ETNOBOTANI MERPAYANG (Scaphium Macropodum Miq.) Beumee Ex K

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ETNOBOTANI MERPAYANG (Scaphium Macropodum Miq.) Beumee Ex K Media Konservasi Vol. 24 No. 2 Agustus 2019: 179-185 ETNOBOTANI MERPAYANG (Scaphium macropodum Miq.) Beumee Ex K. Heyne SEBAGAI TUMBUHAN OBAT PADA ETNIK PENGULU SAROLANGUN JAMBI (Ethnobotany of Merpayang (Scaphium macropodum Miq.) Beumee K. Heyne as a Medicinal Plant on The Pengulu Ethnic Sarolangun Jambi) RIZKY FEBRIANA LUBIS1), AGUS HIKMAT2) DAN ERVIZAL A. M. ZUHUD3) 1) Program Studi Konservasi Bidoversitas Tropika Sekolah Pascasarjana IPB Jl. Lingkar Akademik Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor 16680 2,3) Departemen Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan dan Ekowisata, Fakultas Kehutanan IPB Jl. Lingkar Akademik Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor 16680 Email: [email protected] Diterima 28 Juni 2019 / Disetujui 28 Agustus 2019 ABSTRACT Merpayang fruit (Scaphium macropodum Miq.) Beumee Ex K Heyne has long been known to have medicinal properties, one of them the Pengulu ethnic. The research aimed was to analyze the ethnobotany of merpayang utilization in the Pengulu ethnic community of Jambi. The method used in this study was qualitative. Data collection used direct interviews with informants of Pengulu ethnic community with selected by snowball sampling. Data analysis was carried out by cross checking, summarizing, synthesizing, and narrating with descriptive analysis and evaluation. The results of study showed that the Pengulu ethnic uses merpayang for traditional medicines, including heartburn, fever, laxative, hemorrhoid/Ambien, coughing, and itching. In addition to the fruit, the Pengulu ethnic uses other parts of merpayang plant, such as sap, tree skin, roots as medicines. Keywords: ethnobotany, medicinal plant, merpayang, Sarolangun ABSTRAK Buah merpayang (Scaphium macropodum Miq.) Beumee Ex K Heyne telah lama diketahui memiliki khasiat sebagai obat, salah satunya oleh etnik Pengulu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis pengetahuan etnobotani pemanfaatan merpayang sebagai bahan obat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Pengepulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara secara langsung kepada informan (masyarakat etnik Pengulu) yang dipilih dengan snowball sampling. Analisis data dilakukan secara periksa ulang (crosschecking), perangkuman, sintesis, membuat narasi secara deskriptif dan bersifat evaluatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Etnik Pengulu memanfaatkan buah merpayang sebagai obat panas dalam, demam, pencahar, ambein, batuk anak, dan obat gatal. Selain buah, masyarakat Etnik Pengulu memanfaatkan bagian lain dari merpayang seperti getah, kulit, akar sebagai obat. Kata kunci: etnobotani, tumbuhan obat, merpayang, Sarolangun PENDAHULUAN Etnik yang diketahui memanfaatkan tumbuhan S. macropodum adalah Etnik Pengulu. Etnik ini mengenal Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beumee Ex K Heyne tumbuhan S. macropodum sebagai tumbuhan Merpayang. adalah salah satu tumbuhan yang berasal dari famili Namun dengan adanya modernisasi dan penggunaan obat Sterculiaceae yang tersebar di Malaysia, Singapura, generik, pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai obat telah Thailand, Vietnam, dan Indonesia, khususnya di Sumatera berkurang (Rahayu et al. 2006). Kondisi tersebut dan Kalimantan (Yamada et al 2000; Wilkie 2009). Buah menyebabkan pengetahuan tradisional mengenai manfaat S. macropodum diketahui telah digunakan sebagai buah merpayang sebagai obat berkurang. Hilangnya tanaman obat, karena mengandung senyawa penting pengetahuan tradisional terjadi karena kurangnya dalam bidang pengobatan. Buah ini mengandung alkaloid kesadaran akan pentingnya aset karya intelektual, (seperti sterculinine I dan sterculinine II), glikosida, sehingga banyak informasi pengetahuan tradisional belum flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin dan saponin yang bermanfaat terdokumentasi dengan baik (Setyowati 2003). untuk beberapa penyakit seperti infeksi usus, diare, sakit Melihat permasalahan yang telah dijabarkan tenggorokan, asma, disentri, demam, batuk radang, sebelumnya maka perlu dilakukan analisis lebih lanjut ambeien, faringitis, tusis, sembelit, peradangan untuk mengenai etnobotani merpayang (Scaphium penyakit kencing, dan juga dijadikan minuman diet macropodum) pada etnik Pengulu. Studi mengenai karena memiliki sifat pendingin (Lim 2012; Monton et al. etnobotani merupakan studi tentang interaksi antara 2014; dan Azad et al. 2018). manusia dengan tumbuhan, sehingga merupakan studi 179 Etnobotani Merpayang (Scaphium macropodum Miq.) Beumee Ex K. Heyne yang penting untuk mengkonservasi suatu spesies saat musim hujan dan jagung pada saat musim kemarau. tumbuhan (Cotton 1996). Hal ini dilakukan agar Meski memiliki ladang dan sawah namun masyarakat pengetahuan tradisional dapat terdokumentasi dan Etnik Pengulu masih memanfaatkan hasil hutan seperti menjaga agar tidak hilang di tengah perkembangan jaman. gaharu, jernang, berburu rusa dan lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengetahuan etnobotani dalam pemanfaatan buah tumbuhan 2. Pengetahuan Merpayang Etnik Pengulu merpayang untuk bahan obat pada masyarakat etnik a. Deskipsi morfologi S. macropodum Miq. Beumee K. Pengulu, Jambi. Heyne Masyarakat mendeskripsikan bahwa pohon METODE PENELITIAN merpayang termasuk salah satu pohon tertinggi di dalam hutan yang memiliki kulit luar merah kecoklatan, kulit Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2018 - batang dalamnya berwarna putih. Daun merpayang pada Januari 2019 di Desa Napal Melintang, Desa Meribung saat masih anakan berbentuk menjari dan bulat lonjong dan Desa Mersip, Kecamatan Limun, Kabupaten pada saat sudah lebih besar. Bentuk buah merpayang Sarolangun, Provinsi Jambi. Alat yang digunakan dalam adalah bulat lonjong kecil mirip dengan ukuran buah penelitian ini adalah kuesioner, GPS, alat tulis, dan melinjo, tetapi permukaan kulitnya bergerigi. Buah kamera. Objek penelitian adalah merpayang tumbuhan ini tidak begitu terlihat ketika masih muda (S. macropodum), sedangkan subjek penelitian karena warnanya hijau seperti daun, namun akan berubah masyarakat Etnik Pengulu yang mengetahui manfaat kecoklatan ketika buah sudah matang dan akan terbang merpayang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini jauh meninggalkan batang pohon induk. adalah metode kualitatif (Newing et al. 2011). Deskripsi masyarakat mengenai tumbuhan Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode wawancara, merpayang didukung oleh Wilkie (2009) yang teknik penentuan informan mengunakan metode snowball menjelaskan bahwa S. macropodum memiliki kulit batang sampling (Bungin 2007). Masyarakat yang menjadi dalam berwarna kemerahan, tebal, berserat, dan sapwood informan dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat Etnik keputih-putihan, bentuk ranting terminal, terkadang Pengulu yang mengetahui manfaat merpayang sebagai lentisel hadir, gundul tetapi terkadang berbulu ke arah obat. Sesepuh adat Etnik Pengulu dijadikan key informan puncak. Bentuk daun elips ke bulat telur, terkadang elips yang pertama diwawancara dan akan memberi informasi lonjong (jika daun berada dari pohon-pohon muda maka masyarakat Etnik Pengulu lain yang mengetahui dan bentuknya bisa lobed), vena pertulangan daun 6-16 pernah memanfaatkan merpayang untuk menjadi pasang. Merpayang memiliki daun buah sehingga pada informan berikutnya. Demikian proses ini berlangsung saat musim berbunga, daun tua akan gugur dan terjadi hingga tidak ada informasi baru yang diperoleh dari pergantian daun dengan daun buah. Buah merpayang informan. Jumlah informan terdiri dari 22 orang, yaitu 16 terdapat di bagian pangkal batang dari daun buahnya, masyarakat etnik pengulu, 3 pengempul di Sarolangun daun buah berbentuk kapal terbalik dan jika jatuh akan dan 3 pedagang di Pasar Atas Sarolangun. Informasi yang terbang jauh, sehingga tidak jarang ditemukan anakan dikumpulkan berupa pengetahuan Suku Pengulu tentang merpayang tumbuh jauh dari pohon indukan. S. macropodum, manfaat buah, waktu pemanfaatan, Masyarakat juga mengatakan bahwa musim buah waktu berbunga dan berbuah, waktu pemanenan, lokasi merpayang tidak berlangsung serentak, baik pada daerah panen, cara memanen, jumlah sekali panen, dan sistem yang sama maupun pada daerah yang berbeda. Flint tata niaga. Data hasil wawancara dengan informan akan (2000) musim berbunga dan berbuah S. macropodum dianalisis dengan cara crosschecking, perangkuman, terjadi secara tidak teratur setiap tiga sampai empat tahun sintesis, membuat narasi secara deskriptif dan bersifat sekali. Waktu berbunga merpayang bersamaan dengan evaluatif (Newing et al. 2011). Data hasil wawancara musim buah tanaman hutan yaitu sekitar bulan Januari juga dicari persentase jawaban informan terhadap hingga April. Sakai et al. (1999) S. macropodum hanya totalnya, lalu dinarasikan secara deskriptif. berbunga pada musim periode pembungaan umum. Baird dan Dearden (2003), musim bunga dan buah S. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN macropodum berlangsung pada akhir bulan Maret atau April dan awal bulan Mei. Pada satu pohon buah yang 1. Karakteristik Responden akan dihasilkan beragam, tergantung pada umur dan luas Masyarakat Etnik Pengulu yang menjadi informan tajuk pohon, pohon yang rimbun maka akan memiliki usia yang beragam mulai dari 32 tahun hingga menghasilkan 1 kwintal – 2 kwintal buah. Sedangkan 80 tahun. Tingkat pendidikan Sekolah Dasar (SD) pohon dengan umur lebih muda dan tajuk yang tidak merupakan tingkat pendidikan yang memiliki persentase begitu rimbun maka buah yang dihasilkan hanya 10 kg – 30 kg. tertinggi yaitu 43,75% (dari total informan 16 orang) dibandingkan dengan tingkat pendidikan lainnya. Mayoritas mata pencarian Etnik Pengulu adalah bertani dengan persentase 50%, seperti bertani padi sawah pada 180 Media Konservasi Vol. 24
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