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THE GLOBAL FLORA © 2018 Plant Gateway Ltd. A practical flora to vascular plant species of the world ISSN 2398-6336 eISSN 2398-6344 www.plantgateway.com/globalflora/ eISBN 978-0-9929993-6-0 i Published online 9 February 2018 PLANT GATEWAy’s THE GLOBAL FLORA A practical flora to vascular plant species of the world GLOVAP Nomenclature Part 1 February 2018 The Global Flora A practical flora to vascular plant species of the world Special Edition, GLOVAP Nomenclature Part 1, Vol. 4: 1-155. Published by Plant Gateway Ltd., 5 Baddeley Gardens, Bradford, BD10 8JL, United Kingdom © Plant Gateway 2018 This work is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant col- lective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Plant Gateway Ltd. ISSN 2398-6336 eISSN 2398-6344 ISBN 978-0-9929993-5-3 eISBN 978-0-9929993-6-0 Plant Gateway has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLS for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this work, and does not guarantee that any con- tent on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A Catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library For information or to purchase other Plant Gateway titles please visit www.plantgateway.com Cover image: Hakea plurijuga (F.Muell.) Christenh. & Byng © Maarten Christenhusz Editors Maarten J.M. Christenhusz Plant Gateway, Bradford & Kingston, United Kingdom and Den Haag, the Netherlands Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. [email protected] Michael F. Fay Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. [email protected] James W. Byng Plant Gateway, Bradford & Kingston, United Kingdom and Den Haag, the Netherlands Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [email protected] With contributions by Ehoarn Bidault (Burmanniaceae) Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, United States of America. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle & Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France. John E. Burrows (Myrtaceae) Buffelskloof Nature Reserve, Lydenburg, South Africa. Florian Jabbour (Ranunculaceae) Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle & Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France. Vincent S.F.T. Merckx (Burmanniaceae, Triuridaceae) Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands. Greg Stull (Icacinaceae) University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America. THE GLOBAL FLORA © 2018 Plant Gateway Ltd. A practical flora to vascular plant species of the world ISSN 2398-6336 eISSN 2398-6344 www.plantgateway.com/globalflora/ eISBN 978-0-9929993-6-0 Abstract A Global List of Vascular Plants (GLOVAP) has been compiled after consulting a large number of published phylogenetic studies and taxonomic literature. We update the classifications for a number of vascular plant families and genera, by expanding or splitting, to provide monophyletic and morphologically well-defined groups. The first nomenclatural changes needed to do this are presented here. We provide two new genera, four new species, 415 new names and 3286 new combinations. GLOVAP vs. 1 will adopt these new changes and hence make this one of the largest taxonomic undertakings in botany of recent times. Keywords Classification – Genera – GLOVAP – Vascular plants Background any of the standard databases cited above and hence Generic-level classifications of many vascular plant we may have overlooked these. We apologise for these families are still poorly known and the classification discrepancies and unintentional superfluous names, is often not revised as new evidence comes to light. and we shall correct errors in future updates. We aim for This is particularly true of online databases (e.g. longer term stability and it is therefore inevitable that IPNI, Jstor, Tropicos, The Plant List, Catalogue of Life, some new names had to be coined for familiar plants GBIF) that are usually consulted to provide a global that were nomenclaturally problematic when placed in classification for cosmopolitan families and to identify a proper evolutionary framework. Thus, some familiar the genus and family in which a species now should names will disappear due to these nomenclatural be placed. Each of these online resources comes with corrections. It is like changing your surname when you its own idiosyncrasies and errors, often resulting in have established who your parents are; people get used incompatibility and conflicting results. Rather than to new names in the long run, particularly when they being complementary, the information in these are unlikely to change again. databases is often contradictory, and for the user of We cite references for each family that support these taxonomy it can be a daunting task to know what changes and most changes are self-explanatory and genus to choose. This is potentially leading to an error- we provide a short note for each case if appropriate. strewn global taxonomy that is confusing and difficult to It generally results into an avoidance of naming apply for users. A classification only has purpose if it is each clade in a grade as a separate genus, but taking practical and useable, whilst still reflecting evolutionary historical usage into account and assuring that the patterns. Admittedly the existence of these databases future nomenclature will remain as stable as possible is essential in helping taxonomists and systematists based on the currently available data. Nevertheless, we find the relevant literature, references and associated highlight a few cases below in which well-established specimens, but as the sources and data are of varied genera have disappeared. We know that these changes quality and the sources are often not explicitly stated, are not always positively welcomed, and therefore we it is impossible for the general user to know which explain our motivation in the following seven cases. database to use. Ferns – The classification of ferns has been We have compiled an accepted and synonymised contentious in recent times as there is a basic linear sequence of all vascular plant genera called the discrepancy between the generalist view and the Global List of Vascular Plants (GLOVAP), which will be specialist view. The first, supported by the classification published soon in The Global Flora (Byng & Christenhusz, by Christenhusz & Chase (2014), opts for a broader in prep.) After consulting hundreds of phylogenetic concept of genera, in line with historical treatments studies and herbarium specimens, we update the of genera and avoiding taxonomic uncertainty. This classification of many genera that have been shown to classification absorbs sister lineages into broader be polyphyletic and hence need to be either expanded genera, avoiding intergeneric hybrids as much as or split depending on the history of the group in order possible and focuses on the similarities rather than to create the greatest nomenclatural stability for the differences. The latter, more finely split classification foreseeable future. In this volume we make some of the was published by the PPG (2016), a consortium of nomenclatural changes required and we have aimed to fern specialists. Even though this was presented as a provide complete generic transfers whenever possible. community effort in line with APG IV (2016), the APG Inevitably we will have omitted some combinations, method was not employed, and it resulted in the but this is not intentional. It is also possible that new opposite, a highly divided classification with numerous combinations already existed but were not included in genera that are difficult to identify. This results in Published online 9 February 2018 1 THE GLOBAL FLORA © 2018 Plant Gateway Ltd. A practical flora to vascular plant species of the world ISSN 2398-6336 eISSN 2398-6344 www.plantgateway.com/globalflora/ eISBN 978-0-9929993-6-0 genera that can only be established on molecular Proteaceae subtribe Hakeinae (Mast et al., 2015) results after the species has been identified, and thus has shown that the large genus Grevillea R.Br. forms the rank of genus serves little purpose. We have thus a grade leading to a monophyletic Hakea Schrad. & followed the classification of Christenhusz & Chase J.C.Wendl., with Finschia Warb. also embedded in (2014) and provide combinations for species to comply Grevillea. Grevillea is a well-established name, but to the traditional broad concepts of Athyrium Roth., lacks an unambiguous synapomorphy in support of Blechnum L., Grammitis Sw., Selliguea Bory, Thelypteris its monophyly. Nomenclatural changes have not been Adans. and Trichomanes L. The case of Hemionitis L. is made, and even though we recognise that it will take somewhat more contentious. Recent molecular results time before a new name for such a common and popular on Pteridaceae subfamily Cheilanthoideae (Eiserhard horticultural genus like Grevillea will be adopted, we et al. 2011) have shown that formerly well-established think it necessary to at least make the names available genera like Cheilanthes Sw., Doryopteris J.Sm. and for use. Pellaea Link, among others, are polyphyletic. There has Rosaceae – Relationships between the genera in been a suggestion to split all three genera, resulting in subtribe Malinae are problematic, notably because at least 15 poorly circumscribed genera, several only Sorbus L. sensu lato is polyphyletic. Phylogenetic recently described or elevated from synonymy. The analyses have generally not provided clear resolution result