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ChinaXiv合作期刊 利用叶绿体基因组数据解析锦葵科梧桐亚科的系统位置和 属间关系 黎若竹 1,2，蔡杰 3，杨俊波 3，张志荣 3，李德铢 3，郁文彬 1,4,5* （1. 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园 综合保护中心，云南 勐腊 666303；2. 中国科学院大 学，北京 100049; 3. 中国科学院昆明植物研究所 中国西南野生生物种质资源库，昆明 650201； 4. 中国科学院核心植物园保护生物学协同中心，云南 勐腊 666303；5. 中国科学 院东南亚生物多样性研究中心，云南 勐腊 666303） 摘 要：分子系统学研究将传统梧桐科与锦葵科、木棉科和椴树科合并为广义锦葵科，并进 一步分为 9 个亚科。然而，9 个亚科之间的关系尚未完全明确，且梧桐亚科内的属间关系也 未得到解决。为了明确梧桐亚科在锦葵科中的系统发育位置，厘清梧桐亚科内部属间系统发 育关系，该研究对锦葵科 8 个亚科进行取样，共选取 55 个样本，基于叶绿体基因组数据， 采用最大似然法和贝叶斯分析构建系统发育树。结果表明：（1）广义锦葵科中，刺果藤亚科 和扁担杆亚科组成 Byttneriina 分支，Malvadendrina 分支中山芝麻亚科为其他亚科的姐妹群， 随后分出梧桐亚科（WCG、LSC 和 SSC 矩阵构成的数据集），以及 Malvatheca 分支（木棉 亚科和锦葵亚科）与非洲芙蓉亚科-椴树亚科的姐妹关系；（2）在梧桐亚科中，可乐果属分 支（ Cola clade）是独立一支，随后是酒瓶树属分支（Brachychiton clade）与 苹 婆 属（ Sterculia clade）+ 银叶树属分支（Heritiera clade）形成姐妹关系（WCG、LSC 和 CDS 矩阵）；（3） 在可乐果属分支（Cola clade）中，可乐果属等为梧桐属（含闭果桐属）和胖大海属+舟翅桐 属的姐妹群。该研究基于叶绿基因组数据基本澄清了广义锦葵科的亚科系统关系以及梧桐亚 科内各属关系，系统发育树框架基本明晰，但梧桐亚科在 Malvadendrina 分支的位置和酒瓶 树属在梧桐亚科的位置，以 及 梧桐属的概念及范围仍需进一步研究，尤其是结合核基因组数 据进行分析。 关键词：梧桐亚科，梧桐属，锦葵科，系统发育基因组，叶绿体基因组 chinaXiv:202107.00062v1 中图分类号：Q949 文献标识码：A 收稿日期：2021-03-24 基金项目：中国科学院重大科技基础设施开放研究项目（2017-LSF-GBOWS-02）；云南省万人计划“青年 拔尖人才”[Supported by the Large-scale Scientific Facilities of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2017-LSF-GBOWS-02); Ten Thousand Talents Program of Yunnan for Top‐notch Young Talents.]。 作者简介：黎若竹（1996- ），硕士研究生，主要研究方向为保护生物学，（E-mail）[email protected]。 *通讯作者：郁文彬，博士，研究员，研究方向为植物系统演化，（E-mail）[email protected]。 1 ChinaXiv合作期刊 Plastid phylogenomics resolving phylogenetic placement and genera phylogeny of Sterculioideae (Malvaceae s. l.) LI Ruozhu1,2, CAI Jie3, YANG Junbo3, ZHANG Zhirong3, LI Dezhu3, YU Wenbin1,4,5* (1. Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3. The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; 4. Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan China; 5. Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China) Abstract: Phylogenetic analyses supported that four traditionally defined families Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaece and Malvaceae were subsumed into Malvaceae s.l. and nine subfamilies have been recognized within Malvaceae s.l. However, phylogenetic relationships among the nine subfamilies were not well resolved. Moreover, phylogenetic relationships among genera were also not clear in Sterculioideae. In this study, we reconstructed phylogenetic trees of Malvaceae s.l. based on chloroplast genome sequences from 55 species that representing eight recognized subfamilies for clarifying phylogenetics relationships of subfamilies and Sterculioideae. The results were as follows: (1) Byttnerioideae and Grewioideae formed the Byttneriina clade in Malvaceae s.l. as sister to the Malvadendrina clade which by having Helicteroideae as the first divergent subfamily, followed by Sterculioideae (WCG, LSC and SSC datasets), and the Malvatheca clade (Bombacoideae + Malvoideae) and the clade Dombeyoideae + Tilioideae as sister. (2) The Cola clade was the first divergent clade in Sterculioideae, then the Brachychiton clade was sister to the clade Sterculia + Heritiera (WCG, LSC and CDS datasets); (3) In the Cola clade, Cola + Octolobus + Pterygota were the first divergent group, then Firmiana spp. (including Hildegardia) were sister to the clade Scaphium + Pterocymbium. In this study, plastid chinaXiv:202107.00062v1 phylogenomic analyses have well resolved the phylogenetic framework of subfamilies in Malvaceae s.l., and phylogenetic relationship among genera in Sterculioideae. However, phylogenetic positions of Sterculioideae in the Malvadendrina clade and Brachychiton in Sterculioideae, respectively, as well as the concept and circumscription of Firmiana, need to confirm and further investigate using nuclear genomic data in the future. Keywords: Sterculioideae, Firmiana, Malvaceae, phylogenomics, chloroplast 传统的梧 桐 科（ Sterculiaceae）由 Ventenat 于 1830 年建立，模式属是苹 婆 属（ Steculia L.）。 梧桐科隶属于锦葵目（Malvales），是一个多型的科，拥有多样的花部特征和果实类型（徐 颂军和徐祥浩, 2012）。由于缺乏关键的识别特征，不同学者在梧桐科的范围和划分上持有不 同观点，所包含属种变动很大（Cronquist & Takhtajan, 1992; Takhtajan, 2009; 徐颂军和徐祥 浩, 2012）。形态上，梧桐科与同属锦葵目的椴树科（Tiliaceae）、锦葵科（Malvaceae）及木 棉科（Bombacaceae）关系近缘，被认为是核心锦葵目（core Malvales）成员。从形态学来 2 ChinaXiv合作期刊 看，这 4 个科的形态特征十分相似，甚至有所重合，因而这几个科的界限也不甚明确（徐颂 军和徐祥浩, 2000）。 分子系统学研究结果表明，锦葵目核心四科中唯有锦葵科是单系，其他 3 个科为多系或 并系类群（Alverson et al., 1999; Bayer et al., 1999）。由于主要支系之间的形态分化水平不足 以支持科级分类，所以 Bayer et al.（1999）和 Alverson et al.（1999）建议将 4 个科合并为 1 个大科，采用 Malvaceae 作为科名，并综合考虑形态特征、生物地理学信息及系统发育结果， 将锦葵科内部主要的 9 个分支处理为亚科等级。锦葵科的 9 个亚科分别为木棉亚科 （Bombacoideae）、杯萼椴亚科（Brownlowioideae）、刺果藤亚科（Byttnerioideae）、非洲芙 蓉亚科（Dombeyoideae）、扁担杆亚科（Grewioideae）、山芝麻亚科（Helicteroideae）、锦葵 亚科（Malvoideae）、 梧桐亚科（Sterculioideae）以及椴树亚科（Tilioideae）。刺果藤亚科和 扁担杆亚科互为姐妹关系，组成 Byttneriina 分支，与余下 7 个亚科组成的 Malvadendrina 分 支互为姐妹关系（Baum et al., 1998; Alverson et al., 1999）。在 Malvadendrina 分支内部，锦葵 亚科与木棉亚科聚为一支，并得到良好地支持（BS=82%），这一分支被命名为 Malvatheca （Baum et al., 1998）。9 个亚科的单系性及 Byttneriina 和 Malvadendrina 两大分支在后续的研 究中都得到了支持（Nyffeler et al., 2005; Hernandez-Gutierrez & Magallon, 2019; Wang et al., 2021）。在 Malvadendrina 分支内部，最先得到确定的是锦葵亚科和木棉亚科的姐妹关系 （Alverson et al., 1999; Baum et al., 2004），其他亚科的系统位置则因取样的多少及使用的基 因片段不同而发生变动（Nyffeler et al., 2005; Conover et al., 2019; Hernandez-Gutierrez & Magallon, 2019）。叶绿体基因组较基因片段包含更为丰富的遗传变异信息，如今测序技术日 臻完善，测序成本随之降低，叶绿体基因组也被用于解决锦葵科系统发育关系（Wang et al., 2021）。通过对锦葵目的 39 个叶绿体基因组（包括锦葵科 8 个亚科，缺少杯萼椴亚科）划分 的不同数据集进行系统发育分析，Wang et al.（2021）确定了山芝麻亚科处在 Malvadendrina 分支基部，为其他亚科的姐妹群，椴树亚科和非洲芙蓉亚科为姐妹关系。然而，梧桐亚科与 Malvatheca 分支，及椴树亚科-非洲芙蓉亚科分支之间的关系尚未得到解决。 基于现有分子系统学证据，传统梧桐科的属主要分散在刺果藤亚科、非洲芙蓉亚科、山 芝麻亚科中，另有一属（Fremontodendron Coville）被归入木棉亚科，只有原苹婆族（Sterculieae） 及蝴蝶树族（Tarritieae）的部分属为梧桐亚科的主要成员（Bayer & Kubitzki, 2003）。新界定 的梧桐亚科包含 12～13 属，主要取决于是将 Argyrodendron F. Muell.并入银叶树属（Heritiera Aiton）还是作为一个独立的属（Bayer & Kubitzki, 2003; Wilkie et al., 2006）。梧桐亚科的单 系性得到了分子系统学和形态学证据的共同支持。在形态结构上，梧桐亚科各属以无花瓣的 chinaXiv:202107.00062v1 花，花瓣状的萼片，心皮离生，具雌雄蕊柄等共有特征和其他亚科区分开来（Bayer et al., 1999; Bayer & Kubitzki, 2003）。包含梧桐亚科各属的 ndhF 基因所构建的系统发育树表明，梧桐亚 科内部分为四个分支，即 可乐果属分支（Cola clade），酒瓶树属分支（Brachychiton clade）， 苹婆属分支（Sterculia clade）及银叶树属分支（Heritiera clade）（Wilkie et al., 2006）。然而 这四个分支之间的关系尚未得到解决，且分支内部属间关系尚不明确，有待进一步探究。 本研究通过对锦葵科各亚科尤其是梧桐亚科进行取样，尽可能多地获取浅层测序数据及 叶绿体基因组数据，利用叶绿体基因组数据重建锦葵科及梧桐亚科系统发育关系，试 图 明确 梧桐亚科在锦葵科中的系统发育位置，并厘清梧桐亚科内部属间系统发育关系。 1 材料与方法 1.1 材料采集与数据来源 （1）叶绿体基因组数据的获取：从活植株上采集无病虫害的幼嫩叶片，经硅胶干燥后， 用于 DNA 的提取及测序。本研究新测了锦葵科 19 属的 29 种植物的叶绿体基因组数据，并 从 NCBI 数据库（https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/）下载了 26 个锦葵科及 1 个红木科的叶绿体 3 ChinaXiv合作期刊 基因组数据，共计 56 个样本用于分析。其中，55 个锦葵科样本中代表了 8 个亚科 35 属 55 种 ，缺 少 杯萼椴亚科（Bayer & Kubitzki, 2003），涵盖原梧桐科的 26 个属（徐颂军和徐祥浩， 2012）。样本具体信息详见表 1。 （2）叶绿体片段数据的来源：为了进一步阐明梧桐属（Firmiana Marsili）与闭果桐属 （Hildegardia Schott & Endl.）之间的关系，在 Wilkie et al. (2006) 的取样基础上，增加了 matK 和 rbcL 基因片段进行联合分析。数据主要从 NCBI 数据库中下载，并从本研究选取的 叶绿体基因组数据样本中提取相应片段进行补充，详见表 1。 chinaXiv:202107.00062v1 4 ChinaXiv合作期刊 表 1 用于系统发育分析的叶绿体基因组及基因片段凭证信息 Table 1 Accession of chloroplast genome and gene sequences used for studying phylogeny 亚科 Subfamily 物种名 Species 凭证标本或 GenBank 号 Voucher or GenBank accession number 木棉亚科 Bombacoideae 木棉 Bombax ceiba MG569974.1 木棉亚科 Bombacoideae 美丽异木棉 Ceiba speciosa 黎若竹 : LRZ1204001 (HITBC) 刺果藤亚科 Bytterioideae 昂天莲 Ambroma augustum 王立彦、左常盛、桂魏: SCSB-TBG-055 (KUN) 刺果藤亚科 Bytterioideae Byttneria sp. SRR7122070 刺果藤亚科 Bytterioideae 山麻树 Commersonia bartramia 杨秀森、龙文兴: LWX10145 (KUN) 刺果藤亚科 Bytterioideae Herrania umbratica SRR5580908 刺果藤亚科 Bytterioideae 鹧鸪麻 Kleinhovia hospita 杨秀森、龙文兴: LWX10025 (KUN) 刺果藤亚科 Bytterioideae Melochia villosa N. Zamora: NZ7083 (KUN) 刺果藤亚科 Bytterioideae Seringia elliptica SRR8666286 刺果藤亚科 Bytterioideae 可可 Theobroma cacao HQ336404.2 刺果藤亚科 Bytterioideae Waltheria virgata SRR8666755 刺果藤亚科 Bytterioideae 瓜楚麻 Guazuma ulmifolia N. Zamora: NZ6921 (KUN) 非洲芙蓉亚科 Dombeyoideae 田麻 Corchoropsis crenata 易思荣: YiSR312 (KUN) 非洲芙蓉亚科 Dombeyoideae Dombeya sp. CPG考察队: 30554 (PE) 非洲芙蓉亚科 Dombeyoideae 火绳树 Eriolaena spectabilis 张挺、蔡杰、刘成、郭永杰: 08CS161 (KUN) 非洲芙蓉亚科 Dombeyoideae Melhania oblongifolia SRR866295 非洲芙蓉亚科 Dombeyoideae Nesogordonia sp. CPG考察队: 31468 (PE) 非洲芙蓉亚科 平当树 张挺、蔡杰 Dombeyoideae Paradombeya sinensis : 14CS9043 (KUN) chinaXiv:202107.00062v1 非洲芙蓉亚科 Dombeyoideae 景东翅子树 Pterospermum kingtungense MK962315.1 扁担杆亚科 Grewioideae 海南破布叶 Grewia chungii MN533967.1 扁担杆亚科 Grewioideae Sparrmannia sp. CPG考察队: 30755 (PE) 山芝麻亚科 Helicteroideae 榴梿 Durio zibethinus MG138151.1 山芝麻亚科 Helicteroideae 火索麻 Helicteres isora 杨秀森、龙文兴: LWX10021 (KUN) 5 ChinaXiv合作期刊 山芝麻亚科 Helicteroideae 两广梭罗 Reevesia thyrsoidea NC_041441.1 锦葵亚科 Malvoideae 木槿 Hibiscus syriacus NC_026909.1 锦葵亚科 Malvoideae 野葵 Malva parviflora MK860036.1 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae Brachychiton gregorii SRR8666699 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae 杨叶酒瓶树 B. populneus 黎若竹: LRZ20200703001 (HITBC) 黎若竹: LRZ20191125001 (HITBC); Parmentier Ingrid & Mambo Peter: 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae 可乐果 Cola acuminata * KC628256 (rbcL); Kubitzki 93-12 (HBG): AF111759 (ndhF) 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae 光亮可乐果 C. nitida * 黎若竹: LRZ20200523002 (HITBC) 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae 火桐 Firmiana colorata SRR7121997 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae 丹霞梧桐 F. danxiaensis * 郁文彬: YWB2013144 (KUN) 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae 云南梧桐 F. major * NC_037242.1 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae 马来火桐 F. malayana * P. Wilkie PW164(E): AY795587 (ndhF) 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae 美丽梧桐 F. pulcherrima * MF621982.1 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae 梧桐 F. simplex * MH671308.1; P. Wilkie PW469 (E): AY795589 (ndhF) 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae Heritiera angustata MG897126.1 梧桐亚科 Sterculioideae H. fomes NC_043924.1
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  • Extrapolating Demography with Climate, Proximity and Phylogeny: Approach with Caution

    Extrapolating Demography with Climate, Proximity and Phylogeny: Approach with Caution

    ! ∀#∀#∃ %& ∋(∀∀!∃ ∀)∗+∋ ,+−, ./ ∃ ∋∃ 0∋∀ /∋0 0 ∃0 . ∃0 1##23%−34 ∃−5 6 Extrapolating demography with climate, proximity and phylogeny: approach with caution Shaun R. Coutts1,2,3, Roberto Salguero-Gómez1,2,3,4, Anna M. Csergő3, Yvonne M. Buckley1,3 October 31, 2016 1. School of Biological Sciences. Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science. The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. 2. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK. 3. School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. 4. Evolutionary Demography Laboratory. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. Rostock, DE-18057, Germany. Keywords: COMPADRE Plant Matrix Database, comparative demography, damping ratio, elasticity, matrix population model, phylogenetic analysis, population growth rate (λ), spatially lagged models Author statement: SRC developed the initial concept, performed the statistical analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. RSG helped develop the initial concept, provided code for deriving de- mographic metrics and phylogenetic analysis, and provided the matrix selection criteria. YMB helped develop the initial concept and advised on analysis. All authors made substantial contributions to editing the manuscript and further refining ideas and interpretations. 1 Distance and ancestry predict demography 2 ABSTRACT Plant population responses are key to understanding the effects of threats such as climate change and invasions. However, we lack demographic data for most species, and the data we have are often geographically aggregated. We determined to what extent existing data can be extrapolated to predict pop- ulation performance across larger sets of species and spatial areas. We used 550 matrix models, across 210 species, sourced from the COMPADRE Plant Matrix Database, to model how climate, geographic proximity and phylogeny predicted population performance.
  • Novitates Neocaledonicae VI: Acropogon Mesophilus (Malvaceae, Sterculioideae), a Rare and Threatened New Species from the Mesic Forest of New Caledonia

    Novitates Neocaledonicae VI: Acropogon Mesophilus (Malvaceae, Sterculioideae), a Rare and Threatened New Species from the Mesic Forest of New Caledonia

    Phytotaxa 307 (3): 183–190 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.307.3.2 Novitates neocaledonicae VI: Acropogon mesophilus (Malvaceae, Sterculioideae), a rare and threatened new species from the mesic forest of New Caledonia JÉRÔME MUNZINGER1 & GILDAS GÂTEBLÉ2 1AMAP, IRD, CNRS, INRA, Université Montpellier, F-34000 Montpellier (France). email: [email protected] 2Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Station de Recherche Agronomique de Saint-Louis, BP 711, 98810 Mont-Dore (Nouvelle- Calédonie). E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new species, Acropogon mesophilus Munzinger & Gâteblé (Malvaceae, Sterculioideae), is described from New Caledo- nia. This species is endemic to non-ultramafic areas, along the southwestern coast of Grande-Terre. The species has large leaves, widely ovate to ovate, and entire, and might be confused with only two other endemic species, namely A. bullatus (Pancher & Sebert) Morat and A. veillonii Morat. However, A. mesophilus differs from the other two species most evidently by its leaves 3-nerved, flat, and with truncate to rounded bases, versus leaves 5-nerved, bullate, and with cordate bases. A line drawing and color photos are provided for the new species, along with a discussion of its morphological affinities and a preliminary risk of extinction assessment of Endangered. Keywords: Acropogon, Malvaceae, mesic forest, New Caledonia, new species, Sterculioideae, taxonomy, threatened species Introduction Forests in New Caledonia are currently more or less arbitrarily divided into sclerophyll (or dry) and dense humid forests, the latter being further separated into two main types depending on edaphic conditions, i.e., on ultramafic versus non-ultramafic substrate (Jaffré et al.
  • Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease

    Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease

    Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2016; 6(6): 492-501 492 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtd Review article doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(16)61075-7 ©2016 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. All rights reserved. Phytochemistry, biological activities and economical uses of the genus Sterculia and the related genera: A reveiw Moshera Mohamed El-Sherei1, Alia Yassin Ragheb2*, Mona El Said Kassem2, Mona Mohamed Marzouk2*, Salwa Ali Mosharrafa2, Nabiel Abdel Megied Saleh2 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 2Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The genus Sterculia is represented by 200 species which are widespread mainly in tropical and Received 22 Mar 2016 subtropical regions. Some of the Sterculia species are classified under different genera based Received in revised form 5 Apr 2016 on special morphological features. These are Pterygota Schott & Endl., Firmiana Marsili, Accepted 20 May 2016 Brachychiton Schott & Endl., Hildegardia Schott & Endl., Pterocymbium R.Br. and Scaphium Available online 21 Jun 2016 Schott & Endl. The genus Sterculia and the related genera contain mainly flavonoids, whereas terpenoids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and other types of compounds including sugars, fatty acids, lignans and lignins are of less distribution. The biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities have Keywords: been reported for several species of the genus. On the other hand, there is confusion on the Sterculia Pterygota systematic position and classification of the genus Sterculia.
  • Download This PDF File

    Download This PDF File

    [VOL. 4 REINWARDTIA REINWARDTIA 280 Published by Herbarium Bogoriense, Kebun Raya Indonesia Volume 4, Part. 2, pp. 281-310 (1957) caudatus Copel. 270; habbemensis 272; pteridifolia PresL 276; truneata Copel. 268; hirtus var. candidus Nakai Willd. 261, 271. 269, var. virescens Nakai 270; lami- Platyzoma R. Br. 257. anus Copel. 269; myriapoda Nakai 271; Polypodium dichotovvum Thunb. 261, 277; perpaleaceus Copel. 272; pinnatus Co- THE GENUS FIRMIANA MARSILI (Sterculiaceae) glaucum, Thunb. 261; lineare Burm. pel. 267, 270; jmlcher Copel. 271. 261, 275. Stromatopteris Mett. 257, 260, 261; mo- A. J. G. H. KOSTERMANS * niliformis Mett. 261. Subfam. Sticherioideae Nakai 260. Subfam. Stromatopteroideae Nakai 261. Sticherus Presl 258, 259, 260, 261, 266; SUMMARY 1. Firmiana Marsili and Erythropsis Lindley are congeneric. 2. Firmiana Marsili links Sterculia L. and Scaphium Schott & Endl. 3. Eight species are recognized: Firmiana eolorata (Roxb.) R. Br.; F. diversifolia A. Gray; F. fidgens (Wall, ex King) Corner; F. hainanensis Kosterm.; F. major Hand.-Mazz.; F. papuana Mildbr.; F. philippinensis Kosterm.; F. simplex (L.) W. F. Wight. 4. Seventeen binomials are referred to other genera. While a paper on Firmiana was in the press, I received some addition- al, important information from the Kew Herbarium and from Mr. J. E. Dandy of the British Museum. These "Additional Notes" were placed at. ADDENDUM the end of the article. In a subsequent letter that reached me when the article already had In Gleichenia subgenus Diplopterygium the following species must been printed and issued**, the problem of Firmiana simplex was solved, be placed: thanks to the tenacity of Mr. Dandy. Moreover, F.
  • Palatability of Plants to Camels (DBIRD NT)

    Palatability of Plants to Camels (DBIRD NT)

    Technote No. 116 June 2003 Agdex No: 468/62 ISSN No: 0158-2755 The Palatability of Central Australian Plant Species to Camels Dr B. Dorges, Dr J. Heucke, Central Australian Camel Industry Association and R. Dance, Pastoral Division, Alice Springs BACKGROUND About 600,000 camels (Camelus dromedarius) are believed to inhabit the arid centre of Australia, mainly in South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Most of these camels are feral. A small camel industry has developed, which harvests selected animals for domestic and export markets, primarily for meat. Camels can eat more than 80% of the common plant species found in Central Australia. Some plant species are actively sought by camels and may need to be protected. METHOD Observations of grazing preferences by camels were made periodically for up to 12 years on five cattle stations in Central Australia. Where camels were accustomed to the presence of humans, it was possible to observe their grazing preferences from a few metres. Radio transmitters were fitted on some camels for easy detection and observation at any time. These evaluations were used to establish a diet preference or palatability index for observed food plants. Table 1. Palatability index for camels Index Interpretation 1 only eaten when nothing else is available 2 rarely eaten 3 common food plant 4 main food plant at times 5 preferred food plant 6 highly preferred food plant 7 could be killed by camel browsing More information can be obtained from the web site of the Central Australian Camel Industry Association http://www.camelsaust.com.au 2 RESULTS Table 2.
  • 1. TILIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 514. 1753. 椴树属 Duan Shu Shu Trees Deciduous

    1. TILIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 514. 1753. 椴树属 Duan Shu Shu Trees Deciduous

    Flora of China 12: 240–248. 2007. 1. TILIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 514. 1753. 椴树属 duan shu shu Trees deciduous. Leaves alternate; stipule caducous; leaf blade base usually slightly oblique, cordate, truncate, or rounded, mar- gin usually serrate or sometimes entire, often with hairy domatia in axils of veins. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, 3- to many-flow- ered. Bracts adnate to inflorescence peduncle, band-shaped, large, persistent. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 5, with adaxial nectary at base. Petals 5, white or yellow, imbricate. Stamens many, free or connate into 5 fascicles; anthers 2-locular, dorsifixed; staminodes when present petaloid, tightly enclosing style and stigma, alternating with petals. Ovary 5-loculed, ovoid, usually hairy after anthesis; ovules 2 per locule; style glabrous; stigma apparent, 5-lobed. Fruit a nut or capsule, globose, obovoid, ellipsoid, or ovoid, pericarp usually hairy, mostly woody or fragile and indehiscent, rarely leathery and dehiscent when dry. Seeds 1 or 2. Between 23 and 40 species: primarily in temperate and subtropical regions; 19 species (15 endemic) in China. Tilia is very distinct by its unique bracts adnate to the peduncle of the inflorescence. It is in the process of being monographed by C. D. Pigot, who has studied many populations in China, but this work is not yet available. An initial publication (Pigott, Edinburgh J. Bot. 59: 239–246. 2002) indicated that he intends to accept only 23 species in total, 13 of these occurring in China, and he intends to include many of the more recently described Chinese species within the very variable Tilia tuan. Chromosome numbers were given for all those taxa that he accepts.
  • Supplementary Material Saving Rainforests in the South Pacific

    Supplementary Material Saving Rainforests in the South Pacific

    Australian Journal of Botany 65, 609–624 © CSIRO 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT17096_AC Supplementary material Saving rainforests in the South Pacific: challenges in ex situ conservation Karen D. SommervilleA,H, Bronwyn ClarkeB, Gunnar KeppelC,D, Craig McGillE, Zoe-Joy NewbyA, Sarah V. WyseF, Shelley A. JamesG and Catherine A. OffordA AThe Australian PlantBank, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mount Annan, NSW 2567, Australia. BThe Australian Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. CSchool of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia DBiodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography Group, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. EInstitute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222 Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand. FRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, RH17 6TN, United Kingdom. GNational Herbarium of New South Wales, The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. HCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Table S1 (below) comprises a list of seed producing genera occurring in rainforest in Australia and various island groups in the South Pacific, along with any available information on the seed storage behaviour of species in those genera. Note that the list of genera is not exhaustive and the absence of a genus from a particular island group simply means that no reference was found to its occurrence in rainforest habitat in the references used (i.e. the genus may still be present in rainforest or may occur in that locality in other habitats). As the definition of rainforest can vary considerably among localities, for the purpose of this paper we considered rainforests to be terrestrial forest communities, composed largely of evergreen species, with a tree canopy that is closed for either the entire year or during the wet season.
  • 40 Nurshahidah MR.Pmd

    40 Nurshahidah MR.Pmd

    LEAFMalays. VENATION Appl. Biol. AND (2013) TRICHOME 42(2): 33–40 CHARACTERISTICS IN SOME Byttneria L. AND Pterocymbium R. BR. 33 TAXONOMIC VALUE OF LEAF VENATION AND TRICHOME CHARACTERISTICS IN SOME Byttneria L. AND Pterocymbium R. BR. (MALVACEAE s.l) NURSHAHIDAH, M.R.1*, NABILAH, M.1, NORAINI, T.1, RICHARD, C.C.K.2, ISMAIL, B.S.1 and MOHD-ARRABE, A.B. 1 1School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor. 2Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor. ABSTRACT A study on some leaf anatomical characteristics was undertaken on two genera in Malvaceae s.l namely Byttneria L. and Pterocymbium R. Br. The objective was to determine the taxonomic value of leaf venation characteristics especially in identification and classification of species. In the study, five species were chosen, three Byttneria species, namely B. curtisii, B. jackiana, B. maingayi, and two Pterocymbium species, namely P. tinctorium and P. tubulatum. Byttneria and Pterocymbium have been split into two subfamilies, Byttneroideae and Sterculoideae, of Malvaceae s.l respectively. Leaf clearing, staining, mounting and observation under a light microscope were techniques used for the study. Results showed that the similarities and differences in leaf venation could be useful in classification and identification of species. The common characteristics found in all species studied were the presence of entire marginal venation and closed system venation with minimum free ending veinlets in the areolar venation. The variations in the leaf venation can be used to distinguish species, which are complete ultimate marginal venation in B.
  • Middle Miocene Palynoflora of the Legnica Lignite Deposit Complex

    Middle Miocene Palynoflora of the Legnica Lignite Deposit Complex

    Acta Palaeobotanica 49(1): 5–133, 2009 Middle Miocene palynofl ora of the Legnica lignite deposit complex, Lower Silesia, Poland ELŻBIETA WOROBIEC W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] Received 18 November 2008; accepted for publication 11 May 2009 ABSTRACT. Palynological analysis of three profi les of the Miocene deposits from Legnica site (east fi eld, 33/56 and 41/52 profi les) and Ruja site (fragment of the Komorniki 97/72 profi le) has been presented. The samples consisted of material from the 2nd Lusatian lignite seam, the Mużaków series, the 1st Henryk lignite seam and grey clays of the Poznań series. The age of the fl ora was defi ned as Badenian (?Late Karpatian – Late Badenian). During the studies a total of 201 taxa from 96 genera (including 195 taxa from 92 genera of pollen and spores) were identifi ed. The systematic part of this work gives descriptions of selected sporomorphs and phytoplankton microfossils. Some informations about botanical affi nity, occurrence in fossil fl oras and in the studied material, as well as about allied recent plants are given in remarks. The results are presented in three pollen diagrams. The taxa have been classifi ed to an appropriate palaeofl oristical element mainly on the basis of the checklist of selected pollen and spores taxa from the Neogene deposits. The dominance of warm-temperate (A1) element and frequency of palaeotropical taxa in various parts of the profi les point to a warm-temperate climate. The results were used for reconstruction of changes in local vegetation during the sedimentation of deposits under study.
  • Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae

    Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae

    Technical Bulletin 158 June 1943 Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae B. Francis Kukachka and L. W. Rees Division of Forestry University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae B. Francis Kukachka and L. W. Rees Division of Forestry University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Accepted for publication January 29, 1943 CONTENTS Page Introduction 3 Anatomical indicators of phylogeny 4 Taxonomic history 7 Materials and methods 12 Measurements 14 Vessel members 14 Pore diameter 15 Numerical distributionS of pores 15 Pore grouping 15 Pore wall thickness 15 Fiber length 16 Fiber diameter 16 Parenchyma width and length 16 Description of the woods of the Tiliaceae 16 Description of the woods of the Elaeocarpaceae 49 Discussion 54 Elaeocarpaceae 54 Tiliaceae 56 General conclusions 63 Summary 64 Acknowledgments 65 Literature cited 65 2M-6-43 Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Tiliaceae B. Francis Kukachka and L. W. Rees INTRODUCTION ITHIN the last 20 years there has been developed a method Wof studying evolutionary trends in the secondary xylem of the dicotyledons, the fundamentals of which were laid principally by the researches of Bailey and Tupper( 13), Frost (50, 51, 52), and Kribs (64, 65). The technique depends on the previous establishment of an undoubtedly primitive anatomical feature and this is then asso- ciated with the feature to be investigated in order to determine the extent and direction of the correlation between the occur- rence of both features in the various species. A high positive correlation would indicate that the feature studied is relatively primitive.