigia polycarpa Carex tlava Lycopodiella inundata Carex leptalea Rhynchospora alba Carex livida Salix candida Carex paupercula Salix pedicellaris Cicuta bulbifera Scheuchzeria palustris Cypripedium fasciculatum Sphagnum mendocinum Drosera intermedia Trientalis arctica Dryopteris cristata Vaccinium oxycoccos Subgroup: Streamside Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS, SAF235; Channel Type 12 Species Agrostis oregonensis Lobaria hallii Bryum calobryoides Ribes howellii Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Salix farriae Collema curtisporum Tofieldia glutinosa brevistyla Epipactis gigantea Subgroup: Wet Meadows Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007; Channel Type 12 Species Agrostis oregonensis Psilocarphus tenellus Allium validum Salix farriae Haplopappus hirtus sonchifolius Subgroup: Aquatic Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS20 Species Scirpus subterminalis Idaho South Subgroup: Alkaline Wetlands Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 12 Species Astragalus diversifolius Primula incana Lomatogonium rotatum Salicomia rubra Cleomella plocaspenna Teucrium canadense occidentale Subgroup: Bogs Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 10, 12 Species Cicuta bulbifera Salix candida Epilobium palustre Picea glauca Subgroup: Ephemeral Wetlands Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 10, 12 Species Downingia bacigaluppi Sphaeromeria potentilloides Machaerocarpus califomicus Subgroup: Other Aquatic and Riparian Habitats Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS, CRBSZO, SAF235; Channel Type 12,20 Species Astragalus leptaleus Limosella acaulis Bacopa rotundifolia Salix glauca Epipactis gigantea Salix pseudomonticola Juncus hallii Montana Subgroup: Peatlands Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007; Channel Type 10, 12 Species Carex chordorrhiza Eriophorum viridicarinatum Carex crawei Gentianopsis simplex Carex livida Kalmia occidentalis Carex paupercula Liparis loeselii Carex tenuiflora Lycopodium inundatum Cypt-ipedium calceolus parviflorum Orchis rotundifolia Cypripedium passerinum Scheuchzeria palustris Drosera anglica Scirpus cespitosus Drosera linearis Scirpus hudsonianus Eleocharis rostellata Utricularia inter-media Epipactis gigantea Viola renifolia 8 Subgroup: Emcrgcnt wetlands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBSZO; Channel Type 12 Species Carex amplifolia Carex comosa Carex chordorrhiza Howelha aquatihs Subgroup: Aquatic habitats Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS20 Species Bidens beckii Nymphaea tetragona Brasenia schreberi Potamogeton obtusifolius Heteranthera dubia Scirpus subterminalis Lilaea scilloides Wolffia columbiana Najas guadalupensis Subgroup: Riparian habitats Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBS20, SAF235; Channel Type 12,20 Species Aster frondosus Mimulus primuloides Carex crawei Ophioglossum vulgatum Carex neurophora Orchis rotundifolia Carex parryana idahoa Ranunculus orthorhynchus platyphyllus Carex scoparia Ribes triste Carex sychnocephala Rotala ramosior Centunculus minimus Salix woltii wolf% Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Scirpus pallidus Cyperus acuminatus Spiraea x pyramidata Cyperus rivularis Stellaria crassifolia Cypripedium calceolus parviflorum Thalictrum alpinum Cypripedium passer-mum Thelypodium sagittatum sagittatum Elatine americana Thelypteris phegopteris Elatine califomica Trifolium cyathiferum Epipactis gigantea Veratrum califomicum Gentianopsis simplex Viola renifolia Juncus covillei covillei Subgroup: Forested wetlands Themes and/or Attributes: SAF206, SAF2 IO, SAF2 17, SAF235; Channel Type 12,20 Species Carex ebumea Kalmia occidentalis Carex paupercula Orchis rotundifolia Cypripedium calceolus parviflorum Petasites frigidus Cypripedium passer-mum Spiraea x pyramidata Dryopteris cristata Thelypteris phegopteris Epipactis gigantea Viola renifolia Halenia deflexa Oregon Basin and Range and Owyhee Uplands Subgroup: Alkaline pools, hot springs and adjacent meadows are sites of saline-alkaline affected soils. Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 10, 12 Species Hymenoxys lemmonii Rorippa columbiae Phacelia inundata Sesuvium verrucosum Plagiobothrys salsus Thelypodium brachycarpum Subgroup: Vernal Pool Species Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 10, 12 Species Bergia texana Nama lobbii Downingia insignis Rotala ramosior Downingia laeta Sesuvium verrucosum Gratiola heterosepala Thelypodium howellii howellii Mimulus latidens Subgroup: Mud Flat Species Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 10 Species Allium madidum Juncus kelloggii Juncus bryoides Juncus tiehmii Juncus capillaris Mimulus evanescens Juncus hemiendytus abjectus Scribneria bolanderi Subgroup: Playa Species Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS, SRM40 1; Channel Type 10, Species Lepidium davisii Rorippa columbiae Subgroup: Riverine communities Themes and/or Attributes: SAF235; Stream Order 3,4 Species Carex backii Pleuropogon oregonus Carex hystricina Populus angustifolia Carex sheldonii Rorippa columbiae Juncus torreyi Salix drummondiana Penstemon pratensis Salix orestera Perderidia lemmonii Salix wolf% Subgroup: Ponds Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS20; Channel Type IO, 12 Species IO Elodca nuttallii Potamogeton tiliformis Lilaea scilloides Potamogeton foliosus fibrillosus Myriophyllum sibiricum Rotala ramosior Potamogeton diversifolius Oregon, Blue Mountains Subgroup: Herbaceous and shrub wetlands Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type l2,20 Species Album madidum Carex concinna Botrychium ascendens Carex dioica gynocrates Botrychium crenulatum Carex hystricina Botrychium lanceolatum Carex sheldonii Botrychium minganense Epipactis gigantea Botrychium montanum Phacelia minutissima Botrychium paradoxum Pleuropogon oregonus Botrychium pinnatum Thelepodium howellii spectabilis Calochortus longebarbatus peckii Thelupodium howellii howellii Calochortus longebarbatus longebarbatus Trifolium douglasii Subgroup: High gradient streams Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 12; Rosgen Type A, B Species Allium robbinsii Corydalis caseana cusickii Astragalus robbinsii alpiniformis Dryopteris felix-mas Boiandra oregana Lycopodium annotinum Carex hendersonii Mimulus patulus Clematis columbiana Rubus bartonianus Subgroup: Low gradient streams Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 12,20; Rosgen Type C Species Allium madidum Carex nova Botrychium minganense Carex sheldonii Botrychium montanum Corydalis caseana cusickii Calochortus longebarbatus peckii Dryopteris felix-mas Calochortus longebarbatus longebarbatus Hackelia patens patens Carex backii Lycopodium annotinum Carex concinna Mimulus washingtonensis washingtonensis Carex hendersonii Pleuropogon oregonus Carex hystricina Ribes oxyacanthoides cognatum Subgroup: Open water Themes andfor Attributes: CRBS20 Species 11 Myriophyllum sibiricum Potamogcton filiformis Oregon, East Cascades South Subgroup: Vernal Pools and Receeding Shorelines Themes an/or Attributes: Species Juncus kelloggii Parvisedum pumilum Lilaea scilloides Phacelia inundata Limnanthes floccosa bellingeriana Pilularia americana Mimulus evanescens Rorippa columbiae Mimulus tricolor Subgroup: Herbaceous Montane and Subalpine Meadows Themes an/or Attributes: Species Agoseris elata Carex buxbaumii Botrychium lanceolatum Carex comosa Botrychium minganense Epilobium luteum Botrychium montanum Gentiana newberryi newbenyi Botrychium pinnatum Oxypolis occidentalis Calamagrostis breweri Perideridia erythrorhiza Calochortus longebarbatus longebarbatus Perideridia howellii Subgroup: Herbaceous Aquatic and Subaquatic Bogs Themes an/or Attributes: Species Coptis trifolia Myriophyllum sibiricum Cypripedium calceolus parviflorum Potamogeton filiformis Lobelia dortmanna Potamogeton foliosus fibrillosus Lophotocarpus califomicus Scheuchzeria palustris americana Subgroup: Riparian and River-me Shrublands Themes and/or Attributes: Species Artemisia ludoviciana estesii Salix bonplandiana Juncus torreyi Washington, Columbia Basin Subgroup: Riparian, riverine Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 12; Stream Order 2,3,4 12 Species Astragalus riparius Hypericum majus Carex densa lmpatiens aurella Carex interrupta Limosella acaulis Crassula aquatica Lindemia dubia Cyperus bipartitus Spartina pectinata Heuchera grossulariifolia tenuifolia Subgroup: Riparian, temporary pond/seep Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 10, 12,20; Stream Order 1 Species Damasonium cacifomicus Mimulus suksdorfii Downingia bacigallupii Spiranthes porrifolia Eleocharis atropurpurea Taushia tenuissima lsoetes nuttallii Teucrinum canadense viscidum Subgroup: Riparian, permanent pond/seep Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 10, I2,20; Stream Order 2,3 Species Carex comosa Eleocharis rostellata Carex flava Lobelia kalmii Carex hendersonii Muhlenbergia glomerata Carex hystricina Ophioglossum pusillum Epipactis gigantea Utricularia minor Washington, East Cascades North Subgroup: Riparian and Aquatic Wetlands Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 3,10, 12,20 Species Carex buxbaumii Epipactis gigantea Carex chordorrhiza Eriophorum viridicarinatum Carex comosa Eryngium petiolaria Carex densa Gentiana douglasiana Carex hystricina Gentiana glauca Carex novegica Geum glauca Carex paupercula Geum rivale Carex saxatilis major Juncus kelloggii Carex sychnocephala Listera borealis Carex tenuiflora Limosella acaulis Castilleja suksdorfii Lindemia dubia Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Liparis loeselii Cicuta bulbifera Loiseluria procumbens Crassula aquatica Oplioglossum pusillum Cypripedium parviflorum Platanthera chorisiana Eleocharis atropurpurea Platanthera sparsiflora Eleocharis rostellata Polypodium hesperium 13 Potentilla brewcri Salix vcstita erccta Ribes oxyacanthoides cognatum Sanicula marilandica Rubus acaulis Spirdnthes porrifolia Salix brachycarpa Sisyrinchium septentrionale Salix glauca Teucrinum canadense viscidum Salix sessiIifolia Trimorpha elata Salix tweedyi Zigadenus elegans Washington, Okanogan Highlands Subgroup: Xero-riparian Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 12; Stream Order 1,2 Species Botrychium lanceolatum lmpatiens aurella Botrychium lunaria Listera borealis Botrychium montanum Lycopodium dendroideum Botrychium pinnatum Oxytropsis campestris columbiana Corydalis aurea Sisyrinchium septentrionale Epipactis gigantea Thalictrum dasycarpum Subgroup: Wetlands Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 10, 12 Species Antennaria corymbosa Eriophorum viridicarinatum Carex atrata atrosquama Gaultheria hispidula Carex atrata erecta Gentiana glauca Carex buxbaumii Geum tivale Carex capillaris Lycopodium inundatum Carex dioica Muhlenbergia glomerata Carex flava Platanthera obtusata Carex hystrina Rubus acaulis Carex paupercula Salix candida Carex rostrata Salix maccalliana Carex scopulorum prinophylla Salix tweedyi Carex tenuiflora Sanicula marilandica Cicuta bulbifera Sisyrinchium septentrionale Cypripedium parviflorum Spartina pectinata Dryopteris carthusiana Spiranthes porrifolia Dryoptetis cristata Trimorpha elata Subgroup: Riverine, perennial Themes and/or Attributes: CRBSOS; Channel Type 12; Stream Order 2,3,4 Species Chrysoplenium tetrandum Salix tweedyi Salix glauca Subgroup: Riverine, vernal 14 Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type l2,20; Stream Order I Species Crassula aquatica Ranunculus longirostris Eleocharis rostellata Teucrinum canadense viscidum Subgroup: Lacustrine Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS; Channel Type 3, 12 Species Carex aenea Teucrinum canadense viscidum Carex sychnocephala Wyoming Subgroup: Aquatic Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS20 Species Eleocharis flavescens Potamogeton obtusifolius Equisetum fluviatile Potamogeton robbinsii Lemna valdiviana Potamogeton zosteriformis Marsilea oligospora Spirodela polyrhiza Najas guadalipensis Scirpus subterminalis Potamogeton friesii Subgroup: Riparian Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBSOS, SAF235; Channel Type 12 Species Agoseris lackschewitzii Drosera angelica Aster junciformis (=A. borealis) Dulichium arundinaceum Astragalus robbinsii Epipactis gigantea Astragalus terminalis Eriophomm gracile Carex buxbaumii Eriophorum viridicarinatum Carex cusickii Gentianopsis simplex Carex deweyana bolanderi Heterocodon rariflorum Carex diandra Heterotheca depressa Carex echinata Juncus filiformis Carex laeviculmis Juncus tweedyi Carex leptalea Puccinellia femaldii Carex limosa Scheuchzeria palustris Carex livida Selaginella selaginoides Carex sartwellii Veronica scutellata Cicuta bulbifera Viola renifolia 15 FORESTS Forested ecosystems occupy a significant portion of the moisture gradient within the Interior Columbia Basin (ICB). From the Juniper woodlands of southwestern Idaho, northern Nevada, and south central Oregon to the wet temperate rain forests of western hemlock and western red cedar in northern Idaho and adjacent Washington, moisture exerts a tremendous influence on forest composition. The majority of forest types in the ICB are based on conifers though hardwoods like cottonwood, aspen, and various oak species can be locally important. Humans make intensive use of forests for recreation, commerce (e.g., outfitters and mining), and agriculture (e.g., livestock grazing and timber harvest). Forests are major and important areas for both large and small wildlife, including many endangered and threatened species such as woodland caribou, large forest owls, grizzly bears, and goshawks. The forests of the ICB are floristically rich, a consequence of widely ranging moisture conditions (which are largely due to geography and topography). Dry, open woodlands at low elevations are typically vested with a rich component of shrubs and ephemeral annuals. With increasing elevation and available moisture shrubs become more prominent only to decline in importance in the highest and wettest forest types. Annuals tend to be most important in dry forests and woodlands whereas herbaceous perennials become more important with increasing elevation and available moisture. Current and historic patterns of resource use within the forests of the ICB pose a threat to the health of these ecosystems. Fire suppression has dramatically increased the risk of stand replacing fires in forests that evolved with periodic low intensity fires. Clear cutting has, in some cases, left sites incapable of being regenerated. Timber cutting prescriptions that focus on maximum commercial return rather than sustainability have similarly degraded many forest stands. Some types of forest (juniper, pinyon, and oak woodlands) are commonly burned or otherwise destroyed (with herbicides or heavy equipment) in order to make room for increased production of plant biomass that is more palatable to livestock, especially cattle. Forests within the ICB have become increasingly susceptible to a variety of pests, pathogens, and stand replacing fires. Insects such as pine and bark beetles, tussock moth, budworm, and borers and fungi like white pine blister rust and a variety of rots have increased in frequency and economic impact over the last 30 years. In relatively dry forest types, the frequency of localized low intensity fires has declined significantly while the recurrence time of extensive high intensity bums has shortened considerably. Idaho North Subgroup: Clearwater Refugium Forests Themes and/or Attributes: SAF227 Species Cardamine constancei Physcia semipennata Carex hendersonii Pilophorus aciculatis Cladonia verruculosa Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis Comus nuttallii Sphaerophorus tuckermanii Festuca subuliflora Trientalis latifolia 16 Subgroup: Dry Forests Themes and/or Attributes: SAF2 IO, SAF2 18, SAF237 Species Allotropa virgata Mimulus clivicola Ceanothus prostratus Psoralea physodei Cryptantha simulans Ramilina thrausta Halimolobos perplexa perplexa Ribes sanguineurn Lobaria linita Ribes woltii Lobaria scrobiculata Sanicula graveolens Lycopodium dendroideum Stipa pinetorum Mertensia bella Subgroup: Moist Forests Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS09, SAF205, SAF206, SAF210. SAF212, SAF217, SAF2 18, SAF227 Species Blechnum spicant Hypogymnia enteromorpha Botrychium lanceolatum lanceolatum Maianthemum dilatatum Botrychium minganense Oxalis trilliifolia Botrychium montanum Phegopteris connectilis Botrychium pinnatum Polystichum braunii Botrychium simplex Rubus spectabilis Cladonia transcendens Sanicula marilandica Collema furfuraceum Streptopus streptopoides brevipes Hookeria lucens Tellima grandiflora Hypogymnia apinnata Thelypteris nevadensis Idaho South Subgroup: Pinyon juniper Themes and/or Attributes: CRBSOI, CRBS03, SAFI 07 Species Astragalus newberryi castoreus Camissonia pterosperma Montana Subgroup: Cold/moist forests (ABLA/LUHI, ABLA/MEFE, ABLAKLUN) Themes and/or Attributes: SAF206 Species Mertensia bella Polystichum kruckebergii Subgroup: CoWmesic forests (ABLAIVASC, ABLAfVAGL, ABLA-PIALIVASC, TSMEIXETE) Themes and/or Attributes: SAF205, SAF206, SAF208 Species Allotropa virgata Calamagrostis tweedyi 17 Lewisia pygmaca nevadcnsis Synthyris missurica Pedicularis contorta rubicunda Subgroup: Cold/dry forests (PIAL-ABLA, ABLA-PIALIVASC, PIAL/VASC. ABLAICAGE, PSME/CARU) Themes and/or Attributes: SAF208, SAF2 IO Species Orogenia fusiformis Ranunculus jovis Penstemon attenuatus militaris Subgroup: Moderate/moist forests (ABLA/CLUN, PIEN/EQAR, ABLA/LIBO, ABGR/CLUN, PIEN/CLUN, THPL/CLUN) Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS09, SAF206 Species Cypripedium calceolus Petasites frigidus Cypripedium fasciculatum Ribes triste Cypripedium passerinum Satureja douglasii Goodyera repens Viola renifolia Orchis rotundifolia Subgroup: Moderate/mesic forests (THPL/CLUN, ABGR/CLUN, ABGR/LIBO, PSME/PHMA, PSME/LIBO, ABLAICLUN, ABLA/LIBO, ABLA/VACA, ABLA/VAGL, ABLA/XETE) Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS09, SAF206, SAF210, SAF227 Species Adoxa moschatellina Gaultheria ovatifolia Calamagrostis tweedyi Goodyera repens Castilleja covilleana Lewisia pygmaea nevadensis Cirsium brevistylum Trifohum eriocephalum piperi Cypripedium fasciculatum Subgroup: Moderate/dry forests (PSME/CARU, PSMEISPBE, PSMEfSYAL, PSMEIVAGL, PSMEfCAGE) Themes and/or Attributes: SAF2 10 Species Castilleja covilleana Penstemon lemhiensis Clarkia rhomboidea Trifolium gymnocarpon Orogenia fusifotrnis Subgroup: Warm/moist forests (THPWOPHO, THPUATFI, THPWGYDR, THPWCLUN, TSHE/GYDR, TSHWCLUN) Themes and/or Attributes: SAF227 Species Botrychium crenulatum Lilium columbianum Botrychium minganense Thelypteris phegopteris Botrychium montanum Subgroup: Warm/mesic forests (PSMEISYAL, PSME/CARU) Themes and/or Attributes: SAF2 IO Species Botrychium montanum Castilleja cervina Botrychium spathulatum Cirsium brevistylum Subgroup: Warm/dry forests (PIPOIAGSP, PIPOIFEID, PSMEIFEID) Themes and/or Attributes: SAF237 Species Arctostaphylos patula Lomatium geyeri Castilleja cervina Madia minima Kelloggia galioides Oregon, Blue Mountains Subgroup: Juniper forests Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS03, SRM107 Species Allium campanulatum Silene scaposa scaposa Pediocactus simpsonii robustior Thelypodium eucosmum Subgroup: Ponderosan pine/Doug-fir forests Themes and/or Attributes: SAF2 IO, SAF237 Species Allium bisceptrum Lupinus sabinii Allium campanulatum Mimulus evanescens Astragalus tegetarioides Mimulus hymenophyllus Calochortus longebarbatus peckii Mimulus patulus Calochortus longebarbatus longebarbatus Mimulus washingtonensis washingtonensis Clematis columbiana Orobanche pinorum Cypripedium fasciculatum Ribes oxyacanthoides cognatum Cypripedium montanum Ribes oxycanthoides irriguum Frasera albicaulis idahoensis Silene scaposa scaposa Subgroup: Grand fir forests Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS09 Species Clematis columbiana Lupinus sabinii Cypripedium fasciculatum Lycopodium annotinum Cypripedium montanum Lycopodium complanatum Dryopteris felix-mas Orobanche pinorum Listera borealis Ribes oxycanthoides irriguum Subgroup: Subalpine fir forests Themes and/or Attributes: SAF206 Species Allium campanulatum Castilleja glandulifera 19 Cypripedium montanum ,, Orobanche pinorum Subgroup: Lodgepole pine forests Themes and/or Attributes: SAF2 I8 Species Allium campanulatum Botrychium pinnatum Botrychium crenulatum Listera borealis Botrychium lanceolatum Lycopodium annotinum Botrychium minganense Rlatanthera obtusata Botrychium montanum Subgroup: Whitebark pine/limber pine forests Themes and/or Attributes: SAF208, SAF219 Species Allium campanulatum Oregon, East Cascades South Subgroup: Red fir and whiter? Themes and/or Attributes: Species Asarum wagneri Carex Whitney Collomia mazama Subgroup: Lodgepole pine Themes and/or Attributes: Species Astragalus peckii Castilleja chlorotica Botrychium pumicola Mimulus jepsonii Subgroup: Western red cedar and western hemlock Themes and/or Attributes: Species Botrychium montanum Huperzia occidentalis Botrychium pinnatum Lycopodium annotinum Subgroup: Juniper/sagebrush Themes and/or Attributes: Species Astragalus peckii Silene scaposa scaposa Subgroup: Oregon white oak woodlands 20 Themes and/or Attributes: Species Lomatium suksdorfii Meconella oreganai Subgroup: Low elevation Ponderosa pine Themes and/or Attributes: Species Allium campanulatum Cypripedium montanum Carex eleocharis Mimulus pulsiferae Castilleja chlorotica Penstemon peckii Subgroup: Ponderosa pine/mixed conifer woodlands Themes and/or Attributes: Species Castilleja chlorotica Mimulus jepsonii Cypripedium montanum Nama lobbii Hieracium greenei Penstemon glaucinus Lithophragma campanulata Utah Subgroup: Forest Themes and/or Attributes: CRBSOI , SAF206, SAF2 10, SAF2 I9 Species Astragalus alpinus Astragalus iodanthus Astragalus filipes Cryptantha spiculifera Washington, Columbia Basin Subgroup: Forest Themes and/or Attributes: SAF210, SAF218, SAF231 Species Antennaria parviflotum Orobanche pinorum Corydalis aurea Ribes oxyacanthoides cognatum Lupinus sabinii Ribes oxyacanthoides irriguum Mimulus pulsiferae Subgroup: Grand fir forest Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS09 Species Corydalis aurea Ribes oxyacanthoides cognatum Lupinus sabinii Ribes oxyacanthoides iniguum Orobanche pinorum 21 Subgroup: Aspen forest Themes and/or Attributes: SAF2 17 Species Corydalis aurea Cypripedium parviflorum Subgroup: Ponderosa pine forests Themes and/or Attributes: SAF237 Species Antennaria parviflorum Mimulus pulsiferae Corydalis aurea Ribes oxyacanthoides cognatum Lupinus sabinii Ribes oxyacanthoides irriguum Washington, East Cascades North Subgroup: Oak forests Themes and/or Attributes: SAF233 Species Antennaria parvifolia Epipactis gigantea Astragahq hoodianus Hackelia diffusa diffusa Carex vallicola Mimulus pulsiferae Cypripedium montanum Oxalis suksdorfii Cypripedium parviflorum Subgroup: Douglas-fir forests Themes and/or Attributes: SAF2 10 Species Botrychium lanceolatum Listera borealis Botrychium lunaria Montia diffusa Botrychium montanum Orobanche pinorum Carex buxbaumii Oxalis suksdorfii Carex vallicola Platanthera obtusata Corallorhiza trifida Pleuricospora fimbriolata Epipactis gigantea Sanicula marilandica Hemitome congestum Veratrum insolitum Lewisia tweedyi Subgroup: Subalpine fir forests Themes and/or Attributes: SAF206 Species Botrychium lanceolatum Corallorhiza trifida Botrychium lunaria Hemitomes congestum Botrychium montanum Lewisia tweedyi Carex atrata erecta Listera borealis Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Platanthera obtusata 22 Subgroup: Subalpine larch forests Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS IO, SAF206 Species Carex atrata erecta Carex vallicola Washington, Okanogan Highlands Subgroup: Forest Themes and/or Attributes: SAF206, SAF2 IO, SAP2 18, SAP227 Species Astragalus microcystis Dodecatheon pullchellum watsonii Botrychium lanceolatum Orobanche pinorum Botrychium lunaria Phacelia franklinii Botrychium minganense Ribes oxyacanthoides cognatum Botrychium montanum Ribes oxyacanthoides irriguum Botrychium pinnatum Vaccinium myrtilloides Carex xerantica Zigadenus elegans Wyoming Subgroup: Dry Forests Themes and/or Attributes: SAF218, SAF237 Species Arceuthobium douglasii Carex preslii Calamagrostis scopulorum Hieracium scouleti Subgroup: Moist Forests Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS09, SAF2 IO, SAF2 17, SAF2 18 Species Botrychium virginianum Melica smithii Calamagrostis scopulorum Ophioglossum vulgatum Dryopteris expansa Rubus acaulis Festuca occidentalis Trautvettaria caroliniensis Gymnocarpium dryopteris Viola orbiculata Listera caurina Xerophyllum tenax Listera convallarioides GRASSLANDS AND SHRUBLANDS Grasslands and shrublands occur throughout the entire elevational range of the Interior Columbia Basin (ICB). Shrublands tend to occupy relatively xeric sites that can be as large as a landscape or as small as several meters square. Grasslands on the other hand may occur in dry or wet areas. Bunchgrasses and annual species are favored where conditions are dry (chronically or seasonally) 23 whereas rhizomatous grasses tend to occur where soil moisture is more abundant or consistent. Grasslands and shrublands ar important habitats for many small animals. Large animals often use these areas to browse or graze but few live there exclusively (due largely to the lack of adequate cover). Insect, reptile, rodent, and bird faunas are typically diverse in both grasslands and shrublands (though may be locally impoverished in areas under unsustainable land management practices). The floristic diversity of grasslands and shrublands tends to be strongly tied to available soil moisture (except in cases of azonal soils and lithologies). Moist grasslands, especially where soils are deep, , are commonly rich in forb diversity (e.g., the Palouse) whereas very sandy areas (e.g., St. Anthony Dunes, Idaho and portions of the Great Sandy Desert, Oregon) commonly have a mere handful of species. Mountain shrublands commonly have a diverse understory of forbs and perennial grasses whereas desert shrublands are commonly more rich with forbs and annuals. The history of use and conversion in shrublands and grasslands extends back to pre-European settlement times. Native Americans were known to have burned some of these habitats for a variety of reasons, though usually with only local impacts. Beginning in the 1860’s, when domestic livestock grazing became important throughout the ICB, grasslands and shrublands have been continuously converted or degraded. Most of these areas are or were heavily over- grazed (though the Taylor Grazing Act of 1939 instituted significant reforms). Perhaps more insidious has been the introduction and establishment of a broad range of exotic plant species that has been directly attributed to livestock grazing. Exotics such as cheatgrass and Russian thistle have converted millions of acres of relatively diverse shrublands and grasslands to depauperate, fire prone landscapes with significantly lowered economic value. Agricultural conversion has impacted grasslands more than shrublands, especially in valley bottoms. More than 95% of the extensive grasslands of northern Idaho and adjacent eastern Washington have been converted to farmland. Water diversions for agriculture have had significant dilatory effects on the shrublands and grasslands in most watersheds surrounding the major agricultural centers within the ICB. In local areas around burgeoning population centers, many acres of grasslands and shrublands have and continue to be converted for housing and industry. Significant recreational impacts to grasslands and shrublands tends to be localized but are occasionally sever. Activities involving all-terrain or off-road vehicles (including horses) are usually the most destructive often causing sever erosion, losses in vegetation, and slope failures. Idaho North Subgroup: Canyon grasslands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, CRBS07, SRM IO 1, SRM304 Species Astragalus riparius Crepis bakeri idahoensis Calochortus macrocarpus maculosa Erigeron engelmannii davisii Camassia cusickii Mimulus washingtonensis ampliatus Chrysothamnus nauseosus nanus Subgroup: Montane balds and ridges grasslands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, SRM IO I, SRM304 24 Spccics Astragalus bourgovii Eriogonum capistratum wclshii Carex californica Subgroup: Prairie grasslands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, CRBS07, SRMIOI, SRM304 Species Astragalus bisulcatus bisulcatus Thelomma occelatum Bouteloua gracilis Trifolium plumosum amplifolium Idaho South Subgroup: Low sage grassland shrubland Themes and/or Attributes: SRM403, SRM406 Species Astragalus salmonis Scutellaria nana nana Gymnosteris parvula Stylocline filaginea Pediocactus simpsonii robustior Subgroup: General grasslands and shrublands Themes and/or Attributes: CRB003, CRBS06, CRBS07, SRM 10 I, SRM 104, SRM304, SRM401, SRM402, SRM403, SRM406, SRM607 Species Allium anceps Lomatium dissectum dissecturn . Astragalus drummondii Lupinus uncialis Astragalus newbetryi castoreus Muhlenbergia racemosa Astragalus salmonis Oryzopsis micrantha Astragalus tetrapterus Oxytropis besseyi salmonensis Camissonia palmeri Pediocactus simpsonii robustior Camissonia pterosperma Peraphyllum ramosissimum Carex tumulicola Piptatherum micranthum Chaenactis stevioides Psathyrotes annua Coryphantha vivipara Scutellaria nana nana Cuscuta denticulata Stipa viridula Et-iogonum desettorum Stylocline filaginea Gymnosteris nudicaulis Thelomma ocellatum Gymnosteris parvula Townsendia scapigera lpomopsis polycladon (=Gilia polycladon) Subgroup: Sandy grasslands and shrublands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBSOB, CRBS07, SRM607 Species Chaenactis stevioides Oxytheca dendroidea Glyptopleura marginata Psathyrotes annua Gymnosteris nudicaulis Sporobolus asper 25 Montana Subgroup: High-elevation Idaho fescue Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, SRM304 Species Allium simillimum Penstemon lemhiensis Draba densifolia Potentilla’quinquefolia Erigeron formosissimus viscidus Polygonum douglasii austinae Lesquerella klausii Saxifraga apetala Mimulus nanus Thlaspi parviflorum Subgroup: Low-elevation Idaho fescue Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, SRh4304 Species Allium parvum Lesquerella carinata languida Astragalus convallarius convallarius Penstemon lemhiensis Athysanus pusillus Penstemon payettensis Camissonia andina Phlox kelseyi missoulensis Erigeron linearis Trifolium gymnocarpon Halimolobos perplexa lemhiensis Myosotis vema ldahoa scapigera Subgroup: Bluebunch wheatgrass Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, SRM 10 1 Species Allium columbianum Lagophylla ramosissima Camissonia andina Lesquerella carinata languida Ipomopsis minutiflora Phlox kelseyi missoulensis Subgroup: Low-elevation rough fescue Themes and/or Attributes: CRBSOB, SRM304 Species Aster frondosus Grindelia howellii Astragalus convallarius convallarius Myosotis vema Attiplex truncata Oxytropis campestris columbiana Boisduvalia densiflora Oxytropis lagopus conjugens Botrychium hesperium Phlox kelseyi missoulensis Botrychium paradoxum Silene spaldingii Delphinium burkei Subgroup: High-elevation rough fescue Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, SRh4304 Species Allium fibrillum Polygonum douglasii austinae Botrychium paradoxum 26 Subgroup: Low-elevation sagebrush Themes and/or Attributes: SRM401, SRM403 Species Agastache cusickii Hutchinsia procumbens Allium parvum Ipomopsis congesta crebrifolia Arabis fecunda lpomopsis minutiflora Aster frondosus Kochia americana Astragalus ceramicus apus Lesquerella pulchella Astragalus platytropis Lomatium attenuatum Astragalus scaphoides Oenothera pallida idahoensis Astragalus terminalis Oxytropis lagopus conjugens Boisduvalia densiflora Penstemon lemhiensis Cryptantha fendleri Phacelia scopulina Delphinium bicolor no Potentilla plattensis Elymus flavescens Ranunculus jovis Erigeron lineatis Sphaeralcea munroana Grindelia howellii Sphaeromeria argentea Halimolobos perplexa lemhiensis Sphaeromeria capitata Halimolobos virgata Townsendia florifer Subgroup: High-elevation sagebrush Themes and/or Attributes: SRM402, SRM42 1 Species Allium acuminatum Ipomopsis congesta crebrifolia Allium parvum Juncus hallii Astragalus terminalis Mimulus nanus Calochortus bruneaunis Oxytropis lagopus conjugens Erigeron formosissimus viscidus Penstemon lemhiensis Eriogonum caespitosum Saxifraga apetala Halimolobos perplexa lemhiensis Sphaeromeria argentea Haplopappus macronema lineatis Thlaspi parviflorum Helenium hoopsii Townsendia nuttallii Oregon, Basin and Range Subgroup: Mountain big sage Themes and/or Attributes: Species Allium bisceptrum Orthocarpus cuspidatus cryptanthus Allium campanulatum Pedicularis centranthera Astragalus tegetarioides Penstemon janishiae Caulanthus major Penstemon kingii Crepis modocensis modocensis Penstemon seorsus Hackelia patens patens Symphoricarpos longiflorus Subgroup: Low sage Themes and/or Attributes: 27 Species Artemisia papposa Hymenoxys lemmonii Asclepias cryptoceras Orthocarpus cuspidatus cryptanthus Astragalus tegetarioides Trifolium owyheense Subgroup: Salt Desert Shrublands Themes and/or Attributes: Species Allenrolfea occidentalis Ephedra viridis Antirrhinum kingii Langloisia setosissima punctata Chaenactis macrantha Malacothrix torreyi Chaenactis stevioides Pediocactus simpsonii robustior Cryptantha propria Phacelia gymnoclada Ephedra nevadensis Subgroup: Basin big sage Themes and/or Attributes: Species Astragalus alvordensis Malacothrix glabrata Astragalus-stratus owyheensis Phacelia gymnoclada Camissonia palmeri Stylocline psilocarphoides Eriogonum brachyanthum Trifolium owyheense Hackelia cronquistii Subgroup: Wyoming big sage Themes and/or Attributes: Species Argemone munita rotundata Lomatium ravenii Astragalus solitarius Lupinus biddlei Astragalus tetrapterus Pectocarya setosa Caulanthus crassicaulis Penstemon janishiae Caulanthus pilosus Penstemon kingii Cryptantha propria Penstemon perpulcher Cymoptetus purpurascens Penstemon seorsus Gilia salticola Phacelia gymnoclada Hymenoxys cooperi canescens Stephanomeria malheurensis Oregon, Blue Mountains Subgroup: Idaho fescue grasslands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, SRM304 Species Astragalus arthurii Frasera albicaulis idahoensis Calochortus macrocarpus maculosum Lupinus sabinii Erigeron disparipilus Silene spaldingii Erigeron engelmannii davisii 28 Subgroup: Bluebunch wheatgrass grasslands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, SRM 101 Species Asclepias cryptocerus Haplopappus radiatus Astragalus arthurii Lomatium rolhnsii Calochortus macrocarpus maculosum Lupinus sabinii Erigeron disparipilus Mirabilis macfarlanei Erigeron engelmannii davisii Silene scaposa scaposa Frasera albicaulis idahoensis Thelypodium eucosmum Subgroup: Sandberg bluegrass grasslands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06 Species Allium brandegei Lomatium ochocensis Allium geyeri Oryzopsis hendersonii Allium tolmiei platyphyllum Oryzopsis wallowaensis Astragalus salmonis Primula cusickiana Collomia macrocalyx Subgroup: Shrublands, general Themes and/or Attributes: SRM104, SRM322, SRM402, SRM421 Species Ribes cereum colubrinum Silene spaldingii Rubus bartonianus Subgroup: Rigid sage Themes and/or Attributes: SRM406 Species Allium brandegei Oryzopsis hendersonii Allium macrum Oryzopsis wallowaensis Subgroup: Big sage Themes and/or Attributes: SRM40 1, SRM403 Species Allium brandegei Eriogonum ochrocephalum calcareum Astragalus atratus owyheensis Haplopappus radiants Astragalus tegetarioides Subgroup: Mountain big sage Themes and/or Attributes: SRM402 Species Allium campanulatum Subgroup: Low sage Themes and/or Attributes: SRM406 29 Species Artemisia arbuscula thermopola Oryzopsis wallowaensis Astragalus salmonis Oregon, East Cascades South Subgroup: Low sagebrush Themes and/or Attributes: Species Allium macrum Lomatium watsonii Artemisia arbuscula thermopola Mimulus pygmaeus Castilleja thompsonii Oryzopsis hendersonii Claytonia umbellata Pediocactus simpsonii robustior Collomia macrocalyx Penstemon seorsus Coryphantha vivipara vivipara Silene scaposa scaposa Lomatium farinosum hambleniae Talinum spinescens Subgroup: Wyoming and Mountain big sage Themes and/or Attributes: Species Astragalus hoodianus Cryptantha rostellata Astragalus howellii Linanthus bolanderi Astragalus peckii Lupinus latifolius thompsonianus Astragalus salmonis Mimulus pygmaeus Astragalus tyghensis Nicotiana quadrivalis Camissonia pygmaea Ranunculus reconditis Castilleja chlorotica Ribes inenne klamathense Caulanthus pilosus Scribneria bolanderi Crepis modocensis modocensis Silene nuda insectivora Cryptantha propria Silene scaposa scaposa Subgroup: CurlIeaf Mountain Mahogany Themes and/or Attributes: Species Melica stricta Oregon, High Lava Plains Subgroup: Salt Desert Shrub Themes and/or Attributes: Species Astragalus applegatei Thelypodium brachycarpum Plagiobothrys salsus Thelypodium howellii howellii 30 Utah Subgroup: Grassland Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, CRBS07, SRMIOI, SRM304, SRM607 Species Haplopappus hirtus Lomatium cous Ligusticum grayi Senecio foetidus Subgroup: Shrubland Themes and/or Attributes: CRB003, CRBS07, SRM 104, SRM 107, SRM322, SRM40 I, SRM402, SRM403, SRM406, SRM421 Species Arenaria fendleri aculeata Mimulus brewer-i Aster scopulorum Paeonia brownii Astragalus purshii glareosus Pedicularis contorta Cryptantha interrupta Phacelia ivesiana glandulifera Erigeron linearis Silene oregana Eriogonum brevicaule desertotum Stipa thurberiana Eriophyllum lanatum Washington, Columbia Basin Subgroup: Deep, tine textured soils Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, CRBS07, SRMlO 1, SRM304, SRM607 Species Astragalus cusickii cusickii Erigeron piperianus Cohinsia sparsiflora bruceae Trifolium plumosum plumosum Subgroup: Deep, coarse textured soils Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, CRBS07, SRM 101, SRM304, SRh4607 Species Hackelia hispida hispida Lomatium rollinsii Subgroup: Shallow soils Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, CRBS07, SRMlO 1, SRh4304, SRM607 Species Draba douglasii douglasii Linanthus bolanderi Eriogonum maculatum Mimulus washingtonensis Githopsis specularioides Penstemon denstus variabilis Hackelia diffusa diffusa Saxifraga integrifolia apetala Subgroup: Shrubland Deep, fine textured soils Themes and/or Attributes: CRBSO7, SRM104, SRM322, SRM401, SRM402, SRM403, SRhJ406, SRh4421 Species 31 Astragafus arrectus Balsamorhiza deltoidea Cuscuta denticulata Subgroup: Deep, coarse textured soils Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS07, SRM 104, SRM322, SRM401, SRM402, SRM403, SRM406, SRM42 1 Species Arabis crucisetosa Cryptantha leucophaea Arenaria franklinii ‘thompsonii Oenothera cespitosa Cuscuta denticulata Oenothera flava Subgroup: Deep, saline-alkali soils Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS07, SRM104, SRM322, SRM401, SRM402, SRM403, SRM406, SRM414, SRM421 Species Astragalus geyeri Thelypodium howellii howellii Subgroup: Shallow soils Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS07, SRM104, SRM322, SRM401, SRM402, SRM403, SRM406, SRM421 Species Allium constrictum Hackeha hispida disjuncta Astragalus arthutii Juncus uncialis Astragalus misellus pauper Pectocarya setosa Cryptantha interrupta Pediocactus simpsonii robustior Cryptantha rostillata Phacelia tetramera Eatonella nivea Polygonum austiniae Eriogonum maculatum Washington, East Cascades North Subgroup: Shrublands Themes and/or Attributes: SRM104, SRM401, SRM402, SRM403, SRM406, SRM421 Species Aster sibericus meritus Lomatium quintuplex Astragalus arrectus Mimulus suksdorfii Astragahts hoodianus Nicotiana attenuata Astragalus misellus pauper Oryzopsis hendersonii Carex stenophylla Pectocarya setosa Collinsia sparsiflora btuceae Pediocactus simpsonii Delphinium xantholeucum Pellaea brachyptera Erigeron pipetianus Phacelia franklinii Githopsis speculariodes Potentilla nivea Hackelia diffusa diffusa Ranunculus reconditus Hackelia hispida disjuncta Saxifraga apetala Iliamna longisepala Silene douglasii manatha Linanthus bolanderi Valeriana columbiana 32 Subgroup: Grasslands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, SRMIOI, SRM304, SRM607 Species Botrychium simplex Orthocarpus bracteousus Cypripedium montanum Potentilla diversifolia perdissecta Cypripedium parviflorum Ribes oxyacanthoides cognatum Eryngium petiolatum Washington, Okanogan Highlands Subgroup: Rhizomatous grasses dominant Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007, CRBS06 Species Botrychium simplex Sisyrinchium septentrionale Carex vallicola Subgroup: Bunchgrass dominant Themes and/or Attributes: SRMl 01, SRM304 Species Carex xerantica Cryptantha interrupta Wyoming Subgroup: Grasslands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBS06, CRBS07, SRM 101, SRM304, SRM607 Species Lomatium bicolor Triteleia grandiflora Subgroup: Shrublands Themes and/or Attributes: CRBO03, CRBS07, SRM104, SRM107, SRM322, SRM401, SRM402, SRh4403, SRM406, SRM42 1 Species At-temisia spiciformis Lepidium densifohum pubicarpum Calochortus eurycarpus ‘Monardella odoratissima glauca Clarkia pulchella Orobanche corymbosa corymbosa Gayophytum humile Orobanche ludoviciana arenosa Haplopappus macronema linearis Paeonia brownii Ipomopsis crebifolia Perideridia bolanderi bolanderi Kelloggia galioides Townsendia florifer 33 ROCK The rocky habitats within the Interior Columbia Basin (ICB) usually occur as inclusions within other types of habitats. They may be represented as sand dunes, cliffs, mountain tops, talus slopes, lava flows and cinder cones, and scablands. There are some large extensive areas of rocky habitats however, including the Crater’s of the Moon area in Idaho and the cliffs of the Columbia River Gorge. These areas are usually low in biological (both floral and faunal) diversity but commonly harbor edaphically endemic species (especially when the rocks are azonal). Limestone and dolomite, rhyolitic ashes, and serpentine commonly have several substrate specific plant species whereas basalt and granite outcrops have very few. Animals typically use rocky habitats only occasionally, though a few species such as marmots, picas, and rock wrens live and reproduce there. Rocky areas are habitats typically used for relatively few human activities. Mining activities are usually thoroughly destructive though mostly highly localized. Most recreational uses have little impact, the exception being off-road and all-terrain vehicles. Motorized recreation can destroy plant and animal habitat, cause or exacerbate erosion problems, and it the most destructive recreational use of rocky habitats. In some areas, livestock grazing and introduced exotic plant species have significantly impacted the quality of rock inhabiting plant communities. Idaho North Subgroup: High Elevation Rock Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Adiantum aleuticum Lewisia kelloggii Cladonia luteoalba Romanzoffta sitchensis Collomia debilis camporum Subgroup: Talus Rock Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Lomatium salmoniflorum Thelypodium lacinatum streptanthoides Pentagramma triagularis triangularis Idaho South Subgroup: Badlands Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Aspicilia fiuticulosa Eriogonum shockleyi packardiae Astragalus amblytropis Eriogonum shockleyi shockleyi Astragalus aquilonius Hymenoxys richardsonii Blepharidachne kingii Ipomopsis polycladon (= Gilia polycladon) 34 Lupinus uncialis Penstemon janishiae Nemacladus rigidus Xanthoparmelia idahoensis Subgroup: Cinder Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Dimeresia howellii Eatonella nivea Subgroup: Clay Ash Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Cymopterus acaulis greeleyotum Phacelia lutea calva Subgroup: Non-Clay Ash Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Eriogonum ochrocephalum calcareum Mentzelia torreyi acerosa Subgroup: Rock Outcrops Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Asplenium viride Astragalus gilviflorus Oregon Basin and Range and Owyhee Uplands Subgroup: Talus, Scree and Gravels Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Agastache cusickii Eriogonum nutans nutans Antitrhirnum kingii Eriogonum prociduum Collomia macrocalyx Phacelia gymnoclada Collomia renacta Subgroup: Basalt and Rbyolite Rock Outcrops Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Agastache cusickii Hackelia patens patens Astragalus tegetarioides Haplopappus macronema macronema Artemisia packardiae Ivesia shockleyi Claytonia umbellata Melica stricta Cymopterus nivalis Mirabilis bigelovii retrorsa Draba sphaeroides cusickii Pediocactus simpsonii robustior Dryopteris filix-mas Penstemon davidsonii prateritus Hackelia ophiobia Polemonium viscosum 35 Polystichum kruckebergii Selaginella watsonii Saxifraga adscendens oregonensis Symphoricarpos longiflorus Sedum debile Subgroup: Succor Creek Ash Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Astragalus sterilis Chaenactis cusickii Mentzelia mollis Cymopterus acaulis greeleyorum Phacelia lutea calva Subgroup: Leslie Gulch Ash Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Astragalus sterilis Mentzelia packardiae Eriogonum novonudum Phacelia lutea mackenzieorum Ivesia rhypara rhypara Senecio ertterae Lomatium ravenii Trifolium owyheense Subgroup: Non-specific Ash Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Allium lemmonii Eriogonum crosbyae Amsinckia carinata Eriogonum cusickii Argemone munita rotundata Eriogonum novonudum Astragalus alvordensis Eriogonium ochrocephalum Astragalus sterilis Eriogonum prociduum Astragalus tegetarioides Eriogonum salicomioides Astragalus tetrapterus Ivesia rhypara rhypara Chaenactis cusickii Ivesia rhypara shellyi Chaenactis macrantha Langloisia setosissima punctata Chaenactis stevioides Stanleya confertiflora Cryptantha propria Trifolium leibergii Cymopterus nivalis Trifolium owyheense Subgroup: Sand Themes and/or Attributes: CRBO07 Species Astragalus alvordensis Chaetadelpha wheeleri Astragalus atratus owyheensis Eriogonum nutans nutans Astragalus mufordiae Hackelia cronquistii Astragalus tetrapterus Stylocline psilocarphoides Camissonia palmeri 36 Oregon, Blue Mountains Subgroup: Ash Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Allium pleinthum Lomatium rollinsii Astragalus diaphanus diumus Lupinus cusickii Eriogonum ochrocephalum calcareum Thelypodium eucosmum Subgroup: Cinder Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Mimulus evanescens Mimulus patulus Mimulus hymenophyllus Subgroup: Cliffs Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Allium geyeri Geum rossii turbinatum Anemone multitida tetonensis Heuchera grossularifolia grossularifolia Asplenium trichomanes Leptodactylon pungens hazeliae Bolandra oregana Mimulus washingtonensis wash.ingtonensis Carex nardina Pellaea bridgesii Cheilanthes feei Phlox multiflora Cryptogramma stelleri Polystichum kruckebergii Draba lemmonii cyclomorpha Rubus bartonianus Epilobium latifolium Salix woltii Epipactis gigantea Selaginella watsonii Subgroup: Scablands Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Allium bisceptrum Lomatium ochocensis Allium dictuon Mimulus washingtonensis wash.ingtonensis Allium geyeri Oryzopsis hendersonii Allium tolmiei platyphyllum Oryzopsis wallowaensis Astragalus salmonis Pediocactus simpsonii robustior Claytonia umbellata Primula cusickiana Erigeron engelmannii davisii Ranunculus orestetus Lewisia columbiana wallowensis Subgroup: Talus Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Claytonia umbellata Mirabilis macfarlanei Luina serpentina Ranunculus verecundus 37 Ribes oxyacanthoides cognatum Suksdortia violacea Rubus bartonianus Subgroup: Other Rocks Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Lomatium ravenii Oregon, East Cascades South Subgroup: Ash, Clay, Sterile Basalt Gravels Themes and/or Attributes: Species Allium pleianthum Eriogonum prociduum Astragalus diaphanus diaphanus Mimulus washingtonensis washingtonensis Astragalus diaphanus diumus Thelypodium eucosmum Chaenactis nevii Subgroup: Cliffs and Talus Themes and/or Attributes: Species Arabis furcata Mimulus jungermannioides Erigeron howellii Penstemon barrettiae Erigeron oreganus Suksdorfia violacea Heuchera grossularifolia tenuifolia Talinum spinescens Subgroup: Scablands Themes and/or Attributes: Species Allium campanulatum Astragalus salmonis Allium lemmonii Chaenactis macrantha Allium macrum Chaenactis stevioides Allium madidum Eriogonum chrysops Artemisia papposa Phacelia gymnoclada Asclepias cryptoceras Subgroup: Stiff sage Themes and/or Attributes: Species Allium macrum Allium madidum Utah Subgroup: Rock 38 Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Eupatorium occidentale Polystichum kruckebergii Washington, Columbia Basin Subgroup: Bedrock/crevice Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Cheilanthes feei Lomatium serpentinum Hackelia cinerea Lossetacon nevadensii Subgroup: Talus/rubble Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Lomatium cusickii Ribes cereum columbrinum Lomatium laevigatum Washington, East Cascades North Subgroup: Rock Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Astragalus Whitney sonneanus Lomatium cuspidatum Anemone nuttalliana Lomatium tuberosum Bolandra oregana Lomatiumwatsonii Carex proposita Luzula arcuata Carex stenophylla Nicotiana attenuata Castilleja cervina Pamassia kotzebuei kotzebuei Chaenactis ramosa Pediocactus simpsonii Chaenactis thompsonii Pellaea breweri Claytonia megarhiza nivalis Phacelia fianklinii Cryptantha interrupta Poa curtifolia Erigeron basalticus Poa gracillima multnomae Erigeron humilis Polypodium hesperium Erigeron leibergii Polystichum lemmonii Erigeron piperianus Potentilla nivea Erigeron salishii Potentilla quinquefolia Erihichium nanum elongatum Salix brachycarpa Geum rossii depressum Saxifraga cemua Hackelia diffusa diffusa Saxifi-aga debilis Hackelia hispida disjuncta Swertia perennis Hackelia hispida hispida Valeriana columbiana Heuchera grossulariifolia tenuifolia Vera&urn insolitum Lewisia tweedyi 39 Washington, Okanogan Highlands Subgroup: Talus slope Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Ribes oxyacanthoides cognatum Saxifraga cemua Ribes oxyacanthoides irriguum Saxifraga debilis Saxifraga adscenden gonensi Subgroup: Moist rocky substrate Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Cryptogramma stelleri Subgroup: Dry rocky substrate Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Dryas drummondii Talinum sediforme Wyoming Subgroup: Rocky Limestone Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Adiantum aleuticum Draba borealis Antennaria aromatica Erigeron tweedyi Asplenium viride Pellaea glab’ella simplex Cryptogramma stelleri Subgroup: Ingneous and Metamorphic Themes and/or Attributes: CRB007 Species Aspidotis densa Polystichum scopulinum Lycopodium selago 40 APPENDIX 4 Rare Plant Communities Rare Plant Communities With increases in human influences on ecological processes, vegetation structure and function, there has been a significant loss of native plant communities and ecosystems across the United States (Nature Conservancy 1974). Concerns for the maintenance of diversity exists for all its interactive levels, including genetic, species, communities and ecosystems (Langner and Flather’ 1994). Concerns such as these prompted the need to identify and assess the status of rare plant communities within the Columbia River Basin. Plant communities that were inherently rare because of a unique set of abiotic features, and those that were once more common, but reduced due to management, are especially vulnerable to extirpation. For example, the bunchgrass grasslands of the Palouse region, once expansive in area, have been reduced to a few remnant stands due to agricultural conversion. Low elevation cedar/hemlock old-growth forests, on the other hand, may never have occupied a large proportion of the landscape, yet have been disproportionately affected due to the extraction of large volumes of timber available in these highly productive areas. It is hoped that the information given here will assist managers by placing the concerns for sustainability of these communities in context with their status at a regional scale. In addition, potential for restoration of some communities may be prioritized and perhaps expedited by knowledge as to which communities are globally at risk, and what the known threats and trends are for these unique areas. Plant communities are assemblages of organisms that are repeatable over the landscape (Bourgeron and Engelking 1994). Many classification systems have been applied to characterize a grouping of plant species as a definable unit. Although there is still a need for continued classification and standardization, the Natural Heritage Program Network has gone far in compiling and standardizing a classification of plant communities in the Western United States. This work (Bourgeron and Engelking 1994) was used as the basis for identifying rare plant communities that occur in the Columbia River Basin. Results from the summarization of Gl and G2 communities in the Columbia River Basin are found below. Limited information exists on many of these plant communties. The columns in the Appendix table are defined and described as follows: Community Name: The Latin name of the plant community. The Heritage Program uses an existing vegetation classification that is based solely on vegetation attributes (i.e. abiotic features such as soil and precipitation were not used). Although these communities represent vegetation that currently exists on the land, some also approximate a potential vegetation type when found in a very late successional stage. For details on the classification, see Bourgeron and Engelking (1994). For ease of use, communities in this table are organized alphabetically within dominant life forms, and therefore, deviates from the more complex classification hierarchy used by the Heritage Program. As mentioned, there has been a major effort by the Heritage Program to standardize community taxonomy, ensure consistent application of the techniques and concepts, and to quality control data across the Western United States. However, the system is constantly evolving as new information becomes available and the classification is refined. G Rank: Global rank as assigned by the Natural Heritage Program. Only Gl and G2 communities are included. They are defined as, Gl: Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences) or because of some factor making it vulnerable to extinction; G2: Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences) or because other factors demonstrable making it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range. Classification Type: Each community is identified as to whether it is a Plant Association (PA) which is the existing vegetation ; Potential Vegetation Type (PV), the site climax community; or Community Type (CT) which would dominate a site if there were no disturbance. Rarity Class: Each community was assigned a rarity class, if known. They are defined as, I - Intrinsically rare: those communities that are naturally restricted due to a unique set of environmental attributes, M - Managed Rare: those communities that are rare as a result of human caused activities, and B - Both: intrinsically rare communities that are also affected by management. Threats: Existing and potential activities known to threaten these communities are identified below: AG Agricultural Conversion HC Hydrological Regime Changes BR Blister Rust MN Mining CI Climax Invasion MT Mistletoe DV Development ov Off Highway Vehicles EX Exotic Plant Species PA Pathogens FC Fire, Change in Native Regime PL Pipelines FF Fire Suppression Activities RC Recreation FI Fire, Increased Frequency RD Road Construction FR Fire, In General or Nonspecific Road Maintenance FS Fire, Stand Replacing RP Riparian Disturbances FX Fire Exclusion SC Status Change GI Livestock Grazing, Indirect Effects TH Timber Harvest GZ Livestock Grazing Herbicide Spray and Drift Trend: Where possible, a trend in community viability was assessed. Trend was categorized as, I - Increasing; D - Decreasing; S - Stable; U - Unknown. Distribution Across the Columbia River Basin: Panel members and Heritage Program ecologists identified if a community is known to occur within the Vascular Plant Analysis Areas. Areas were coded as: Mont - Montana NID - Idaho/North SID - Idaho/South wyo - Wyoming Blue - Blue Mountains NC - East Cascades North SC/L - East Cascades South and the High Lava Plains Colu - Columbia Basin ..;.., ,‘-, jy.....‘I .I. ._ Okan - Okanogan Highlands ., .. OrBa - Oregon Basin and Range and Owyhee Upland-:- ~...I ,.~’ Typically, these communities occupy small acreages on the land which precludes many types of quatitative analyses at a broad spatial scale. Furthermore, very few of these communties are mapped so even with a smaller scale assessment, analysis based on spatial information would be limited. However, some general trends and patterns can be assessed qualitatively. Reference numbers cited in the table use the same numbers as those in the following documents that were used for the compilation of this section: Langner, Linda L. 1994. Biological diversityStatus and trends in the United States. U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-244.24 pp. Bourgeron, P.S. and L.D. Engelking. eds. 1994. A preliminary vegetation classification of the Western United States. Unpublished report prepared by the Western Heritage Task Force for the Nature Conservancy, Boulder, CO APPENDIX 5 Plants of Cultural Importance Culturally Significant Plants Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project July 10, 1995 Report Prepared by: Richard Helliwell Forest Botanist, Umpqua National Forest Species Selected For Inclusion This list of species should not be considered to be a complete list of all species that are used by Indian peoples of the project area. It is apparent that there was formally much wider recognition and utilization of the native flora than there is currently. Elders stress that at one time all plants had a name and a recognized use. But even today there remains hundreds of plant species that continue to be utilized, some only by individual groups or families but others are recognized as being integral to continuing cultural practices and tribal tradition. It would have been an unwieldy task to attempt to analyze all of the many hundreds of species for which there are recorded purposes, particularly the many that have purported but uncorroborated medicinal uses. Therefore, the decision was made to attempt to narrow the analysis to those species which are currently considered to be the most important to the seventeen tribal groups whose area of interest lies within the project area. Some of these species are very local in use and or occurrence, while others are more widespread. There are some species whose primary range and use is outside of the project area but are important enough to one or more of the tribes to warrant inclusion. Native Taxonomy The area encompassing this project includes the area of interest of tribes who speak many languages included within five major language families. These are Sahaptin, Interior Salish, Lutuami, Chinookin, and the Numic group of Uto-Aztecan family. many of these languages include use of sounds that are not used in the English language but more importantly they include concepts for plants and their relationship to the environment and culture which do not translate directly into English. The plants are listed by scientific name for the purpose of being consistent with and thereby useable with the rest of the ICBEMP analysis being conducted by the Project. However, it is important to recognize that not everything that goes by a certain name by a plant taxonomist would be equally recognized by an Indian elder. Lomatium nudicaule would be one example of this. In spring when the first sprouts appear, this plant is called “pt’ishpt’ish” in Warm Springs Sahaptin, which refers to the edible first leaves. Mature plants with a stout stem are referred to as “xamsi” which has an edible stem while other plants with a narrow, spindly, stem are called “ashwaniya” which means “slave to xamsi” (from a story) and is not eaten. These are not names for stages of growth, strictly speaking; these are individual plat names. Taxonomy is further complicated by local differences in what one tribal group prefers relative to another and also differences within a taxa across it’s range. For instance, Lomatium piperi and L. gormanii are two are closely related species that are often mistaken for one another. However in Central Washington members of the Yakama tribe readily distinguish between the two, L. piperi is recognized as edible while L. gormanii is eschewed as “groundhog food”. However in southern Oregon, L. gormanii, is considered to be quite palatable (L. Housely, personal communication). Summary of Information Presented The table of information presented in Appendix 5 has been organized into three main cultural areas. There are three fields for each of these areas, with either a ” 1” to represent primary use, a “2” to represent a species with less important or localized use, and a blank to represent that it was essentially not used by that group. The habitat types that these taxa occur in, is in the following column. The codes used are the same as those used in the ICBEMP analysis and are explained on pages 79-8 1, Tables 3-4, of the main body of the document. Management of Plant Populations Finally, it must be noted that management of culturally significant plants is not a question of maintaining species viability but rather it is imperative that species harvestability be maintained. For the most part, these are not rare species. Most of these taxa are at least locally abundant someplace. Small, isolated or difficult to harvest populations may have no bearing. It is generally the large, healthy, accessible populations that Federal agencies must manage consistently to insure continued harvestability of these species. Literature Relevant to this Section: Couture, Marilyn D. 1978. Recent and Contemporary Foraging Practices of the Hamey Valley Paiute. Masters Thesis. Portland State University, Portland, OR. .,.>.. Colville, Fredrick V. 1897. Notes on the Plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium, Vol. V, No. 1. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. French, David. 1965. Ethnobotany of the Pacific Northwest Indians. Economic Botany. 19(4): 378-382. Harbinger, Lucy J. 1964. The Importance of Food Plants in the Maintenance of Nez Perce Cultural Identity. Masters Thesis. Washington State University, Pullman, WA. Hunn, Eugene with James Selam and Family. 1990. Nih’i-Wana, “The Big River”, Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. Hunn, Eugene and David French. 198 1. Lomatium: a Key resource for Columbia Plateau Native Subsistence. Northwest Science. Vol 55, No. 2. Murphey, Edith Van Allen. 1959. Indian Uses of Native Plants. Mendocino County Historical Society, Fort Bragg, California. Thwaites, Reuben G. ed. 1959. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804- 1806. Antiquarian Press, New York. Turner, Nancy; Bouchard, Randy; Kennedy, Dorthy. 1980. Ethnobotany of the Okanagan- Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington. Occasional Papers of the British Columbia Provincial Museum, No. 2 1. Turner, Nancy. 1989. Ethnobotany of Coniferous trees in Thompson and Lillooet Interior Salish of British Columbia. Economic Botany 42 (2): 177- 194. Wheat, Margaret. 1967. Survival Arts of the Primitive Paiutes. University of Nevada press. Reno, NV. SCIENTIFICNAME COLUMBIA PAIUTE- KLAMATH- VEGTYPE SERALSTAGE PLATEAU SHOSHONE MODOC Allium acuminatum 2 2 2 CRBSOl,CRBS03,CRBS08,SRh4104,CRBS04, OF:SS,SE:OC,Sl, SRM402,SRh4406,SAF23l,SAF245 Allium spp. 2 2 2 CRBSOI,CRBS03,CRBS08,SRM104,CRBS04, SRM402,SRM406,SAF237,SAF245 Alnus incana 2 2 2 CRBSOS Amelanchier alnifolia 2 2 2 CRBS02,SRM421,CRBS09,SAF2lO,SAF237, OF:SS,SE:OC,SI SAF243,SAF245,CRB003 Apocynum cannabinum 1 1 2 CRBS07,CRBS06 Arctostaphylos nevadensis 2 2 2 CRBSO2,SAF2lO,SAF218,SAF243,SAF245, OF:SS,SE:OC,Sl CRB003,SAF237 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 2 2 2 CRBS02,SAF210,SAF218,SAF2~l,CRB003 OF:SS,SE:OC,SI Arremisia tridentala 2 2 2 CRBS03,CRBS04,SRM402 Atriplex confertifolia 2 CRBSOS,SRM414 Balsamorhiza hookeri 2 CRBS06,SRM406 Balsamorhiza sagittata 2 2 2 SAF233,CRBS06,CRBS13,CRBSOl,CRBSO?I, OF:SS,SE:OC, SI SAF237,SAF245 Berberis nervosa 2 2 CRBOO&CRBS09,SAF227 UR,YF,OF:MS, 0F:SS Brodiaea grandiflora 2 CRBS07,CRBS06 Brodiaea hyacinthina 2 2 2 CRBS07,CRBS06 I Bryoria fremontii 1 2 1 CRBS02,SAF23l,SAF243,SAF245 OF:MS,OF:SS Calochorlus macrocarpus 2 2 2 CRBSOl,CRBS03,CRBS13,SRM104,CRBS04, OF:SS,SE:OC,SI SRM402,SRM322,SAF237 SCIENTIFIC NAME COLUMBIA PAIUTE- KLAMATH- VEGTY PE SERAL STAGE PLATEAU SHOSHONE MODOC Calochortus nutalli 2 CRBSOl , CRBS03, CRBS06, CRBS 13, CRBS04 Camassia leichtlinii 1 CRB007, CRBS07 Camassia quamash 1 1 1 CRB007, CRBS07 Claytonia lanceolata 2 SAF233, CRBSO7, CRBS09, SAF206 UR, YF, OF:MS, 0F:SS Cornus stolonifera 2 2 2 CRBSOS, SAF235 Corylus cornuta 2 2 CRBS09, SAF210, SAF233 SI, SE:OC, UR, OF:MS, 0F:SS Crataegus columbiana 2 CRBSOS, SAF235 Crataegus douglasii 2 CRBSOS, SAF235 - Elymus cinereus ’ 1 CRBS06, CRBS13, CRBS04 Fragaria vesca 2 2 2 CRBS09, CRBS 11, SAF2 10, SAF212, SAF2 15, SI, SE:OC, 0F:SS SAF243 Fragaria virginiana 2 2 2 CRBS09, CRBSOZ, CRBSll, SAF210, SAF212, SI, SE:OC, 0F:SS SAM 18, SAF237, SAF243, SAF245 Fritillaria pudica 2 2 2 CRBSOl, CRBS03, SAF233, CRBS06, CRBS13, SRM104, CRBS04, SRM402, SRM406 Helianthus annuus 2 CRBS03, CRBS06, CRBS04 Heracleum lanatum 2 2 CRBSOS Juniperus occidentalis 2 2 2 CRBSOl, CRBS03 All ,!,ewisia rediviva 1 1 1 CRBS06, SRM406 Ligusticum canbyi 2 2 CRBSOS, CRB007, CRBS07, SAF217, SAF235 r SCIENTIFIC NAME COLUMBIA PAIUTE- KLAMATH- VEGTY PE SERAL STAGE PLATEAU SHOSHONE MODOC Ligusticum grayi 2 2 2 CRBSOS, CRB007, CRBS07, SAF217, SAF235 Lomatium canybi 1 1 2 CRBS06, SRM406 Lomatium cous 1 1 2 CRBS06, SRM406 Lomatium dissectum 1 1 CRBSOI, CRBS03, SAF233, SRM322, SAF237, Talus and rocky SAF2 10, SAF245 openings Lomatium farinosum var. 2 CRBS06, SRM406 hambleniae Lomatium gormanii 2 CRBS06, SRM406 Lomatium grayi 1 CRBSOt , CRBS03, SAF233, CRBS04, SRM402, Rocky openings SRh4406 Lomatium hendersonii 1 CRBS06, SRM406 Lomatium macrocarpum 2 2 CRBS06, SRM406 Lomalium ntinus 2 CRBS06, SRM406 Lomatium nudicaule 1 1 CRBSOI, CRBS03, SAF233, SRM104, CRBS04, SRh4406, SAF237 Lomatium piperi 2 2 CRBS06, SRM406 Lomatium suksdor-i 1 CRBSOB, CRBSI 3, SAF233 Mentha arvensis 2 2 2 CRBS07 Mentzelia albicaulis 2 2 CRBS03, CRBS06, CRBS04 Mentzelia laevicaulis 2 CRBSOl, CRBS03, CRBS04 Nicotiana attenuata 2 2 2 CRBSOl, CRBS02, CRBS03, CRBS06, CRBS13, Sometimes CRBS04, SAF237, SAF245 cultivated SCIENTIFICNAME COLUMBIA PAIUTE- KLAMATH- VEGTYPE SERALSTAGE PLATEAU SHOSHONE MODOC I I I Nuphar polysepalum I I~ 1 CRB007,CRBS20 I I Orobanche unijlora var. CRBS06,SRM406 purpurea I Oryzopsis hymenoides CRBSOl,CRBS03,CRBS06,CRBS13,CRBS04, sRM414 I I Perideridia bolanderi CRBSO'I,CRBS06 Perideridia etythrorhiza 2 CRBS07,CRBSOB 1 CRBS07.CRBS06 1 CRBS07,CRBS06 CRB007,CRBSOLI Pinus albicaulis I 2 I SAF208 Pinus monophylla 1 CRBSOl.CRBS03 Pinus ponderosa 2 SAF245 Prunus subcordata 1 1 CRBSOS,SAF235,SAF243,SAF245 Prunus virginiana I 1 I CRBSOS,SRM421 Psoralea esculeta 2 1 CRBS06,CRBS13 I I Quercus gartyana 2 1 SAF233 I I Rhizopterus plurijugas 1 I 2 1 CRBS06,SRM406 I I Ribes aureum 2 2 2 I CRBSOS,SAF235 I ~-1 ~~ I I Rosa nutkana 2 2 2 CRBSOS,SRM421,SAFZIO,SAF237,SAF243, I I SAF245.CRBS02.CRBSOB.SAF235 SCIENTIFlCNAME COLUMBIA PAIUTE- KLAMATH- VEGTYPE SERALSTAGE PLATEAU SHOSHONE MODOC Rosa spp. 2 2 2 CRBSOS,SRM421,SAFZlO,SAF237,SAF243, SAF245,CRBS02,CRBS09,SAF235 Rubus spp. 2 2 2 CRBS02,SAF210,SAF237,SAF243,SAF245, SI,SE:OC,OF:SS CRBS09,CRBSll,SAF227,CRB003 Sagittaria cuneata 2 2 CRB007,CRBS07 Sagittaria latijolia 2 2 CRB007,CRBSO'I Salix spp. 1 1 1 CRBSOS,SAF235 Sambucus cerulea 2 2 2 CRBS02,CRBS09,SAF210,SAF243,SAF245, CRB003 Scirpus acutus 2 2 2 CRB007,CRBS20 Scirpus validus 2 2 2 CRB007,CRBS20 Shepherdia argentea 2 CRBSOS,SRM414 Suaeda depressa 2 CRBSOS,SRM414 Tauschia hooveri 2 CRBS06,SRM406 Typha latifolia 2 2 2 CRB007,CRBSZO Vaccinium caespitosum 2 2 SAF218,SAF227 SI,SE:OC,OF:SS Vuccinium deliciosum 2 CRB008,SAF205,SAF206 Sl,SE:OC,OF:SS Vaccinium globulare 1 SAF210,SAF212,SAF218 SI, SE:OC,OF:SS Vaccinium membranaceum 1 2 1 CRB008,CRBSll,SAF205,SAF218,SAF227 Sl,SE:OC,OF:SS Vaccinium ovalifolium 2 2 CRBOOS,CRBSll,SAF227 SI,SE:OC,OF:SS Vaccinium oxycoccus 2 CRBSOS,CRB007,CRBS07 Vuleriana edulis 2 2 CRBS07,CRBS06 APPENDIX 6 Research, Development, and Applications Database Research, Development, and Application Needs for Rare Vascular Plants within the Interior Columbia Basin During the vascular plant panel process, it became clear that the lack of knowledge concerning certain areas of species biology and ecology was interfering with the experts’ ability to develop accurate assessments and taxa-specific management guidelines and recommendations. Broad, one size fits all, direction for rare plant management has proven to be problematic in many cases. Vague guidelines are often difficult to interpret or implement (and are hence sometimes ignored). To rectify this situation, panel members were encouraged to identify research needs that would specifically improve our ability to manage or protect species of conservation concern. The results of that assignment are summarized in the table that follows. The Research Needs (RDA) table is divided into three columns. The “Species Name” column contains the Latin binomial for each plant with an identified research need. The “Research Need” column identifies an area of species biology or ecology that the panel felt was necessary to pursue in order to provide specific management recommendations. These needs were compiled over the three days allotted to each panel and may not represent an exhaustive list of research needs. Some species have several identified research needs, others have only one. This is not necessarily a reflection of current levels of knowledge or some inferred relative importance. In many cases, more knowledge begets more questions. Alternatively, species with few threats or management conflicts require less concern and therefore received less attention during the panel process. It should also be pointed out that panelist were drawn from a variety of backgrounds and some emphasized the need to acquire new knowledge more than did others. Finally, the “Research Needs” column does not represent the only areas of information lacking about the species in question. The column “Potential Applications” identifies one or two of the benefits of pursuing each area of research. It is important to keep in mind that the benefits of research derived information compounds and unexpected insight is commonly gained through scientific inquiry. The RDA table is a resource that can be used by many groups in many ways. Most obviously, researchers, graduate students, and organization applying to Federal land management agencies for research funds can use the table to help justify their requests. Federal research organizations (e.g., National Biological Survey and Forest Service Research Stations) can use the RDA table to pursue areas of emphases (e.g., reproductive biology or responses to management activates) identified as important to land managers. Land managers can use the RDA table to become aware of rare plant issues within their jurisdiction. Consumptive industries will be able to use the RDA table to assess where their activates maybe in conflict with plant conservation goals. They may then choose to support research activities that will resolve the issues and clear lingering uncertainties that often constrain management options. Environmental groups and native plant organizations can use the RDA table to focus their conservation concerns, educational activities and advocacy actions. Educators may use the RDA table to help students understand the process of information gathering and to demonstrate the link between research and the application of knowledge. There are certainly other ways that the RDA table can be used. It is hoped that by identifying areas of need, information and understanding that will benefit everyone will be gained. - Species name Research Need I‘otential Application Abronia ammophila Are inventory efforts to document population sizes and IInventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on pbpulation sizes and geographic geographic amplitude adequate for this rare species? tiistribution. This information could be incorporated into monitoring protocol and management direction, Abronia ammophila Are the Sublette County and Yellowstone Park populations IResolution of the taxonomic relationships of the two geographically-separate “populations” could provide representative of the same taxon? 1valuable information about the geographic amplitude of the species. This information should preclude the ,development of management. Abronia ammophila Whai are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information about the ,Environmental requirements and limiting factors of this rare species. This information could be incorporated Iinto management direction. Agrostis rossiae To what extent is this rare species threatened by changes in the Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and or potentially impacted by geohydrothermal regime that supports its habitat? Ichanges in the geohydrothermal regime supporting its habitat could provide valuable information which ,could be incorporated into management direction. Agrostis rossiae What are the environmental requirements of this tare grass? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information about the environmental requirements and limiting factors of this rare species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Allium aaseae To what extent is this rare species threaten&d by mining Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? mining activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Allium aaseae To what extent is this rare species threatened by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities, particularly traffic from off-road vehicles? recreational activities including off-road vehicle traffic could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Allium aaseae To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by its habitat by exotic species, including those introduced in exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. seeding prescriptions? Allium aaseae What are the environmental requirements of this species? What Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable baseline information on the are its limiting factors? environmental requirements and limiting factors of the species. This information could be used in the development of monitoring protocol and management. Allium dictuon What are population sizes and geographic amplitude of this Inventory of this rare species could provide valuable information on its population sizes, amplitude. and narrow endemic species? vulnerability to management activities. This information could be incorporated into monitoring designs and 1 manaeement direction. I Allium dictuon What are the effects of fire suppression activities on the habitat Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of populations impacted by fire suppression activities that supports this narrow endemic species? (the construction of fire lines, in particular) could provide valuable information for incorporation into management euidelines. I Allium dictuon What are environmental requirements for this species and why is Trend, demographic, and ecolophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on the basic its geographic amplitude apparently so limited? hiolnev of this narrow endemic soecies. This information could be incorporated into management direction. I 1 Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Amsinckia carinata IS this a valid taxon? Why was the species merged with A. Resolution of the taxonomic status of this “species” precludes the development of monitoring and tesselata in Jepson’s treatment? management plans. Amsinckia carinata To what extent is the genetic integrity of this species threatened Ecophysiological monitoring could provide information on the extent of hybridization and resultant effects on by hybridization with sympatric A. tesselata? the gene pool. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Amsinckia carinata To what extent is this species threatened by the invasion of exotic Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by species, particularly cheatgrass and Russian thistle? exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Amsinckia carinata What are the environmental requirements of this species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information on its environmental requirements. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Antennaria arcuata Is this species threatened by agricultural practices including the Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by application of chemicals (herbicides and fertilizers) and tillage? these agricultural practices could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Antennaria arcuata Is this species threatened by exotic species? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Antennaria aromatica To what extent is this rare species threatened by development? Trend and demographic monitoring in the portion of this species’ range (Anaeroid lake) where potential for housing development exists could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Antennaria aromatica To what extent is this rare species threatened by introduced Trend and demographic monitoring of populations of this rare species historically, presently, and/or mountain goats and bighorn sheep? potentially impacted by introduced mountain goats and/or big horn sheep could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management. Arabis fccunda Is this species threatened by the encroachment of its habitat by Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by exotic species (spotted knapweed)? Would the use of herbicides exotics or the herbicides used in controlling them could be useful to management. for controlling exotics adversely affect the species? Arabis fecunda What are the effects of grazing and mining on this species? Assessment of effects on known populations of grazing, trampling associated with grazing, and mining could provide guidelines consistent with the conservation of the species for management. Arabts fecunda What is the population trend for this species of concern? Assessment of the population dynamics and trend of this species could enable management direction consistent with the conservation and viability of the species to be formulated. Arabis suff-utescens var. Is this rare species adversely impacted by or threatened by Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by horizontalis recreational activities, particularly trampling by hikers? recreational activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Arabis suffrutescens var. Is this taxon valid? Does this variety which is supposedly limited Resolution of the taxonomic status of this rare variety and determination of its population sizes and horizontalis to the Crater Lake area also occur in California? geographic amplitude precludes the development of monitoring and management guidelines. Arabis sufftutescens var. What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information on horizontalis its environmental requirements and limiting factors. Species name Research Need Potential Application Artemisia campestris var. How does this variety of concern respond to grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically. presently, and/or potentially impacted by worrnskioldii grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. 1 Artemisia campestris var. To what extent is this variety of concern threatened by the Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by wormskioldii conversion of habitat to agricultural production, particularly agricultural conversion could provide valuable information for incotporation into management direction. conversion to orchards? Artemisia campestris var. What are the impacts of recreational activities on this rare Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by wormskioldii species? recreational activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Anemisia campestris var. What is the reproductive biology of this rare variety? What is its Laboratory and demographic and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable basic biological wormskioldii viability threshold, what are its diseases, seed predators, information about this variety of concern. The limiting factors identified in the studies mentioned above germination requirements? could be used to formulate management guidelines Artemisia campestris var. Will elevation of pool levels behind hydroelectric dams adversely Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by ’ wormskioldii affect this species? changes in hydrology could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Attemisia ludoviciana ssp. To what extent is this unpublished taxon impacted by alterations Trend and demographic monitoring of populations impacted by changes in hydrology could provide valuable “estesii” in the hydrologic regime supporting its habitat? information which could be incorporated into management direction. Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. To what extent is this unpublished taxon impacted by grazing? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations affected by grazing could provide valuable information for “estesii” incorporation into management direction. Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. To what extent is this unpublished taxon impacted by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring in populations affected by recreational activities could provide valuable “estcsi i” activities? information for incorporation into management direction. Artcmisia ludoviciana ssp. What are the sizes of the populations and geographic amplitude Inventory efforts for this species could determine population sizes and geographic amplitude. This baseline “csfcsij” of this unpublished species, specifically in the Deschutes River infomtation could be used in formulating monitoring and management strategy. basin? Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. What is the taxonomic status of this unpublished subspecies? Resolution of the taxonomic status of this unpublished subspecies precludes the development of monitoring “estesii” and management guidelines. Aster jessicae Do exotic species threaten the known populations of this rare Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the species? invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Aster jessicae Is the remaining habitat of this species threatened by housing Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by development on “choice view” sites? housing developments could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Aster jessicae To what extent has the habitat of this species been diminished Trend and demographic of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the conversion because of the agricultural conversion of its habitat? of habitat to agricultural production could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Aster jcssicae To what extent has this species been adversely impacted by fire Trend and demographic of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by fire andor fire suppression? suppression could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. 3 Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Aster jessicae To what extent has this species been adversely impacted by Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities? grazing could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Aster jessicae To what extent has this species been adversely impacted by the Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by application, direct and indirect, of herbicides? herbicide application could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Aster jessicae What impacts have changes in the fire regime had on this rare Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by fire, species? fire suppression, and/or changes in the fire regime could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Aster jessicae What is the reproductive biology of this species? Are there Laboratory studies and demographic/ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on the opportunities for seed banking? reproductive biology of this rare species. Seed banking and opportunities to incorporate this species into restoration projects could be identified. Aster jessicae Will proposed agricultural conversion further diminish the habitat Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and or potentially impacted by and range of this rare species? agricultural conversion could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Aster mollis Are inventory efforts for this rare species adequate in Wyoming? inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on the population sizes and geographic distribution. This baseline information could be useful in the development of monitoring and management strategies. Astragalus anserinus To what extent is this rare species threatened by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of populations impacted by exotics and/or by recreational activities activities, particularly the use of off-road vehicles? (especially off-road vehicles) could provide valuable information that could be incorporated into management guidelines. Astragalus anserinus To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations impacted by exotics and/or by crested wheatgrass exotic species including crested wheatgrass? seedings could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. hstragalus anserinus What are the environmental requirements of the species? Its Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information on its limiting factors? environmental requirements and limiting factors, This could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus applcgatei To what extent is this rare spccics impacted by tire and/or lirc Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by suppression? natural or prescribed bums could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Indications are for beneficial effects. Astragalus applegatei To what extent is this tare species threatened by grazing Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Astragalus applegatei To what extent is this rare species threatened by rodents and Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by lagomorphs? rodents and/or lagomorphs could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines Astragalus applegatei What are the environmental requirements for this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on the basic environmental requirements of What are the characteristics of its breeding system, germination this rare species including its pollinators, seed production and viability rates, ability to withstand requirements, seed bank, etc.? transplanting, etc. Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Astragalus atratus var. To what extent is this rare variety impacted by development, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by inseptus particularly range improvement projects? range improvement projects including crested wheat grass seeding could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus atratus var. To what extent is this rate variety impacted by exotic species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historicall, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the inseptus invasion of exotic species including crested wheat grass seeding could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus atratus var. To what extent is this rare variety impacted by tire and/or fire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historicall, presently, and/or potentially impacted by tire, inseptus suppression? tire suppression, and/or changes in the fire regime could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus atratus var. What are the environmental requirements and limiting factors of Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on the environmental inseptus this rare variety? requirements of this species and its limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus collinus var. Does housing development threaten this variety of concern? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by laurentii housing development could provide valuable information that could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus collinus var. How is this variety of concern affected by hetbicidal application Trend monitoring in known roadside populations that are periodically boom sprayed by the county road laurentii both direct and indirect? department should provide valuable information that can be incorporated into the formulation of management guidelines. Astragalus collinus var. How is this variety of concern being impacted by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by the laurentii exotic species? invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus collinus var. How is this variety of concern impacted or potentially impacted Trend monitoring in known roadside populations that might be impacted by road construction/maintenance laurcntii by road construction and/or maintenance? activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus collinus var. Is seed banking a viable alternative for increasing this variety of Exploring the possibilities of seed banking may enable a seed increasing program to be developed. This laurentii concern and incorporating it into restoration opportunities? variety of concern could then be used in restoration prescriptions for appropriate habitats. Astragalus collinus var. What is the genetic and taxonomic “status” of this variety of Genetic studies could resolve the taxonomic status of this species and also determine its genetic uniformity laurentii concern? How does it differ from its sympatric progenitor, A. and vulnerability. This information could be useful to management. collinus var. collinus? Astragalus columbianus Are exotic species a threat to this rare plant? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. I How does this rare species respond to mining activities, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by particularly those associated with the extraction of diatomaceous mining activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management earth? guidelines. I 5 Spccics name Rcscarch Need Potential Application Astragalus columbianus Is this rare species adversely affected by grazing. particularly Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically. presently, and/or potentially impacted by sheep grazing? grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus columbianus Is this species threatened by agricultural conversion of habitat, Trend monitoring of populations proximal to orchard operations should provide valuable information which particularly conversion associated with orchard expansion? could be used in the formulation of management direction. Astragalus columbianus What are the effects of tire and/or fire suppression on this rare Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by fire, species? tire suppression, and/or changes in the tire regime could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus columbianus What are the effects of military maneuvers (training) on this rare Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by species? military maneuvers could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus columbianus What are the effects of recreational activities on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by recreational activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus diaphanus var. Is scarification of seed essential for the germination of this Ecophysiologic monitoring supported by laboratory work could provide valuable information on the seed diaphanus species? physiology of this ram species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus diaphanus var. How can this diminutive annual species be monitored? Development of an appropriate demographic monitoring protocol could provide a monitoring strategy for diumus evaluating impacts of management activities to this species. Astragalus diaphanus var. To what extent is this rare species adversely impacted by Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information on its environmental diumus predation by insects? requirements including seed bank, pollinators, predation of seed by insects, etc. Information could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus diaphanus var. What are the environmental requirements for this narrow Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information on its environmental diumus endemic species? requirements including seed bank, pollinators, role in nitrogen fixation. etc. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus diaphanus var. What is the extent of the natural seed bank of this species? What Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information about the basic dturnus fluctuations in population dynamics are attributable to naturally- environmental requirements of this species including its seed bank, germination requirements, dependency induced verses management-induced causes? upon soil bacteria, etc. Astragalus diaphanus var. What is the genetic variability of this species across its narrow Determination of the genetic variability of the species could provide valuable information for predicting the diumus geographic range? vulnerability ofthe species to changing environmental factors. Astragalus diaphanus var. What is the taxonomic relationship between this variety and Resolution of the taxonomic relationship with progenitors or sympatric species precludes the development of diumus Astragalus diaphanus var. diaphanus? monitoring strategies and/or management direction. Astragalus howellii How does this rare species respond to fire? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by natural or prescribed fire could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus howellii How does this rare species respond to grazing? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. 3pecies name Research Need Potential Application 4stragalus howellii What is the ecological niche of this species in succession? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on the successional dynamics of this species. Astragalus mulfordiae To what extent is this tare species threatened by a combination of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by increased fuel load caused by exotic species and fire? high intensity tires attributable to accumulated fuels could provide information on fire effects, exotics, etc. \sttagalus mulfordiae To what extent is this rare species threatened by fire and/or tire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by suppression? natural and/or prescribed fire could provide valuable information on fire effects for incorporation into management direction. i\stragalus mulfordiae To what extent is this rate species threatened by grazing Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by activities? grazing could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus mulfordiae To what extent is this rare species threatened by grazing of cattle, Trend and demogtaphic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by sheep, and lagomorphs? domestic livestock and lagomorph grazing could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Astragalus mulfordiae To what extent is this rare species threatened by herbicidal Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by applications used in conjunction with sagebrush eradication? aerial herbicidal application associated with sagebrush eradication could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Astragalus mulfotdiae To what extent is this rare species threatened by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by activities, particularly the use of off-road vehicles? 1 recreational activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus mulfordiae To what extent is this rare species threatened by road ’ Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by construction and/or toad maintenance projects? road construction/maintenance could provide valuable information for incorporation into management I direction. Astragalus mulfordiae To what extent is this species threatened by agricultural Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by conversion and/or housing development? agricultural conversion or housing development could provide valuable information for incorporation into manaeemcnt euidelines. I I Astragalus mulfordiae To what extent is this species threatened by fire and/or tire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, or potentially impacted by natural suppression? and/or prescribed fire could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus mulfordiae To what extent is this species threatened by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus mulfordiae To what extent is this species threatened by the invasion of exotic Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the species, including those in seeding prescriptions? invasion of exotics (or seeding of them) could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus mulfordiae What ate the environmental requirements and limiting factors of Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring would provide information on the ecological requirements this species? and limiting factors of this species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. 7 ipccics name Itcscarch Need Potential Application Astragalus oniciformis What are the impacts of exotic species on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Astragalus onicifotmis What are the impacts of fire and/or fire suppression on this Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by species? natural and/or prescribed fire could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. ‘\stragalus onicifomris What are the impacts of seeding prescriptions, particularly of Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by Agropyron cristatum, on this species? crested wheatgrass seedings could provide information for incorporation into management guidelines, Astragalus onicifonnis What is the taxonomic “status” of this species and its genetic Determination of taxonomic status and relationship should preclude the development of monitoring protocol relationship to other Astragalus species? and management direction. 4stragalus paysonii Has this species received adequate inventory effort in Wyoming? Inventory conducted for this species could provide valuable information on its population sizes and geographic amplitude. This valuable information could be incorporated into monitoring protocol and management direction. Istragalus paysonii To what extent is this species benefited by periodic tire and its Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and potentially impacted by fire or attendant opening of the forest canopy? alterations in the fire regime could provide information for incorporation into management direction. istragalus paysonii To what extent is this species impacted by tire and/or fire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by suppression? natural and/or prescribed fire could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Istragalus paysonii To what extent is this species impacted by the invasion of exotic Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the species? invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. 4stragalus paysonii To what extent is this species limited to early seral successional Determination of the successional status and requirements of this species of concern could provide valuable communities/associations? information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus paysonii What are the environmental requirements of this species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring could provide information on the environmental requirements of this species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus paysonii What is the seral status of this species in natural succession? Ecological plot analysis combined with trend and demographic monitoring could provide information relative the species’ requirement for set-al conditions. Astragalus peckii How does this rare species respond to fire? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by natural or prescribed fire could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus peckii To what extent is this species threatened by housing Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by developments? housing development could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus peckii To what extent is this species threatened by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities. particularly off road vehicles? recreational activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Astragalus peckii To what extent is this species threatened by timber harvest? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by timber harvest could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction, Astragalus peckii What are the environmental requirements for this narrow Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information on its environmental endemic species? requirements including seed bank, pollinators, role in nitrogen fixation, etc. This information could be incoroorated into management direction. Astragalus pulsiferae var. To what extent is this rare variety threatened by tire, fire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by I suksdorfri I suooression. and/or chanees in the fire regime? I natural and/or orescribed tire could orovide information for incoruoration into manaaement direction. I Astragalus pulsiferae var. To what extent is this rare. variety threatened by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened suksdorfri I activities? I recreational activities could provide.valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus pulsiferae var. To what extent is this rare variety threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by the exotic soecies? I invasion of exotic soecies could Drovide information for incoruoration into management direction. Astragalus pulsiferae var. To what extent is this rare variety threatened by timber harvest Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened timber suksdorfii activities? harvest activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus pulsiferae var. What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable infomlation suksdorfii Do these requirement cause its bicentric distribution (Washington on its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into and California)? management guidelines. Astragalus scaphoides To what extent is this rare species impacted by tire and/or tire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by tire suppression? and/or tire suppression could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Astragalus scaphoides To what extent is this rare species impacted by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Astragalus scaphoides To what extent is this rare species impacted by hydrologic Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, andlor potentially impacted by developments? projects which alter hydrologic regime could provide infomlation which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Astragalus sinuatus Is this rare species threatened by the encroachment of exotic Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the plant species into its habitat? invasion of exotic species could provide infomration for incorporation into management direction. Asrragalus sinuatus To what extent is this rare species affected by fire, tire Trend and demographic monitoring populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by natural suppression, and/or changes in the tire regime? and/or prescribed tire could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Astragalus sinuatus To what extent is this rare species affected by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Astragalus sinuatus To what extent is this rare species affected by mining activities? Trend and demographic monitoring populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by mining activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. 9 Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Astragalus sinuatus To what extent is this rare species affected by road construction Trend and demographic monitoring populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by road and/or maintenance? construction/maintenance could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Astragalus sinuatus To what extent is this rare species affected by the invasion or Trend and demographic monitoring populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the seeding of exotic species? invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Astragalus sinuatus What are the effects of grazing on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by I grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus sinuatus What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable baseline information on its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus sinuatus What is its reproductive biology? Do fungi diminish seed set and Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the viability? seed fungus could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus sinuatus Would seed banking work for this species and perhaps enable it Seed banking success could result in an increase in seed available for use in restoration activities. This to be used for restoration? information could be incorporated into management direction. Asttagalus solitarius Does Wyoming big sagebrush prevent this rare species from Ecophysiologic monitoring could document the dependence of the rare species on the dominant shrub. This being impacted by grazing? information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Astragalus solitarius How have the population sizes and geographic amplitude of this Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by rare species been diminished by crested wheat grass seedings? displacement with crested wheat grass could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus solitarius Is this rare species threatened by mining activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by mining activities could urovide valuable information for incomoration into manaaement nuidelines. Astragalus solitarius To what extent is this species affected by impacts to its Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by supporting species, Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis? What r fire and/or fire suppression could provide information for incorporation into management direction. are the effects of tire on this relationship and/or dependency? Astragalus sterilis What are the impacts mining activities on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the mining activities Could provide valuable information for the formulation of management direction. Astragalus sterilis What are the impacts of wildlife grazing on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the grazing activities of wild animals could provide valuable information for the formulation of management direction. Astragalus sterilis To what extent is this rare species adversely affected by the Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by invasion of exotic species, particularly cheatgrass? exotic species, particularly cheatgrass, Could provide valuable information for the formulation of management direction. 10 ipccies name Research Need Potential Application \stragalus sterilis What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information on its environmental requirements including pollination mechanisms, seed viability, extent of seed banking, etc. This information could be incorporated into management. 4stragalus sterilis What is the taxonomic status of this rare species? Is it a variety Resolution of the taxonomic status of this species precludes the formulation of monitoring and/or of astragalus cusickii? What is its genetic relationship with A. management strategy. cusickii? 4stragalus sterilis Is this a valid taxon? What is its relationship with A. cusickii? Resolution of the taxonomic status and systematic relationship should preclude the development of monitoring protocol and management direction. Astragalus sterilis What are the environmental requirements for this species? What Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on the environmental are its limiting factors? requirements of this species and its limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus sterilis How does this species respond to tire and/or tire suppression? Trend and demographic monitoring of population historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by natural and/or prescribed burning could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus sterilis How does this species respond to grazing? Trend and demographic monitoring of population historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus sterilis How does this species respond to invasive exotics including Trend and demographic monitoring of population historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the t those introduced in seeding prescriptions? , invasion of exotics could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. I I Astragalus sterilis How does this species respond to mining activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of population historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by mining could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus tegctarioides How does this rare species respond to fire and/or tire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, or potentially impacted by natural suppression? and/or prescribed fire could provide information for incorporation into management guidelines. Astragalus tegetarioides How does this rare species respond to grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, or potentially impacted by grazing octivitics could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Astragalus tegctarioides What are the environmental requirements for this race spccics? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information on its environmcnral requirements including reproductive success, seed bank. etc. Astragalus tyghensis To what extent is this species threatened by excavation (gravel Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently. and/or potentially impacted by pit) activities? gravel pit excavation could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus tyghensis To what extent is this species threatened by habitat fragmentation Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by caused by agricultural conversion? agricultural conversion could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. I Astragalus tyghensis To what extent is this species threatened by indirect and direct Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by application of herbicides? herbicidal application could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. 11 Spccics name llcscarch Need Potential Application Astragalus tyghensis To what extent is this species threatened by the invasion of its Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically. presently, and/or potentially impacted by habitat by exotic species? exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus tyghensis To what extent is this species threatened fire and/or fire Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by suppression? natural and/or prescribed fire could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus tyghensis To what extent is this species threatened grazing by domestic Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by animals and wildlife? grazing of domestic and wild species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus vexilliflexus var. Are inventory efforts for this rare species adequate, particularly Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on population sizes and geographic nubilus on the west side of the white cloud crest? amplitude of this tare species. This information could be useful in the development of monitoring protocol and management guidelines. Astragalus vexilliflexus var. To what extent is this species threatened by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and potentially impacted by nubilus grazing could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus yoder-williamsii What is the genetic relationship of this species with other Taxonomic status and relationships of this species should preclude the development of monitoring protocol sympatric species such as A. mulfordiae and A. onicifotmis? and management direction. Astragalus yoder-williamsii How does this rare species respond to tire and/or fire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by suppression? Does it need periodic fire? natural and/or prescribed fires could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Astragalus yoder-williamsii How does this rare species respond to grazing? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Astragalus yoder-williamsii How does this rare species respond to juniper encroachment and Trend and demographic monitoring of the species in areas where juniper encroachment is occurring could the resultant alteration of habitat? provide valuable infomration which could be incorporated into management direction. Balsamorhiza rosea Does hybridization threaten the genetic integrity of this rare Genetic studies in sympatric populations could provide valuable information about the genetic integrity and species? vulnerability of this species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Balsamorhiza rosea Have seed banking efforts been conducted in an effort to utilize Seed banking success could result in an increase in available seed stock which could be used in restoration this rare species in restoration prescriptions in sites having activities. suitable habitat? Balsamorhiza rosea To what extent are populations of this rare species threatened by Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by herbicidal drift from agricultural applications occurring on agricultural herbicides could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines, adjacent lands? Balsamorhiza rosea To what extent is this tare species impacted by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction, I 12 ;pecrcs name Research Need Potential Application 3alsamorhiza rosea To what extent is this species threatened by development, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by particularly the construction Of wind-energy towers, microwave commercial (tower) development could provideinformation for incorporation into management guidelines, towers, and television towers? 3alsamorhiza rosea To what extent is this species threatened by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities, particularly off road vehicular traffic? recreational activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines, 3otrychium ascendens Are mycorrhizae essential for the reproduction of this species? If Ecophysiological monitoring could provide information on the specific mycorrhizal requirements of this so, which mycorrhizae? species. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. 3otrychium ascendens How does this rare species respond to tire and/or tire Trend monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by natural or prescribed burning could suppression? provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Botrychium ascendens How does this rare species respond to severe changes in the light Trend monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by opening of the canopy by timber and moisture regime caused by clear cutting? harvest could provide valuable information on the species’ response to such activities. This information could be incorporated into guidelines. Botrychium ascendens How is this species affected by timber harvest activities? By Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by alterations in the light regime? logging could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Bottychium ascendens To what extent does this rare species need site disturbance to Trend monitoring in various sites in which different types of disturbance have occurred or are scheduled to survive? occur could provide valuable information for the development of management direction. Botrychium ascendens To what extent is this rare species impacted by tire, fire Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by fire suppression, and/or changes in the fire regime? could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium ascendens To what extent is this rare species impacted by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium ascendens To what extent is this rare species impacted by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? recreational Activities (hiking) could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium ascendens What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information about its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium ascendens What are the mycorrhizal requirements for this rare species? Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information on its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium ascendens What is the genetic relationship of this species to other Determination of the genetic integrity of the species and its relationship with sympatric species is essential in Botrychiums that are usually found in association with it? confirming its “rare” status. From this information, management direction could be developed. 13 spcc1cs nnmc Research Need Potential Application Botrychium ascendens What is the taxonomic status of this species? What are its Resolution of the taxonomic status of this rare species through cytogenetic and electrophoretic genetic genetic relationships with the other Botrychium species with investigations should preclude the development of monitoring protocol and management direction? which it frequently grows? Botrychium crenulatum Have inventory efforts for this rare species been adequate? Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on its population sizes and geographic amplitude. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Ihnrychium crcnulatum How does this rare species respond to fin: and/or tin: Trend and demographic monitoring of this species in conjunction with bum history and/or prescribed tires suppression? How does it respond to variation in the seasonality could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction, of burning? Botrychium crenulatum Is this rare species adversely affected by seeding projects which Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by include non-native grass species? seeding prescriptions could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Botrychium crenulatum Is this rare species adversely affected by trampling by grazing Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by animals? grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Botrychium crenulatum To what extent is this rare species impacted by tire, tire Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by tire suppression, and/or changes in the tire regime? could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium crcnulatum To what extent is this rare species impacted by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium crenulatum What are the environmental requirements for this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information about the basic environmental requirements What mycorrhizae are essential for its survival? of the species including dependency upon specific mycorrhizae. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium crenulatum What ate the environmental requirements of this rare species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information about its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium crenulatum What is the genetic relationship of this species to other Determination of the genetic integrity of the species and its relationship with sympatric species is essential in botrychiums that are usually found in association with it? conftnnine its “rare” status. From this information management direction could be developed. Botrychium crenulatum What is the taxonomic status of this species? What are its Resolution of the taxonomic status of this rare species through cytogenetic and electrophorefic genetic genetic relationships with the other Botrychium species with investigations should preclude the development of monitoring protocol and management direction? which it frequently grows? Botrychium crenulatum Does this species depend upon specific soil mycorrhizae? What Ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on the interrelationship of this rare species are these mycorrhizae? and soil mycorrhizae. Management direction could be formulated accordingly. Botrychium crcnutatum How does this species respond to fire and/or tire suppression? Trend monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by natural or prescribed burning could provide valuable information from which management direction could be formulated 14 ,pccies name Kescarch Need Potential Application Sotrychium crenulatum How does this species respond to the opening of the canopy that Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by is associated with timber harvest activity? timber harvest activities could provide useful information which could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium lunaria How does this species respond to fire and/or fire suppression? Trend monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by natural or prescribed burning could provide valuable information from which management direction could be formulated Botrychium lunaria How does this species respond to harvest activities that result in Trend monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by harvest activities could provide an opening of the canopy? valuable information. These findings could be used in the development of management guidelines. Botrychium lunaria How genetically different is this species from the other Laboratory research including cytological and electrophoretic work could provide information on the botrychiums that have been split from it taxonomically? taxonomic status of this rare species. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Botrychium lunaria What are the mycorrhizal requirements for this species? Ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information regarding the interrelationships of this species and specific mycorrhizae. This information could be incorporated into management direction, Botrychium paradoxum How does this species respond to tire and/or tire suppression? Trend and demographic monitoring conducted in conjunction with historic, present, and potential natural or prescribed bums could provide information which could be used in formulating management direction. Botrychium paradoxum How does this species respond to grazing? Trend and demographic monitoring of this species in areas impacted by grazing could provide useful mformation which could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium paradoxum How is this species dependent upon mycorrhizae? Which Ecophysiological monitoring should determine any type of symbiotic relationship between this rare species specific mycorrhizae? and soil mycorrhizae. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Botrychium paradoxum To what extent does this rare species need site disturbance to Trend monitoring in various sites in which different types of disturbance have occurred or are scheduled to survive? occur could provide valuable information for the development of management direction. Botrychium paradoxum To what extent is this rare species impacted by fire, fire Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by fire suppression, andlor changes in the fire. regime? could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium paradoxum To what extent is this ram species impacted by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium paradoxum What are the environmental requirements of this grapefem? Are Ecophysiological monitoring and supporting laboratory work could provide information about the ecological specific mycorrhizae necessary for its survival? requirements of this species that could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium paradoxum What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information about its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium paradoxum What are the mycorrhizal requirements for this species? Are the Determination of the mycorrhizal associates of this species could explain its limited distribution. Assessment same mycorrhizae present in geographically separated sites of the impacts of management activities on the essential mycorrhizae could provide valuable guidelines for supporting this species? management. 15 Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Botrychium paradoxum What are the responses of this species to impacts caused by Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by unusually large Populations of wildlife, particularly elk? grazing and trampling could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Impacts would include both grazing and trampling. Botrychium paradoxum What is the genetic “status” of this species? It usually occurs Determination of valid taxa within the genus Botrychium through genetic research might reduce the number with several other Botrychium species (sympatric). Does genetic of currently recognized taxa and greatly simplify the task of conserving these species through appropriate introgression threaten this species? management decisions. Botrychium paradoxum What is the genetic relationship of this grapefem to other Genetic studies could indicate whether this species is genetically unique or whether it arises spontaneously sympatric species? from hybridization between/among other species. Resolution of the genetic uniqueness should enable management guidelines to be developed. Botrychium paradoxum What is the genetic relationship of this species to the many other Ecophysiological monitoring supported by laboratory studies of this rare species could provide valuable grapefems with which it is sympatric? information regarding the genetic integrity (and validity) of the taxon. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium paradoxum What is the taxonomic status of this species? What are its Resolution of the taxonomic status of this rare species through cytogenetic and electrophoretic genetic genetic relationships with the other Botrychium species with investigations should preclude the development of monitoring protocol and management direction? which it frequently grows? Botrychium paradoxum What set-al stages provide optimal habitat for this species? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations in different seral stages could provide valuable information relative to the dependency of the species upon a specific successional stage. Botrychium pedunculosum Is this species threatened by the invasion of exotic species? To Trend monitoring in areas supporting the rare species proximal to areas have exotic species populations could what extent? provide valuable information on the rate of exotic spread and effects on the rare species. Management guidelines could incorporate this. Botrychium pedunculosum What are the mycorrhizal requirements for this rare species? Laboratory and ecophysiological monitoring could provide information regarding the dependency of this rare species on specific mycorrhizae. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Botrychium pumicola Is the timing of timber harvest activities important in this species’ Trend and demographic monitoring in populations under different logging schedules could provide valuable response to timber harvest? information for incorporation into management guidelines. Botrychium pumicola To what extent is this species threatened by fire and/or tire Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by suppression? natural and/or prescribed burning could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Botrychium pumicola To what extent is this species threatened by the encroachment of Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by its habitat by lodgepole pine? lodgepole encroachment and its elimination could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Bottychium pumicola What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of populations could provide valuable information on the environmental Does it need specific mycorrhizae? requirements of this species including mycorrhizal relationships, shade requirements, etc. Calochortus longebarbatus How does alteration of the hydrology (channel construction) in Trend monitoring in areas impacted by or potentially impacted by alterations in the hydrologic regime could var. longcharhatus the habitat of this variety of concern affect this plant? provide valuable information on the species’ response to such activities. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. 16 sipccies name Research Need Potential Application (‘alochortus longebarbatus How does this rare species respond to fire and/or tire Trend monitoring of this rare species in conjunction with prescribed and/or natural tires could provide k‘ar. longebarbatus suppression? Is the present day fuel load a threat to this species? valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. (Ialochortus longebarbatus How does this rare species respond to grazing activities? Trend monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing could provide \tar. longebarbatus valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. (Ialochortus longebarbatus How does this rare species respond to recreational activities? Trend monitoring of this rare species in populations historically, presently. and/or potentially impacted by \rar. longebarbatus recreational activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. (Zalochortus longebarbatus How does this rare species respond to seasonal rotation of Trend and demographic monitoring conducted under different seasonal rotations of grazing could provide \far. longebarbatus grazing? Does spring grazing adversely impact this rare species? valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. (Ialochortus longebarbatus How does this rare species respond to seeding projects which put Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently. or potentially impacted by such \tar. longebarbatus additional perennial grasses into its habitat? seeding prescriptions could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. (Zalochortus longebarbatus How is this variety of concern affected by grazing activities? Trend monitoring in population areas known to be impacted or potentially impacted by grazing could provide \tar. longebarbatus valuable information upon which management direction could be formulated. (Salochortus longebarbatus What are the effects of road construction/maintenance on this Trend and demographic monitoring in areas impacted by or potentially impacted by road 1 far. longebarbatus variety of concern? construction/maintenance could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction? 1 Zalochonus longebarbatus What are the effects of timber harvest on this variety of concern? Trend and demographic monitoring in areas impacted by or potentially impacted by timber harvest activities 1 var. longebarbatus Are the casual observations that canopy opening benefits this could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction? plant correct? fCalochottus longebarbatus What is the genetic relationship between this variety and the Genetic studies including electrophoresis and the development of morphological keys not dependent upon var. longebarbatus variety peckii? sampling of the capsule could provide valuable information for refining the taxonomy of these two varieties. fCalochortus longebarbatus What is the genetic relationship between this variety and the Genetic studies including electrophoresis and the development of morphological keys not dependent upon var. peckii variety longebarbatus? sampling of the capsule could provide valuable information for refining the taxonomy of these two varieties. / Calochortus longebarbatus How does this rare variety respond to competition from exotic Trend monitoring in populations historically, presently, or potentially impacted by the invasion of exotics var. peckii species? could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. C‘alochortus longcbarbatus t-low dots this rare variety respond IO competition from perennial Trend monitoring in populations historically. presently. or potentially impacted hy seeding prqjects could var. peckii sod-forming grasses introduced in seeding prescriptions? provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Calochonus longebarbatus How does this rare variety respond to tire and/or fire Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by fire var. peckii suppression? could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Calochortus longeharhatus How does this rare variety respond to grazing activities? Trend monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing could provide var. pcckii valuable information which could he incorporated into management direction. Cnlochonus longebarbatus Is this rare variety threatened by road construction? Trend monitoring in populations historically, presently, or potentially impacted by road construction activity var. pcckii could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. 17 I I Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Calochortus nitidus To what extent has this tare species been impacted by grazing? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing could provide valuable information for management direction. Calochottus nitidus To what extent has this rare species been impacted by the Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the application (direct and indirect) of herbicides? application of herbicides (direct and/or indirect) could provide valuable information for management direction. Calochortus nitidus To what extent has this rare species been impacted by the Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by conversion of its habitat to agricultural production? agricultural conversion could provide valuable information for management direction. Calochortus nitidus To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by exotic species? exotic species could provide valuable information for management direction. Calochottus nitidus To what extent is this species threatened by agricultural Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the conversion of its native habitat? conversion of habitat for agricultural production could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Calochortus nitidus To what extent is this species threatened by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Calochonus nitidus To what extent is this species threatened by the invasion of exotic Historic sites should be thoroughly inventoried with special data collected on the presence of exotic species. species? This species is thought to have been extirpated from the state of Washington. Management guidelines can be formulated accordingly. Camissonia pygmaea To what extent is this species threatened by the encroachment of Trend and demographic monitoring in populations impacted by or proposed to be impacted by exotic species exotic species, particularly annual grasses that are part of seeding could provide valuable information for the formulation of management guidelines. prescriptions? To what extent is this species threatened by the excavation of Trend and demographic monitoring in populations impacted by or proposed to be impacted by mining rock material (gravel pit development) from its habitat? activities (gravel pit excavation) could provide valuable information for the formulation of management guidelines. What are the impacts of grazing, particularly tramtiling, on this Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by annual species of concern? grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Camissonia pygmaea What are the impacts to this species by the direct and indirect Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the application of herbicides? direct and/or indirect application of herbicides could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Camissonia pygmaea What are the pollinators of this species and are they adversely Trend and demographic monitoring in populations impacted by or proposed to be impacted by the application affected by the application of insecticides used in agriculture? of insecticides should provide information for the formulation of management guidelines. Carex lenticularis var. dolia What are the population dynamics of this variety of concern? Implement a monitoring project that will tract population dynamics of this variety of concern. This would Are population numbers stable? also help assess grazing effects. I 18 Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Carex lenticularis var. dolia Does grazing, particularly by sheep, adversely affect this variety Implement a monitoring program to assess the effects of grazing on the species of concern. of concern? Carex lenticularis var. dolia What envimnmental factors affect recruitment of this variety of Gaining an understanding of the ecological requirements of this variety of concern--dispersal, germination, concern? What dispersal mechanism is involved? What are the and conditions for improved recruitment--could conserve the variety. germination requirements? Carex lenticularis var. dolia Does the variety exhibit genetic integrity or is genetic Opportunity to determine genetic purity of the variety of concern I I introgression by a common variety altering its gene pool? I with more common varieties. Carex parryana ssp. idahoa What is the response of the subspecies of concern to intensive Trend and demographic monitoring of populations I I grazing activity? I grazing activities could provide valuable information for incotporation into management direction. Carex parryana ssp. idahoa What is the geographic amplitude of this subspecies? Inventory for this species could provide I I This information could be incomorated into manaeement direction. Castilleja chlorotica To what extent is this species threatened by the invasion of its Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by habitat by exotic species? exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Castilleja chlorotica To what extent is this species threatened tire and/or tire Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by suppression? natural and/or prescribed fire could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Castilleja chlorotica To what extent is this species threatened grazing by domestic Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by animals? grazing of domestic Species could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Castilleja chlorotica What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of populations could provide valuable information on the environmental requirements of this species including pollinators, seed banks, etc. Castilleja chlorotica What are the impacts of timber harvest activities to this rare Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by species? timber harvest activity could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Castilleja chlorotica What is its genetic “status” and how does it differ from C. Genetic investigations including electrophoresis could validate this taxon. elandulifera and C. viscidula? Castilleja chlorotica What is the host-parasite relationship of this species? Ecophysiological monitoring of populations could provide valuable information on the environmental requirements of this species including host/parasite relationships. Castilleja christii To what extent is this rare species threatened by road Trend and demographic monitoring of the single known population in response to road construction and/or road maintenance? construction/maintenance activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Castilleja cryptantha To what extent is this rare species threatened by animal damage, Trend and demographic monitoring of this rare species in habitats historically, presently, and or potentially particularly from lagomorphs and rodents? impacted by animal damage could provide information for incorporation into management direction. C‘astillc,ja cryptantha To what extent is this rare species threatened by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of this rare species in habitats historically, presently, and or potentially activity? impacted by recreational activity could provide information for incorporation into management direction. 19 spcclcs name Rcxcarch Need Potential Application Castilleja cryptantha What are the environmental requirements and limiting factors of Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information this rare species? on its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be valuable in formulating monitoring and management direction. Castilleja pilosa var. To what extent is this species affected by grazing activities? Is Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by rteenensis its response to sheep grazing and cattle grazing different? grazing could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Casttlleja pilosa var. What are the effects of roads on this species? This species apparently responds favorably to road construction and/or maintenance. Trend monitoring could rteenensis document this benefit and management direction could reflect this relationship. Castilleja pilosa var. What is the symbiotic relationship of this variety to the subshrubs Ecophysiological monitoring could elucidate the relationships of this species with the subshrubs of its habitat. rteenensis of its habitat? Which subshrubs is it hemipamsitic with? This information could be incorporated into management direction, particularly as it concerns the host species. Castilleja pilosa var. What is the taxonomic relationship of this variety to c. Pilosa var. Resolution of the taxonomy status of this “variety” precludes the development of monitoring an&or rteenensis Pilosa? management guidelines. Zastilleja tubida To what extent is this tare species threatened by the impacts of Trend and demographic monitoring of this rare species in populations historically, presently, and/or introduced big horn sheep and/or mountain goats? potentially impacted by introduced sheep and goats could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Zhaenactis cusickii Are inventory efforts for this species adequate, particularly in Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on population sizes, locations, and geographic distribution. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Oregon? I Chacnactis cusickii How is this rare species affected by fire suppression activities, Trend and demographic monitoring of this species in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially particularly those that disturb the soil? impacted by fire suppression activities (especially line construction) could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Chacnactis cusickii How is this rare species affected by grazing activities, and Trend and demographic monitoring of this species in populations historically, presently. and/or potentially particularly trampling by domestic livestock? impacted by grazing and trampling could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Chaenactis cusickii To what extent is this rare species threatened by exotic species, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by including those introduced in seeding prescriptions. exotic species could provide information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Chaenactis cusickii To what extent is this rare species threatened by mining Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? mining activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Chaenactis cusickii To what extent is this species impacted by recreational activities, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by particularly the use of off-road vehicles? recreational activities (OR%) could provide valuable information for management direction. Chaenactis cusickii To what extent is this species threatened by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities, particularly by off-road vehicular traffic? recreational activities, and especially off road vehicle impacts could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. 20 Spccics name Rcscarch Need Potential Application Chaenactis cusickii To what extent is this species threatened by road construction Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by road and/or road maintenance? construction and/or road maintenance activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Chaenactis cusickii What are the environmental requirements and limiting factors of Ecophysiological and demographic monitoring of this species could provide valuable information on its this species? environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Chaenactis cusickii What are the environmental requirements of this species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information on its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction, Chrysothamnus parryi ssp. What are the environmental requirements and limiting factors of Ecophysiological, trend, and demographic monitoring could provide information on the environmental montanus this rare species? requirements of this species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Chrysothamnus parryi var. What are the pollinating agents for this species of concern? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable infomtation on montanus its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be used in management. Chrysothamnus partyi var. What is the population trend of this species? Trend monitoring could provide valuable information on the population dynamics and trend of this species. montanus This information could be incorporated into management direction. Chrysothamnus parryi var. How will this species respond to increased grazing pressure Trend and demographic monitoring in populations impacted by herbivory of big horn sheep and mountain montanus caused by the reintroduction of bighorn sheep and by mountain goats could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. goats? Claytonia lanceolata var. What is the taxonomic “status” of this species? Resolution of the taxonomic status of the var. flava especially in relationship to C. rosea and C. multiscapa flava should preclude the development of monitoring protocol and management direction. Claytonia umbellata To what extent is this species threatened by aggressive exotic Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the species, particularly annual grasses frequently included in invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management seeding prescriptions? direction. Claytonia umbcllata To what extent is this species threatened by excavation activities, Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by especially gravel pit development and or enlargement? mining (gravel pit excavation) could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction, Collomia mazama To what extent is this rare species affected by fire, particularly Trend, demographic. and ecophysiological monitoring documenting this species’ responses to the impacts ot the role of tire in maintaining an open canopy? prescribed or natural tires could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Collomia mazama To what extent is this rare species affected by grazing? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring documenting this species’ responses to grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management documents. Collomia mazama To what extent is this rare species affected by recreational Trend monitoring in populations of this rare species impacted by or potentially impacted by recreational activities? activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Collomia niazama To what extent is this rare species beneticially affected by timber Trend monitoring of populations of this rare species impacted by or potentially impacted by timber harvest harvest? activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Species name Research Need Potential Application Collomia renacta To what extent is this rare species threatened by exotic species? Trend and demographic monitoring of this species in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by exotic species could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Collomia renacta To what extent is this rare species threatened by road Trend and demographic monitoring of this species in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially construction activities? impacted by road construction/maintenance could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Cymopteris nivalis Is road construction a potential threat to this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations threatened by road construction could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Cypripedium fasciculatum Are inventories for this species adequate, particularly on private Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable baseline information on its population sizes and lands adjacent to known populations? geographic distribution. This information could be used in the development of monitoring and management strategies. Cypripedium fasciculatum How does this rare species respond to grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Cypripedium fasciculatum How does this species respond to tire and/or fire suppression? Is Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by fire seasonality of burning important? and/or fire suppression could provide valuable infomlation which could be incorporated into management direction. Cypripedium fasciculatum How is this rare species affected by fire, fire suppression, and/or Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by changes in the fire regime? natural and/or prescribed tire could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Cypripcdiunt fasciculatum Is this spccics still present in the single isolated site within the Inventory for this species could provide valuable information on its population sizes and distribution. This Columbia Basin? information could be used in the development of monitoring and management guidelines. Cyprtpedium fasciculatum To what extent is this rare species affected by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information for use in the development of management direction. Cypripedium fasciculatum To what extent is this rare species affected by timber harvest Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? In particular, how does this species respond IO timber harvest activities could provide valuable information for use in the development of management opening of the canopy and changes in its light regime? direction. Cypripedium fasciculatum To what extent is this species affected by tire and/or tire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by suppression? tire, fire suppression, excessive fuel loading, etc., could provide valuable information for management. Cypripedium fasciculatum To what extent is this species affected by increased recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened road traffic precipitated by improved access (road construction)? construction and increased recreational use could Provide information for management. Cypripedium fasciculatum To what extent is this species affected by timber harvest activity? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by timber harvest activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. (‘ypripcdium fasciculatum What are the environmental requirements for this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on the envimnmental requirements of this Are spcciftc mycorrhizal spccics essential for its survival? rare species. 22 Species name Research Need Potential Application Cypripcdium fasciculatum What are the environmental requirements for this rare species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable baseline What are its pollinators, it mycorrhizal requirements? information about its environmental requirements and limiting factors. Cypripedium fasciculatum What are the pollinators of this species of concern? The sporadic distribution of this species indicates an unusual type of pollination biology. Understanding this biology could ensure that management decisions will not adversely impact that species. Cypripedium fasciculatum What are the pollinators of this species? Why is its occurrence so Ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information regarding the population dynamics of this sporadic across its documented range? rare species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Cypripedium fasciculatum What are the responses of this species to changes in the light Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the regime? Particularly, how does the species respond to logging opening of the canopy associated with timber harvest could provide valuable information for management, activities that result in an opening of the canopy? Cypripedium fasciculatum What threat does timber harvest pose to this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by timber harvest activity could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Cypripedium fasciculatum Will this species tolerate alteration of the subterranean hydrology Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by of the habitat in which it grows? alterations in the subterranean hydrology could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Cypripedium fasciculatum Will this species tolerate timber harvest activities that alter the Trend monitoring in populations historically, presently, or potentially impacted by the opening of the canopy light regime by opening the canopy? associated with timber harvest activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Cypripcdium fasciculatum What are the mycorrhizal requirements for this species of Determination of the mycorrhizal associates of this species and their responses to management activities concern and how do management practices, particularly those could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. that disturb the soil, affect those mycorrhizae? Delphinium viridescens How is this rare species affected by development? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by development could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management directton. Delphinium viridescens How is this rare species affected by fire, fire suppression, and/or Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by changes in the fire regime? natural and/or prescribed fire could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Delphinium viridescens How is this rare species affected by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated tnto management dtrectton. Delphinium viridescens How is this rare species affected by the invasion of exotic species Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the including those deliberately seeded? invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Delphinium viridescens How is this rare species affected by timber harvest activities? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by timber harvest activities could provide information that could be incorporated into management direction. 23 Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Delphinium viridescens How do exotic plant species effect this taxa? Trend monitoring of populations threatened by the invasion of exotics could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Delphinium viridescens What are the effects of fire and/or tire suppression on this rare Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, or potentially impacted by natural species? or prescribed burning could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Delphinium viridescens What are the effects of grazing on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations impacted by the trampling of domestic livestock could nrovide valuable information for incomnration into management direction. Descurainia torulosa Is this a valid taxon? Resolution of the taxonomic status of this species should preclude the development of monitoring and management strategy. Douglasia idahoensis How is this species impacted by tire and/or fire suppression? Is Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by the extent of fuel loading critical to its survival through tire, fire suppression, excessive fuel loading, etc., could provide valuable information for management. catastrophic tires? Draba trichocarpa To what extent is this rare species threatened by housing Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by development in its habitat? housing development could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Draba trichocarpa What is the taxonomic relationship of this rare species to Resolution of taxonomic “status” and relationship should preclude the development of monitoring protocol sympatric and/or taxonomically “close” relatives such as Draba and management guidelines. paysonii var. treleasii? Erigeron basalticus Does gravel pit excavation pose a threat to the viability of this Trend and demographic of populations historically, presently, and or potentially impacted by gravel pit rare species? excavation could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Erigcron basalticus How has road construction diminished the habitat of this rare Trend monitoring and an analysis of historic potential habitat could provide valuable information regarding species? Are proposed road construction projects a threat to the impacts of road construction on this ram species. existing populations? Erigeron basalticus What are the effects of herbicidal drift on this rare species? Trend and demographic of populations historically, presently, and or potentially impacted the direct and/or indirect application of agricultural herbicides could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Erigeron basalticus What is the reproductive biology of this species and how does it Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable baseline affect its geographic amplitude? information on its environmental requhements and limiting factors. Erigeron lackschewitzii Is this species being adversely impacted by wildlife, particularly Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by .^ .^. . bighorn sheep? wildlife (bighorn sheep) could provide valuable mtormatton tor mcorporatron Into management directton. Erigeron lackschewitzii Is this species threatened by the invasion of exotic species? To Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently. and/or potentially impacted by what extent have exotics diminished the natural habitat of this exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. species? I(rigcron lackschewitzii To what extent is wind dispersal of the seeds ofthis species a Determination of the dispersal mechanisms of this species could provide valuable information for factor in its limited geographic distribution? incorporation into management direction. 24 Species name Research Need Potential Application Erigeron lackschewitzii What is the genetic status of this species? Is introgression by Determination of the natural genetic variation of this species and comparisons with sympatric populations more common species a threat to its viability? could determine whether the genetic integrity of the species is threatened by introgression. Erigeron lackschewitzii To what extent does the geographical amplitude of this species Detemlination of the exact geographic amplitude would enable management direction consistent with the extend west of the continental divide? What is the geographical conservation of the species to be formulated in areas where known populations of the species occur, amplitude of the species? Erigeron lams To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by exotic species? exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Erigeron lams To what extent is this rare species threatened by the proposed Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by a designation of its habitat as a U.S. Airforce bombing range? change in land use (conversion to bombing range) could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Erigeron salmonensis To what extent is this rare species threatened by global warming Long term trend monitoring could provide information on the species’ response to global warming. Artificial trends? seed banking could be employed to conserve genetic material if the species faces extinction. Eriogonum chrysops Are inventories for this rare species adequate? What are the Inventory of the potential habitat of this species to document its geographic amplitude and population sizes is population sizes and geographic amplitude of this species? essential for the development of a monitoring strategy for assessing the impacts of management activities. Eriogonum chrysops To what extent is this rare species impacted by the application of Trend and demographic monitoring in sites historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by herbicidal herbicides conducted in conjunction with sagebrush eradication? application could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Eriogonum crosbyae What arc the environmental requirements of this species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information about its environmental requirements. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Eriogonum crosbyae What is the taxonomic status of this species? Is it distinct from e. Cytogenetic and electrophoretic laboratory analysis could help resolve the taxonomic “status” and threats pmciduum? Is it threatened by hybridization with E. prociduum? from hybridization. This information should preclude the development of monitoring and management guidelines. liriogonum cusickii Is this rare species threatened by the invasion of exotic species? Trend and demographic of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by the invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Eriogonum cusickii What are the environmental requirements for this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Eriogonum meledonum What are the population dynamics of this species? Is recruitment Ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide information on its environmental requirements and problematic? population dynamics. This information could be valuable for the development of monitoring protocol and management direction. Eriogonum novonudum What are the impacts of grazing by bighorn sheep on this Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and potentially threatened by species? bighorn sheep could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Eriogonum novonudum What are the impacts of recreational activity on this species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and potentially threatened by recreational activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction, 25 ‘ ipccics name Research Need Potential Application Ezriogonum prociduum To what extent is this rare species threatened by mining Trend monitoring in populations of this tare species impacted by or potentially impacted by mining activities activities? could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. 1?iogonum prociduum To what extent is this rare species threatened by recreational Trend monitoring in populations of this rare species impacted by or potentially impacted by recreational activities, particularly the use of off road vehicles? activities, particularly the use of o&s, could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. ECriogonum prociduum To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by exotic species? exotic species could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. EJriogonum prociduum What is the reproductive biology of this rare species? Why is Ecophysiological monitoring and supporting laboratory work could provide valuable information about the recruitment so low? How extensive is vegetative versus sexual reproductive biology of this rare species. This information could be used in the development of management reproduction? strategy. Eirythronium grandiflorum To what extent has the historic habitat of this rare species been Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and or potentially threatened by v‘ar. nudipetalum affected by grazing? grazing activities could provide valuable information about grazing and diminished habitat. C>ratiola heterosepala To what extent is this species impacted by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and potentially impacted by grazing could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. (jratiola heterosepala What are the environmental requirements for this species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. (jrindelia howellii How extensively distributed is this species in its native habitat Trend monitoring of the status of populations in natural versus disturbed sites could enable predictive rather than artificial habitats created by human disturbance? Is its modeling of population responses to various management activities. native habitat grasslands or in draw-down zones of prairie ponds? (Jrindelia howellii To what extent has this rare species been impacted by the Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the invasion of exotics? invasion of exotics could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. (irindclia howellii Why does this species not occupy potential habitat, particularly Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information along the st. Maries river? on its environmental requirements. This information could be incorporated into management direction. tiackelia cronquistii Has the inventory effort for this species been adequate in Idaho? Inventory for this species could document population sizes and geographic amplitude of this species. This baseline information could be incorporated into monitoring protocol and management guidelines. tiackelia cronquistii To what extent is this species dependent upon tire and the Ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on this rare species’ dependency upon attendant reduction of fuel load created by exotic species like periodic fire. This information could be incorporated into management direction. cheatgrass? Hackelia cronquistii What are the effects of grazing on this tare species? Trend and demographic monitoring could provide valuable information on this species’ response to grazing. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Hackelia cronquistii What are the effects of recreational activities, particularly the use Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and potentially threatened by of off-road vehicles, on this rare species? recreational activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. 26 Yackelia cronquistii What are the environmental requirements of this species? What Ecophysiological monitoring of this tare species could provide valuable information which could be are its limiting factors? incorporated into monitoring protocol and management direction. Hackelia cronquistii Would fire adversely affect this species by converting shrubland Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by tire to grassland? and/or tire suppression could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Hackelia venusta To what extent is this rare species threatened by road Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by road maintenance (sanding) activities? sanding activities could provide information that could be incorporated into management direction, Hackelia venusta What are the environmental requirements of this species? What Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable baseline are its limiting factors? information on the environmental requirements and/or limiting factors of this species. This information could be used in management. Hackelia venusta What is the taxonomic status of this species? Is it really two Resolution of the taxonomic status of this species could provide valuable baseline information which could different taxa? preclude the development of management direction. Haplopappus insecticruris To what extent is this rare species threatened by herbicidal Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by appltcation, both direct and indirect? herbicides could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Haplopappus insecticruris To what extent is this rare species threatened by the conversion Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by of its habitat to agricultural production? agricultural conversion could provide information that could be incorporated into management direction. Haplopappus insecticruris What are the environmental requirements of this species? What Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide information on its are its limiting factors? environmental requirements. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Haplopappus liatriformis How has this rare species been affected by changes in the tire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by regime? fire, tire suppression, and/or changes in the tire regime could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. tiaplopappus liatriformis To what extent has natural habitat been diminished by conversion Trend monitoring of known populations proximal to existing agricultural lands or lands proposed for to agricultural production? Does agricultural conversion pose a conversion to agricultural production should provide valuable information for the development of threat to known populations? management direction. Haplopappus iiatrifotmis To what extent is this rare species threatened by exotic species? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations threatened by exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. 1 Haplopappus liatrifonnis To what extent is this rare species threatened by grazing Trend and demographic monitoring in populations threatened by grazing activities could provide valuable activities? information for incorporation into management direction. Haplopappus liatriformis To what extent is this rare species threatened by the conversion Trend and demographic monitoring in populations threatened by agricultural conversion could provide of its habitat to agricultural production? valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Haplopappus liatrifomlis To what extent is this species threatened by the encroachment of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by the , its habitat by exotic species? invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management I 1 direction. I 27 Species name Research Need Potential Application Haplopappus liatriformis What is the reproductive biology of this rare species? Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring of known populations could provide valuable information on the reproductive biology of this species. Management guidelines could be formulated accordingly. Haplopappus radiatus Is this a valid taxon? Resolution of the taxonomic status of this taxa precludes the development of monitoring protocol and management guidelines for it. Haplopappus radiatus IS this taxon valid? What is the relationship of this species to The resolution of the taxonomic status of this species could provide valuable information which could be Haplopappus carthamoides? incorporated into management direction. Haplopappus radiatus TO what extent is this rare species impacted by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Haplopappus radiatus To what extent is this rare species threatened by grazing Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or activities? potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Haplopappus radiatus To what extent is this rare species threatened by grazing? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations of this rare species historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Haplopappus radiatus To what extent is this rare species threatened by road Trend and demographic monitoring of populations of this rare species historically, presently, and/or construction and/or maintenance? potentially impacted by road construction and/or maintenance could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Haplopappus radiatus To what extent is this rare species threatened by the Trend and demographic monitoring of populations of this rare species historically, presently, and/or encroachment of exotic species into its habitat? potentially impacted by exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. tlaplopappus uniflorus var. To what extent is this species adversely impacted by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by howellii activities? recreational activity (especially trampling) could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. I lowcllia aqualilis t-low is this rare species affected by natural aquatic succession or Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this species in habitats undergoing seral transition by accelerated eutrophication? could provide valuable information on this potential threat. Management guidelines could be developed nccnrdinolv Howellia aquatilis Is genetic uniformity problematic for this species? Has the lack Genetic studies of this species across its range could determine the uniformity of its gene pool and predict its of genetic variability in this species been scientifically vulnerability. This information could be incorporated into management direction. documented? Howellia aquatilis Is inventory information adequate? Has the lower Coeur d’ inventory for this ram species could document population sizes and geographic amplitude. This information Alene river been inventoried for this rare species? could be used in the development of monitoring protocol and management direction. Howcllia aquatilis To what extent does timber harvest threaten this species, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by particularly in exposing its habitat to increased timber harvest activities could provide information that could be incorporated into management direction. evapotranspiration? 28 jpccies name Research Need Potential Application jowellia aquatilis To what extent is this rare species threatened by housing Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by development projects within its habitat? housing development could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction, iowellia aquatilis To what extent is this rare species threatened by the alteration of Trend and demographic of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by housing the hydrologic regime underlying its supporting habitat? Is development that alters the hydrologic regime of habitat could provide valuable information for incorporation housing development problematic? into management guidelines. -lowellia aquatilis To what extent is this species threatened by the encroachment of Trend monitoring of known habitat relative to encroachment by exotics could provide valuable information its habitat by exotic species, particularly reed canary grass? relative to this threat. Management direction (Phalaris eradication?) could be developed accordingly. Howellia aquatilis What are the environmental requirements for this rare species, Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information on all particularly those factors associated with seed production, aspects in the life cycle of this poorly-understood rare species. This information could be incorporated into viability, and recruitment? management guidelines. Howellia aquatilis What is the role of ungulates in dispersing this species? How is Assessment of the role of ungulates in dispersing the seeds of this species of concern could resolve this finding correlated with the sporadic distribution of the management issues related to grazing. species in areas with potential habitat? Howellia aquatilis What are the long term effects of extreme hydrologic variation on Determination of effects of different management practices on both the hydrologic regime and the the species of concern? What are the impacts of management populations of the species of concern would enable management direction to be developed. practices to the hydrologic regime? lliamna longisepala Are the populations of this rare species east of the cascade Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information about Population sizes and geographic mountains, and particularly in Douglas County, Washington, distribution. This information could be incorporated into management direction. adequately inventoried? It the actual geographic amplitude of this species known? lliamna longisepala How does this species respond to fire? Are casual observations Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by fire. that the species benefits from frequent low-intensity bums fire suppression, and/or changes in the fire regime could provide valuable information which could be correct? incorporated into management direction. What is the response of this species of concern to direct and Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the indirect effects of herbicides? direct and/or indirect application of herbicides could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. lvesia rhypara var. rhypara To what extent is this species threatened by grazing activities and Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by the associated trampling of grazing animals? grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management activities. lvesia rhypara var. rhypara To what extent is this species threatened by road construction Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by and/or road maintenance? road construction could provide information which could be incorporated into management activities. lvesia rhypara var. rhypara To what extent is this species threatened by the invasion of its Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by habitat by exotic species? exotic species could provide information which could be incorporated info management activities. lvcsia rhypara var. rhypara What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring and supporting laboratory work could provide information on the environmental What arc its limiting factors? requirements of this species. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. 29 Spccics name Research Need Potential Application lvesia rhypara var. shellyi What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information on its environmental What are its limiting factors? requirements. This information could be incorporated into management direction. tvesia rhypara var. shellyi What is the systematic relationship of this variety to the variety Resolution of the systematic relationship of the two varieties could provide valuable information on the rhypara? Are they genetically distinct taxa? genetic variability of the species and its evolutionary stature. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Lepidium davisii How is this rare species impacted by the grazing and trampling Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by wild activities of wild horses? horse trampling and/or grazing could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Lepidium davisii Is Iva axillaris displacing this rare species? Trend monitoring in populations supporting both the rare species and Iva axillaris could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Lepidium davisii To what extent is this rare species threatened by alteration of the Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted hydrology supporting its habitat? activities which alter the underlying- hydrology_ could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. I I Lepidium davisii To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, an&or potentially impacted by its habitat by exotic species, particularly Russian thistle? exotic species could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction, Lepidium davisii What are the environmental requirements of this species? What Bcophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information about the environmental requirements and are its limiting factors? limiting factors of this species. This information could be incorporated into monitoring protocol and management direction. Lepidium papillifemm What are the effects of exotic species, including deliberate Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by introductions, on this rare species? exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Lepidium papilliferum What are the effects of tire and/or tire suppression on this rare Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by species? natural and/or prescribed burning could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Lepidium papilliferum What are the effects of grazing activities on this species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Lepidium papilliferum What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable baseline information on the What are its limiting factors? environmental requirements and limiting factors of this species. This information could be used in the development of monitoring protocol and management. Leptodactylon glabrum To what extent is this rare species threatened by dam Trend and demographic monitoring in populations where habitat has been altered by inundation, construction, specifically hydroelectric dam construction on the construction, and/or altered hydrology could provide valuable information on the responses of this species to Bnmeau River? such activities. Leptodactylon glabnrm What are the environmental requirements of this species? What Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable baseline information on its are its limiting factors? environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be used in the development of monitoring protocol and management direction. c I,eptodactylon pungens ssp. is this a valid taxon? Could genetic and electrophoretic studies lesolution of the taxonomic status of this species should preclude the development of monitoring guidelines ttazeliae :onfirm differences with the parental progenitor? Ind management direction. I-eptodactylon pungens ssp. fo what extent is this rate species threatened by the direct and/or [rend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by Ilazeliae tndirect application of herbicides? terbicides (direct and/or drift) could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into nanagement direction. I-eptodactylon pungens ssp. To what extent is this species threatened by recreational rrend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, or potentially impacted by Iiazeliae activities? ,ecreational activities (including trail construction) could provide valuable information for incorporation tnto nanagement direction. ILeptodactylon pungens ssp. What is the basic reproductive biology of this rare subspecies? Scophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on pollinators, seed set, seed viability, soil Iiazeliae ,equirements, etc. That could be incorporated into management direction. ILeptodactylon pungens ssp. Why is the recruitment rate apparently low in this subspecies? Ecophysiological and demographic monitoring could provide valuable information on pollinators, seed set. Ihazeliae ;eed viability, soil requirements, etc. That could be incorporated into management direction. Leptodactylon pungens ssp. Are inventories for this rare species adequate in Idaho? In Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on population sizes, locations, and Ihazeliae Oregon? geographic distribution. This information could be used in the development of monitoring and management strategy. Lesquerella (pulchella) sp. Is the species threatened by increased mining activity? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by novum mining activities could be useful to management. Lesquerella (pulchella) sp. What are the effects of exotic species (spotted knapweed) on this Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by novum species? -How has the species responded to springtime treatment exotic species and/or the herbicides used in their control could be useful to management. of the adjacent exotic species with herbicides? Lesquerella (pulchella) sp. What are the population trends for this species? Trend monitoring for the known populations of this species should provide information relative to the novum impacts of mining, grazing, and wildlife. This information can be incorporated into management guidelmes to ensure the conservation of the species. Lesquerella carinata Has this species received adequate inventory effort in Wyoming? Inventory conducted for this species could provide valuable infomtation on its population sizes and geographic amplitude. This valuable information could be incorporated into monitoring protocol and management direction. Lesquerella carinata var. What are the effects of grazing on the species of concern? Assessment of the impacts of grazing on the known populations of this species through monitoring would languida enable the development of management direction consistent with the conservation of the species. Lesquerella carinata var. What are the specific edaphic requirements of this species and do Determination of the chemical and physical characteristics of the soils within the known populations of this languida these requirements cause its constrained geographic amplitude? species of concern could enable predictive modeling of potential habitat and the development of management direction. Lesquerella carinata var. Why is the geographic amplitude of this species of concern so Assessment of the true geographic amplitude of this species of concern would enable the issue of edaphtc Ianguida limited? Why is the amplitude confined to the garnet range in endemism to be resolved. Management direction for the known populations could then be formulated. west-central Montana? 31 Species name Research Need Potential Application Lesquerella carinata var. Are exotic species (spotted knapweed) diminishing the Assessment of the impacts of exotic plant species (especially spotted knapweed) on the species of concern languida populations and/or range of this species of concern? would enable the development of management direction consistent with the conservation of the species. Lesquerella humilis Does this species of concern have a specific edaphic requirement Determination of all chemical and physical characteristics of the soils at sites of known populations would that determines its distribution? enable predictive modeling of potential habitat and enable management direction to be formulated consistent with the conservation of the species. Lesquerella humilis How does this species of concern respond to disturbance? How Assessment of the impact on this species of concern by the potential threat of recreational usage and I is this species affected by recreational use, particularly hiking? development through monitoring could be incorporated into management direction. Lesquerella humilis What is the geographic amplitude of this species of concern? The determination of the overall geographic amplitude of this species would enable management direction consistent with the conservation of this species to be developed. Lesquerella humilis What is the reproductive biology of the species of concern? Determination of the dispersal aspect of the reproductive biology could yield an understanding of the What is the dispersal mechanism of the species? distributional limits of this species of concern and enable the developmeni of management direction. Lesquerella paysonii Do exotic species (especially knapweed) pose a threat to this Assessment of the effects of exotic species upon the species of concern through monitoring could enable I species of concern? management direction to be formulated. Lesquerella paysonii Does this species of concern exhibit affinity for a specific soil Determination of the chemical and physical characteristics of the soil in which this single population grows type? would enable predictive modeling of potential habitat and the development of management direction. Lesquerella paysonii Has the taxonomic validity of the identification of the specimens Resolution of the taxonomic status of the Montana plants should preclude the development of any from the single population in Montana been determined? management opportunities or directions concerning this species. Lcsqucrella paysonii Have inventory efforts for this species been adequate in Inventory for this species could provide valuable information on population sizes and geographic amplitude. Wyoming? This information should preclude the development of monitoring and management strategies. Lesquerella paysonii What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable baseline information on its What are its limiting factors? environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into monitoring protocol and management direction. Lesquerella paysonii What is the population trend of this species of concern? Assessment of the population trend of the single population known to occur in Montana would enable management direction to be developed. Lomatium “ochocensis” What are the population sizes and geographic amplitude of this Inventory for this newly described species in high potential habitat could provide baseline information which newly described taxon? could be used in the development of monitoring plants against which the effects of management activities could be measured. Lomatium erythrocarpum To what extent is this rare species threatened by wildlife, Trend and demographic monitorini in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the particularly mountain goats and big horn sheep? grazing activities of wildlife could provide information for incorporation into management guidelines. Lomatium erythrocarpum What are the population sizes and geographic amplitude of this Inventory efforts conducted for this species particularly in the Elkhom mountains could provide valuable rare species? baseline information for the development of monitoring plans and management direction. 32 Species name Research Need Potential Application Lomatium greenmanii What are the impacts of grazing by wild and domestic species to Trend monitoring in populations historically, presently, or potentially impacted by grazing could provide this rare species? valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Lomatium greenmanii What are the impacts of recreational activities (trampling by Trend and demographic monitoring could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into tramway customers) to this rare species? management direction. Lomatium suksdorfii Have inventory efforts for this species been adequate? Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable baseline information on population sizes and geographic distribution. This information could be used in the development of monitoring and management strategy. Lomatium suksdorfii Is there a potential threat as the medicinal values of this species Trend and demographic of populations historically, presently, and or potentially impacted native harvest (for are determined and demand for it increases? medicinal purposes) could provide information for incorporation into management guidelines. Lomatium suksdorfti To what extent do exotic species threaten this rare species? Trend monitoring of known populations of this rare species known to be impacted by the invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Lomatium suksdorfii To what extent is this rare species impacted by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Lomatium suksdorfii To what extent is this tare species impacted by mining activities Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by including gravel pit excavation and quarrying? mining activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Lomatium suksdorfii To what extent is this rare species impacted by the direct and/or Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by indirect application of herbicides? herbicide application could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Lomatium suksdorlii What are the effects of grazing on this rare species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring could provide information on the basic biological requirements of this rare species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Lomatium suksdorlii What are the limiting environmental factors that cause the Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information geographic amplitude of this species to be so constrained? about its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Lomatium suksdorfii What is the amplitude of this rare species? inventory conducted for this rare species could determine its geographic amplitude and delineate populations suitable for monitoring. This information is essential for the development of management guidelines. Lomatium tuberosum Is excavation of gravel pits (crushed basalt) a threat to this rare Trend monitoring could provide valuable information regarding the effects of excavation on this rare species. species? This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Lomatium tuberosum To what extent does damage caused by foraging rodents threaten Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by wild this rare species? animal species could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Lomatium tuberosum To what extent does harvest of this rare species by native Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by Americans for food purposes pose a threat to this plant? native harvest (for food purposes) could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. 33 Species name Research Need Potential Application Lomatium tuberosum To what extent is this rare species threatened by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities, particularly those of petrified wood collectors who recreational activities could provideinformation which could be incorporated into management direction. frequently alter the habitat of this species? Lomatium tuberosum What are the sizes of known populations and what is the true Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on population sizes and geographtc geographic amplitude of the species? distribution of this species. Lomatium tuberosum What is the reproductive biology of this rare species? How Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information dependent is this species on cntstose lichens for nutrient cycling about its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into and availability? management direction. Luina serpentina Is the lack of genetic variability problematic for this species? Laboratory research focused on genetic variability of this rare species could provide valuable information about the basic biology of the species? Luina serpentina To what extent is this rare species threatened by road Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by road construction projects? construction activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Luina serpentina To what extent is viable seed production involved in the Ecophysiological monitoring and supporting laboratory research could document low seed viability of the population dynamics of this species? species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Lupinus biddlei How is this rare species impacted by gold mining activities? Trend monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by mining activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Lupinus biddlei How is this rare species impacted by the invasion of seeded and Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the non-seeded exotic species? invasion of seeded or non-seeded exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Lupinus biddlei Is this a valid taxon? Resolution of the taxonomic status of this species through cytogenetic and electrophoretic methods should preclude the development of management direction concerning this taxa. Lupinus biddlei To what extent is this rare species threatened by grazing Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? grazing activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Lupinus cusickii How is this rare species impacted by recreational activity? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, an&or potentially impacted by recreational activities (and particularly off-road vehicles) could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Lupinus cusickii What is the taxonomic status of this “species?” Resolution of the taxonomic status of this rare taxa precludes the development of any type of monitoring studies and/or management direction. Meconella oregana Are annual exotics threatening this species? Trend monitoring in populations impacted by and/or potentially impacted by exotic species could provide valuable information that could be incorporated into management direction. 34 Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Meconella oregana Are the populations and geographic amplitude of this rare species Inventory for this species could provide baseline information on its population sizes and distributions. This known? Have inventory efforts been sufficient? information could be used in the development of monitoring and management guidelines. Meconella oregana Have inventory efforts for this rare species been adequate? Inventory for this rare species could provide information on population sizes and geographic distribution. This baseline information could be useful in the development of monitoring and management strategy. Meconella oregana How is this species affected by grazing activities? j Trend monitoring in populations impacted by and/or potentially impacted by grazing could provide valuable information that could be incorporated into management direction. J Meconella oregana To what extent is this rare species impacted by activities which Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by alter the hydrologic regime supporting its habitat? activities which alter the hydrologic regime could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Meconella oregana To what extent is this rare species impacted by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Meconella oregana To what extent is this rare species impacted by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? recreational activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Meconella oregana To what extent is this rare species impacted by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the exotic species? invasion of exotics species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Meconella oregana What are the environmental requirements for this species? What Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information are its limiting factors? on the environmental requirements and limiting factors of this species. This baseline information could be incorporated into management direction Mentzelia mollis To what extent are inSentories for this species adequate, Inventory for this species could document the sizes of its populations and geographic amplitude. This particularly in Nevada? baseline information could be used in the formulation of management guidelines. Mentzelia mollis To what extent is this rare species threatened by exotic species, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the including those included in seeding prescriptions? invasion or deliberate introduction of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Mentzelia mollis To what extent is this rare species threatened by mechanical Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by fire disruption of its habitat associated with tire suppression suppression activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into managcmcnt activities? guidelines. Mentzelia mollis To what extent is this rare species threatened by mining Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? mining activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Mentzelia mollis To what extent is this rare species threatened by mining Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? How successful are efforts to use it in the restoration mining activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. 35 Species name Research Need Potential Application Mentzelia mollis TO what extent is this tare species threatened by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently. and/or potentially impacted by activities, particularly the use of off mad vehicles? recreational activity, particularly orv’s, could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Mentzelia mollis TO what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the exotic species and the competition that results from such an invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management invasion? guidelines. Mentzelia mollis What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable baseline information on its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be used in developing monitoring protocol and management direction. Mentzelia mollis What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information on its environmental What is the extent of its seed bank? What factors are involved in requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction. the dispersal of its seeds? Mentzelia packardiae To what extent is this rare species adversely impacted by grazing Trend and demographic monitoring of this species in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially activities? impacted by grazing activities could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Mentzelia packardiae To what extent is this rare species adversely impacted by the Trend and demographic monitoring of this species in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially invasion of exotic species? impacted by exotic species could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Mentzelia packardiae What environmental factors prevent this species from occupying Ecophysiological monitoring of populations of this rare species could provide valuable information about its all of its potential habitat? environmental requirements--pollinators, seed banks, soil factors, dispersal modes. etc. This information could be incorporated into management. Mimulus clivicola What are the environmental requirements for this species? What Ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information about the basic biology of this species. are its soil moisture requirements? Its pollinators? Its seed This information could be incorporated into management direction. bank? Mimulus clivicola What are the impacts of exotic species on this species of Trend monitoring in populations threatened by the invasion of exotic species could provide valuable concern? information which could be incorporated into management direction. Mimulus clivicola What are the impacts of grazing to this species of concern? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Mimulus clivicola What are the impacts of road construction to this species of Trend and demographic monitoring in populations impacted by road construction projects could provide concern? Does mad construction increase available habitat for valuable information that could be incorporated into management direction. this species? Mimulus clivicola What are the impacts of timber harvest activities on this species Trend monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by timber harvest of concern? activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Mimulus clivicola What monitoring protocol is most appropriate for this annual The development of suitable monitoring methods could provide valuable monitoring information for species that exhibits extreme populations annually? measuring the impacts of management activities. 36 ;pccics name Rcscarch Need Potential Application vlimulus evanescens How do alterations in the hydrologic regime affect this rare Trend and demographic monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by reservoir draw- species? down or other alterations in the hydrologic regime could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. ti imulus evanescens To what extent is this tare species threatened by grazing Trend monitoring in populations of this rare species impacted by or potentially impacted by grazing could activities? provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Mimulus evanescens What is the geographic amplitude of this newly-described rare Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on population sizes, locations, and species? geographic range of the species. This information could be used in the development of management and monitoring guidelines. Mimulus jungennannioides Have seed banking efforts been conducted to ensure the survival Seed banking success could result in an increase in available seed which could enable the species to be used of this species? How important is seed production in the in restoration work. propagation of this rhizomatous species? Mimulus jungermannioides How is this species affected by agricultural endeavors and the Trend and demographic monitoring of populations growing in areas in which the hydrologic regime has been. changes in the water table that sometimes are associated with is, or will be altered by agricultural endeavors could provide valuable information which could be them? incorporated into management direction. Mimulus jungermannioides How is this species affected by grazing activities and the changes Trend and demographic monitoring of populations growing in areas in which the hydrologic regime has been, in the water table that sometimes-are associated with it? is, or will be altered by grazing activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Mimulus jungermannioides To what extent has the natural habitat of this rare species been Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the diminished by the construction of hydroelectric dams and construction of hydroelectric dams and/or by fluctuations in pool levels could provide valuable information fluctuations in pool levels? useful for management. Mimulus jungetrnannioides To what extent is this rare species threatened by excavation Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by activities, particularly gravel pit development? mining (gravel pit excavation) could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Mimulus jungermannioides To what extent is this rare species threatened by the direct and/or Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the indirect application of herbicides? direct application of herbicides (roadside weed control) and/or indirect application (drift) could provide valuable information for management. Mimulus jungennannioides To what extent is this species of moist basaltic crevices affected Trend monitoring in populations of this rare species impacted by or potentially impacted by changes m the by alteration of the hydrologic regime? hydrologic regime could provide valuable information on the species’ response to alterations in hydrology. Mimulus jungermannioides To what extent is this species threatened by both direct and Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the indirect application of herbicides? How can county weed control direct and/or indirect application of agricultural herbicides could provide valuable information for crews be kept from spraying roadside populations? incorporation into management direction. To what extent is this species threatened by excavation activities? Trend monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by excavation (grave) pit or mining Mimulus jungerrnannioides . activities) could provide valuable information for incorporation into management gutdelmes. 37 Species name Research Need Potential Application Mimulus jungcrmannioides What is the extent of the natural seed bank of this species? Is Ecophysiological monitoring and supporting laboratory/greenhouse work could provide information on the vegetative or sexual reproduction of greater importance in basic reproductive biology of this species. This information could be incorporated into management maintaining its populations? direction. Mimulus jungermannioides What variation in the genetics of this species occurs? How is Genetic variability could be investigated in the laboratory and gene flow could be determined by gene flow maintained within populations? ecophysiological monitoring. This information on the biological requirements of the species could be used in the formulation of management direction. Mimulus patulus Has inventory for this species been adequate? Has this species Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on its population sizes, locations, and been extirpated from Idaho? geographic distribution. This information could be used in the development of management and monitoring strategy. Mimulus pygmaeus Is this rare species benefited by the trampling of ungulates? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by trampling by grazing animals could provide information on the beneficial aspects (“capsule burying”) of tramnlino Mm~dus pygmaeus To what extent is this species threatened by changes in the Trend monitoring of populations impacted by or potentially impacted by activities that alter the hydrologic hydrologic regime? regime could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Mimulus pygmaeus To what extent is this species threatened by seeding projects that Trend monitoring of populations impacted by or potentially impacted by seed prescriptions which include introduce perennial species into its habitat? perennial species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines, particularly the formulation of seed prescriptions. Mimulus pygmaeus To what extent is this species threatened by the invasion of exotic Trend monitoring in populations threatened by the invasion of exotic species could provide valuable species? information on the rate of invasion and effects of invasion by exotic species. This information could be incomorated into management direction. Mimulus washingtonensis Does grazing adversely affect this species by selectively favoring Ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information for determining the indirect role of grazing var. washingtonensis an increase in a pollen competitor (Mimulus guttatus)? in depressed seed set caused by increasing populations of a pollen competitor. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Mimulus washingtoncnsis Does this rare species have a “cold” requirement for germination? This rare species reportedly has a “cold” requirement that lessens its ability to compete (through pollination) var. washingtonensis Does this adversely affect its ability to compete with sympatric with Mimulus guttatus. Laboratory investigations could determine if this requirement is a limiting factor. species? Mimulus washingtonensis To what extent is this species adversely affected by seeding Trend monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by seeding projects could provide var. washingtonensis prescriptions which include annual grasses? valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines, Mimulus washingtonensis To what extent is this species threatened by the encroachment of Trend and demographic monitoring in populations impacted by the invasion of exotic species or by seeding var. washingtonensis habitat by exotic species? Do seeding prescriptions contribute to projects which prescribe annual brome grasses could provide valuable information for incorporation into this threat? m~nxwmmt direction. Mimulus washingtonensis Was the Nachez river population properly identified? Collection of a voucher specimen and submission to an appropriate regional herbarium for the verification of var. washingtonensis identification should preclude the development of monitoring and management strategies. 38 Mimulus washingtonensis What is the extent of the natural seed bank and is it sufficiently Ecophysiological monitoring and supporting laboratory work could provide valuable information on the seed far. washingtonensis replenished in wet years? bank size and viability. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Mimulus washingtonensis To what extent is this species threatened by activities which alter Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by var. washingtonensis the hydrologic regime? activities which alter the hydrologic regime could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Mimulus washingtonensis To what extent is this species threatened by the invasion of exotic Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the var. washingtonensis species? invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Mirabilis bigelovii var. Are inventories for the occurrence of this variety adequate? Inventory activities could document population sizes and determine geographic amplitude. Both of these retrorsa parameters are essential in developing monitoring and management strategy. Mirabilis bigelovii var. How is this variety genetically different from the typovar? The genetic and taxonomic status of this variety could be determined by electrophoretic studies. This retrorsa information could be incorporated into management direction. Mirabilis macfarlanei How is this rare species affected by grazing activities? Trend monitoring in populations historically, presently, or potentially impacted by grazing could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Mirabilis macfarlanei How is this rare species affected by road construction and/or Trend and demographic monitoring of populations threatened by road construction and/or maintenance could maintenance? provide valuable information on the effects of these activities on the rare species. This information could be incorporated into management direction Mirabilis macfarlanei How is this rare species affected by the invasion of exotic Trend and demographic monitoring of populations threatened by exotic species could provide valuable species? information on the invasion rate and adverse effects of exotics. Mirabilis macfarlanei Is the full extent of this species’ populations and geographic Inventory for this species could provide valuable information on its population sizes, locations, and the amplitude known? geographic range of the species. This information could be used in management direction. Mirabilis macfarlanei To what extent is this rare species threatened by livestock grazing Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? grazing activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Mirabilis macfarlanei To what extent is this species parasitized by fungi? Does this Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by relationship diminish vigor, seed production, etc.? fungal infection could provide valuable infomlation for incorporation into management direction. Mirabilis macfarlanei What are the environmental requirements for this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information about its environmental requirements. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Mirabilis macfarlanei What is the role of asexual (vegetative) reproduction and what Ecophysiological monitoring and supporting laboratory work could provide information about the genetic degree of genetic variability occurs within populations and across variability of this rare species. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. the range of this rare species? 39 Species name Research Need Potential Application Oenothera psammophila What are the environmental requirements and limiting factors of Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable baseline information on its this rare species? environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into monitoring protocol and management direction. Oryzopsis (Achnatherum) Is this rare species adversely affected by recreational activities, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and or potentially impacted by hendersonii specifically the use of off-road vehicles? Recreational activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Oryzopsis (Achnathetum) What is the relationship of this rare species to mycorrhizae or Demographic monitoring should enable the determination of such relationship. Management direction hendersonii other cryptogamic species? relative to the findings could then be developed. Oryzopsis (Achnatherum) What is the reproductive biology of this rare species? Why is Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring could provide baseline information about the hendersonii recruitment so limited? environmental requirements of this species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Oryzopsis contracta What are the demographic trends of this species? Trend and demographic monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Oryzopsis hendersonii var. To what extent are the population sizes and geographic amplitude Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on the population sizes and geographic hendersonii of this species known? distribution of this species. This information could be used to develop monitoring plans to facilitate proper management. Oryzopsis hendersonii var. To what extent is this rare species adversely affected by grazing? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by hendersonii grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Oryzopsis hendersonii var. To what extent is this rare species impacted by excavation Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by hendersonii activities, particularly gravel pit development? excavation projects could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Oryzopsis hendersonii var. To what extent is this rare species impacted by fire and/or tire Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by hendcrsonii suppression activities? natural or prescribed burning could provide valuable information which could be incorporated mto management direction. Oryzopsis hendersonii var. To what extent is this rare species impacted by road construction Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by road hendersonii or maintenance activities? construction and/or maintenance activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated I into management direction. Oryzopsis hendersonii var. To what extent are the population sizes and geographic amplitude Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on the population sizes and geographic wallowensis of this species known? distribution of this species. This information could be used to develop monitoring plans to facilitate proper I management. Oryzopsis hendersonii var. To what extent is this rare species adversely affected by grazing? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by wallowensis I grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Oryzopsis hendersonii var. To what extent is this rare species impacted by excavation Trend and demographic- . monitoring- in . oooulations. historicallv.. nresentlv.. _ and/or potentially impacted by excavation projects could provideinformation which could be incorporated into management direction. wallowensis activities, particularly gravel pit development? 1 C I Species name IResearch Need Potential Application I Oryzopsis hendersonii var. To what extent is this rare species impacted by tire and/or tire Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by wallowens/s suppression activities? I natural or prescribed burning could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. I Oryzopsis hendersonii var. To what extent is this rare species impacted by road construction Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by road wallowensis 4 ar maintenance activities? construction and/or maintenance activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Oxytropis campestris var. Is this variety of concern threatened by residential Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically,, presently, and/or potentially impacted by columbiana ,development? housing development could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines, Oxytropis campestris var. What are the germination requirement for this variety of concern? Conduct studies to determine germination requirements and monitor known populations to determine columbiana How does it become established in areas of high wave action? recruitment rates and mechanisms of establishment. Enables limiting factors to be identified and treated in management prescriptions. Oxytropis campestris var. Is the variety of concern taxonomically valid? Can molecular Resolution of taxonomic status through cytogenetic and electrophoretic investigations precludes the columbiana studies (isozymes) help resolve this taxonomic question? development of monitoring protocol and management direction. Oxytropis campestris var. Do exotic species threaten this rare variety? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the wanapum invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Oxytropis campestris var. Has this rare variety been adequately inventoried to determine its Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information about its population sizes and geographic wanapum populations and geographic amplitude? distribution. Oxytropis campestris var. Is the reproductive biology and population dynamics of this rare Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable baseline information about the wanapum variety adequately understood? environmental requirements and limiting factors of this species. Oxytropis campestris var. Is this rare variety threatened by recreational activities, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by wanapum particularly hang-gliding? recreational activities could provide infotmation which could be incorporated into management direction. Oxytropis campestris var. Is this rare variety threatened by the construction of microwave Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by wanapum and television towers in its habitat on ridgetops? I housing and other development could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into 1 management direction. Papaver pygmaeum What is the taxonomic relationship between this species and Resolution of the taxonomic relationship between p. Pygmaeum and p, Radicatum is necessary to validate the Papaver radicatum? “concern” status of this taxon. Papaver pygmaeus What are the population dynamics of this species of concern? Monitoring known populations could enable determination of dynamics and identification of potential threats (although known populations are in protected areas). Pamassia kotzebuei var. Have inventory efforts on this rare species been adequate? Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable baseline information on population sizes and pumila geographic distribution. This information could be incorporated into management direction and the development of monitoring strategy. 41 Species name Research Need Potential Application Pamassia kotzebuei var. Is this a valid taxon? What is its relationship with sympatric Resolution of the taxonomic status and relationship of this variety of concern should preclude the pumila species? development of monitoring and management strategy. Pamassia kotzebuei var. To what extent is this variety of concern threatened by mining Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by pumila activities? mining activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Pamassia kotzebuei var. To what extent is this variety of concern threatened by natural Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by pumila geologic changes such as landslides? natural geologic phenomena could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Pamassia kotzebuei var. What are the environmental requirements of this species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information about the pumila environmental requirements and limiting factors for this rare species. This baseline information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Penstemon barrettiae Does hybridization with other more common species threaten the Genetic studies in sympatric populations could provide valuable information on the genetic integrity and genetic integrity of this species? Does this problem exist threats of this species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. throughout the range of the species? Penstemon barrettiae How are natural populations of this rare species maintained in the Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information on how the species vertical cliff habitat? colonizes the vertical cliff habitat and could also identify restoration opportunities. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Penstemon barrettiae Is this rare species threatened by alterations in the hydrologic Trend monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by alterations in the hydrologic regime regime of its habitat? could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. I’enstemon barrettiae To what extent has the known geographic range of this rare Inventory for this species could provide valuable information on population sizes and geographic distribution. species been inventoried for populations of this species? This information could be used in the development of monitoring and management guidelines. Penstemon barrettiae To what extent have artificial seed banking efforts been Evaluation of seed banking efforts and outplanting success could provide valuable information which could successful? be incorporated into management direction. Penstemon’barrettiae To what extent is genetic dilution threatening the species in areas Genetic studies coupled with demographic monitoring of sympatric populations could provide valuable where its distribution is sympatric with other species, particularly information relative to genetic dilution and introgression. This information could be incorporated into Penstemon fruticosus? management direction. Penstemon barrettiae To what extent is this attractive rare species threatened by Trend monitoring in populations impacted by and/or potentially impacted by collection could provide collectors, particularly Penstemon growers? valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Penstemon barrettiae To what extent is this rare species impacted by the direct and/or Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the. indirect application of herbicides? direct (roadside weed control) and/or indirect (drift) application of herbicides could provide valuable information for management. Pcnstemon barrettiae To what extent is this rare species threatened by mining Trend and demographic monitoring of this rare species in populations historically, presently, and/or (excavation) activity? potentially impacted by excavation activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. $xcics name Research Need Potential Application “enstemon barrettiae What are the environmental factors that constrain the geographic Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring of populations across the range of the species could provide amplitude of this rare species? valuable baseline information on its environmental requirements and geographic amplitude. Penstemon barrettiae What are the impacts of road construction on the habitat of this Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by road rare species and its known populations? construction activities (including blasting) could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Penstemon barrettiae What is the impact of collection (“taking”) of specimens of this Trend monitoring throughout the range of this rare species should provide baseline information on the rare- species on its populations and geographical amplitude? Is impacts of plant collecting on this species. Management direction could be formulated according to the the horticulture industry threatening this species? results. Penstemon barrettiae Why is the recruitment rate so low in this species? Trend and demographic monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable infomlation assessing the low recruitment rate. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Penstemon glaucinus To what extent is this rare species threatened by fire and/or fire Trend monitoring in populations historically impacted by, presently impacted by, or potentially impacted by suppression activities? prescribed or natural tire could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Penstemon glaucinus To what extent is this rare species threatened by the excavation of Trend monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by the excavation of road bed materials road building materials? could provide valuable information for the formulation of management guidelines? Penstemon idahoensis To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion or Trend and demographic monitoring of this rare species in populations historically, presently, and/or seeding of exotic species? potentially impacted by exotics species (including those in seeding prescriptions) could provide valuable information for management. Penstemon idahoensis What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable baseline information on its What are its limiting factors? environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into monitoring protocol and management direction. Penstemon lemhiensis Are exotic species a serious threat to this species of concern? Assessment of the effects of the invasion of exotic species (knapweed) through the monitoring of known populations would enable management direction and effective control measures consistent with the conservation of the species to he devclopcd. Penstemon lemhiensis How does this rare species respond to competition from exotic Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically. presently, and/or potentially impacted by the species? Are any of these competitors included in seeding invasion of exotic species could pmvide information for incorporation into management direction. prescriptions? l’enstemon lemhiensis How does this rare species respond to fire and/or tire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by fire. suppression? tire suppression, or changes in the tire regime could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Penstemon lemhiensis How does this species respond to habitat disturbance, particularly Assessment of population dynamics in disturbed habitats through monitoring could enable management the creation of road cuts? direction consistent with the conservation of the species to be formulated. Penstcmon lemhiensis To what extent is this rare species threatened by collection for Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by horticultural purposes? plant collectors could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. 43 Species name Research Need Potential Application Penstemon lemhiensis What are the effects of grazing on this species? Assessment of the impacts of grazing through monitoring plots, could enable management direction to be determined. Penstemon lemhiensis What are the environmental requirements of this rare species and Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide baseline information on its environmental what are its limiting factors? requirements and limiting factors. This information could be used in the formulation of monitoring protocol and management direction. Penstemon lemhiensis What are the reproductive dynamics of the known populations of Assessment of population parameters of germination, longevity, seed viability, pollination success, etc., this species? through monitoring would provide valuable information on the viability threshold of this species. Penstemon lemhiensis What are the responses of this species to a prescribed fire Assessment of the effects of fire, both prescribed and natural, could enable management direction to be regime? What are the responses of this species to fire developed consistent with the conservation of the species. suppression? Penstemon peckii What is the effect of alteration of the hydrologic regime on this Trend monitoring in populations impacted by “dewatering” of subirrigated meadowlands could provide rare species? valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Penstemon peckii What is the effect of tire and/or fire suppression on this rare Trend monitoring in populations impacted by natural or prescribed fire could provide valuable information species? which could be incorporated into management direction. Penstemon peckii What is the effect of population fragmentation caused by Trend monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially fragmented by recreational activity recreational activities or development? could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Perideridia erythrorhiza What genetic differences occur between eastside and westside Ecophysiological monitoring supported by laboratory work involving electrophoresis and cytogenetics could populations? provide valuable information about genetic differences in the two populations. This information could be incorporated into management direction. I’crideridia erythrorhiza Why is this species so rare while Perideridia gairdneri and P. Ecophysiological monitoring of the sympatric species could provide valuable information on the dynamics of oregana are much more abundant, even in the same habitat? the populations. This information could be incorporated into management direction Pctrophytum cinerascens To what extent is this rare. shrub threatened by plant collectors, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by and specifically collections for horticultural usage? plant collection activities for horticultural purposes could provide valuable information for management. particularly regarding permits. Petrophytum cinerascens To what extent is this rare shrub threatened by road construction Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by projects which impact its habitat? road construction could provide valuable information which could be used in the development of management guidelines. Petrophytum cinerascens What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable baseline information on the environmental requirements and limiting factors of this rare species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Phacelia inconspicua To what extent has this annual species been impacted by tire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by and/or tire suppression? natural and/or prescribed fire. could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Phacelia inconspicua To what extent has this annual species been impacted by mining? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by mining activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Phacelia inconspicua What are the environmental requirements for this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable baseline information about its What are its limiting factors? environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be useful in the formulation of ~ monitoring protocol and management. Phacelia lenta To what extent is this species threatened by gravel excavation? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by mining (gravel pit excavation) activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Phacelia lenta To what extent is this species threatened by herbicide drift? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the direct and/or indirect application of herbicides could provide valuable information which could be I incorporated into management direction. What is the reproductive biology of this species? Does this Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable baseline information about the contribute to its narrow eeoeraohic amolitude? I environmental reauirements and limitina factors for this snecies. I Phacelia minutissima To what extent is this rate species threatened by grazing Trend and demographic monitoring of populations of this rare species historically, presently, and/or activities? potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated I into management nuidelines. Phlox idahonis To what extent is this rare species threatened by grazing Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Phlox idahonis To what extent is this rare species threatened by the Trend and demographic monitoring could provide valuable information on tree encroachment into the habitat encroachment of its meadowland habitat by trees? of this species. Effects of tree removal by logging and/or periodic fire could also be determined and used in I management. I I Physaria didymocarpa var. To what extent is this rare variety threatened by mining Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by lyrata activities? mining activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Physaris integrifolia var. Are the morphological characteristics used to assign varietal Resolution of the taxonomic validity of this variety of concern should preclude the development of monticola status environmentally, rather than genetically, induced? monitoring and management strategies. Physaris integrifolia var. Is this a valid taxon? Resolution of the taxonomic validity of this variety of concern should preclude the development of nionticola . monitoring and management strategies. Pleuropogon oregonus To what extent is this rare species threatened by alteration in the Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by (Lophochlaena oregona) hydrological regime of its habitat and particularly by water hydrologic alterating projects could provide information for incorporation into management direction. diversion projects? Pleuropogon oregonus To what extent is this rare species threatened by fire and/or fire Trend and demographic monitoring of this species in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially (Lophochlaena oregona) suppression activities? impacted by natural and/or prescribed burning could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. I 45 Spccics name Flesearch Need I‘otential Application Pleuropogon oregonus 1To what extent is this rare species threatened by grazing rrend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by :Lophochlaena oregona) astivities? 1grazing could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Pleuropogon oregonus 1To what extent is this rare species threatened by grazing rrend and demographic monitoring of this species in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially ILophochlaena oregona) activities? IImpacted by grazing could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. _, Pleuropogon oregonus 1To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by [ Lophochlaena oregona) e:xotic species? ,:xotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Pleuropogon oregonus \What are the population sizes and geographic amplitude of this IInventory efforts for this species in the grande ronde basin could provide baseline information on the (Lophochlaena oregona) rare species, particularly in the grande ronde basin? Ipopulation sizes and potential threats to those populations as well as the geographic range of the species. Polemonium pectinatum 1To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of this species should provide valuable information on the effects of f:xotic species? ,exotic species on this rare. species. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines for ,controlling the exotic species. Polemonium pectinatum To what extent is this species adversely affected by drift from Trend monitoring could provide valuable information regarding the responses of the species to herbicidal lerbicidal spraying? drift. This information could be incorporated into management direction concerning the use of herbicides in areas known to support the species. Polemonium pectinatum What are the effects of grazing on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, a&or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Polemonium pectinatum What are the effects of water diversion associated with Trend and demographic monitoring in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by agricultural production on this rare species? agricultural practices which alter the hydrology could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Polemonium pcctinatum What is the reproductive biology of this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring of this species should provide important information on seed viability, pollinators, seed bed, etc. This information is basic to understanding the rarity of the species and the development of management guidelines. Primula alcalina Has this rare species been adequately inventoried? What are the Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable baseline information which could be incorporated into sizes of its populations and what is its geographic amplitude? monitoring protocol and management direction. Primula alcalina How is this rare species affected by exotic species? Trend and demographic monitoring of this rare species in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Primula alcalina How is this rare species affected by grazing activities, Trend and demographic monitoring of this rare species in populations historically, presently, and/or particularly springtime grazing? potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information about the effects of seasonal 1 damage to this species. I’rlmula alcalina 14ow is this rare species affected by recreational activities? Trend and demographic monitoring ofthis rare species in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by recreational activities (esp. Camping) could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. I 46 ;pecics name Research Need Potential Application Canunculus reconditus Is this species a valid taxon? How does it differ genetically from Electrophoretic comparisons of R. reconditus and R. glaberrimus should resolve any taxonomic questions Ranunculus glaberrimus? associated with the rare species. This information is basic to management decisions. lanunculus reconditus To what extent has the historic habitat of this species been Trend monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by agricultural converted to agricultural production? Is this convenion still conversion could provide information on habitat diminution for incorporation into management direction. occurring? ianunculus reconditus To what extent is this rare species threatened by grazing? Trend monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. 1anunculus reconditus What are the specific habitat requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of populations of this rare species could provide information about its environmental requirements. This information could be incorporated into management direction. iorippa columbiae How does this species respond to activities which result in an Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by alteration of the hydrology of its habitat? activities which alter the hydrologic regime of its supporting habitat could provide valuable information for management. Xorippa columbiae Is this rare species adversely affected by activities that alter the Trend monitoring of populations impacted by or potentially impacted by changes in the hydrologic regime hydrologic regime supporting its habitat? could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Rorippa columbiae Is this rare species adversely affected by grazing activities? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Rorippa columbiae Is this rare species threatened by the invasion of exotic species? Trend monitoring of populations impacted by exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Rorippa columbiae To what extent does riparian rehabilitation work adversely impact Trend and demographic monitoring in populations impacted by or potentially impacted by riparian restoration this species? Does the equipment used in riparian rehabilitation activities, especially those involving heavy equipment, could provide valuable information for incorporation (bulldozers, spiders, etc.) present a potential threat? into management guidelines. Rorippa columbiae To what extent is this species threatened by diminished habitat Trend and demographic monitoring studies of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted caused by the invasion of exotic species? by the invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Rorippa columbiae To what extent is this species threatened by the direct and Trend and demographic monitoring of populations impacted by or potentially impacted by the application of indirect application of herbicides, especially in the roadside herbicides could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. habitat? Rorippa columbiae What are the impacts of pool fluctuation on this rare species? Trend monitoring of the species during seasonably variable pool fluctuations should provide the baseline information which can be incorporated into management guidelines. Rorippa columbiae What are the predicted impacts to this species’ habitat associated Trend and demographic monitoring studies of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted with development? by housing developments could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Roripp:i columhiac What is the extent of the natural seed bank of this rare specicr? Ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information regarding the extent of the natural seed bank of this species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Spccics name Rcscarch Need Potential Application Rorippa columbiae How does this mm species respond to alteration in the hydrologic Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by regime of its habitat? alteration of hydrologic regime could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Rorippa columbiae How is this rare species impacted by the grazing activities of Trend and demographic monitoring of this rare species in populations historically, presently, and/or cattle and antelope? potentially impacted by grazing and wildlife utilization could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Rorippa columbiae What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information about its environmental requirements and limiting factors. This information could be incorporated into management direction, Rubus bartonianus To what extent are the known populations of this species Ecophysiological monitoring of populations across the range of the species combined with supporting threatened by diseases? pathological lab work could provide valuable information about pathogens of this species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Rubus bartonianus To what extent has this species been inventoried, particularly on Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable baseline information on population sizes and the idaho side of hells canyon? geographic distribution. This information is essential in the development of monitoring protocol and management direction. Rubus battonianus What are the population sizes and their distributions of this Inventory of the potential habitat on the Oregon side of hells canyon could provide valuable information on species on the Oregon side of hells canyon? the population sizes and geographic amplitude of this species. This information could be incorporated into I management guidelines. I Rubus bartonianus What are the population trends of this rare species? Trend monitoring could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Rubus nigerrimus How does this rare species respond to impacts associated with Trend and demographic monitoring in areas impacted by or potentially impacted by grazing activities could grazing? provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Rubus nigerrimus Is this rare species threatened by the direct or indirect use of Trend and demographic monitoring in areas impacted by or potentially impacted by the direct and/or indirect herbicides? application of herbicides could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction Rubus nigerrimus Is this rare species threatened by the invasion of exotic species? Trend and demographic monitoring in areas impacted by or potentially impacted by the invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Rubus nigerrimus To what extent does this rare species hybridize with sympatric Genetic and electrophoretic studies of this rare species in areas sympatric with rubus leucodermis could rubus leucodermis? Does this hybridization threaten the genetic enable genetic status and health to be determined. This information could be incorporated into management integrity and viability of the species? direction. Rubus nigerrimus To what extent has the historic range and habitat of this species Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of populations affected by pool level fluctuation could been affected by the construction of hydroelectric dams? Do provide valuable information about this species’ response to these fluctuations. This information could be pool level fluctuations have adverse effects on this species? useful to management. Senecio ertterae How is this tare species impacted by road construction and/or Trend and demographic monitoring of this rare species in populations historically, presently, and/or maintenance activities? Do these activities open new habitat for potentially impacted by road construction and/or road maintenance could provide valuable information which the species? could be incorporated into management. Species name Research Need Potential Application Senecio ertterae To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of this species in populations historically, presently, and/or potentially exotic species, particularly yellow star thistle? impacted by the invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Senecio ertterae What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Its Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide information about its environmental late-season pollinators? Its seed bank? requirements and limiting factors. Dispersal, seed bank, pollination, could all be determined in this type of monitoring. Sidalcea oregana var. calva Is this a valid taxon? Resolution of the taxonomic status of this rare variety should preclude the development of monitoring and management strategies. Sidalcea oregana var. calva To what extent is this species impacted by activities which alter Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the hydrologic regime which supports its habitat? activities which alter the hydrology could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Sidalcea oregana var. calva To what extent is this species impacted by tire, tire suppression, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by and/or changes in fire regimes? natural and/or prescribed fire could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Sidalcea oregana var. calva To what extent is this species impacted by grazing activities and Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the by wildlife grazing? grazing of domestic and/or wild animals could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Sidalcea oregana var. calva To what extent is this species impacted by the invasion of exotic Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the species? invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Sidalcea oregana var. calva To what extent is this species impacted by timber harvest Trend and demographic monitoring ofpopulations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities? timber harvest activities could provide information that could be incorporated into management direction. Silene seelyi What are. the environmental requirements of this rare species? Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information on the What are its pollinators, rate of recruitment, seed production, environmental requirements and limiting factors for this species. This baseline information could be used in etc.? the development of management strategy. Silene spaldingii Is this rare species threatened by diminished habitat attributable Trend monitoring of populations potentially impacted by agricultural conversion could provide important to agricultural conversion? information which could be incorporated into management direction. Silene spaldingii Is this rare species threatened by fire and/or fire suppression? Fire effects on this rare species could be determined with trend and demographic monitoring conducted in conjunction with natural or prescribed bums. This information could be incorporated into management direction. Silene spaldingii Is this rare species threatened by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring in populations threatened by grazing activities could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. 49 Species name Research Need Potential Application Silene spaldingii Since this species develops late in the season, what are its Trend monitoring in populations with known fire histories and also conducted in conjunction with prescribed responses to the natural tire cycle and to prescribed burning burning could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. outside the natural “window” of fire events? Siiene spaldingii To what extent has the natural range of this species been Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially threatened by diminished because of the conversion of its habitat to agricultural agricultural conversion could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. production? Silene spaldingii To what extent have the population sizes and geographic Inventory of potential habitat across the geographic range of this species could provide information on critical amplitude of this species been documented? population sizes for viability and also determine the true geographic range of the species, Silene spaldingii To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, an&or potentially impacted by its habitat by exotic species? exotic species could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Silene spaldingii To what extent is this species threatened by genetic isolation Demographic and ecophysiological monitoring of populations could provide valuable information on the caused by habitat fragmentation? effects of habitat fragmentation on genetic isolation and the resulting vulnerability of the species. Silene spaldingii To what extent is this species threatened by the conversion of its Trend monitoring of the known populations historically, presently, or potentially threatened by conversion of natural habitat to agricultural production? habitat to agricultural production could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Silene spaldingii What are the effects of exotic species on this rare species and its Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the existing and potential habitat? invasion or seeding of exotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Silent spaldingii What are the effects of herbicidal drift on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the direct and/or indirect application of herbicides could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Silene spaldingii What are the effects of recreational activities on this rare species, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, a&or potentially impacted by particularly hiking and mountain biking? recreational activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Silene spaldingii SWhat are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on the environmental requirements and limiting factors of this species. This information could be incorporated into mangement direction. Silene spaldingii What am the impacts of grazing on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grating activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Silene spaldingii What is the level of intraspecific genetic variation within this Understanding the genetic variability of this species provides information that is useful in predicting its species? What variation occurs among populations over the viability and ability to adapt to changing environmental factors. known range of the species? Silcnc spaldingii What is the reproductive biology of this rare species, its Trend, demographic, and ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable baseline pollinators, its dispersal agents, its reproductive success? information on its environmental requirements and limiting factors. Species name Research Need Potential Application Silene spaldingii What are the species responses to fire? Has tire suppression Determination of optimal tire regime historically had an adverse effect? Silene spaldingii How does this species respond to encroachment of habitat by Determination of the effects of exotic species on the species of concern. exotic species? How does urban development affect the invasion of exotic species? Silent spaldingii How is genetic variation apportioned among populations within Identification of key areas for conservation focus; determination of critical population sizes for viability of the montana populations and within the populations of the main species;better understanding of genetic variability across the range of the species part of the range of the species? Is species susceptible to inbreeding depression? Sisyrinchium sarmentosum To what extent is this species threatened by activities which Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by result in an alteration of the hydrologic regime supporting its activities which cause an alteration in the hydrologic regime of habitat could provide valuable infomration for habitat? management. Sisyrinchium san-nentosum To what extent is this species threatened by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. Sisyrinchium sarmentosum To what extent is this species threatened by mining activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by mining activities could provide valuable information for management. Sisyrinchium sarmentosum To what extent is this species threatened by the invasion of exotic Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and or potentially threatened by the species or the deliberate seeding of exotics? invasion of exotic species or the deliberate seeding of them could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Stanleya confertiflora What are the demographic and geographic parameters of this Inventory for this rare species could provide valuable information on its population sizes, locations, and species? geographic distribution. This information could be used in the development of monitoring and management strategy. Stephanomeria malheurensis What are the environmental requirements for this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information on its environmental What is its natural seed bank and is the laboratory seed bank requirements, particularly key elements in increasing its natural and artificial seed banks. adequate to perpetuate the species? Sullivantia hapemanii var. What are the population trends of this rare species? Trend monitoring of populations of this rare species could provide valuable information for incorporation hapemanii into management direction. Tauschia hooveri What are the impacts of grazing on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Tauschia hooveri What are the impacts of logging operations (esp. Selection of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by landing sites) on this rare species?’ timber harvest activities could provide information for incorporation into management guidelines. ‘I’:nrschia hoovcri What are the impacts of military operations (particularly tank Trend and demographic monitoring could provide valuable information on the responses ofthis rare species lraffic) on lhis spccics? II is known IO occur within the yakima to military operations. This information could be useful in the formulation of management directions ftring range and its habitat is impacted by tank mancuvcrs. consistent with the conservation of the species. Spccics name Research Need Potential Application Tauschia hoovcri What are the impacts root harvest by native americans to this rare Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by species? native harvest (for food purposes) activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Tauschia hooveri What is the reproductive biology of this species? What are its Understanding the reproductive biology of this rare species could lead to increased seed production. pollinators? is it dioecious or does it exhibit exaggerated protandry? Tauschia hooveri What are the impacts of road construction on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by road construction/maintenance could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Texosporium sancti-jacobi Can this rare lichen be transplanted successfully? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species of lichen could provide valuable information documenting the success rates and potential for transplanting this species. This information could be used in management strategies. Texosporium sancti-jacobi Has this rare lichen been inventoried adequately? Inventory for this rare species could provide baseline information on population sizes and geographic amplitude. Collection of this information should preclude the development of monitoring and management strategies. Thelypodium eucosmum How is this rare species affected by tire and/or tire suppression? Trend monitoring documenting the encroachment ofjuniper into the habitat of this species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Thelypodium eucosmum How is this rare species affected by grazing activities? This species is an “ice cream” plant. Trend monitoring in population threatened by grazing activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Thclypodium cucosmum To what extent is this rare species threatened by fire and/or fire Trend monitoring in populations impacted by natural or prescribed tire could provide valuable information suppression activities? for incorporation into management direction. Thelypodium eucosmum To what extent is this rare species threatened by grazing Trend and demographic monitoring of this “ice cream” plant could provide valuable information about the activities? impact of grazing to this species. This information could be incorporated into management guidelines. Thelypodium eucosmum To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend monitoring documenting the encroachment on habitat and effects of exotic species on this rare species exotic species? could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Thelypodium eucosmum What are the environmental requirements for this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information on its basic Its pollinators? Its natural seed bank? Its seed viability? Its environmental requirements. This information could be incorporated into management direction. reproductive biology? Thelypodium eucosmum What are the specific environmental requirements of this rare Ecophysiological monitoring of this species could provide valuable information about its environmental species? requirements (e.g., soils, pollinators, seed longevity, response to tire). This information could be incorporated into management direction. Thelypodium howellii ssp. Has this species been extirpated from the basin and range Inventory of the historic site of this species in the basin and range province indicates that the species is no spectabilis province? longer present. Does it occur in other sites having suitable habitat? 52 ipwcs n;,n,c Rcscarch Need I’otcntial Application I‘hclypodium howellii ssp. Is this rare subspecies adversely impacted by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of this “ice cream” plant in populations historically, presently. or ipectabilis potentially threatened with grazing could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. fhelypodium howellii ssp. Is this rare subspecies threatened by agricultural conversion of Trend monitoring in populations impacted historically, presently, and potentially by agricultural conversion Gpectabilis habitat? could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. rhelypodium howellii ssp. Is this rare subspecies threatened by the invasion of its habitat by Trend monitoring could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines relative ipectabilis exotic species? to the impacts and invasion rates of exotic species. fhelypodium repandum To what extent is this tare species threatened by road Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by road construction and/or maintenance activities? construction/maintenance could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Thelypodium repandum What are the environmental requirements of this rare species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Tofteldia glutinosa ssp. How does this rare subspecies respond to alteration of the Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by absona hydrologic regime supporting its habitat? activities that alter the hydrologic regime of its habitat could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Tofieldia glutinosa What is the taxonomic “status” of this subspecies and the voucher Resolution of the taxonomic “status” of this rare species should preclude the development of monitoring ssp.absona specimens supporting its documented occurrence? protocol and management direction. ‘frifolium douglasii Is this rare species adversely impacted by recreational activities, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by particularly pasturage and grazing of horses? recreational activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction. ‘Trifolium douglasii Is this species being impacted by the invasion of exotic species? Trend and demographic monitoring studies of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the invasion ofexotic species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Trifolium douglasii To what extent does the conversion of this species’ habitat to Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by agricultural production threaten its viability? conversion of habitat to agricultural production could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management direction. Trifolium douglasii To what extent is the single documented population of this Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the species threatened by exotic species including non-native invasion of exotic species could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management perennial grasses included in seeding prescriptions? direction. Trifolium douglasii To what extent is this species impacted by conversion of its Trend and demographic monitoring in populations (only one documented) threatened by agricultural natural habitat to agricultural production? conversion could provide valuable information which could be incorporated into management guidelines. Trifolium douglasii To what extent is this species threatened by grazing activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of the only documented population of this species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management guidelines. Trifolium douglasii To what extent is this species threatened by recreational Trend and demographic monitoring of the only documented population of this species could provide valuable activities? information for incorporation into management guidelines. 53 , +cclcs n;,mc Research Need Potential Application frifolium douglasii To what extent is this species threatened by the invasion of its Trend and demographic monitoring of the only documented population of this species could provide valuable habitat by exotic species? information for incorporation into management guidelines. Knapweed threatens the only population that has been documented. Trifolium douglasii What are the impacts and/or potential impacts of grazing Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by activities to this rare species? grazing activities could provide information which could be incorporated into management direction, frifolium owyheense Are inventories for this rare species adequate? Inventory for this species could provide valuable information on population sizes, locations. and geographic range of the species. This information could be useful to management. Trifolium owyheense Has this species been inventoried adequately? Inventory for this rare species could document the sizes of its population and delineate its geographic amplitude. This baseline information should preclude the development of management and monitoring strategies for this species. Trifolium owyheense To what extent does this rare species require disturbance, Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by particularly periodic fire? disturbance could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Trifolium owyheense To what extent is this species impacted by mining activities? Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by mining activities could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. I’rifolium owyheense To what extent is this species impacted by road construction Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by road and/or maintenance activities? construction/maintenance could provide information for incorporation into management direction. Trifolium owyheense To what extent is this species impacted by the grazing activities Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by the of cattle and big horn sheep? grazing of cattle and/or big horn sheep could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. I’rifolium owyheense What are the environmental requirements and limiting factors of Ecophysiological monitoring could provide valuable information on the environmental requirements of this this rare species? rare species. This information could be incorporated into management direction. rrifolium owyheense What are the environmental requirements for this species? Ecophysiological monitoring of this rare species could provide valuable information for incorporation into management direction. Trifolium thompsonii To what extent is this rare species threatened by fire, tire Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by fire suppression, and/or changes in the tire regime? could provide valuable information for management, particularly in documenting its favorable response to this factor. ‘Trifolium thompsonii To what extent is this rare species threatened by road Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by road construction and the resultant diminution of habitat? construction could provide valuable information for management direction. Trifolium thompsonii To what extent is this rare species threatened by the invasion of Trend and demographic monitoring of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by exotic species and/or the deliberate seeding of exotic species? exotic species and/or deliberate seeding of exotics could provide valuable information for management. Trifolium thompsonii What are the effects of fire and/or tire suppression on this ram Trend and demographic monitoring studies of this species should provide information on responses to fire species? that could be incorporated into management direction. 54 Spccics name Research Need Polential Application Trifolium thompsonii What are the impacts of grazing on this rare species? Trend and demographic monitoring studies of populations historically, presently, and/or potentially impacted by grazing activities could provide information for incorporation into management direction. ‘ 55 APPENDIX 7 Checklist of the Vascular Plant Flora of the interior Columbia River Basin CRBFLORA Abies amabilis Adenocaulon bicolor Agropyron spicatum Abies concolor Adiantum capillus-veneris Agropyron triticeum Abies grandis Adiantum jordanii Agrostemma githago Abies lasiocarpa Adiantum pedatum Agrostis aequivalvis Abies magnitica Adonis aestivalis Agrostis aspera Abies procera Adonis annua Agrostis borealis Abronia ammophila Adoxa moschatellina Agrostis diegoensis Abronia elliptica Aegilops cylindrica Agrostis exarata Abronia fragrans Aeginetia spp. Agrostis hallii Abronia latifolia Aegopodium podagraria Agrostis hiemalis Abronia mellifera Aesculus glabra Agrostis howellii Abronia micrantha Aesculus hippocastanum Agrostis humilis Abronia nana Aesculus octandra Agrostis hyemalis Abronia turbinata Agalinis aspera Agrostis idahoensis Abronia umbellata Agalinis tenuifolia Agrostis interrupta Abutilon theophrasti Agastache cusickii Agrostis longiligula Acaena novae-zelandica Agastache foeniculum Agrostis microphylla Acalypha rhomboidea Agastache occidentalis Agrostis oregonensis Acalypha virginica Agastache scrophulariaefolia Agrostis pallens Acer circinatum Agastache urticifolia Agrostis palustris Acer ginnala Ageratina adenophora Agrostis perennans Acer glabrum Agoseris alpestris Agrostis racemosa Acergrandidentatum Agoseris apargioides Agrostis rossiae Acer macrophyllum Agoseris arizonica Agrostis scabra Acer negundo Agoseris aurantiaca Agrostis semiverticillata Acer palmatum Agoseris elata Agrostis spica-venti Acer platanoides Agoseris glauca Agrostis stolonifera Acer pseudo-platanus Agoseris gracilens Agrostis tenuis Acer NbNm Agoseris grandiflora Agrostis thurberiana Acer saccharum Agoseris hendersonii Agrostis variabilis Achilles millefolium Agoseris heterophylla Ailanthus altissima Achilles nobilis Agoseris laciniata Aira caryophyllea Achilles ptarmica Agoseris lackschewitzii Aira elegans Achilles sibirica Agoseris margaritacea Aira obtusata Achlys triphylla Agoseris retrorsa Aira praecox Achyrachaena mollis Agoseris taraxacifolia Ajuga reptans Acomastylis depressa Agoseris tenuifolia Alchemilla occidentalis Aconitum X bicolor Agrimonia gryposepala Alchemilla vulgaris Aconitum bakeri Agrimonia striata Alectra ferocissimum Aconitum carmichaelii Agropyron amurense Aletes humilis Aconitum columbianum Agropyron caninum Alhagi camelorum Aconitum delphiniifolium Agropyron cristatum Alhagi pseudalhagi Aconitum gracilentum Agropyron dasytachyum Alisma gramineum Aconitum helleri Agropyron desertorum Alisma plantago-aquatica Aconitum lutescens Agropyron elongatum Allenrolfea occidentalis Aconitum napellus Agropyron inerme Allium aaseae Aconitum septentrionale Agropyron intermedium Allium acuminatum Aconitum uncinatum Agropyron repens Allium amplectens Aconitum variegatum Agropyron saxicola Allium anceps ACONS calamus Agropyron scribneri Allium atrorubens Actaea pachypoda Agropyron sibiricum Allium bisceptrum Actaea Nbra Agropyron smithii Allium bolanderi Allium brandegei Allium brevistylum Alopecurus pratensis Anchusa azurea Allium campanulatum A~opecurus saccatus Anchusa barrelieri Allium canadense Alsine sincoei Anchusa officinalis Allium cemuum Altemanthera pungens Andromeda polifolia Allium constrictum Altemanthera repens Andropogon gerardii Allium crenulatum Altemanthera sessilis Andropogon hallii Allium cusickii Althaea officinalis Andropogon scoparius Allium dictuon Althaea rosea Androsace elongata Allium douglasii Alyssum alyssoides Androsace tiliformis Allium drummondii Alyssum desertorum Androsace lehmanniana Allium falcifolium Alyssum maritimum Androsace occidentalis Allium fibrillum Alyssum obovatum Androsace septentrionalis Allium geyeri Alyssum parviflorum Anelsonia eurycarpa Allium giganteum Amaranthus albus Anemone canadensis Allium lemmonii Amaranthus arenicola Anemone caroliniana Allium macrum Amaranthus califomicus Anemone cylindrica Allium madidum Amaranthus caudatus Anemone deltoidea Allium nevadense Amaranthus graecizans Anemone drummondii Allium nevii Amaranthus hybridus Anemone globosa Allium nigrum Amaranthus palmeri Anemone ludoviciana Allium palmeri Amaranthus powellii Anemone lyallii Allium parvum Amaranthus retroflexus Anemone multifida Allium peninsulare Amaranthus tudis Anemone nemorosa Allium perdulce Amaranthus tuberculatus Anemone occidentalis Allium platycaule Ambrosia acanthicarpa Anemone oregana Allium punctum Ambrosia artemisifolia Anemone parviflora Allium robinsonii Ambrosia chamissonis Anemone patens Allium sanbomii Ambrosia grayi Anemone piperi Allium schoenoprasum Ambrosia psilostachya Anemone quinquefolia Allium scilloides Ambrosia tomentosa Anemone virginiana Allium serratum Ambrosia trifida Anemopsis califomica Allium simillimum Amelanchier alnifolia Anethum graveolens Allium siskiyouense Amelanchier cusickii Angelica arguta Allium stellatum Amelanchier florida Angelica canbyi Allium textile Amelanchier humilis Angelica dawsonii Alhum tolmiei Amelanchier pallida Angelica genuflexa Aliium tricoccum Amelanchier utahensis Angelica hendersoni Allium triquetrum Ammannia auriculata Angelica kingii Allium unifolium Ammannia coccinea Angelica lucida Allium validum Ammophila arenaria Angelica lyallii Allium viniale Amorpha canescens Angelica pinnata Allotropa virgata Amorpha fruticosa Angelica roseana Alnus incana Amorpha nana Angelica tomentosa Alnus rhombifolia ” Amphicarpaea bracteata Anoda cristata Alnus rubra Amsinckia carinata Antennaria alpina Alnus sinuata Amsinckia intermedia Antennaria anaphaloides AbpeUNS aequahs Amsinckia lycopsoides Antennaria arcuata AlOpeCUNS alpinus Amsinckia menziesii Antennaria argentea AiOpCCUNS arundinaceus Amsinckia retrorsa Antennaria arida AhpCCUNS borealis Amsinckia spectabilis Antennaria aromatica AlOpeCUNS carohnianus Amsinckia tessellata Antennaria corymbosa AlOpeCUNS geUiCUhtU5 Anagallis arvensis Antennaria densifolia Alopecurus howellii Anaphalis margaritacea Antennaria dimorpha Ah3peCUNs myosuroides Anchusa arvensis Antennaria flagella& Antennaria geyeri Arabis crandallii Arctium minus Antennaria howellii Arabis crucisetosa Arctium tomentosum Antennaria lanata Arabis cusickii Arctostaphylos X cinerea Antennaria luzuloides Arabis davidsonii Arctostaphylos canescens Antennaria microcephala Arabis demissa Arctostaphylos cinerea Antennaria microphylla Arabis dispar Arctostaphylos columbiana Antennaria monocephala Arabis divaricarpa Arctostaphylos glandulosa Antennaria neglecta Arabis drummondii Arctostaphylos hispidula Antennaria parlinii Arabis falcifructa Arctostaphylos manzanita Antennaria parvifolia Arabis fecunda Arctostaphylos nevadensis Antennaria pulcherrima Arabis fendleri Arctostaphylos parvifolia Antennaria racemosa Arabis femaldiana Arctostaphylos patula Antennaria speciosa Arabis fruiticosa Arctostaphylos pungens Antennaria stenophylla Arabis furcata Arctostaphylos stanfordina Antennariasuffrutescens Arabis glabra Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Antennaria umbrinella Arabis hirsuta Arctostaphylos viscida Anthemis arvensis Arabis holboellii Arenaria aculeata Anthemis cotula Arabis koehleri Arenaria burkei Anthemis tinctoria Arabis lemmonii Arenaria califomica Anthoxantum atistatum Arabis lignifera Arenaria capillaris Anthoxanthum odoratum Arabis lyallii Arenaria congesta Anthriscus caucalis Arabis lyrata Arenaria douglasii Anthriscus cerefolium Arabis macdonaldiana Arenaria formosa Anthriscus sylvestris Arabis microphylla Arenaria franklinii Anthyllis vulneraria Arabis modesta Arenaria hookeri Antirrhinum breweri Arabis nuttallii Arenaria howellii Antirrhinum orontium Arabis oregana Arenaria kingii Apargidium boreale Arabis pendulocarpa Arenaria lateriflora Apera spica-venti Arabis perelegans Arenaria macrophylla Aphanes arvensis Arabis platyspenna Arenaria nuttallii Apios americana Arabis puberula Arenaria obtusiloba Apium graveolens Arabis pusilla Arenaria paludicola Aplopappus nanus Arabis pycnocarpa Arenaria pumicola Apocynum X floribundum Arabis rectissima Arenaria pusilla Apocynum X medium Arabis selbyi Arenaria rossii Apocynum androsaemifolium Arabis serpentinicola Arenaria rubella Apocynum cannabinum Arabis shortii Arenaria sajanensis Apocynum pumilum Arabis sparsiflora Arenaria serpyllifolia Apocynum sibiricum Arabis suffiutescens Arenaria stricta Apocynum tomentellum Arabis williamsii Arenaria uintahensis Aquilegia brevistyla Aragallus besseyi Argemone munita Aquilegia canadensis Aralia califomica Argemone polyanthemos Aquilegia coerulea Aralia chinensis Arisaema triphyllum Aquilegia flavescens Aralia elata Aristida glauca Aquilegia fonnosa Aralia nudicaulis Aristida ongiseta Aquilegia jonesii Aralia racemosa Aristida oligantha Aquiiegia laramiensis Aralia spinosa Aristida rightii Arabidopsis salsuginea Arbutus menziesii Armoracia rusticana Arabidopsis thaliana Arbutus unedo Amica X gracilis Arabis aculeolata Arceuthobium americanum Amica alpina Arabis alpina Arceuthobium campylopodum Amica amplexicaulis Arabis brewer-i Arceuthobium douglasii Amica aurantiaca Arabis canadensis Arceuthobium tsugense Amica betonicaefolia Arabis cobrensis Arctium lappa Amica cemua Amica chamissonis Artemisia vulgar-is Aster falcatus Amica cordifolia Arum ithcum Aster fohaceus Amica discoidea Aruncus dioicus Aster fremonti Amica diversifolia Aruncus vulgar-is Aster frondosus Amica foliosa AsaNm canadense Aster glaucescens Amica fulgens Asarum caudatum Aster glaucodes Amica gracilis ASaNm harhvegi Aster gormanii Amica latifoha AsaNm lemmonii Aster hesperius Amica lonchophylla Asarum marmoratum Aster inegrifohus Amica longifolia Asarum Wagneri Aster jessicae Amica macounii Asclepias asperula Aster juncifonnis Amica mollis Asclepias cordifolia Aster laeviculmis Amica nevadensis Asclepias cryptoceras Aster laevis Amica paniculata Asclepias fascicularis Aster lateriflorus Amica parryi Asclepias incamata , Aster ledophyllus Amica parviflora Asclepias labifonnis Aster lucidulus Amica rydbergii q Asclepias lanuginosa Aster modestus Amica sororia Asclepias ovalifolia Aster mollis Amica spathulata Asclepias pumita Aster novae-angliae Amica tomentella Asclepias solanoana Aster oblongifolius Amica viscosa Asclepias speciosa Aster occidentalis ArrhenatheNm elatius Asclepias stenophylla Aster ontarionis Artemisia abrotanum Asclepias subverticillata Aster oolentangiensis Artemisia absinthium Asclepias sullivantii Aster oregonensis Artemisia annua Asclepias syriaca Aster paludicola Artemisia arbuscula Asclepias tuberosa Aster pansus Artemisia biennis Asclepias verticillata Aster paucicapitatus Artemisia campestris Asclepias viridiflora Aster pauciflorus Artemisia cana Asparagus offtcinalis Aster perelegans Artemisia douglasiana ASpeNgO procumbens Aster pilosus Artemisia dracunculus AspeNla.odorata Aster pubentior Artemisia filifolia Aspidotis densa Aster puniceus Artemisia frigida Asplenium septentrionale Aster radulinus Artemisia gnaphalodes Asplenium trichomanes Aster sagittifohus Artemisia lindleyana Asplenium trichomanes- Aster scopulo~m Artemisia longifolia ramosum Aster sericeus Artemisia longiloba Aster X amethystinus Aster shastensis Artemisia ludoviciana Aster X bracteolatus Aster sibircus Artemisia michauxiana Aster X sagittifolius Aster sibiricus Artemisia norvegica Aster adscendens Aster simplex Artemisia packardiae Aster alpigenus Aster siskiyouensis Artemisia papposa Aster alpinus Aster stenomeres Artemisia pedatifida Aster amethystinus Aster subspicatus Artemisia porteri Aster brachyactis Aster tephrodes Artemisia pygmaea Aster brickellioides Aster vialis Artemisia rigida Aster campestris Astilbe simplicifolia Artemisia rothrockii Aster chilensis Astragalus aboriginum Artemisia scopulorum Aster ciliolatus Astragalus accidens Artemisia spinescens Aster conspicuus Astragalus adanus Artemisia suksdofii Aster curtus Astragalus adsurgens Artemisia tilesii Aster eatonii Astragalus agnicidis Artemisia tridentata Aster elatus Astragalus agrestis Artemisia trifurcata Aster engelmannii Astragalus alpinus Artemisia tripartita Aster ericoides Astragalus alvordensis Astragalus amblytropis Astragalus impensus Astragalus stenophyllus Astragalus americanus Astragalus inflexus Astragalus succumbens Astragalus amnis-amissi Astragalus inversus Astragalus tegetarioides Astragalus anserinus Astragalus iodanthus Astragalus tenellus Astragalus applegatei Astragalus jejunus Astragalus terminalis Astragalus aquilonius Astragalus kentrophyta Astragalus tetrapterus Astragalus aretioides Astragalus leibergii Astragalus toanus Astragalus argophyllus Astragalus lemmonii Astragalus tweedyi Astragalus arrectus Astragalus lentiginosus Astragalus tyghensis Astragalus arthuri Astragalus ieptaleus Astragalus umbraticus Astragalus at&us Astragalus lotiflorus Astragalus utahensis Astragalus atropubescens Astragalus lyallii Astragalus vallaris Astragalus australis Astragalus macounii Astragalus vexilliflexus Astragalus barrii Astragalus malacus Astragalus watsonianus Astragalus beckwithii Astragalus microcystis Astragalus whitneyi Astragalus bisulcatus Astragalus misellus Athyrium cyclosorum Astragalus bourgovii Astragalus miser Athyrium distentifolium Astragalus califomicus Astragalus missouriensis Athyrium filix-femina Astragalus calycosus Astragalus molybdenus Athysanus pusillus Astragalus camptopus Astragalus mortoni Atriplex argentea Astragalus canadensis Astragalus mulfordiae Atriplex califomica Astragalus car-minus Astragalus neglectus Atriplex canescens Astragalus ceramicus Astragalus newberryi Atripiex confertifolia Astragalus chamaeleuce Astragalus nudisiliquus Atriplex dioica Astragalus chinensis Astragalus obscurus Atriplex halimus Astragalus cibarius Astragalus oniciformis Atriplex heterosperma Astragalus cicer Astragalus oophorus Atriplex hortensis Astragalus collinus Astragalus oreganus Atriplex hymenelytra Astragalus columbianus Astragalus palousensis Atriplex lentiformis AstragaJus conjunctus Astragalus paysonii Atriplex nummularia Astragalus cottonii Astragalus peckii Atriplex nuttallii Astragalus crassicarpus Astragalus pectinatus Atriplex oblongifolia Astragalus curvicarpus Astragalus plattensis Atriplex patula Astragalus cusickii Astragalus platytropis Atriplex phyllostegia Astragalus dasyglottis Astragalus promianthus Atriplex powellii Astragalus diaphanus Astragalus pubentissimus Atriplex pusilla Astragalus diumus Astragalus pulsiferae Atriplex rosea Astragalus diversifolius Astragalus purshii Atriplex truncata Astragalus drabelliformis Astragalus racemosus Atropa belladonna Astragalus drummondii Astragalus reventifotmis Aucuba japonica Astragalus eremiticus Astragalus reventus Avena barbata Astragalus eucosmus Astragalus riparius Avena dubia Astragalus falcatus Astragalus robbinsii Avena fatua Astragalus filipes Astragalus salinus Avena sativa Astragalus flexuosus Astragalus salmonis Axyris amaranthoides Astragalus gambelianus Astragalus scaphoides Azolla caroliniana Astragalus geyeri Astragalus sclerocarpus Azolla filiculoides Astragalus gilvitlorus Astragalus sheldonii Azolla mexicana Astragalus glareosus Astragalus shultizorium Azolla pinnata Astragalus gracilis Astragalus sinuatus Baccharis douglasii Astragalus grayi Astragalus sonneanus Baccharis pilularis Astragalus hoodianus Astragaius spaldingii Bacopa rotundifolia Astragalus howellii Astragalus spatulatus Baeria maritima Astragalus hyalinus Astragalus speirocarpus Baeria minor Balsamorhiza X tomentosa Blepharipappus scaber Brodiaea califomica Balsamorhiza careyana Blyxa aubertii Brodiaea capitata Balsamorhiza deltoidea Boisduvalia densitlora Brodiaea congesta Balsamorhiza hirsuta Boisduvalia glabella Brodiaea coronaria Balsamorhiza hookeri Boisduvalia macrantha Brodiaea crocea Balsamorhiza incana Boisduvalia sparsiflora Brodiaea dissimulata Balsamorhiza macrophylla Boisduvalia stricta Brodiaea douglasii Balsamorhiza rosea Bolandra oregana Brodiaea elegans Balsamorhiza sagittata Boltonia asteroides Brodiaea gracilis Balsamorhiza sericea Borago oflicinalis Brodiaea hendersonii Balsamorhiza serrata Borreria alata Brodiaea howellii Balsamorhiza terebinthacea Boschniakia hookeri Brodiaea hyacinthina Barbarea americana Boschniakia strobilacea Brodiaea ida-maia Barbarea orthoceras Botrychium ascendens Brodiaea Iaxa Barbarea vema Botrychium boreale _ Brodiaea multiflora Barbarea vulgaris Botrychium campestre Brodiaea pulchella Bassia hirsuta Botrychium crenulatum Brodiaea terrestris Bassia hyssopifolia Botrychium hesperium Bromus anomalus Beckmannia syzigachne Botrychium lanceolatum Bromus arenarius Belamcanda chinensis Botrychium lunaria Bromus arvensis Bellis perennis Botrychium matricariifolium Bromus breviaristatus Bensoniella oregona Botrychium minganense Bromus brizaeformis Berberis aquifolium Botrychium montanum Bromus carinatus Berberis piperiana Botrychium multifidum Bromus catharticus Berberis pumila Botrychium paradoxum Bromus ciliatus Berberis repens Botrychium pedunculosum Bromus commutatus Berberis thunbergii Botrychium pumicola Bromus diandrus Berberis vulgaris Botrychium silaifolium Bromus erectus Bergia texana Botrychium simplex Bromus inermis Berteroa incana Bouteloua barbata Bromus japonicus Berula erecta Bouteloua curtipendula Bromus kalmii Besseya rubra Bouteloua gracilis Bromus laevipes Besseya wyomingensis Bouteloua hirsuta Bromus latiglumis Beta vulgaris Boykinia elata Bromus macrostachys Betula X piperi Boykinia intermedia Bromus madritensis Betula X sandbergii Boykinia major Bromus maritimus Betula X sargentii Brachypodium distachyon Bromus mollis Betula X utahensis Brasenia schreberi Bromus orcuttianus Betula glandulosa Brassica alba Bromus pacificus Betula hallii Brassica campestris Bromus porteri Betula lenta Brassica hirta Bromus pubescens Betula occidentalis Brassica juncea Bromus racemosus Betula papyrifera Brassica kaber Bromus rigidus Betula pendula Brassica napus Bromus rubens Betula pumila Brassica nigra Bromus secalinus Bidens beckii Brassica oleraceae Bromus sitchensis Bidenscemua Braya humilis Bromus squarrosus Bidens frondosa Brickellia califomica Bromus sterilis Bidens pilosa Brickellia grandiflora Bromus suksdorfii Bidens tenuisecta Brickellia greenei Bromus tectorum Bidens tripartita Brickellia microphylla Bromus tomentellus Bidens vulgata Brickellia oblongifolia Bromus trinii Blechnum spicant Briza maxima Bromus vulgaris Blepharidachne kingii Briza minor Bryonia alba Bryonia dioica Calochortus tolmiei Cardamine breweri Buchloe dactyloides Calochortus umpquaensis Cardamine bulbosa Buddleia davidii Calochortus uniflorus Cardamine califomica Bulbostylis annua Calochortus vestae Cardamine concatenata Bulbostylis capillaris Caltha asarifolia Cardamine constancei Bupleurum americanum Caltha biflora Cardamine cordifolia . Butomus umbellatus Caltha howellii Cardamine gemmata Cacalia plantaginea Caltha leptosepala Cardamine hirsuta Cacaliopsis nardosmia Caltha palustris Cardamine lyallii Cakile edentula Calycadenia ciliosa Cardamine oligosperma Cakile maritima Calycadenia truncata Cardamine pattersonii Calamagrostis brewer-i Calycanthus floridus Cardamine pensylvanica Calamagrostis califomica Calylophus lavandulifolius Cardamine pulcherrima Calamagrostis canadensis Calylophus serrulatus Cardamine rupicola Calamagrostis crassiglumis Calypso bulbosa Cardaria chalapensis Calamagrostis howellii Calyptridium roseum Cardaria draba Calamagrostis koelerioides Calystegia macounii Cardaria pubescens Calamagrostis montanensis Calystegia sepium Cardaria spp. Calamagrostis purpurascens Camassia cusickii Cardionema ramosissima Calamagrostis rubescens Camassia howellii Carduus acanthoides Calamagrostis scopulorum Camassia leichtlinii Carduus crispus Calamagrostis sesquiflora Camassia ovata Carduus nutans Calamagrostis stricta Camassia quamash Carduus pycnocephalus Calamagrostis tweedyi Camassia suksdorfii Carduus tenuifloras Calamovilfa longifolia Camelina microcarpa Carduus tenuiflorus Calandrinia caulescens Camelina sativa Carex ablata Calandrinia ciliata Camissonia claviformis Carex aboriginum Calla palustris Camissonia graciliflora Carex abrupta Callirhoe involucrata Camissonia palmer-i Carex adusta Callitriche anceps Camissonia parvula Carex aenea Callitriche fassettii Camissonia pterosperma Carex aggregata Callitriche hermaphroditica Camissonia pygmaea Carex albonigra Callitriche heterophylla Campanula aparinoides Carex alopecoidea Callitriche marginata Campanula elatines Carex amplifolia Callitriche stagnalis Campanula glomerata Carex angustata Callitriche trochlearis Campanula lasiocarpa Carex anthoxanthea Callitriche vema Campanula medium Carex aperta Calocedrus decurrens Campanula parryi Carex aquatilis Calochortus amabilis Campanula persicifolia Carex arapahoensis Calochortus apiculatus Campanula piperi Carex arcta Calochortus bruneaunis Campanula prenanthoides Carex assiniboinensis Calochortus elegans Campanula rapunculoides Carex atherodes Calochortus eurycarpus Campanula rotundifolia Carex athrostachya Calochortus greenei Campanula scabrella Carex atrata Calochortus gunnisonii Campanula scouleri Carex aurea Calochortus howellii Campanula uniflora Carex backii Calochortus indecorus Campsis radicans Carex barbarae Calochortus longebarbatus Canbya aurea Carex bebbii Calochortus lyallii Cannabis sativa Carex bella Calochortus macrocarpus Capsella bursa-pastoris Carex bicknellii Calochortus maweanus Capsicum frutescens Carex bigelowii Calochortus nitidus Caragana arborescens Carex bipartita Calochortus nuttallii Caragana pygmaea Carex blanda Calochortus subalpinus Cardamine bellidifolia Carex brainerdii Carex brevicaulis Carex hoodii Carex pansa Carex brevior Carex hookerana Carex parryana Carex breweri Carex hystricina Carex paucicostata Carex brunnescens Carex illota Carex pauciflora Carex buxbaumii Carex integra Carex paupercula Carex califomica Carex interior Carex paysonis Carex campylocarpa Carex interrupta Carex peckii Carex canescens Carex intumescens Carex pedunculata Carex capillaris Carex jonesii Carex pensylvanica Carex capitata Carex lacustris Carex petasata Carex chordorrhiza Carex laeviconica Carex petricosa Carex circinata Carex laeviculmis Carex phaeocephala Carex comosa Carex lanuginosa Carex phyllomanica Carex concinna Carex lasiocarpa Carex pluriflora Carex-concinnoides Carex lenticularis Carex podocarpa Carex convoluta Carex Ieporina Carex praeceptorum Carex crawei Carex leporinella Carex praegracilis Carex crawfordii Carex leptalea Carex prairea Carex cristatella Carex limnophila Carex praticola Carex cusickii Carex limosa Carex prionophylla Carex densa Carex livida Carex proposita Carex deweyana Carex luzulina Carex pseudo-cyperus Carex diandra Carex lyngbyei Carex pyrenaica Carex dioica Carex macrocephala Carex raynoldsii Carex disperma Carex macrochaeta Carex retrorsa Carex douglasii Carex maritima Carex richardsonii Carex drummondiana Carex meadii Carex rosea Carex ebenea Carex mendocinensis Carex rossii Carex ebumea Carex mertensii Carex rupestris Carex echinata Carex microglochin Carex sarhvellii Carex elynoides Carex microptera Carex saxatilis Carex emoryi Carex misandra Carex saximontana Carex epapillosa Carex molesta Carex scabriuscula Carex eurycarpa Carex multicaulis Carex scirpoidea Carex festucacea Carex multicostata Carex scoparia Carex feta Carex nardina Carex scopulorum Carex filifolia Carex nebraskensis Carex senta Carex flava Carex nervina Carex serratodens Carex foenea Carex neurophora c Carex sheldonii Carex foetida Carex nigricans Carex simulata Carex formosa ’ Carex normalis Carex sitchensis Carex fracta Carex norvegica Carex spectabilis Carex geyeri Carex nova Carex sprengelii Carex gigas Carex nubicola Carex stenophylla Carex gracillima Carex nudata Carex stenoptila Carex granularis Carex obnupta Carex sterilis Carex gravida Carex obovoidea Carex stipata Carex gymnoclada Carex obtusata Carex straminiformis Carex gynodynama Carex occidentalis Carex stricta Carex halliana Carex oederi Carex stylosa Carex hassei Carex oregonensis Carex subfusca Carex haydeniana Carex ormantha Carex subnigricans Carex haydenii Carex pachycarpa Carex substricta Carex hendersonii Carex pachystachya Carex sychnocephala Carex tenera Castilleja fmtema Ceanothus velutinus Carex teneraeformis Castilleja glandulifera Celastrus orbiculata Carex tenuiflora Castilleja gracillima Celastrus scandens Carex tetanica Castilleja hispida Celtis douglasii Carex tincta Castilleja inverta Celtis occidentalis Carex tolmiei Castilleja lapidicola Celtis reticulata Carex torreyi Castilleja lauta Cenchrus carolinianus Carex tracyi Castilleja lemmonii Cenchrus longispinus Carex tribuloides Castilleja levisecta Centaurea calcitrapa Carex tumulicola Castilleja linariaefolia Centaurea cyanus Carex umbellata Castilleja longispica Centaurea dealbata Carex unilateralis Castilleja lutea Centaurea diffusa Carex utriculata Castilleja lutescens Centaurea dubia Carex vaginata Castilleja miniata Centaurea iberica Carex vallicola Castilleja nivea Centaurea jacea Carex vesicaria Castilleja occidentalis Centaurea juncea Carex viridior Castilleja oreopola Centaurea juncea x nigra Carex vulpinoidea Castilleja oresbia Centaurea macrocephala Carex xerantica Castilleja ownbeyana Centaurea maculosa Carpinus betulus Castilleja pallescens Centaurea melitensis Carthamus baeticus Castilleja parviflora Centaurea montana Carthamus lanatus Castilleja peck&a Centaurea nigra Carthamus leucocaulos Castilleja pilosa Centaurea nigrescens Carthamus oxycantha Castilleja pinetorum Centaurea pratensis Carthamus tinctorius Castilleja pruinosa Centaurea repens Carum carvi Castilleja psittacina Centaurea scabiosa Carya laciniosa Castilleja pulchella Centaurea solstitialis Carya ovata Castilleja rhexifolia Centaurea trichocephala Cassiope lycopodioides Castilleja rubida Centaurea virgata Cassiope mertensiana Castilleja rupicola Centaurium exaltatum Cassiope stelleriana Castilleja rustica Centaurium muhlenbergii Cassiope tetragona Castilleja schizotricha Centaurium namophilum Castanea dentata Castilleja sessiliflora Centaurium umbellatum Castanopsis chrysophylla Castilleja suksdorfii Centranthus tuber Castanopsis sempervirens Castilleja sulphurea Centunculus minimus Castilleja affinis Castilleja thompsonii Cephalanthera austinae Castilleja angustifolia Castilleja viscidula Cerastium arvense Castilleja applegatei Castilleja wightii Cerastium berringianum Castilleja arachnoidea Castilleja xanthotricha Cerastium dubium Castilleja breviolobata Catabrosa aquatica Cerastium nutans Castilleja cervina Catalpa speciosa Cerastium semidecandrum Castilleja chlorotica Caucalis microcarpa Cerastium siculum Castilleja christii Caulanthus crassicaulis Cerastium strictum Castilleja chromosa Caulanthus pilosus Cerastium tomentosum Castilleja chrysantha Caulophyllum thalictroides Cerastium viscosum Castilleja covilleana Ceanothus cordulatus Cerastium vulgatum Castilleja crispula Ceanothus cuneatus Ceratoides lanata Castilleja crista-galli Ceanothus fendleri Ceratophyllum demersum Castilleja cry-ptantha Ceanothus herbaceus Cercis canadensis Castilleja cusickii Ceanothus integerrimus Cercocarpus betuloides Castilleja elata Ceanothus prostratus Cercocarpus ledifolius Castilleja elmeri Ceanothus pumilus Cercocarpus montanus Castilleja exilis Ceanothus sanguineus Chaenactis alpina Castilleja flava Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Chaenactis cusickii Chaenactis douglasii Chorizanthe watsonii Cirsium drummondii Chaenactis evermannii Chrysanthemum balsamita Cirsium edule Chaenactis macrantha Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Cirsium flodmanii Chaenactis nevii Chrysanthemum maximum Cirsium foliosum Chaenactis ramosa Chrysanthemum parthenium Cirsium hallii Chaenactis stevioides Chrysanthemum segetum Cirsium hookerianum Chaenactis thompsonii Chrysolepis chrysophylla Cirsium lanceolatum Chaenomeles japonica Chrysolepis sempervirens Cirsium longistylum Chaenorrhinum minus Chrysolepsis chrysophylla Cirsium magnificum Chaetadelpha wheeleri Chrysopogon aciculatus Cirsium muticum Chamaebatiaria millifolium Chrysopsis horrida Cirsium neomexicanum Chamaechaenactis scaposa Chrysopsis oregona Cirsium ochrocentrum Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Chrysopsis stenophylla Cirsium pastor-is Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Chrysopsis villosa Cirsium polyphyllum Chamaecyparis pisifera Chrysosplenium Cirsium pulcherrimum Chamaerhodos erecta glechomaefolium Cirsium remotifolium Chamaesaracha nana Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Cirsium scariosum Chamaesyce ocellata Chrysothamnus albidus Cirsium subniveum Cheilanthes densa Chrysothamnus greenei Cirsium tweedyi Cheilanthes feei Chrysothamnus humilis Cirsium undulatum Cheilanthes gracillima Chrysothamnus linifohus Cirsium utahense Cheilanthes intertexta Chrysothamnus nauseosus Cirsium vulgare Cheilanthes lanosa Chrysothamnus parryi Cistus X hybidus Chelidonium majus Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus Cistus salvifolius Chenopodium album Cicer arietinum Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus Chenopodium ambrosioides Cichorium endiva Cladothamnus pyroliflorus Chenopodium botrys Cichorium intybus Clarkia amoena Chenopodium bushianum Cicuta bulbifera Clarkia gracilis Chenopodium capitatum Cicuta douglasii Clarkia pulchella Chenopodium chenopodioides Cicuta maculata Clarkia purpurea Chenopodium foliosum Cicuta vagans Clarkia quadrivulnera Chenopodium fremontii Cimicifuga elata Clarkia rhomboidea Chenopodium gigantospermum Cimicifuga laciniata Clarkia viminea Chenopodium glaucum Cinna anmdinacea Claytonia asarifolia Chenopodium leptophyllum Cinna latifolia Claytonia bellidifolia Chenopodium murale Circaea alpina Claytonia chamissoi Chenopodium overi Circaea lutetiana Claytonia chrysantha Chenopodium pratericola Circaea pacifica Claytonia dichotoma Chenopodium pumilio Cirsium acanthodoton Claytonia lanceolata Chenopodium NbNm Cirsium acaulescens Claytonia megarhiza Chenopodium standleyanum Cirsium altissimum Claytonia megarrhiza Chenopodium stricturn Cirsium americanum Claytonia nivalis Chenopodium watsonii Cirsium andersonii Claytonia parvifolia Chimaphila menziesii Cirsium arvense Clematis hirsutissima Chimaphila umbellata Cirsium brevifolium Clematis ligusticifolia Chionophila tweedyi Cirsium brevistylum Clematis occidentalis Chloris verticillata Cirsium breweri Clematis orientalis Chloris virgata Cirsium callilepis Clematis virginiana Chlorocrambe hastata Cirsium canescens Clematis vitalba Chlorogalum angustifolium Cirsium canovirens Cleome lutea Chlorogalum pomeridianum Cirsium centaureae Cleome multicaulis Chondrilla juncea Cirsium ciliolatum Cleome platycarpa Chorispora tenella Cirsium coulteri Cleome sermlata Chorizanthe brevicomu Cirsium davisii Cleomella macbrideana Cleomella oocarpa Corallorhiza maculata Crassula connata Cleomella parviflora Corallorhiza mertensiana Crassula viridis Cleomella plocasperma Corallorhiza odontorhiza Crataegus columbiana Clerodendrum thompsoniae Corallorhiza striata Crataegus douglasii Clerodendrum trichotomum Corallorhiza trifida Crataegus mollis Clintonia andrewsiana Corallorhiza wisteriana Crataegus monogyna Clintonia uniflora Cordyalis aquae-gelidae Crataegus oxycantha Cnicus benedictus Cordylanthus capitatus Crataegus succulenta Cocconia grandis Cordylanthus parviflorus Crataegus suksdorfii Cochleria officinalis Cordylanthus ramosus Crateegus carrierei Coldenia nuttallii Cordylanthus tenuis Crepis acuminata Coleanthus subtilis Cordylanthus viscidus Crepis atribarba Collinsia floribunda Coreopsis tinctoria Crepis baker-i Collinsia grandiflora Coriandrum sativum Crepis barbigera Collinsia greenei Corispermum hyssopifolium Crepis capillaris Collinsia linearis Corispermum nitidum Crepis elegans Collinsia parviflora Corispermum orientale Crepis intermedia Collinsia pusilla Corispermum sibericum Crepis modocensis Collinsia rattanii Comus alba Crepis monticola Collinsia sparsiflora Comus canadensis Crepis nana Collinsia tenella Comus drummondii Crepis nicaeensis Collinsia torreyi Comus foemina Crepis occidentalis Collomia aristella Comus glabrata Crepis pleurocarpa Collomia debilis Comus mas Crepis runcinata Collomia grandiflora Comus nuttallii Crepis setosa Collomia heterophylla Comus occidentalis Crepis tectorum Collomia linear-is Comus stolonifera Crocidium muhicaule Collomia macrocalyx Coronilla varia Crocosmia X crocosmiiflora Collomia mazama Coronopus didymus Crocosmia masoniorum Collomia tenella Corydalis aquae-gelidae Crocosmia pottsi Collomia tinctoria Corydalis aurea Croton capitatus Comandra califomica Corydalis caseana Croton texensis ‘Comandra umbellata Corydalis cusickii Crucianella angustifolia Commelina communis Corydalis lutea Crupina vulgaris Conimitella williamsii Corydalis scouleri Crypsis alopecuroides Conioselinum Chinese Corydalis sempervirens Crypsis vaginiflora Conioselinum pacificum Corylus americana Cryptantha affinis Conioselinum scopulorum Corylus avellana Cryptantha ambigua Conium maculatum Corylus columa Cryptantha breviflora Conringia orientalis Corylus comma Cryptantha caespitosa Convallaria majalis Coryphantha missouriensis Cryptantha cana Convolvulus arvensis Coryphantha vivipam Cryptantha celosioides Convolvulus califomicus Cotinus coggygria Cryptantha circumscissa Convolvulus calystegia Cotoneaster acutifolius Cryptantha echinella Convolvulus japonicus Cotoneaster bullatus Cryptantha fendleri Convolvulus nyctagineus Cotoneaster foveolata Cryptantha flaccida Convolvulus polymotphus Cotoneaster franchetti Cryptantha flava Convolvulus subacaulis Cotoneaster lactea Cryptantha flavoculata Conyza bonariensis Cotoneaster lucidus Cryptantha Mvocanescens Conyza canadensis Cotoneaster tenuipes Cryptantha gracilis Conyza ramosissima Cotoneaster tomentosus Cryptantha humilis Coptis asplenifolia Cotula coronopifolia Cryptantha inter-media Coptis laciniata Cowania mexicana Cryptantha interrupta Coptis occidentalis Crassula aquatica Cryptantha jamesii Cryptantha kelseyana Cuscuta suksdorfii Cystopteris bulbifera Cryptantha leiocarpa Cycloloma atriplicifolium Cystopteris fragilis Cryptantha leucophaea Cydonia oblonga Cystopteris montana Cryptantha milobakeri Cydonia sinensis Cytisus monspessulanus Cryptantha minima Cymbalaria muralis Cytisus multiflorus Cryptantha muriculata Cymopterus acaulis Cytisus praecox Cryptantha nevadensis Cymopterus bipinnatus Cytisus scoparius Cryptantha nubigena Cymoptefus corrugatus Dactylis glomerata Cryptantha propria Cymopterus davisii Dalea aurea Cryptantha pterocarya Cymopterus douglassii Dalea candida Cryptantha recurvata Cymopterus evertii Dalea cylindriceps Cryptantha rostellata Cymopterus glaucus Dalea enneandra Cryptantha rugulosa Cymopterus hendersonii Dalea leporina Cryptantha salmonensis Cymopterus ibapensis Dalea purpurea Cryptantha scoparia Cymopterus longipes Dalea searlsiae Cryptantha sericea Cymopterus montanus Dalea villosa Cryptantha simulans Cymopterus nivalis Damasonium califomicum Cryptantha stricta Cymopterus petraeus Danthonia califomica Cryptantha subcapitata Cymopterus purpurascens Danthonia intermedia Cryptantha thompsonii Cymopterus terebinthinus Danthonia parryi Cryptantha thyrsiflora Cymopterus watsoni Danthonia spicata Cryptantha torreyana Cymopterus williamsii Danthonia unispicata Cryptantha watsonii Cynara cardunculus Daphne X burkwoodii Cryptogramma cascadensis Cynara scolymus Daphne cneorum Cryptogramma crispa Cynodon dactylon Daphne laureola Cryptogramma densa Cynoglossum boreale Daphne mezereum Cryptogramma stelleri Cynoglossum echinatus Dasynotus daubenmirei Cryptomeria japonica Cynoglossum grande Datum inoxia Cryptotaenia canadensis Cynoglossum occidentale Datura stramonium Cucumis anguria Cynoglossum officinale Daucus carota Cucumis melo Cj'UOSUNS CliStatuS Daucus pusillus Cunninghamia lanceolata Cynosurus echinatus Delphinium X xylorrhizum Cuphea hyssopifolia Cyperus acuminatus Delphinium ajacis Cupressus bakeri Cyperus aristatus Delphinium andersonii Cupressus macrocarpa Cyperus bipartitus Delphinium barbeyi Cupressus sempervirens Cyperus diandrus Delphinium bicolor Cuscuta approximata Cyperus engelmannii Delphinium burkei Cuscuta califomica Cyperus eragrostis Delphinium columbianum Cuscuta cephalanthi Cyperus erythrorhizos Delphinium cyanoreios Cuscuta coryli Cyperus esculentus Delphinium decorum Cuscuta cuspidata Cyperus lupulinus Delphinium depauperatum Cuscuta denticulata Cyperus odoratus Delphinium distichum Cuscuta dodder Cyperus rivularis Delphinium geyeri Cuscuta epithymum Cyperus rotundus Delphinium gIareosum Cuscuta glomerata Cypems schweinitzii Delphinium glaucum Cuscuta gronovii Cyperus stligosus Delphinium gracilentum Cuscuta indecora Cypripedium X andrewsii Delphinium leucophaeum Cuscuta occidentalis Cypripedium calceolus Delphinium lineapetahnn Cuscuta pentagona Cypripedium califomicum Delphinium menziesii Cuscuta planiflora Cypripedium candidum Delphinium multiflorum Cuscuta polygonorum Cypripedium fasciculatum Delphinium multiplex Cuscuta salina Cypripedium montanum Delphinium nelsonii Cuscuta spp. Cypripedium passerinum Delphinium nudicaule Cuscuta subinclusa Cypripedium reginae Delphinium nuttallianum Delphinium nuttalhi Dodecatheon alpinum Draba praealta Delphinium occidentale Dodecatheon austrofiigidum Draba reptans Delphinium oreganum Dodecatheon conjugens Draba ruaxes Delphinium pavonaceum Dodecatheon dentatum Draba sphaerioides Delphinium simplex Dodecatheon hendersonii Draba sphaerocarpa Delphinium sonnei Dodecatheon jeffreyi Draba stenoloba Delphinium stachydeum Dodecatheon poeticum Draba trichocarpa Delphinium trolliifolium Dodecatheon pulchellum Draba ventosa Delphinium viridescens Dodecatheon tetrandrum Draba vema Delphinium xantholeucum Doronicum plantagineum Dracocephalum nuttallii Dentaria cardiophylla Douglasia idahoensis Dracocephalum parviflorum Dentaria gemmata Douglasia laevigata Dracocephalum thymiflomm Dentaria grandiflora Douglasia montana Dracopis amplexicaulis Dentaria tenella Douglasia nivalis Dracunculus vulgaris Deschampsia atropurpurea Downingia bacigalupii Drosera anglica Deschampsia danthonioides Downingia bicomuta Drosera linearis Deschampsia elongata Downingia elegans Drosera longifolia Descurainia califomica Downingia laeta Drosera rotundifolia Descurainia incana Downingia pulchella Dryas drummondii Descurainia incisa Downingia willamettensis Dryas integrifolia Descurainia longipedicellata Downingia yina Dryas octopetala Descurainia pinnata Draba albertina Drymaria arenarioides Descurainia richardsonii Draba apiculata Dryopteris X uliginosa Descurainia sophia Draba argyraea Dryopteris arguta Descurainia torulosa Draba aurea Dryopteris cristata Desmanthus illinoensis Draba aureola Dryopteris disjuncta Desmodium canadense Draba borealis Dryopteris filix-mas Desmodium glutinosum Draba brachycarpa Dryopteris spinulosa Deutzia scabra Draba camosula Dudleya farinosa Dianthus armeria Draba crassa Dulichium arundinaceum Dianthus barbatus Draba cmssifolia Dyssodia papposa Dianthus deltoides Draba cuneifolia Eatonella nivea Dice&a cucullaria Draba densifolia Eatonia intermedia Dicentra formosa Draba douglasii Eburophyton austiniae Dicentra pauciflora Draba fladnizensis Echinacea angustifolia Dicentra uniflora Draba glabella Echinocereus engelmannii Dichelostemma ida-maia Draba glacialis Echinochloa colona Dichelostemma venustum Draba hitchcockii Echinochloa crusgalli Diervilla lonicera Draba howellii Echinochloa muricata Digitalis purpurea Draba incerta Echinocystis lobata Digitaria abyssinica Draba lanceolata Echinops exalt&us Digitaria ischaemum Draba lemmonii Echinops ritro Digitaria sanguinalis Draba lonchocarpa Echinops ruthenicus Digitaria scalarurn Draba longipes Echinops sphaerocephalus Digitaria velutina Draba luteola Echium vulgare Dimeresia howellii Draba macounii Edwardii tedi Dioscorea batatas Draba nemorosa Egeria densa Diplotaxis muralis Draba nitida Eichhomia azurea Dipsacus fullonum Draba nivalis Eiogonum proliferum Dirca palustris Draba oligosperma Elaeagnus angustifolia Disporum hooker-i Draba oreibata Elaeagnus commutata DiSpONm smithii Draba paysonii Elaeagnus multiflora Disporum trachycarpum Draba pectinata Elaeagnus umbellata Distichlis spicata Draba porsildii Elatine brachysperma Elatine califomica Emex australis Eragrostis mexicana Elatine triandra Emex spinosa Eragrostis minor Eleocharis acicularis Empetrum nigrum Eragrostis multicaulis Eleocharis atropurpurea Enceliopsis nudicaulis Eragrostis orcuttiana Eleocharis bella Ephedra nevadensis Eragrostis pectinacea Eleocharis bolanderi Ephedra viridis Eragrostis pilosa Eleocharis compressa Epilobium alpinum Eragrostis reptans Eleocharis flavescens Epilobium angustifolium Eragrostis spectabilis Eleocharis montevidensis Epilobium brachycarpum Erechtites arguta Eleocharis obtusa Epilobium brevistylum Erechtites hieracifolia Eleocharis palustris Epilobium canum Erechtites minima Eleocharis parvula Epilobium ciliatum Erechtites prenanthoides Eleocharis pauciflora Epilobium coloratum Erectites minima Eleocharis rostellata Epilobium exalt&urn Eremocarpus setigerus Eleocharis smallii Epilobium fastigiatum Eremurus X warei Eleocharis tenuis Epilobium glaberrimum Eriastmm sparsiflorum Eleocharis wolfii Epilobium halleanum Ericameria discoidea Eleusine indica Epilobium hirsutum Erigeron acris Ellisia nyctelea Epilobium juncundum Erigeron aliceae Elmera racemosa Epilobium latifolium Erigeron allocotus Elodea bifoliata Epilobium leptophyllum Erigeron annus Elodea canadensis Epilobium luteum Erigeron annuus Elodea longivaginata Epilobium minutum Erigeron aphanactis Elodea nuttallii Epilobium nivium Erigeron argentatus Elodea schweinitzii Epilobium obcordatum Erigeron asperugineus Elsholtzia ciliata Epilobium occidentale Erigeron aureus Elyhordeum X macounii Epilobium palustre Erigeron basalticus Elyhordeum X montanense Epilobium paniculatum Erigeron bellidiastrum Elyleymus X aristatus Epilobium pringleanum Erigeron bloomeri Elymus X hansenii Epilobium rigidum Erigeron caespitosus Elymus X pseudorepens Epilobium siskiyouense Erigeron canus Elymus X saundersii Epilobium suffiuti~~~~~ Erigeron cascadensis Elymus X saxicolus Epilobium ursinum Erigeron cervinus Elymus ambiguus Epipactis gigantea Erigeron chrysopsidis Elymus.arenicola Epipactis helleborine Erigeron compositus Elymus aristatus Equisetum X ferrissii Erigeron concinnus Elymus brevifolius Equisetum X mackaii Erigeron corymbosus Elymus canadensis Equisetum X nelsonii Erigeron coulteri Elymus caput-medusae Equisetum arvense Erigeron cronquistii Elymus cinereus Equisetum fluviatile Erigeron decumbens Elymus condensatus Equisetum hyemale Erigeron deli&us Elymus diversiglumis Equisetum laevigatum Erigeron disparipilus Elymus flavescens Equisetum litorale , Erigeron divergens Elymus glaucus Equisetum pahrstre Erigeron eatonii Elymus hirsutus Equisetum pratense Erigeron elatior Elymus innovatus Equisetum prealtum Erigeron elegantulus Elymus junceus Equisetum scirpoides Erigeron engelmannii Elymus macounii Equisetum sylvaticum Etigeron evermannii Elymus mollis Equisetum telmateia Erigeron filifolius Elymus pungens Equisetum variegatum Erigeron flabellifolius Elymus racemosa Eragrostis cilianensis Erigeron flagellaris Elymus triticoides Eragrostis curvula Erigeron flettii Elymus villosus Eragrostis hypnoides Erigeron foliosus Elymus virginicus Eragrostis lutescens Erigeron formosissimus Erigeron glabellus Eriogonum cusickii Eriogonum umbellatum Erigeron glaucus Eriogonum deflexum Eriogonum vimineum Erigeron gracilis Eriogonum desertorum Eriogonum visheri Erigeron grandiflorus Eriogonum dichotomum Eriogonum watsonii Erigeron howellii Eriogonum diclinum Erioneuron pilosum Erigeron humilis Eriogonum douglasii Eriophorum brachyantherum Erigeron inomatus Eriogonum effusum Eriophorum cahittix Erigeron lackschewitzii Eriogonum elatum Eriophorum chamissonis Erigeron lanatus Eriogonum flavum Eriophomm gracile Erigeron leibergii Eriogonum heermanii Eriophomm polystachion Erigeron leiomerus Eriogonum heracleoides Eriophomm scheuchzeri Erigeron linearis Eriogonum hirtellum Eriophorum virginicum Erigeron lonchophyllus Eriogonum hookeri Eriophorum viridicarinatum Erigeron macranthus Eriogonum incanum Eriophyllum lanatum Erigeron nanus Eriogonum inerme Eriophyllum lanceolatum Erigeron nevadincola Eriogonum kingii Eriophyllum staechadifolium Erigeron ochroleucus Eriogonum latifolium Eriophyllum watsoni Erigeron oreganus Eriogonum lewisii Eritrichium elongatum Erigeron pallens Eriogonum lobbii Eritrichium howardii Erigeron peregrinus Eriogonum maculatum Eritrichium nanum Erigeron petrophilus Eriogonum mancum Erodium botrys Erigeron peucephyllus Eriogonum marifolium Erodium cicutarium Erigeron philadelphicus Eriogonum meledonum Erodium moschatum Erigeron piperianus Eriogonum microthecum Erodium obtusiplicatum Erigeron poliospermus Eriogonum nidularium ENCa sativa Erigeron pulcherrimus Eriogonum niveum hWastNm galhUn Erigeron pumilus Eriogonum novundum Eryngium alismifolium Erigeron radicatus Eriogonum nudum Eryngium articulatum Erigeron rydbergii Eriogonum ochrocephalum Eryngium petiolatum Erigeron salishii Eriogonum ovalifolium Erysimum arenicola Erigeron salmonensis .. Eriogonum palmerianum Erysimum asperum Erigeron salsuginosus Eriogonum pauciflorum Erysimum cheiranthoides Erigeron simplex Eriogonum pendulum Erysimum concinnum Erigeron speciosus Eriogonum piperi Erysimum elatum Erigeron strigosus Eriogonum prociduum Erysimum franciscanurn Erigeron subtrinervis Etiogonum proliferum Erysimum inconspicuum Erigeron tener Eriogonum pusillum Erysimum occidentale Erigeron tweedyi Eriogonum pyrolifolium Erysimum repandum Erigeron ursinus Eriogonum salicomioides Erysimum tondosum Erigeron vagus Eriogonum salsuginosum Erythronium citrinum Eriogonum X lagopus Eriogonum scopulorum Erythronium grandiflorum Eriogonum acaule Eriogonum shockleyi Erythronium hendersonii Eriogonum alatum Eriogonum siskiyouense Erythronium howellii Eriogonum androsaceum Eriogonum sp. nov. war eagle Erythronium klamathense Eriogonum angulosum mtn. Erythronium montanum Eriogonum annuum Eriogonum speciosum Erythronium nudopetalum Eriogonum baileyi Eriogonum spergulinum Erythronium oregonum Eriogonum caespitosum Eriogonum sphaerocephalum Erythronium revolutum Eriogonum capistratum Eriogonum stellatum Escallonia X langleyensis Eriogonum cemuum Eriogonum strictum Escallonia rubra Eriogonum chrysocephalu:m Eriogonum subalpinum Eschscholzia caespitosa Eriogonum chrysops Eriogonum tematum Eschscholzia califomica Eriogonum compositum Eriogonum thymoides Eschscholzia leptandra Eriogonum congdonii Eriogonum tolmieanum Escobaria missouriensis Escobaria vivipara Festuca dertonensis Fritillaria falcata Euclidium syriacum Festuca elmeri Fritillaria gentneri Euonymus alata Festuca grayi Fritillaria glauca Euonymus atropurpureus Festuca hallii Fritillaria imperialis Euonymus europaea Festuca idahoensis Fritillaria lanceolata Euonymus fortunei Festuca megalura Fritillaria pluriflora Euonymus nana Festuca microstachys Fritillaria pudica Euonymus occidentalis Festuca myuros Fritillaria purdyi Eupatorium adenophorum Festuca obtusa Fritillaria recurva Eupatorium maculatum Festuca occidentalis Fumatia officinalis Eupatorium occidentale Festuca octoflora Fumaria parviflora Eupatorium perfoliatum Festuca ovina Gaillardia aristata Eupatorium Ngosum Festuca pacifica Gaillardia pulchella Euphorbia X pseudovirgata Festuca pratensis Galega offrcinalis Euphorbia agraria Festuca reflexa Galeopsis tetrahit Euphorbia crenulata Festuca rubra Galinsoga parviflora Euphorbia cyparissias Festuca scabrella Galinsoga quadriradiata Euphorbia dentata Festuca subulata Galium ambiguum Euphorbia epichymoides Festuca subuliflora Galium andrewsii Euphorbia esula Festuca viridula Galium aparine Euphorbia fendleri Festuca vivipara Galium asperrimum Euphorbia geyeri Filago arvensis Galium bifolium Euphorbia glyptosperma Filago califomica Galium bolanderi Euphorbia helioscopia Filipendula occidentalis Galium boreale Euphorbia hexagona Filipendula rubra Galium cymosum Euphorbia lathyrus Filipendula vulgaris Galium grayanum Euphorbia macul& Floerkea proserpinacoides Galium humifusum Euphorbia maculosa Foeniculum vulgare Galium hypotrichium Euphorbia marginata Forsellesia spinescens Galium kamtschaticum Euphorbia missurica Forsynthia suspensa Galium labradoricum Euphorbia myrsinites Fragaria bracteata Galium matthewsii Euphorbia nutans ~ Fragaria califomica Galium mollugo Euphorbia peplus Fragaria chiloensis Galium multiflorum Euphorbia prunifolia Fragaria crinata Galium muricatum Euphorbia pulcherima Fragaria cuneifolia Galium nuttallii Euphorbia robusta Fragaria glauca Galium obtusum Euphorbia serpens Fragaria platypetala Galium oreganum Euphorbia serpyllifolia Fragaria vesca Galium palustre Euphorbia spathulata Fragaria virginiana Galium pedemontanum Euphorbia stictospora Franseria bipinnatifida Galium sparsiflora Euphrasia arctica Fmnseria chamissonis Galium trifidum Euphrasia offrcinalis Frasera albicaulis Galium triflorum Evolvulus nuttallianus Frasera califomica Galium vaillantii FagopyNm esculentum Fraser-a fastigiata Galium veNm Fagopyrum kUtXiCUSn Fraser-a montana Garrya buxifolia Fagus sylvatica Frasera nitida Ganya elliptica Fatsia japonica Frasera speciosa Garrya flavescens Festuca X viviparoidea Fraser-a umpquaensis Garrya fremontii Festuca arida Fraxinus latifolia Gastridium ventricosum Festuca arizonica Fraxinus nigra Gaultheria hispidula Festuca arundinacea Fraxinus pennsylvanica Gaultheria humifusa Festuca baffinensis Fritillaria atropurpurea Gaultheria ovatifolia Festuca bromoides Fritillaria camschatcensis Gaultheria shallon Festuca califomica Fritillaria camschatensis Gaura coccinea Gaura neomexicana Geum canadense Godetia tenella Gaura parviflora Geum ciliatum Gomphocarpus cordifolius Gayophytum caesium Geum macrophyllum Goodyera decipiens Gayophytum decipiens Geum oregonense Goodyera oblongifolia Gayophytum diffusum Geum rivale Goodyera repens Gayophytum humile Geum rossii Gratiola aurea Gayophytum intermedium Geum triflorum Gratiola ebracteata Gayophytum lasiospermum Geum urbanum Gratiola neglecta Gayophytum nuttallii Gilia brecciarum Grayia spinosa Gayophytum pumilum Gilia breweri Greeneocharis circumscissa Gayophytum racemosum Gilia capillaris Grindelia columbiana Gayophytum ramosissimum Gilia capitata Grindelia howellii Gentiana affrnis Gilia ciliata Grindelia integrifolia Gentiana algida Gilia filifolia Grindelia nana Gentiana andrewsii Gilia inconspicua Grindelia squarrosa Gentiana aquatica Gilia leptomeria Gutierrezia sarothrae Gentiana bisetaea Gilia nuttallii Gymnocarpium dryopteris Gentiana calycosa Gilia opthalmoides Gymnocarpium robertianum Gentiana douglasiana Gilia polycladon Gymnocladus dioica Gentiana glauca Gilia pulchella Gymnosteris nudicaulis Gentiana newberryi Gilia tenenima Gymnosteris parvula Gentiana oregana Ginkgo biloba Gypsophila acutifolia Gentiana pleurisetosa Githopsis calycina Gypsophila muralis Gentiana prostrata Githopsis specularioides Gypsophila paniculata Gentiana puberulenta Glaucium comiculatum Habenaria chorisiana Gentiana saxicola Glaux maritima Habenaria clavellata Gentiana sceptrum Glecoma hederacea Habenaria dilatata Gentiana setigera Gleditsia triacanthos Habenaria elegans Gentianella amarella Glehnia leiocarpa Habenaria greenei Gentianella barbellata Glehnia littoralis Habenaria hyperborea Gentianella detonsa Glossopetalon nevadense Habenaria leucophaea Gentianella propinqua Glossopetalon spinescens Habenaria leucostachys Gentianella tenella Glyceria borealis Habenaria maritima Gentianopsis macounii Glyceria elata Habenaria obtusata Gentianopsis procera Glyceria fluitans Habenaria orbiculata Gentianopsis simplex Glyceria grandis Habenaria saccata Geocaulon lividum Glyceria occidentalis Habenaria sparsiflora Geranium bicknellii Glyceria pauciflora Habenaria stricta Geranium caespitosum Glyceria striata Habenaria unalascensis Geranium califomicum Glycyrrhiza lepidota Habenaria viridis Geranium carolinianum Glyptopleura marginata Hackelia arida Geranium columbinum Gnaphalium califomicum Hackelia califomica Geranium dissecturn Gnaphalium chilense Hackelia ciliata Geranium incisum Gnaphalium collinum Hackelia cinerea Geranium maculatum Gnaphalium japonicum Hackelia cronquistii Geranium molle Gnaphalium microcephalum Hackelia cusickii Geranium oreganum Gnaphalium palustre Hackelia davisii Geranium pusillum Gnaphalium purpureum Hackelia deflexa Geranium richardsonii Gnaphalium uliginosum Hackelia diffusa Geranium robertianum Gnaphalium viscosum Hackelia floribunda Geranium sanguineum Godetia caurina Hackelia hispida Geranium viscosissimum Godetia gracilis Hackelia jessicae Geum aleppicum Godetia pacifica Hackelia micrantha Geum campanulatum Godetia quadrivulnera Hackelia nelsonii Hackelia ophiobia Helenium bigelovii Hibiscus grandiflorus Hackelia patens Helenium bolanderi Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Hackelia setosa Helenium hoopesii Hibiscus syriacus Hackelia venusta Helenium puberuium Hibiscus trionum Hackelia virginiana Helianthella douglasii Hieacium pratense Halenia deflexa Helianthella quinquenervis Hieracium albertinum Halimolobos perplexa Helianthella uniflora Hieracium albiflorum Halimolobos virgata Helianthemum bicknellii Hieracium aurantiacum Halimolobos whitedii Helianthus annuus Hieracium bolanderi Halogeton glomeratus Helianthus bolanderi Hieracium canadense Halophila ballonis Helianthus ciliaris Hieracium chapacanum Halophila englemannii Helianthus cusickii Hieracium cynoglossoides Halophila hawaiiana Helianthus grosseserratus Hieracium floribundum Halophila johnsonii Helianthus maximilianii Hieracium gracile Hamosa paysonii Helianthus nuttallii Hieracium greenei Haplopappus aberrans Helianthus petiolaris Hieracium horridum Haplopappus acaulis Helianthus rigidus Hieracium longiberbe Haplopappus arborescens Helianthus tuberosus Hieracium parryi Haplopappus armerioides Helictotrichon hookeri Hieracium pilosella Haplopappus bloomeri Heliopsis helianthoides Hieracium piloselloides HapIopappus brandegei Hehotropium curassavicum Hieracium pratense Haplopappus carthamoides Helleborus niger Hieracium rydbergii Haplopappus contractus Hemerocallis fulva Hieracium scouleri Haplopappus greenei Hemicarpha drummondii Hieracium umbellatum Haplopappus halhi Hemicarpha micrantha Hieracium vulgatum Haplopappus hirtus Hemicarpha occidentalis Hierochloe alpina Haplopappus insecticnnis Hemitomes congestum Hierochloe occidentalis Haplopappus integrifolius Hemizonella minima Hierochloe odorata Haplopappus lanceolatus Hemizonia clevelandii Hilaria jamesii Haplopappus lanuginosus Hemizonia fitchii Hippophae rhamnoides Haplopappus liatriformis Hemizonia pungens Hippuris montana Haplopappus linearis Hepatica sp. Hippuris vulgaris Haplopappus lyallii Heracleum lanatum Hoffmanseggia densiflora Haplopappus macronema Heracleum mantegazzianum Holcus lanatus Haplopappus multicaulis Hemiaria cineria Holcus mollis Haplopappus nanus Hesperis matronalis Holodiscus discolor Haplopappus pygmaeus Hesperochiron californicus Holodiscus dumosus Haplopappus racemosus Hesperochiron lasianthus Holodiscus glabrescens Haplopappus radiants Hesperochiron pumilus Holosteum umbellatum Haplopappus resinosus Heterocodon rariflorum Hordeum brachyantherum HapIopappus spinulosus Heterotheca oregana Hordeum bulbosum Haplopappus stenophyllus Heterotheca subaxillaris Hordeum califomicum Haplopappus suffruticosus Heuchera chlorantha Hordeum depressum Haplopappus uniflorus Heuchera cylindrica Hordeum distichon Hastingsia bracteosa Heuchera glabella Hordeum geniculatum Hedeoma drummondii Heuchera glabra Hordeum glaucum Hedeoma hispida Heuchera grossulariifolia Hordeum gussonianum Hedera helix Heuchera micrantha Hordeum jubatum Hedyotis longifolia Heuchera ovalifolia Hordeum leporinum Hedysarum a1pinum Heuchem parviflora Hordeum murinum Hedysarum boreale Heuchera parvifolia Hordeum nodosum Hedysarum occidentale Heuchera richardsonii Hordeum pusillum Hedysarum sulphurescens Heuchera rubescens Hordeum vulgare Helenium autumnale Heuchera utahensis Horkelia capitata Horkelia caruifolia Iberis umbellata Iva annua Horkelia congesta ldahoa scapigera Iva axillaris Horkelia daucifolia Ilex aquifolium Iva xanthifolia Horkeiia fusca Iliamna latibracteata Ivesia baileyi Horkelia hendersonii Iliamna longisepala Ivesia gordonii Horkelia howellii lliamna rivularis lvesia kingii Horkelia sericata Impatiens au&la Ivesia rhypara Horkelia tenella Impatiens balfouri Ivesia shelleyi Horkelia tridentata Impatiens capensis Ivesia tweedyi Hosackia denticulata Impatiens ecalcarata Jamesia americana Howellia aquatilis Impatiens glandulifera Jasione montana Hudsonia tomentosa Impatiens noli-tangere Jaumea camosa Hulsea algida Impatiens pallida Juglans ailanthifolia Hulsea nana Imperata brasiliensis Juglans cinerea Humulus lupulus Imperata cylindrica Juglans nigra Hutchinsia procumbens Inula heleniwn Juncus abjectus Hydrangea arborescens Ipomoea aquatica Juncus acuminatus Hydrangea quercifolia Ipomoea coccinea Juncus alpinoarticulatus Hydrilla verticillata Ipomoea hirsutula Juncus alpinus Hydrilla verticulata Ipomoea leptophylla Juncus arcticus Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Ipomoea purpurea Juncus aticulatus Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Ipomoea triloba Juncus hadius Hydrocotyle umbellata Ipomopis polycladon Juncus balticus Hydrocotyle verticillata Ipomopsis aggregata Juncus biglumis Hydrophyllum cap&-urn Ipomopsis congesta Juncus bolanderi Hydrophyllum fendleri Ipomopsis crebrifolia Juncus brachycephalus Hydrophyllum occidentale Ipomopsis minutiflora Juncus brachyphyllus Hydrophyllum tenuipes Ipomopsis orchidacea Juncus brevicaudatus Hydrophyllum virginianurn Ipomopsis pumila Juncus bufonius Hygrophila polysperma Ipomopsis spicata Juncus capillaris Hymenopappus filifolius Ipomopsis tenuituba Juncus castaneus Hymenopappus tenuifolius Iris bracteata Juncus columbianus Hymenoxys acaulis Iris chrysophylla Juncus compressus Hymenoxys cooper-i Iris douglasiana Juncus confusus Hymenoxys grandiflora Iris hartwegii Juncus covillei Hymenoxys jamesii Iris innominata Juncus drummondii Hymenoxys richardsonii Iris macrosiphon Juncus dubius Hymenoxys torreyana Iris missouriensis Juncus effi.rsus Hyoscyamus niger Ilk pSeU&CONS Juncus ensifolius Hypericum anagalloides Iris tenax Juncus falcatus Hypericum androsaemum Iris tenuis Juncus filiformis Hypericum concinnum Iris thompsoni Juncus fucensis Hype&urn formosum Isatis tinctoria Juncus gerardii Hypericum majus Ischaemum rugosum Juncus hallii Hype&urn mutilum Isoetes holanderi Juncus hemiendytus Hypericum perforatum Isoetes echinospora Juncus howellii Hypochaeris radicata Isoetes lacustris Juncus interior Hypopitys latisquama Isoetes melanopoda Juncus kelloggii Hypopitys monotropa Isoetes nuttallii Juncus lesueurii Hypopitys multiflora Isoetes occidentalis Juncus longistylis Hypoxis hirsuta Isoetes setacea Juncus macranthus Hyssopus officinalis Isopyrum bitematum Juncus marginatus Hystrix panda Isopyrum hallii Juncus mertensianus Iberis amara Isopyrum stipitatum Juncus nevadensis Juncusnodosus Lactuca oblongifolia Lathyrus sphaericus Juncus oreganus Lactuca saligna Lathyrus sulphureus Juncus orthophyllus Lactuca sativa Lathyrus sylvestris Juncus oxymeris Lactuca serriola Lathyrus tOKeyi Juncus parryi Lactuca spicata LathyNs tuberosus Juncus patens Lagarosiphon major LathyNs venosus Juncus phaeocephalus Lagophylla ramosissima Lathyrus VeStitUS Juncus planifolius Lagurus ovatus Lavatera arborea Juncus regelii Lallemantia peltata Layia glandulosa Juncus supiniformis Lamium amplexicaule Lechea intermedia Juncus supinus Lamium hybridum Lechea stricta Juncus tenuis Lamium maculatum Ledum glandulosum Juncus tiehmii Lamium purpureum Ledum groenlandicum Juncus torreyi Langloisia setosissima Leersia oryzoides Juncus tracyi Laportea canadensis Leersia virginica Juncus triglumis Lappula cenchrusoides Lemna gibba Juncus tweedyi Lappula echinata Lemna minor Juncus uncialis Lappula occidentalis Lemna perpusilla Juncus vaseyi Lappula redowskii Lemna trisulca Juncus xiphioides Lappula texana Lemna turionifera Juniperus COnu’INUIiS Lapsana communis Lemna valdiviana Juniperus horizontalis Larix lyallii Leontodon autumnalis Juniperus occidentalis Larix occidentaiis Leontodon nudicaulis Juniperus osteospenna Lasthenia chrysostoma Leonurus cardiaca Juniperus scopu~orum Lasthenia glaberrima Lepidium campestre Juniperus virginiana Lasthenia macrantha Lepidium davissi Jussiaea repens Lasthenia minor Lepidium densiflorum Jussiaea uruguayensis Lathyrus americanus Lepidium dictyotum Kalmia microphylla Lathyrus aphaca Lepidium draba Kalmia occidentalis Lathyrus bijugatus Lepidiurn lasiocarpum Kalmia polifolia Lathyrus cusickii Lepidium latifolium Kalmiopsis leachiana LathyNs delnorticus Lepidium medium Kelloggia galioides Lathyrus eucosmus Lepidium montanum Kelseya uniflora Lathyrus grimesii Lepidium nanum Kerria japonica Lathyrus hirsutus Lepidium nitidum Kickxia elatine Lathyrus holochlorus Lepidium oxycarpum Kickxia spuria Lathyrus japonicus Lepidium papilliferum Knautia arvensis LathyNs 1anceolatuS Lepidium perfoliatum KobreSia macrocarpa Lathyrus lanszwertii Lepidium ramosissimum Kobresia myosuroides Lathyrus latifolius Lepidium repens Kobresia simpliciuscula Lathyrus littoralis Lepidium Nderale Kochia americana Lathyrus nevadensis Lepidium sativum Kochia scoparia Lathyrus nuttallii Lepidium strictum Koeleria cristata Lathyrus obovatus Lepidium virginicum Koelreuteria paniculata Lathyrus ochroleucus Leptarrhena amplexifoIia Koenigia islandica Lathyrus odor-ants Leptarrhena pyrolifolia Kolkwitzia amabalis LathyNs oregonensis Leptaxis menziesii Kuhnia eupatorioides Lathyrus pah&ris Leptochloa chinensis Labumum X watereri Lathyrus pauciflorus Leptochloa fascicularis Labumum anagyroides Lathyrus polymorphus Leptochloa uninervia Lactuca biennis LathyNs polyphyllus Leptodactylon caespitosum Lactuca canadens’is Lathyrus pmtenSiS Leptodactylon glabrum Lactuca ludoviciana LathyNs rigidus Leptodactylon hazelae Lactuca muralis Lathyrus schaffneri Leptodactylon pungens Leptodactylon watsonii Lilium bolanderi Listera convallarioides Leptotaenia dissecta Lilium canadense Listera cordata Leptotaenia multiflda Lilium columbianum Lithocarpus densiflorus Leptotaenia purpurea Lilium kelleyanum Lithophragma a&is Lepyrodiclis holosteoides Lilium kelloggii Lithophragma campanulata Lesquerella alpina Lilium occidentale Lithophragma glabra Lesquerella argentea Lilium pardalinum Lithophragma heterophylla Lesquerella carinata Lilium parvum Lithophragma parviflora Lesquerella douglasii Lilium philadelphicum Lithophragma tenellum Lesquerella fremontii Lilium pudica Lithospermum arvense Lesquerella humilis Lilium rubescens Lithospermum califomicum Lesquerella kingii Lilium vollmeri Lithospermum canescens Lesquerella klausii Lilium washingtonianurn Lithospermum incisum Lesquerella ludoviciana Lilium wigginsii Lithospermum ruderale Lesquerella macrocarpa Limnanthes alba Lloydia serotina Lesquerella montana Limnanthes douglasii Lobelia dortmanna Lesquerella multiceps Limnanthes gracilis Lobelia kalmii Lesquerella occidentalis Limnanthes rosea Lobelia siphilitica Lesquerella paysonii Limnobium laevigatum Lobelia spicata Leucocrinum montanum Limnobium spongia Lobularia maritima Leucopoa kingii Limnophila sessiliflora Loiseleuria procumbens Leucothoe davisiae Limnosella acaulis Lolium multiflomm Lewisia columbiana Limosella aquatica Lolium perenne Lewisia cotyledon Linanthus androsaceus Lolium persicum Lewisia kellogii Linanthus baker-i Lolium remotum Lewisia leana Linanthus bicolor Lolium temulentum Lewisia oppositifolia Linanthus bolanderi Lomatium ambiguum Lewisia pygmaea Linanthus ciliatus Lomatium angustatum Lewisia rediviva Linanthus grandiflorus Lomatium attenuatum Lewisia triphylla Linanthus harknessii Lomatium bicolor Lewisia tweedyi Linanthus liniflorus Lomatium bmdshawii Leymus salinus Linanthus nuttallii Lomatium brandegei Liatris aspera Linanthus phamaceoides Lomatium califomicum Liatris ligulistylis Linanthus septentrionalis Lomatium canbyi Liatris punctata Linaria canadensis Lomatium circumdatum Liatris pycnostachya Linaria dalmatica Lomatium columbianum Libocedrus decurrens Linaria vulgaris Lomatium cookii Ligusticum apiifolium Lindemia dubia Lomatium cous Ligusticum califomicum Linnaea borealis Lomatium cusickii Ligusticum canbyi Linum australe Lomatium cuspidatum Ligusticum cusickii Linum bienne Lomatium dissectum Ligusticum filicinum Linum digynum Lomatium donneIIii Ligusticum grayi Linum kingii Lomatium engelmannii Ligusticum porteri Linum micranthum Lomatium erythrocarpum Ligusticum purpureum Linum perenne Lomatium farinosum Ligusticum tenuifolium Linum rigidum Lomatium foeniculaceum Ligusticum verticillatum Linum sulcatum Lomatium geyeri Ligustrum amurense Linum usitatissimum Lomatium gormanii Ligustrum indicum Liparis loeselii Lomatium graveoiens Ligustrum japonicum Lippia cuneifolia Lomatium grayi Ligustrum sinense Liquidamber styraciflua Lomatium greenmanii Ligustrum vulgare Liriodendron tulipfera Lomatium hallii Lilaea scilloides Listera borealis Lomatium hambleniae Lilaeopsis occidentalis Listera caurina Lomatium hendersonii Lomatium howellii Lotus douglasii Lupinus rivularis Lomatium idahoense Lotus formosissimus Lupinus sabinii Lomatium juniperium Lotus micranthus Lupinus saxosus Lomatium laevigatum Lotus nevadensis Lupinus scheuberae Lomatium leptocarpum Lotus oblongifolius Lupinus sericeus Lomatium macrocarpum Lotus pedunculatus Lupinus subalpinus Lomatium martindalei Lotus pinnatus Lupinus subvexus Lomatium minus Lotus purshiana Lupinus suksdorfii Lomatium nelsonianum Lotus stipuhllis Lupinus sulphureus Lomatium nevadense Lotus subpinnatus Lupinus super-bus Lomatium nudicaule Lotus tetragonolobus Lupinus tracyi Lomatium nuttallii Ludwigia palustris Lupinus uncialis Lomatium oreganum Ludwigia polycarpa Lupinus wyethii Lomatium orientale Luetkea pectinata Luzula arcuata Lomatium pastoralis Luina hypoleuca Luzula campestris Lomatium peckianum Luina nardosmia Luzula comosa Lomatium ravenii Luina serpentina Luzula divaricata Lomatium rollinsii Luina stricta Luzula hitchcockii Lomatium salmoniflorum Lunaria annua Luzula parviflora Lomatium sandbergii Lupinus X alpestris Luzula piperi Lomatium scabrum Lupinus adsurgens Luzula spicata Lomatium serpentinum Lupinus affinis Luzula subsessilis Lomatium suksdorfii Lupinus albicaulis Lychnis X arkwrightii Lomatium thompsonii Lupinus albifrons Lychnis alba Lomatium tracyi Lupinus alpestris Lychnis apetala Lomatium tritematum Lupinus andersoni Lychnis chalcedonica Lomatium tuberosum Lupinus arboreus Lychnis coronaria Lomatium utriculatum Lupinus argenteus Lychnis dioica Lomatium vaginatum Lupinus bicolor Lychnis drummondii Lomatium watsonii Lupinus biddlei Lychnis flos-cuculi Lomatogonium rotatum Lupinus brevicaulis Lycium ferocissimum Lonicera X bella Lupinus brewerii Lycium halimifolium Lonicera caerulea Lupinus caudatus Lycopersicon lycopersicum Lonicera cauriana Lupinus corymbosus Lycopodium alpinum Lonicera ciliosa Lupinus cusickii Lycopodium annotinum Lonicera conjugialis Lupinus formosus Lycopodium clavatum Lonicera dioica Lupinus holosericeus Lycopodium complanatum Lonicera etrusca Lupinus lapidicola Lycopodium inundatum Lonicera hispidula Lupinus latifolius Lycopodium obSCUNm Lonicera interrupta Lupinus laxiflorus Lycopodium,selago Lonicera involucrata Lupinus lepidus Lycopodiuni sitchense Lonicera nitida Lupinus leucophyllus Lycopus americanus Lonicera periclymenum Lupinus littoralis Lycopus asper Lonicera tartarica Lupinus luteolus Lycopus uniflorus Lonicera tatarica Lupinus micranthus Lygodesmia grandiflora Lonicera utahensis Lupinus microcarpus Lygodesmia juncea Lonicera villosa Lupinus mucronulatus Lygodesmia spinosa Lophotocarpus califomicus Lupinus nanus Lysichitum americanum Lotus aboriginum Lupinus onustus Lysimachia ciliata Lotus americanus Lupinus omatus Lysimachia clethroides Lotus bicolor Lupinus plattensis Lysimachia hybrida Lotus comiculatus Lupinus polyphyllus Lysimachia lanceolata Lotus crassifolius Lupinus pseudoparviflorus Lysimachia nummularia Lotus denticulatus Lupinus pusillus Lysimachia punctata Lysimachia quadriflora Mat&aria discoidea Menziesia ferruginea Lysimachia terrestris Ma&aria maritima Merimea texana Lysimachia thyrsiflora Matricaria matricarioides Mertensia alpina Lysimachia verticillata Matteuccia struthiopteris Mertensia arizonica Lysimachia vulgaris Mazus japonicus Mertensia bella Lythrum alatum Meconella califomica Mertensia brevistyla Lythrum hyssopifolia Meconella oregana Mertensia campanulata Lythrum salicaria Medicago arabica Mertensia ciliata Lythrum virgatum Medicago falcata Mertensia cusickii Machaeranthera bigelovii Medicago hispida Mertensia fianciscana Machaeranthera canescens Medicago iupulina Mertensia fusiformis Machaeranthera commixta Medicago sativa Mertensia lanceolata Machaeranthera grindelioides Medicargo arabica Mertensia longiflora Machaeranthera laetevirens Megarrhiza oregana Mertensia oblongifolia Machaeranthera linearis Melampyrum lineare Mertensia paniculata Machaeranthera shastensis Melica aristata Mertensia perplexa Machaeranthera tanacetifolia Melica bulbosa Mertensia platyphylla Machaerocarpus califomicus Melica califomica Mertensia umbratilis Maclura pomifera Melica fugax Mesembryanthemum Madia bolanderi Melica geyeri aequilaterale Madia citriodora Melica harfordii Mesembryanthemum chilense Madia dissitiflora Melica imperfecta Microcala quadrangularis Madia elegans Melica smithii Micromeria chamissonis Madia exigua Melica spectabilis Micromeria douglasii Madia glomerata Melica striata Micropus califomicus Madia gracilis Melica stricta Microseris acuminata Madia madioides Melica subulata Microseris alpestris Madia minima Melilotus alba Microseris bigelovii Madia sativa Melilotus indica Microseris borealis Mahonia nervosa Melilotus ofticinalis Microseris cuspidata Mahonia pumila Melissa offtcinalis Microseris detlingii Maianthemum canadense Menispennum canadense Microseris douglasii Maianthemum dilatatum Mentha X pipe&a Microseris howellii Maianthemum racemosum Mentha alopecuroides Microseris laciniata Maianthemum stellatum Mentha arvensis Microseris lindleyi Malacothrix califomica Mentha citrata Microseris linearifolia Malacothrix glabrata Mentha pulegium Microseris nigrescens Malacothrix torreyi Mentba spicata Microseris nutans Malcolmia africana Mentha suaveolens Microseris troximoides Malus diversifolia Mentzelia acuminata Microsteris gracilis Malus floribunda Mentzelia albicaulis Microsteris humilis Malus fusca Mentzelia congesta Microsteris micrantha Malva moschata Mentzelia decapetala Mikania cordata Malva neglecta Mentzelia dispersa Mikania micrantha Malva parviflora Mentzelia laevicaulis Milium vemale Malva rotundifolia Mentzelia mollis Mimetanthe pilosa Malva sylvestris Mentzelia montana Mimosa invisa Malva verticillata Mentzelia nuda Mimosa pigra Marah oreganus Mentzelia oligospenna Mimulus alsinoides Mariana lactea Mentzelia packardiae Mimulus aurantiacus Marrubium vuigare Mentzelia pumila Mimulus breviflorus Marsilea vestita Mentzelia torreyi Mimulus breweri Martynia louisiana Mentzelia veatchiana Mimulus cardinalis Mat&aria chamomilla Menyanthes trifoliata Mimulus clivicola Mimulus cusickii Monardella purpurea Myosurus aristatus Mimulus dentatus Monardella sheltoni Myosurus minimus Mimulus douglasii Monardella villosa Myosurus sessilis Mimulus floribundus Monochoria hastata My&a califomica Mimulus glabratus Monochoria vaginalis Myrica gale Mimulus guttatus Monolepis nuttalliana Myriophyllum brasiliense Mimulus hymenophyllus Monolepis pusilla Myriophyllum elatinoides Mimulus implexus Monolepis spathulata Myriophyllum heterophyllum Mimulus jepsonii Monotropa hypopitys Myriophyllum hippuroides Mimulus jungermannioides Monotropa uniflora Myriophyllum pinnatum Mimulus kelloggii Montia arenicola Myriophyllum sibiricum Mimulus lewisii Montia chamissoi Myriophyllum spicatum Mimulus microphyllus Montia cordifolia Myrrhis odorata Mimulus moschatus Montia dichotoma Najas flexilis Mimulus nanus Montia diffusa Najas guadalupensis Mimulus nasutus Montia fontana Najas marina Mimulus patulus Montia howellii Nama aretioides Mimulus primuloides Montia linearis Nama densum Mimulus pulsiferae Montia parvifolia Nama lobbii Mimulus pygmaeus Montia perfoliata Nardus stricta Mimulus ringens Montia rubm Narthecium califomicum Mimulus scouleri Montia saxosa Nassella trichotoma Mimulus suksdofii Montia sibirica Nasturtium offtcinale Mimulus tilingii Montia spathulata Navarretia breweri Mimulus tricolor Morus alba Navarretia divaricata Mimulus washingtonensis Moms rubra Navarretia heterandra Minuartia cismontana Muhlenbergia andina Navarretia intertexta Minuattia howellii Muhlenbergia asperifolia Navarretia klickitatensis Minuartia macrantha Muhlenbergia cuspidata Navarretia leucocephala Minuhts kelloggii Muhlenbergia filiformis Navatretia minima Mirabilis albida Muhlenbergia fiondosa Navarretia squarrosa Mirabilis bigelovii Muhlenbergia glomerata Navarretia tagetina Mirabilis greenei Muhlenbergia jonesii Nemacladus capillatis Mirabilis hirsuta Muhlenbergia mexicana Nemacladus rigidus Mirabilis jalapa Muhlenbergia microspetma Nemophila breviflora Mirabilis linearis Muhlenbergia minutissima Nemophila densa Mirabilis macfarlanei Muhlenbergia racemosa Nemophila heterophylla Mirabilis nyctaginea Muhlenbergia richardsonis Nemophila inconspicua Mitella breweri Muhlenbergia squarrosa Nemophila kirtleyi Mitella caulescens Munroa squarrosa Nemophila menziesii Mitella diversifolia Muscari cbmosum Nemophila parviflora Mitella nuda Musineon divaricatum Nemophila pedunculata Mitella ovalis Musineon lineare Nemophila sepulta Mitella pentandra Musineon tenuifolium Nepeta X faassenii Mitella stauropetala Musineon vaginatum Nepeta cataria Mitella stenopetala Myosotis arvensis Nephrophyllidium crista-galli Mitella trifida Myosotis discolor Nesl,ia paniculata Mollugo verticillata Myosotis laxa Nicandra physalodes Moluccella laevis Myosotis micrantha Nicotiana acuminata Monarda didyma Myosotis scorpioides Nicotiana attenuata Monarda fistulosa Myosotis sylvatica Nicotiana bigelovii Monardella discolor Myosotis vema Nicotiana glauca Monardella nervosa Myosotis versicolor Nigella damascena Monardella odoratissima Myosurus apetalus Nitrophila occidentalis Nitrophylla occidentalis Ophioglossum vulgatum Oryzopsis swallenii Nothocalais alpestris Oplopanax horridum Oryzopsis webberi Nothochelone nemorosa Opuntia aurantiaca Osmaronia cerasifotmis Nuphar luteum Opuntia erinacea Osmorhiza brevipes Nuphar polysepala Opuntia fiagilis Osmorhiza chilensis Nymphaea odorata Opuntia humifusa Osmorhiza claytonii Nymphaea polysepala Opuntia hystricina Osmorhiza depauperata Nymphaea tetragona Opuntia macrorhiza Osmorhiza divaricata Odontites vema Opuntia polyacantha Osmorhiza longistylis Oemleria cerasiformis Opuntia rhodantha Osmorhiza nuda Oenanthe califomica Orchis rotundifolia Osmorhiza occidentalis Oenanthe sarmentosa Orcuttia tenuis Osmorhiza purpurea Oenothera albicaulis Origanum majoana Ostrya virginiana Oenothera alyssoides Origanum vulgare Ottelia alismoides Oenothera andina Omithogalum caudatum Oxalis comiculata Oenothera biennis Omithogalum umbellatum Oxalis dillenii Oenothera boothii Orobanche califomica Oxalis oregana Oenothera brachycarpa Orobanche corymbosa Oxalis rubra Oenothera breviflora Orobanche fasciculata Oxalis stricta Oenothera caespitosa Orobanche grayana Oxalis suksdotfii Oenothera cheiranthifolia Orobanche ludoviciana Oxalistrilliifolia Oenothera claviformis Orobanche minor Oxalis violacea Oenothera contorta Orobanche multiflora Oxypolis occidentalis Oenothera coronopifolia Orobanche pinorum Oxyria digyna Oenothera deltoides Orobanche uniflora Oxytheca dendroidea Oenothera elata Orogenia fusiformis Oxytheca dendroides Oenothera erythrosepala Orogenia linearifoiia Oxytropis besseyi Oenothera flava Orthocarpus attenuatus Oxytropis borealis Oenothera heterantha Orthocarpus barbatus Oxytropis campestris Oenothera hilgardii Orthocarpus bracteosus Oxytropis deflexa Oenothera laciniata Orthocarpus castillejoides Oxytropis lagopus Oenothera lindleyi Orthocarpus copelandii Oxytropis lambertii Oenothera macrocarpa Orthocarpus cryptanthus Oxytropis luteola Oenothera minor Orthocarpus cuspidatus Oxytropis oreophila Oenothera nuttallii Orthocarpus erianthus Oxytropis parryi Oenothera pallida Orthocarpus faucibarbatus Oxytropis podocarpa Oenothera palmeri Orthocarpus hispidus Oxytropis riparia Oenothera perennis Orthocarpus imbricatus Oxytropis sericea Oenothera pilosella Orthocarpus lacerus Oxytropis splendens Oenothera psammophila Orthocarpus lithospetmoides Oxytropis viscida Oenothera pubens Orthocatpus luteus Pachistima myrsinites Oenothera pygmaea Orthocarpus pusillus Paeonia brownii Oenothera rhombipetala Orthocarpus tenuifolius Panax quinquefolium Oenothera rydbergii . Orthocarpus tolmiei Panicum capillare Oenothera scapoidea Oryza longistaminata Panicum dichotomiflomm Oenothera subacaulis Oryza punctata Panicum flexile Oenothera tanacetifoiia Oryza rufipogon Panicum leibergii Oenothera villosa Oryzopsis asperifolia Panicum linearifolium Oenothera wolfii Oryzopsis contracta Panicum miliaceum Onobrychis viciaefolia Oryzopsis exigua Panicum occidentale Onoclea sensibilis Oryzopsis hendersonii Panicum pacificurn Ononis repens Oryzopsis hymenoides Panicum praecocius Onopordum acanthium Oryzopsis pungens Panicum scribnerianum Onosmodium molle Oryzopsis racemosa Panicum thermale Panicum virgatum Pediocactus simpsonii Penstemon gracilentus Panicum wilcoxianum Peganum harmala Penstemon gracilis Papaver argemone Pellaea andromedaefolia Penstemon grandiflorus Papaver kluanense Pellaea atroputpurea Penstemon heterophyllus Papaver pygmaeum Pellaea brachyptera Penstemon humilis Papaver rhoeas Pellaea breweri Penstemon idahoensis Papaver somniferum Pellaea bridgesii Penstemon janishiae Parapholis incurva Pellaea glabella Penstemon kingii Parentucellia viscosa Peltiphyllum peltatum Penstemon laetus Parietaria pensylvanica Pennisetum clandestinum Penstemon laricifolius Pamassia califomica Pennisetum glaucum Penstemon laxus Pamassia frmbriata Pennisetum macrourum Penstemon lemhiensis Pamassia glauca Pennisetum pedicellatum Penstemon lemmonii Pamassia kotzebuei Pennisetum polystachion Penstemon leonardii Pamassia palustris Pennisetum setaceum Penstemon lineolatus Pamassia parviflora Penstemon X parishii Penstemon lyallii Paronychia depressa Penstemon acaulis Penstemon menziesii Paronychia pulvinata Penstemon acuminatus Penstemon micranthus Paronychia sessiliflora Penstemon albertinus Penstemon miser Parrya nudicaulis Penstemon albidus Penstemon montanus Parthenium alpinum Penstemon anguineus Penstemon nemorosus Parthenium ligulatum Penstemon angustifolius Penstemon newberryi Parthenocissus quinquefolia Penstemon arenicola Penstemon nitidus Parthenocissus vitacea Penstemon aridus Penstemon oreganus Paspalum dilatatum Penstemon attenuatus Penstemon oreocharis Paspalum distichum Penstemon azureus Penstemon ovatus Paspalum scrobiculatum Penstemon barrettiae Penstemon palmeri Pastinaca sativa Penstemon brevifolius Penstemon parvulus Paulownia tomentosa Penstemon cacuminis Penstemon payettensis Pectocarya linearis Penstemon caespitosus Penstemon paysoniorum Pectocarya pusilla Penstemon cardwellii Penstemon peckii Pectocarya setosa Penstemon caryi Penstemon pennellianus Pedicularis atrosanguinea Penstemon chionophihts Penstemon perpulcher Pedicularis attollens Penstemon cinicola Penstemon pratensis Pedicularis bracteosa Penstemon confertus Penstemon procerus Pedicularis canadensis Penstemon cusickii Penstemon pruinosus Pedicularis capitata Penstemon cyananthus Penstemon pseudoprocerus Pedicularis centranthera Penstemon cyaneus Penstemon pumilus Pedicularis contorta Penstemon davidsonii Penstemon purpusii Pedicularis crenulata Penstemon deustus Penstemon radicosus Pedicularis cystopteridifolia Penstemon diphyllus Penstemon iattani Pedicularis densiflora Penstemon dolius Penstemon richardsonii Pedicularis flavida Penstemon elegantulus Penstemon roezlii Pedicularis groenlandica Penstemon ellipticus Penstemon rupicola Pedicularis howellii Penstemon eriantherus Penstemon rydbergii Pedicularis lanceolata Penstemon euglaucus Penstemon scouleri Pedicularis langsdorfii Penstemon flavescens Penstemon seorsus Pedicularis oedeti Penstemon fruticosus Penstemon serrulatus Pedicularis omithorhyncha Penstemon gairdneri Penstemon spathulatus Pedicularis parryi Penstemon gibbensii Penstemon spat&us Pedicularis procera Penstemon glaber Penstemon speciosus Pedicularis pulchella Penstemon glandulosus Penstemon strictus Pedicularis racemosa Penstemon glaucinus Penstemon subglaber Pedicularis rainierensis Penstemon globosus Penstemon subserratus Penstemon tolmiei Phacelia idahoensis Phlox caroliniensis Penstemon triphyllus Phacelia incana Phlox colubria Penstemon variabilis Phacelia inconspicua Phlox colubrina Penstemon venustus Phacelia inundata Phlox diffusa Penstemon virens Phacelia ivesiana Phlox exuata Penstemon washingtonensis Phacelia lenta Phlox gracilis Penstemon watsonii Phacelia leonis Phlox hendersonii Penstemon whippleanus Phacelia linearis Phlox hirsuta Penstemon wilcoxii Phacelia lutea Phlox hoodii Penthorum sedoides Phacelia lyallii Phlox idahonis Peraphyllum ramosissimum Phacelia malvaefolia Phlox kelseyi Perideridia bolanderi Phacelia minutissima Phlox linearifolia Perideridia erythrorhiza Phacelia mutabilis Phlox longifolia Perideridia gairdneri Phacelia nemoralis Phlox multiflora Perideridia howellii Phacelia peckii Phlox musciodes Perideridia kelloggii Phacelia procera Phlox paniculata Perideridia lemmonnii Phacelia ramosissima Phlox peckii Perideridia leptocarpa Phacelia rattanii Phlox pilosa Perideridia oregana Phacelia scopulina Phlox pungens Perideridia parishii Phacelia sericea Phlox speciosa Perityle stansburii Phacelia tanacetifolia Phlox variabilis Pemettya mucronata Phacelia tetramera Phlox viscida Petalostemon omatum Phacelia thermalis Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides Petasites fiigidus Phacelia vema Phoradendron bolleanum Petasites japonicus Phacelia virgata Phoradendron juniperinum Petasites nivalis Phalaris aquatica Phragmites australis Petasites palmatus Phalaris arundinacea Phryma leptostachya Petasites sagittatus Phalaris califomica Phyllanthus caroliniensis Petasites speciosa Phalaris canariensis Phyllodoce X intermedia Peteria thompsoniae Phalaris caroliniana Phyllodoce empetriformis Petradoria pumila Phalaris minor Phyllodoce glanduliflora Petrohagia prolifera Phalaris paradoxa Phyllospadix scouleri Petrohagia saxifiaga Phaseolus coccineus Physalis hederaefolia Petrophytum caespitosum Phaseolus vulgaris Physalis heterophylla Petrophytum cinerascens Philadelphus gordonianus Physalis ixocarpa Petrophytum hendersonii Philadelphus lewisii Physalis longifolia Petroselinum crispum Philadelphus oreganus Physalis peruviana Phaca salsula Philadelphus pubescens Physalis philadelphica Phacelia affinis Philadelphus trichothecus Physalis pruinosa Phacelia alpina Philostemon radicans Physalis pubescens Phacelia aramosissima Phippsia algida Physalis pumila Phacelia argentea Phleum alpinum Physalis wrightii Phacelia bicolor Phleum boehmeri Physaria acutifolia Phacelia bolanderi Phleum phleoides Physaria alpestris Phacelia capitata Phleum pratense Physaria brassicoides Phacelia corymbosa Phlomis tuberosa Physaria chambersii Phacelia crenulata Phlox aculeata Physaria condensata Phacelia fianklinii Phlox adsurgens Physaria didymocarpa Phacelia fremontii Phlox albomarginata Physaria domii Phacelia frigida Phlox alyssifolia Physaria ebumiflora Phacelia glandulosa Phlox andicola Physaria geyeri Phacelia hastata Phlox austromontana Physaria integrifolia Phacelia heterophylla Phlox bryoides Physaria oregona Phacelia humilis Phlox caespitosa Physaria saximontana Physocarpus altemans Plagiobothrys reticulatus Poa longiligula Physocarpus capitatus Plagiobothrys scouleri Poa macrantha Physocarpus malvaceus Plagiobothrys shastensis Poa macroclada Physocarpus monogynus Plagiobothrys tenellus Poa marcida Physocarpus opulifolius Plagiobothrys tener Poa nervosa Physostegia ledinghamii Plantago aristata Poa pachypholis Physostegia parviflora Plantago asiatica Poa palustris Physostegia virginiana Plantago canescens Poa pattersonii Phytolacca americana Plantago elongata Poa paucispicula Picea abies Plantago eriopoda Poa piperi Picea breweriana Plantago galeattiana Poa pratensis Picea engelmannii Plantago hirtella Poa pringlei Picea glauca Plantago lanceolata Poa reflexa Picea pungens Plantago macrocarpa Poa rhizomata Picea sitchensis Plantago major Poa rupicola Picradeniopsis oppositifolia Plantago ma&ma Poa secunda Picradeniopsis woodhousei Plantago patagonica Poa stenantha Picris echioides Plantago rugelii ’ Poa suksdorfii Picris hieracoides Plantago tweedyi Poa sylvestris Pieris japonica Platanthera chorisiana Poa trivialis Pilea fontana Platanthera praeclara Poa unilateralis Pilea pumila Platanthera sparsiflora Poa vaseyochloa Pilularia americana Platanus occidentalis Pogogyne zizyphoroides Pimpinella anisum Platyschkuhria integrifolia Pogonia ophioglossoides Pimpinella saxifmga Platyspermum scapigerum Polanisia jamesii Pinguicula vulgaris Plectritis ciliosa Polanisia trachysperma Pinus albicaulis Plectritis congesta Polemonium brandegei Pinus attenuata Plectritis macrocera Polemonium californicum Pinus banksiana Pleuricospora fimbriolata Polemonium cameum Pinus contorta Pleuropogon davyi Polemonium chartaceum Pinus flexilis Pleuropogon oregonus Polemonium elegans Pinus jefferyi Pleuropogon refractus Polemonium foliosissimum Pinus lambertiana Poa abbreviata Polemonium micranthum Pinus monophylla Poa alpina Polemonium occidentale Pinus monticola Poa annua Polemonium pectinatum Pinus nigra Poa arachnifera Polemonium pulcherrimum Pinus ponderosa Poa arctica Polemonium reptans Pinus radiata Poa arida Polemonium viscosum Pinus sabiniana Poa bolanderi Polyctenium fiemontii Pinus sylvestris Poa bulbosa Polygala alba Pinus thunbergiana ” Poa compressa Polygala califomica Pinus wallichiana Poa confinis Polygala sanguinea Pisum satvium Poa curta Polygala senega Pityopus califomica Poa curtifolia Polygala verticillata Pityrogramma triangularis Poa epilis Polygonatum biflorum Plagiobothrys figuratus Poa fendleriana Polygonum achoreum Plagiobothrys greenei Poa glauca Polygonum amphibium Plagiobothrys harknessii Poa glaucifolia Polygonum argryocoleon Plagiobothrys hirtus Poa howellii Polygonum aubertii Plagiobothrys hispidus Poa laxiflora Polygonum austiniae Plagiobothrys lamprocarpus Poa leibergii Polygonum aviculare Plagiobothtys leptocladus Poa leptocoma Polygonum bistortoides Plagiobothrys mollis Poa lettennanii Polygonum cahfomicum Plagiobothrys nothofulvus Poa longifolia Polygonum cascadense Polygonum coccineum Polystichum scopulinum Potentilla flabellifolia Polygonum confertiflorum Poncirus trifoliata Potentilla fruticosa Polygonum convolvulus Ponista oregonensis Potentilla glabrata Polygonum cuspidatum Populus X acuminata Potentilla glandulosa Polygonum davisiae Populus X brayshawii Potentilla glaucophylla Polygonum douglasii Populus X canadensis Potentilla gracilis Polygonum erectum Populus alba Potentilla hippiana Polygonum fowleri Populus angustifolia Potentilla hookeriana Polygonum heterosepalum Popuhts balsamifera Potentilla nepalensis Polygonum hydropiper Populus deltoides Potentilla newberryi Polygonum hydropiperoides Populus fremontii Potentilla nivea Polygonum kelloggii Populus tremuloides Potentilla norvegica Polygonum lapathifolium Porterella camosula Potentilla ovina Polygonum majus Portulaca oleracea Potentilla pacifica Polygonum minimum Potamogeton alpinus Potentilla palustris Polygonum montanum Potamogeton amplifolius Potentilla paradoxa Polygonum newberryi Potamogeton berchtoldii Potentilla pensylvanica Polygonum nudum Potamogeton crispus Potentilla permollis Polygonum nuttallii Potamogeton diversifolius Potentilla plattensis Polygonum orientale Potamogeton epihydrus Potentilla pumila Polygonum paronychia Potamogeton filiformis Potentilla quinquefolia Polygonum parryi Potamogeton foliosus Potentilla recta Polygonum pensylvanicum Potamogeton fiiesii Potentilla rhomboidea Polygonum persicaria Potamogeton gramineus Potentilla rivalis Polygonum phytolaccaefolium Potamogeton illinoensis Potentiha rubrkadk Polygonum polycnemoides Potamogeton natans Potentilla tridentata Polygonum polygaloides Potamogeton nodosus Potentilla uniflora Polygonum polystachyum Potamogeton obtusifolius Potentilla valida Polygonum punctatum Potamogeton pauciflorus Potentilla villosa Polygonum ramosissimum Potamogeton pectinatus Prenanthes alata Polygonum sachalinense Potamogeton praelongus Prenanthes alba Polygonum sagittatum Potamogeton pusillus Prenanthes aspera Polygonum sawatchense Potamogeton richardsonii Prenanthes racemosa Polygonum scandens Potamogeton robbinsii Prenanthes sagittata Polygonum spergulariaeforme Potamogeton strictifolius Primula alcalina Polygonum tenue Potamogeton vaginatus Primula cusickiana Polygonum viviparum Potamogeton zosteriformis Primula incana Polygonum watsonii Potentilla anserina Primula parryi Polypodium glycyrrhiza Potentilla argentea Primula wilcoxiana Polypodium hesperium Potentilla arguta Prinspeia uniflora Polypodium scouleri Potentilla bakeri Proboscidea louisianica Polypodium virginianum Potentilla biennis Prosartes hookeri Polypogon distans Potentilla blaschkeana Prunella vulgaris Polypogon glomeratus Potentilla brevifolia Prunus americana Polypogon interruptus Potentilla breweri Prunus armeniaca Polypogon monspeliensis Potentilla cascadensis Prunus avium Polystichum andersonii Potentilla concinna Prunus cerasifera Polystichum braunii Potentilla corymbosa Prunus cerasus Polystichum califomicum Potentilla cottamii Prunus domestica Polystichum kruckebergii Potentilla diversifolia Prunus emarginata Polystichum lemmonii Potentilla drummondii Prunus fiuticosa Polystichum lonchitis Potentilla etomentosa Prunus glandulosa Polystichum mohrioides Potentilla fastigiata Prunus laurocerasus Polystichum munitum Potentilla fissa Prunus lusitanica Prunus mahaleb Pyrrocoma lanceolata Ranunculus parviflorus Prunus padus Pyrus calleryana Ranunculus pedatifidus Prunus pensylvanica Pyrus communis Ranunculus pensylvanicus Prunus persica Pyrus ioensis Ranunculus populago Prunus prunifolia Pyrus malus Ranunculus purshii Prunus pumila PYNS sylvestris Ranunculus pygmaeus Prunus spinosa Quamasia azurea Ranunculus reconditus Prunus subcordata Quercus bicolor Ranunculus recurvatus Prunus tomentosa Quercus chrysolepis Ranunculus repens Prunus virginiana Quercus garryana Ranunculus reptans Pseudelymus X saxicola Quercus kelloggii Ranunculus rhomboideus Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus macrocarpa Ranunculus sceleratus Pseudotsuga taxifolia Quercus morehus Ranunculus subrigidus Psilocarphus brevissimus Quercus robur Ranunculus testiculatus Psilocarphus elatior Quercus sadleriana Ranunculus unalaschensis Psilocarphus oregonus Quercus vaccinifolia Ranunculus uncinatus Psilocarphus tenellus Raillardella argentea Ranunculus verecundus Psilostrophe bakeri Raillardella scaposa Raphanus raphanistrum Psoralea argophylla Rainiera stricta Raphanus sativ~ Psoralea cuspidata Ranunculus abortivus Ratibida columnifera Psoralea esculenta Ranunculus acriformis Ratibida pinnata Psoralea hypogaea Ranunculus acris Redfieldia flexuosa Psoralea lanceolata Ranunculus alismaefolius Reseda lutea Psoralea linearifolia Ranunculus andersonii Rhamnus alnifolia Psoralea physodes Ranunculus aquatilis Rhamnus califomica Psoralea tenuiflora Ranunculus arvensis Rhamnus cathartica Pteretis spicant Ranuncuhts bongardii Rhamnus davurica’ Pteridium aquilinum Ranunculus bulbosus Rhamnus frangula Pterospora andromedea Ranunculus califomicus Rhamnus purshiana Pteryxia petraea Ranunculus cardiophyllus Rheum rhabarbarum Puccinellia airoides Ranunculus cooleyae Rhinanthus crista-galli Puccinellia cusickii Ranunculus cymbalaria Rhododendron albiflorum Puccinellia distans Ranunculus douglasii Rhododendron macrophyllum Puccinellia lemmonii Ranunculus eschscholtzii Rhododendron occidentale Puccinellia maritima Ranuncuhts ficaria Rhus copallina Puccinellia nutkaensis Ranunculus flabellaris Rhus diversiloba Puccinellia nuttalliana Ranunculus flammula Rhus glabra Puccinellia pauciflora Ranunculus gelidus Rhus quercifolia Puccinellia pumila Ranunculw glaberrimus Rhus trilobata Purshia mexicana Ranunculus gmelinii Rhus typhina Purshia tridentata Ranunculus gonnanii Rhynchospora alba Pycanthemum califomicum Ranunculus hebecarpus Rhynchospora capillacea Pycnanthemum virginianum Ranunculus hispidus Rhysopterus plutijugus Pyrola aphylla Ranunculus hyperboreus Ribes acerifolium Pyrola asarifolia Ranunculus inamoenus Ribes alpinum Pyrola chlorantha Ranunculus intertextus Ribes americanum Pyrola dentata Ranunculus jovis Ribes aureum Pyrola elliptica Ranunculus lobbii Ribes binominatum Pyrola minor Ranunculus macounii Ribes bracteosum Pyrola pallida Ranunculus muricatus Ribes cereum Pyrola picta Ranunculus natans Ribes cognatum Pyrola rotundifolia Ranunculus occidentalis Ribes cruentum Pyrola secunda Ranunculus oresterus Ribes cynosbati Pyrola uniflora Ranunculus orthorhynchus Ribes divaricatum Ribes erythrocarpum Rosa califomica Rumex densiflorus Ribes gooddingii Rosa canina Rumex domesticus Ribes hendersonii Rosa eglanteria Rumex maritimus Ribes hirtellum Rosa gymnocarpa Rumex obtusifolius Ribes howellii Rosa multiflora Rumex occidentalis Ribes hudsonianum Rosa nutkana Rumex orbiculatus Ribes indecorum Rosa pisocarpa Rumex patientia Ribes inerme Rosa pyrifera Rumex paucifolius Ribes irriguum Rosa spaldingii Rumex persicarioides Ribes klamathense Rosa spithamea Rumex pulcher Ribes lacustre Rosa ultramontana Rumex salicifolius Ribes laxiflorum Rosa virginiana Rumex sanguineus Ribes lobbii Rosa woodsii Rumex stenophyllus Ribes marshallii Rotala ramosior Rumex venosus Ribes menziesii Rottboellia cochinchinensis Ruppia maritima Ribes missouriense Rottboellia exaltata Ruppia occidentalis Ribes mogollonicum Rubus acaulis Ruscus hypoglossum Ribes montigenum Rubus bartonianus Saccharum SpOntaneUm Ribes nevadense Rubus chamaemorus Sagina apetala Ribes nigrum Rubus discolor Sagina crassicaulis Ribes niveum Rubus fruiticosus Sagina nivalis Ribes oxyacanthoides Rubus hesperius Sagina occident&s Ribes petiolare Rubus idaeus Sagina procumbens Ribes reniforme Rubus laciniatus Sagina saginoides Ribes sanguineum Rubus lasiococcus Sag&aria arifolia Ribes sativum Rubus leucodetmis Sag&aria brevirostra Ribes setosum Rubus macropetalus Sag&aria calycina Ribes triste Rubus macrophyllus Sag&aria cuneata Ribes velutinum Rubus moluccanus Sag&aria graminea Ribes viscosissimum Rubus nigerrimus Sag&aria latifolia Ribes watsonianum Rubus nivalis Sag&aria montevidensis Ribes wolfii Rubus occidentalis Sag&aria sagittifolia Ricinus communis Rubus parviflorus Sairocarpus kingii Rigiopappus leptocladus Rubus pedants Salicomia europaea Robinia hispida Rubus procems Salicomia tubra Robinia pseudo-acacia Rubus pubescens Salicomia virginica Robinia viscosa Rubus spectabilis Salix X clarkei Romanzoffia califomica Rubus strigosus Salix alba Romanzoffia sitchensis Rubus thrysanthus Salix amygdaloides Romanzoffia suksdorfii Rubus ursinus Salix arctica Romanzoffia thompsonii Rubus vestitus Salix argophylla Romanzoffia tracyi Rudbeckia alpicola Salix babylonica Rorippa austriaca Rudbeckia califomica Salix barclayi Rorippa calycina Rudbeckia hirta Salix barmttiana Rorippa curvipes Rudbeckia laciniata Salix bebbiana Rorippa lyrata Rudbeckia nitida Salix boothii Rorippa palustris Rudbeckia occidentalis Salix brachycarpa Rorippa sinuata Rumex acetosa Salix candida Rorippa sylvestris Rumex acetosella Salix cascadensis Rorippa tenenima Rumex altissimus Salix caudata Rorippa truncata Rumex aquaticus Salix commutata Rosa acicularis Rumex conglomeratus Salix coulteri Rosa arkansana Rumex crispus Salix delnortensis Rosa blanda Rumex cuneifolius Salix discolor Salix drummondiana Salvia reflexa Saxifraga bryophora Salix eastwoodiae Salvia sclarea Saxifraga caespitosa Salix eriocephala Salvinia auriculata Saxifmga califomica Salix exigua Salvinia biloba Saxifiaga cemua Salix farriae Salvinia herzogii Saxifraga cherlerioides Salix fluviatilis Salvinia molesta Saxifraga chrysantha Salix fmgilis Sambucus arborescens Saxifiaga columbiana Salix geyeriana Sambucus callicarpa Saxifraga debilis Salix glauca Sambucus canadensis Saxifraga ferruginea Salix hindsiana Sambucus cerulea Saxifraga flagellaris Salix hookeriana Sambucus glauca Saxifraga foliolosa Salix humilis Sambucus melanocarpa Saxifraga fi-agarioides Salix jepsonii Sambucus racemosa Saxifi-aga fiagosa Salix laevigata Samolus parviflorus Saxifi-aga hieracifolia Salix lasiandra Sanguinaria canadensis Saxifraga howellii Salix lasiolepis Sanguisorba annua Saxifraga incompta Salix lemmoni Sanguisorba menziesii Saxifiaga integrifolia Salix lemmonii Sanguisorba microcephala Saxifraga jamesii Salix lucida Sanguisorba minor Saxifraga lyallii Salix lutea Sanguisorba offtcinalis Saxifiaga marshallii Salix maccalliana Sanguisorba sitchensis Saxifiaga mertensiana Salix mackenzieana Sanicula arctopoides Saxifraga nuttallii Salix monochroma Sanicula bipinnatifida Saxifiaga occidentalis Salix nivalis Sanicula canadensis Saxifmga oppositifolia Salix parksiana Sanicula crassicaulis Saxifraga oregana Salix pedicellaris Sanicula graveolens Saxifiaga parvifolia Salix pentandra Sanicula gregaria Saxifraga peltata Salix petiolaris Sanicula laciniata Saxifraga punctata Salix petrophila Sanicula marilandica Saxifiaga ranunculifolia Salix piperi Sanicula peckiana Saxifraga reflexa Salix planifolia Sanicula septentrionalis Saxifiaga rhomboidea Salix pseudocordata Sanicula tracyi Saxifiaga rivularis Salix pseudomonticola Sanicula tuberosa Saxifraga r&idUh Salix rigida Saponaria ocymoides Saxifraga subapetala Salix rotundifolia Saponaria officinalis Saxifraga tempestiva Salix scouleriana Sarcobatus vermiculatus Saxifraga tischii Salix serissima Sarcococca hookerana Saxifraga tolmiei Salix sessilifolia Sarcococca hookeriana Saxifiaga tricuspidata Salix sitchensis Sarcodes sanguinea Saxifiagopsis fragarioides Salix tracyi Satureja acinos Scabiosa atropurpurea Salix tweedyi Satureja douglasii Scandix pecten-veneris Salix vestita Satureja vulgaris Schedonnardus paniculatus Salix wolfii Saussurea americana Scheuchzeria pahrstris Salsola collina Saussurea densa Schizachne purpurascens Salsola iberica Saussurea weberi Schoenocrambe linifolia Salsola vermiculata Saxifiaga adscendens Schoenolirion album Salvia X sylvestris Saxifraga aequidentata Schoenolirion bracteosum Salvia aethiopis Saxifraga aestivalis Schrankia nuttallii Salvia camosa Saxifiaga aizoides Scilla siberica Salvia dorrii Saxifraga apetala Scirpus acutus Salvia microphylla Saxifraga arguta Scirpus atrovirens Salvia nemorosa Saxifraga austromontana Scirpus cemuus Salvia offtcinalis Saxifraga bongardii Scirpus cespitosus Salvia pratensis Saxifiaga bronchialis Scitpus congdonii Scirpus criniger Sedum spectabile Senecio pauperculus Scirpus cyperinus Sedum stenopetalum Senecio plattensis Scirpus fluviatilis Sedum telephium Senecio porteri Scirpus hallii Sedum watsoni Senecio pseudaureus Scirpus heterochaetus Selaginella densa Senecio purshianus Scirpus hudsonianus Selaginella douglasii Senecio rapifolius Scirpus maritimus Selaginella oregana Senecio resedifolius Scirpus microcarpus Selaginella rupestris Senecio riddellii Scirpus nevadensis Selaginella selaginoides Senecio serta Scirpus pallidus Selaginella wallacei Senecio sonnei Scirpus pauciflorus Selaginella watsonii Senecio spartioides Scirpus pendulus Senecio amplectens Senecio sphaerocephalus Scirpus pumilus Senecio aronicoides Senecio streptanthifolius Scirpus pungens Senecio atratus Senecio subnudus Scirpus setaceus Senecio aureus Senecio sylvaticus Scirpus subterminalis Senecio bolanderi Senecio triangularis Scirpus validus Senecio canus Senecio tridenticulatus Scleranthus annuus Senecio clarkianus Senecio tweedyi Sclerochloa dura Senecio columbianus Senecio uintahensis Scleropoa rigida Senecio condensatus Senecio viscosus Scoliopus hallii Senecio congestus Senecio vulgaris Scolochloa festucacea Senecio crassulus Senecio websteri Scotzonera hispanica Senecio cymbalarioides Senecio wemeriaefolius Scotzonera laciniata Senecio debilis Sequoia sempervirens Scribneria bolanderi Senecio dimorphophyllus Serapias austinae Scrophularia califomica Senecio elmeri Sesuvium verrucosum Scrophularia lanceolata Senecio eremophilus Setaria glauca Scutellaria angustifolia Senecio etterae Setaria italica Scutellaria antirrhinoides Senecio eurycephalus Setaria pallide-fusca Scutellaria epilobiifolia Senecio fendleri Setaria verticillata Scutellaria galeticulata Senecio flavulus Setaria viridis Scutellaria lateriflora Senecio flettii Setcreasea pallida Scutellaria nana Senecio foetidus Shepherdia argentea Scutellaria parvula Senecio fremontii Shepherdia canadensis Scutellaria tuberosa Senecio fuscatus Sherardia arvensis Secale cereale Senecio hesperius Shinnersoseris rostrata Sedum acre Senecio howellii Shoshonea pulvinata Sedum debile Senecio hydrophiloides Sibbaldia procumbens Sedum divergens Senecio hydrophilus Sicyos angulatus Sedum glanduliferum Senecio hyperborealis Sida hederacea Sedum lanceolatum Senecio indecorus Sidalcea campestris Sedum laxum Senecio integerrimus Sidalcea crenulata Sedum leibergii Senecio integrifolius Sidalcea cusickii Sedum lineare Senecio jacobaea Sidalcea eximia Sedum moranii Senecio laetiflorus Sidalcea glaucescens Sedum oblanceolatum Senecio liguliflorus Sidalcea hendersonii Sedum oreganum Senecio ligulifolius Sidalcea hitipes Sedum oregonense Senecio lugens Sidalcea malachroides Sedum purdyi Senecio macounii Sidalcea malviflora Sedum purdyitilis Senecio megacephalus Sidalcea nelsoniana Sedum radiatum Senecio mikanoides Sidalcea neomexicana Sedum rhodanthum Senecio multilobatus Sidalcea oregana Sedum rosea Senecio neowebsteri Sidalcea ranunculacea Sedum spathulifolium Senecio pauciflorus Sidalcea setosa Sidalcea spicata Sisyrinchium pallidum Solidago multiradiata Sidalcea virgata Sisytinchium sarmentosum Solidago nana Sideritis montana Sisyrinchium septentrionale Solidago nemoralis Sildacea candida Sitanion hanseni Solidago occidentalis Silene acaulis Sitanion hordeoides Solidago parryi Silene antirrhina Sitanion hystrix Solidago ptarmicoides Silene armeria Sitanion jubatum Solidago riddellii Silene califomica Sitanion longifolium Solidago rigida Silene campanulata Sium suave Solidago scopulorum Silene columbiana Skimmia japonica Solidago simplex Silene conoidea Smelowskia calycina Solidago sparsiflora Silene cserei Smelowskia fremontii Solidago spathulata Silene dichotoma Smelowskia ovalis Solidago speciosa Silene douglasii Smilacina racemosa Solidago spectabilis Silene gallica Smilacina sessilifolia Soliva pterospenna Silene grayi Smilacina stellata Sonchus arvensis Silene hitchguirei Smilax califomica Sonchus asper Silene hookeri Smilax ecirrhata Sonchus oleraceus Silene ingrami Smilax herbacea Sophia parviflora Silene latifolia Smilax jamesii Sophora arizonica Silene lemmonii Sobaria sorbifolia Sophora japonica Silene lyallii Solanum aviculare Sophora leachiana Silene macounii Solanum carolinense Sophora secundiflora Silene menziesii Solanum dulcamara Sorbus aria Silene montana Solanum elaeagnifolium Sorbus aucuparia Silene multicaulis Solanum furcatum Sorbus cascadensis Silene noctiflora Solanum interius Sot-bus dumosa Silene oregana Solanum melanocercasum Sorbus hybrida Silene parryii Solanum melongena Sorbus intermedia Silene repens Solanum muricatum Sot-bus occidentalis Silene scaposa Solanum muticum Sorbus sambucifolia Silene scouleri Solanum nigrum Sorbus scopulina Silene seelyi Solanum parishii Sorbus sitchensis Silene spaldingii Solanum physalifolium Sorghastrum nutans Silene suksdotfii Solanum pseudo-capsicum Sorghum alum Silene vulgaris Solanum rostratum Sorghum bicolor Silphium laciniatum Solanum sarrachoides Sorghum halepense Silphium perfoliatum Solanum sisymbriifolium Sorghum sudanense Silybum marianum Solanum torvum Sparganium androcladum Sisymbrium altissimum Solanum triflorum Sparganium angustifolium Sisymbrium irio Solanum tuberosum Sparganium chlorocarpum Sisymbrium loeselii Solanum umbelliferum Sparganium emersum Sisymbrium offtcinale Solanum xantii Sparganium erectum Sisyrinchium bellum Solidago califomica Sparganium eurycarpum Sisyrinchium califomicum Solidago canadensis Sparganium fluctuans Sisyrinchium campestre Solidago ciliosa Sparganium minimum Sisyrinchium douglasii Solidago decumbens Sparganium simplex Sisyrinchium halophilum Solidago flexicaulis Spartina altemiflora Sisyrinchium hendersonii Solidago gigantea Spartina anglica Sisyrinchium hitchcockii Solidago glutinosa Spartina gracilis Sisyrinchium idahoense Solidago graminifolia Spartina patens Sisyrinchium inflatum Solidago gymnospermoides Spartina pectinata Sisyrinchium montanum Solidago missouriensis Spartium junceum Sisyrinchium mucronatum Solidago mollis Spa&urn scoparium Spergula arvensis Stachys mexicana Stipa viridula Spergularia canadensis Stachys palustris Stipa webberi Spergularia diandra Stachys rigida Stipa williamsii Spergularia macrotheca Stachys scopulorum Stipoxyzopsis X bloomeri Spergularia marina Stachys tenuifolia Stratiotes aloides Spergularia media Stanleya confertiflora Streptanthella longirostris Spergularia rubra Stanleya confertifolia Streptanthus cordatus Sphaeralcea angustifolia Stanleya pinnata Streptanthus glandulosus Sphaeralcea coccinea Stanleya tomentosa Streptanthus howellii Sphaeralcea emoryi Stanleya viridiflora Streptopus amplexifolius Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia Steironema ciliatum Streptopus curvipes Sphaeralcea longisepala Steironema lanceolatum Streptopus roseus Sphaeralcea munroana Stellaria americana Streptopus streptopoides Sphaeralcea parvifolia Stellaria borealis Striga spp. Sphaeralcea rivularis Stellaria calycantha Strophostyles leiosperma Sphaeromeria argentea Stellaria crassifolia Stylocline filaginea Sphaeromeria capitata Stellaria crispa Stylocline psilocarphoides Sphaeromeria potentilloides Stellaria graminea Suaeda depressa Sphaerophysa salsula Stellaria humifusa Suaeda diffusa Sphenopholis obtusata Stellaria jamesiana Suaeda maritima Sphenosciadium capitellatum Stellaria laeta Suaeda moquinii Spinacea oleracea Stellaria longifolia Suaeda nigra Spiraea X arguta Stellaria longipes Suaeda occidentalis Spiraea X bumalda Stellaria media Subularia aquatica Spiraea X pyramidata Stellaria nitens Suckleya suckleyana Spiraea X vanhoutei Stellaria obtusa Suksdotfia ranunculifolia Spiraea alba Stellaria simcoei Suksdotfia violacea Spiraea arbuscula Stellaria umbellata Sullivantia hapemanii Spiraea betulifolia Stenanthium occidentale Sullivantia oregana Spiraea densiflora Stenogonum salsuginosum Sullivantia purpusii Spiraea douglasii Stenosiphon linifolius Swertia albicaulis Spiraea japonica Stephanie macho Swertia modocensis Spiraea lucida Stephanomeria exigua Swertia perennis Spiraea menziesii Stephanomeria lactucina Symphoricarpos acutus Spiraea pikowensis Stephanomeria malheurensis Symphoricarpos albus Spiraea pyramidata Stephanomeria paniculata Symphoricarpos longiflorus Spiraea roseata Stephanomeria runcinata Symphoricarpos mollis Spiranthes cemua Stephanomeria tenuifolia Symphoricarpos occidentalis Spiranthes magnicamporum Stephanomeria virgata Symphoricatpos orbiculatus Spiranthes porrifolia Stipa cohunbiana Symphoricarpos oreophilus Spiranthes romanzoffiana Stipa comata Symphoricarpos rotundifolius Spirodela polyrhiza Stipa curtiseta Symphoricarpos vaccinioides Sporobolus airoides Stipa elmeri Symphytum asperum Sporobolus asper Stipa lemmonii Symphytum offrcinale Sporobolus cryptandrus Stipa lettermanii Synthyris canbyi Sporobolus heterolepis Stipa nevadensis Synthyris missutica Sporobolus neglectus Stipa occidentalis Synthyris pinnatifida Sporobolus vaginiflorus Stipa pinetorum Synthyris platycatpa Spraguea nuda Stipa richardsonii Synthyris reniformis Spmguea umbellata Stipa robustia Synthyris rubra Stachys albens Stipa scribneri Synthyris schizantha Stachys byzantica Stipa spartea Synthyris stellata Stachys ciliata Stipa speciosa Syringa villosa Stachys cooleyae Stipa thurberiana Syringa vulgaris Taeniatherum asperum Thelypodium flexuosum Townsendia hookeri Tagetes tenuifolia Thelypodium howellii Townsendia incana Talinum okanoganense Thelypodium integrifolium Townsendia leptotes Talinum parviflorum Thelypodium laciniatum Townsendia mensana Talinum sedifotme Thelypodium lasiophyllum Townsendia nuttallii Talinum spinescens Thelypodium paniculatum Townsendia parryi Tamarix chinensis Thelypodium repandum Townsendia scapigera Tamarix gallica Thelypodium sagittatum Townsendia spathulata Tamarix parviflora Thelypteris limbospenna Toxicodendron altissimum Tamarix ramosissima Thelypteris nevadensis Toxicodendron diversilobum Tamarix spp. Thelypteris oregana Toxicodendron quercifolium Tanacetum camphoratum Thelypteris palustris Toxicodendron radicans Tanacetum douglasii Thelypteris phegopter’is Toxicodendron rydbergii Tanacetum potentilloides Thennopsis gracilis Trachelium caeruleum Tanacetum simplex Thermopsis macrophylla Tradescantia X andersoniana Tanacetum vulgare Thermopsis montana Tradescantia bracteata Taraxacum ceratophorum Thermopsis ovata Tradescantia occidentalis Taraxacum eriophorum Thenopsis rhombifolia Tragopogon dubius Taraxacum laevigatum Thesium linophyllon Tragopogon mints Taraxacum lyratum Thlaspi aileeniae Tragopogon miscellus Taraxacum offtcinale Thlaspi alpestre Tragopogon porrifolius Tauschia glauca Thlaspi arvense Tragopogon pratensis Tauschia hooveri Thlaspi fendleri Trautvetteria caroliniensis Tauschia howellii Thlaspi glaucum Tribulus terrestris Tauschia kelloggii Thlaspi parviflorum Trichostema lanceolatum Tauschia stricklandii Thlaspi perfoliatum Trichostema laxum Tauschia tenuissima Thuja plicata Trichostema oblongum Taxus brevifolia Thymus pseudolanuginosus Tridax procumbens Teesdalia nudicaulis Thymus setpyllum Trientalis arctica Telesonix jamesii Thysanocarpus curvipes Trientalis latifolia Tellima grandiflora Thysanocatpus elegans Trifolium agrarium Tetradymia canescens Thysanocarpus radians Trifolium albopurpureum Tetradymia glabrata Tiarella laciniata Trifolium amplectens Tetradymia nuttallii Tiarella trifoliata Trifolium andersonii Tetradymia spinosa Tilia americana Trifolium arcuatum Teucrium canadense Tilia cordata Trifolium arvense Teucrium glandulosum Tilia platyphyllos Trifolium bamebyi Teucrium lucidum Tillaea aquatica Trifolium beckwithii Thalassia testudina Tithymalus crenulatus Trifolium breweri Thalesia fasciculata Tium sheldoni Trifolium ciliolatum Thalesia uniflora Tofieldia glutinosa Trifolium cyathiferum Thalictntm alpinum Tofieldia occidentalis Trifolium dasyphyllum Thalictnun aquilegifolium Tofieldia pusilla Trifolium depauperatum Thalictrum dasycarpum Tolmiea menziesii Trifolium douglasii Thalictrum dioicum Tonella floribunda Trifolium dubium Thalictrum fendleri Tonella tenella Trifolium eriocephalum Thalictrum occidentale Torilis arvensis Trifolium fimbriatum Thalictrum polycarpum Torilis nodosa Trifolium fi-agiferum Thalictrum sparsiflorum Torreyochloa pallida Trifolium fucatum Thalictrum venulosum Townsendia alpigena Trifolium gymnocarpon Thelesperma marginatum Townsendia condensata Trifolium hallii Thelesperma pubescens Townsendia exscapa Trifolium hanseni Thelypodium brachycarpum Townsendia florifer Trifolium hameyense .. Thelypodium eucosmum Townsendia grandiflora Trifolium haydenii Trifolium howellii Triteleia ixioides Vaccinium uliginosum Trifolium hybridum Tritellia crocea Valeriana acutiloba Trifolium incamatum Triticum aestivum Valeriana columbiana Trifolium kingii Trollius albiflorus Valeriana dioica Trifolium latifolium Trollius laxus Valeriana edulis Trifolium leibergii Tsuga heterophylla 1 Valeriana micrantha Trifolium longipes Tsuga mertensiana Valeriana occidentalis Trifolium macrocephalum Turritis glabra Valeriana officinalis Trifolium microcephalum Tussilago far-fat-a Valeriana scouleri Trifolium microdon Typha X glauca Valeriana sitchensis Trifolium multipedunculatum Typha angustifolia Valerianella aphanoptera Trifolium nanum Typha domingensis Valerianella carinata Trifolium oliganthum Typha latifolia Valerianella congesta Trifolium oreganum Ulex europaeus Valerianella locusta Trifolium owyheense Ulmus americana Vallisneria americana Trifolium parryi Ulmus carpinifolia Vancouveria chrysantha Trifolium plumosum Ulmus davidiana Vancouveria hexandra Trifolium pratense Ulmus glabra Vancouveria planipetala Trifolium procumbens Ulmus parviflora Ventenata dubia Trifolium productum Ulmus pumila Vet-an-urn califomicum Trifolium repens Ulmus rubra Veratrum eschscholtzii Trifolium resupinatum Ulmus thomasi Vet&urn insolitum Trifolium subterraneum Umbellularia califomica Veratrum viride Trifolium thompsonii Urochloa panicoides Verbascum blattaria Trifolium tridentatum Urtica breweri Verbascum thapsus Trifolium variegatum Utica dioica Verbascum virgatum Trifolium wormskjoldii Urtica gracilis Verbena bipinnatifida Triglochin concinnum Urtica holosericea Verbena bracteata Triglochin maritimum Urtica lyallii Verbena hastata Triglochin palustre Urtica urens Verbena lasiostachys Trillium albidum Utricularia intermedia Verbena prostrata Trillium cemuum Utricularia minor Verbena strieta Trillium chloropetalum Utricularia vulgaris Verbena urticifolia Trillium gleasonii Uvularia grandiflora Verbesina encelioides Trillium kurabayashii Uvularia sessilifolia Vemonia fasciculata Trillium ovatum Vaccaria pyramidata Veronica americana Trillium parviflorum Vaccinium X nubigenum Veronica anagallis-aquatic-a Trillium parvifolium Vaccinium alaskaense Veronica arvensis Trillium petiolatum Vaccinium arbuscula Veronica biloba Trillium rivale Vaccinium cespitosum Veronica catenata Trimorpha elata Vaccinium coccineum Veronica chamaedrys Triodanis leptocarpa Vaccinium creophilium Veronica copelandii Triodanis perfoliata Vaccinium deliciosum Veronica cusickii Triphysaria versicolor Vaccinium globulare Veronica filiformis Triplasis purpurea Vaccinium macrocarpon Veronica gentianoides Trisetum canescens Vaccinium membranaceum Veronica hederaefolia Trisetum cemuum Vaccinium myttilloides Veronica longifolia Trisetum flavescens Vaccinium myrtillus Veronica officinalis Trisetum montanum Vaccinium occidentale Veronica peregrina Trisetum orthochaetum Vaccinium ovalifolium Veronica persica Trisetum spicatum Vaccinium ovatum Veronica scutellata Trisetum wolfii Vaccinium oxycoccos Veronica serpyllifolia Triteleia crocea Vaccinium parvifolium Veronica tiphyllos Triteleia hendersonii Vaccinium scoparium Veronica vema Veronica wormskjoldii Viola odorata Zanthoxylum americanum Veronicastrum virginicum Viola orbiculata Zauschneria califomica Viburnum X burkwoodii Viola palustris Zauschneria latifolia Viburnum acerifolium Viola pedatifida Zigadenus elegans Viburnum carlesii Viola pratincola Zigadenus fremontii Viburnum dilatatum Viola pubescens Zigadenus micranthus Viburnum edule Viola purpurea Zigadenus paniculatus Viburnum ellipticum Viola quercetorum Zigadenus venenosus Viburnum lanata Viola rafinesquii Zizania aquatica Viburnum lentago Viola renifolia Zizia aptera Viburnum opulus Viola retroscabra Zizia aurea Viburnum pauciflorurn Viola selkirkii Zostera marina Viburnum rafinesquianum Viola sempervirens Zostera nana Viburnum rhytidophyllum Viola septentrionalis Zosterella dubia Viburnum tinus Viola sheltonii Zoysia tenuifolia Vicia americana Viola sororia Zygophyllum fabago Vicia califomica Viola trinervata Vicia cracca Viola uncinulata Vicia exigua Viola utahensis Vicia faba Vitis califomica Vicia gigantea Vitis riparia Vicia hirsuta Vitis vinifera Vicia oregana Vitis vulpina Vicia pannonica Waldsteinia idahoensis Vicia sativa Whipplea modesta Vicia tetrasperma Wolffia columbiana Vicia trifida Wolffia punctata Vicia tnmcata Wolffrella floridana Vicia villosa Woodsia oregana Viguiera multiflora Woodsia scopulia Vinca major Woodsia scopulina Viola adunca Woodwardia fimbriata Viola arvensis Wyethia X cusickii Viola baker-i Wyethia amplexicaulis Viola beckwithii Wyethia angustifolia ‘. VioJa canadensis Wyethia helenioides Viola cascadensis Wyethia helianthoides Viola conspersa Wyethia mollis Viola cuneata Wyethia scabra Viola douglasii X Agrohordeum macounii Viola flavovirens X Elyhordeum X macounii Viola flettii X Elyhordeum X montanense Viola glabella X Elyhordeum dakotense Viola hallii X Elyleymus X aristatus Viola howellii Xanthium affine Viola lanceolata Xanthium saccharatum Viola langsdotfii Xanthium spinosum Viola lobata Xanthium strumarium Viola macloskeyi Xerophyllum tenax Viola montanensis Xylorhiza glabriuscula Viola nephrophylla Yermo xanthocephalus Viola nuttallii Yucca filamentosa Viola occidentalis Yucca glauca Viola ocellata Zannichellia palustris