Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants
T.K. Lim
Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants
Volume 3, Fruits ISBN 978-94-007-2533-1 e-ISBN 978-94-007-2534-8 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2534-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011944279
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v
Contents
Introduction ...... xiii
Ginkgoaceae
Ginkgo biloba ...... 1
Gnetaceae
Gnetum gnemon ...... 45
Juglandaceae
Carya illinoensis ...... 51 Juglans regia ...... 60
Lauraceae
Litsea garciae ...... 75 Persea americana ...... 78
Lecythidaceae
Barringtonia asiatica ...... 101 Barringtonia edulis ...... 104 Barringtonia novae-hiberniae ...... 107 Barringtonia procera ...... 110 Barringtonia racemosa ...... 114 Barringtonia scortechinii ...... 122 Bertholletia excelsa ...... 124 Couroupita guianensis ...... 133 Lecythis ollaria ...... 138
vii viii Contents
Lecythis pisonis ...... 141 Lecythis zabucaja ...... 144
Magnoliaceae
Michelia mediocris ...... 147
Malpighiaceae
Bunchosia armeniaca ...... 150 Malpighia emarginata ...... 153
Malvaceae
Abelmoschus esculentus ...... 160 Cola acuminata ...... 168 Cola nitida...... 175 Grewia asiatica ...... 184 Scaphium macropodum ...... 189 Sterculia foetida ...... 192 Sterculia monosperma ...... 198 Sterculia parvifl ora ...... 201 Theobroma bicolor ...... 204 Theobroma cacao ...... 208 Theobroma grandifl orum ...... 252
Marantaceae
Thaumatococcus daniellii ...... 259
Meliaceae
Lansium domesticum ‘Duku Group’ ...... 265 Lansium domesticum ‘Langsat-Lonkong Group’ ...... 269 Sandoricum koetjape ...... 278
Moraceae
Artocarpus hypargyreus ...... 284 Artocarpus altilis ...... 287 Artocarpus anisophyllus ...... 301 Contents ix
Artocarpus camansi ...... 304 Artocarpus dadah ...... 309 Artocarpus elasticus ...... 312 Artocarpus glaucus ...... 316 Artocarpus heterophyllus ...... 318 Artocarpus integer ...... 337 Artocarpus odoratissimus ...... 344 Artocarpus rigidus ...... 348 Artocarpus sericicarpus ...... 351 Artocarpus tamaran ...... 353 Ficus aspera ...... 356 Ficus auriculata ...... 358 Ficus carica ...... 362 Ficus dammaropsis ...... 377 Ficus pumila ...... 379 Ficus racemosa ...... 384 Ficus rubiginosa ...... 396 Morus alba ...... 399 Morus nigra ...... 430 Morus rubra ...... 439 Prainea limpato ...... 443 Treculia africana ...... 446
Moringaceae
Moringa oleifera ...... 453
Muntingiaceae
Muntingia calabura...... 486
Musaceae
Musa acuminata subsp. zebrina ...... 493 Musa acuminata (AA group) ‘Lakatan’ ...... 495 Musa acuminata (AA group) ‘Sucrier’ ...... 498 Musa acuminata (AAA Group) ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ ...... 502 x Contents
Musa acuminata (AAA Group) ‘Gros Michel’ ...... 528 Musa acuminata (AAA group) ‘Red’ ...... 531 Musa acuminata x balbisiana (AAB Group) ‘Horn Plantain’ ...... 535 Musa acuminata x balbisiana (ABB Group) ‘Saba’ ...... 544 Musa acuminata x balbisiana (AAB Group) ‘Maia-Maoli-Pōpō‘ulu’ ...... 548 Musa acuminata x balbisiana (AAB Group) ‘Pisang Raja’ ...... 551 Musa acuminata x balbisiana (AAB Group) ‘Silk’ ...... 554 Musa acuminata x balbisiana (ABB Group) ‘Bluggoe’ ...... 557 Musa coccinea ...... 560 Musa troglodytarum ...... 563 Musa velutina ...... 567
Myristicaceae
Horsfi eldia australiana ...... 570 Myristica fatua ...... 572 Myristica fragrans ...... 575
Myrtaceae
Acca sellowiana ...... 601 Eugenia brasiliensis ...... 609 Eugenia coronata...... 613 Eugenia stipitata...... 616 Eugenia unifl ora ...... 620 Myrciaria dubia...... 631 Myrciaria vexator ...... 639 Myrtus communis ...... 642 Pimenta dioica ...... 655 Plinia caulifl ora ...... 665 Psidium acutangulum ...... 671 Psidium cattleianum ‘Red Strawberry Guava’ ...... 674 Psidium cattleianum ‘Yellow Strawberry Guava’ ...... 679 Psidium friedrichsthalianum ...... 681 Contents xi
Psidium guajava ...... 684 Psidium guineense ...... 728 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa ...... 732 Syzygium aqueum ...... 738 Syzygium australe ...... 743 Syzygium cumini ...... 745 Syzygium jambos ...... 760 Syzygium luehmannii...... 767 Syzygium malaccense ...... 769 Syzygium polycephalum ...... 776 Syzygium samarangense ...... 778 Syzygium smithii ...... 787 Syzygium suborbiculare ...... 789
Medical Glossary ...... 791 Scientifi c Glossary ...... 854
Common Name Index ...... 877 Scientifi c Name Index ...... 885
Introduction
This book continues as volume 3 of a multi- aerial plant parts of G. biloba . The edible seed is compendium on Edible Medicinal and Non- rich in niacin, and vitamin A, phosphorus and Medicinal Plants. It focuses on edible fruits/ potassium. It is a good source of starch and pro- seeds used fresh, cooked or processed into other tein, but is low in unsaturated or monounsatu- by-products, or as vegetables, spices, stimulant, rated fats. The seed also contains vitamin B1 edible oils and beverages. It covers species from (thiamine), B2 (ribofl avin), vitamin C and iron, the following families: Ginkgoaceae, Gnetaceae, sodium and calcium (USDA 2010). Important Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Lecythidaceae, Magno- bioactive constituents reported to occur in the liaceae, Malpighiaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae, medicinally used Ginkgo leaves include terpene Meliaceae, Moraceae, Moringaceae, Muntigiaceae, trilactones, i.e., ginkgolides A, B, C, J and bilo- Musaceae, Myristicaceae and Myrtaceae. However, balide, many fl avonol glycosides, bifl avones, not all the edible species in these families are proanthocyanidins, alkylphenols, simple pheno- included for want of coloured illustrations. The lic acids, and polyprenols (van Beek 2002). edible species dealt with in this work include Gnetaceae is a representative of tropical gym- to a larger extent lesser-known, wild and under- nosperms. Gnetum , a genus of about 30Ð35 utilized crops and also common and widely species, is the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae grown crops. and order Gnetales. They are tropical, evergreen As in the preceding two volumes, topics covered trees, shrubs and lianas and occur in Indomalaysia, include: taxonomy (botanical name and synonyms); tropical parts of West Africa, Fiji and the northern common English and vernacular names; origin regions of South America. Many Gnetum species and distribution; agro-ecological requirements; including Gnetum gnemon are edible, with the edible plant part and uses; plant botany; nutritive seeds being roasted, and the foliage used as a leaf and medicinal/pharmacological properties with vegetable. Gnetum gnemon contains bioactive up-to-date research fi ndings, traditional medicinal chemicals like fl avonostilbenes and stilbenes that uses other non-edible uses; and selected/cited play a role in various pharmacological activities. references for further reading. Gnetum gnemon is found in Assam, southeast Ginkgoaceae is a family of temperate gymno- Asia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea, sperms which appeared during the Mesozoic Fiji, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Era, of which the only extant representative and The large and economically important living fossil is Ginkgo biloba . Gingkgo biloba Juglandaceae, or the walnut and hickory family is has both culinary and medicinal uses. Several a family of deciduous, semi-evergreen, or ever- thousands of scientifi c papers have been pub- green, monoecious (rarely dioecious) trees, rarely lished on the phytochemicals and associated shrubs in the order Fagales. The family contains pharmacological and medicinal properties of the 9 genera and 50 or more species, which are
xiii xiv Introduction
distributed mainly in the north temperate zone and fl owers from several species are believed to but extend through Central America along the possess medicinal qualities. In this family the Andes Mountains to Argentina and, in scattered edible fruit species that is treated in this volume stands, from temperate Asia to the highlands of is Michelia mediocris , a highly valued and pro- Java and New Guinea. The commercially impor- ductive indigenous Vietnamese timber species. tant nut-producing trees include walnut ( Juglans The fruit and seeds of this species have good regia), pecan ( Carya illinoinensis), and hickory potential as a spice. ( Carya spp). Walnut, hickory, and gaulin (Alfaroa Malpighiaceae comprises approximately 75 costaricensis ) are also valuable timber trees. Both genera and 1,300 species, all of which are native Persian walnut, Juglans regia, and pecan nut to the tropics and subtropics. About 80% of the which are covered in this volume, have culinary, genera and 90% of the species occur in the New nutritive and medicinal attributes. World (the Caribbean and the southernmost The Lauraceae or laurel family contains about United States to Argentina) and the rest in the 55 genera and over 2,000 species world-wide, Old World (Africa, Madagascar, and Indomalaysia mostly from warm subtropical or tropical regions, to New Caledonia and the Philippines). The especially Southeast Asia and Brazil. Most are Malpighiaceae are shrubs, small trees, or woody aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, a few genera lianas. Of the two edible genera Malpighi a and are deciduous, and Cassytha is a genus of parasitic Bunchosia, the former also has species with phar- vines. The Lauraceae are economically important macological and medicinal attributes. Acerola as sources of medicine, timber, nutritious fruits (e.g., ( Malpighia emarginata ) has been reported to Persea americana ), spices (e.g. Cinnamomum have very high vitamin C content, much higher aromaticum , C. verum, Laurus nobilis covered in than other fruits like pineapple, araçá (Eugenia later volumes), and perfumes and essential oils. stipitata ), cashew, guava, kiwi, orange, lemon, Avocados are important oil-rich and nutritious and strawberry. Acerola has also reported to have fruit with health and medicinal properties, that are carotenoids and biofl avonoids which contribute now planted in warm climates across the world. to its high antioxidant capacity and provide Litsea garciae is another edible tropical fruit but important nutritive and pharmacological values. is lesser-known and under-utilised. The hard The Marantaceae or arrowroot or prayer plant wood of several species is a source for timber family, is a family of fl owering, herbaceous plants around the world. under the order Zingiberales. Based on nucle- Lecythidaceae, a tropical plant family, is otide sequence variation, 59 species (21 genera) indigenous to South America and Madagascar. It formed the ingroup, and 12 species (12 genera) of has about 20 genera and 250Ð300 species of other Zingiberales formed the outgroup (Andersson woody plants. Neotropical Lecythidaceae com- and Chase 2001). There is no support for the prises ecologically dominant species in the traditional subdivision of Marantaceae into a Amazonian forests and are spectacular plants triovulate and a uniovulate tribe or the informal with showy fl owers and large woody fruits. They groups previously proposed (Andersson 1981). include the edible and economically important Based on phylogeny it is concluded that Africa Brazil nut ( Bertholletia excelsa), and the edible, where early diversifi cation of the family took lesser-known paradise nut or monkey nut (Lecythis place, in spite of being much poorer in species, is spp.). Other edible but lesser-known species are the most likely ancestral area of Marantaceae. the Barringtonia species which are eaten in The family is found in the lowland tropics of Asia southeast Asian and the Pacifi c Island countries. and Africa, mainly (80%) in American tropics, The genus Barringtonia is also placed in the family, occasionally subtropics, southern United States Barringtoniaceae. to northern Argentina. The family is known for Magnoliaceae comprises about 225 species in its large starchy rhizomes and house-hold orna- 7 genera. Magnoliaceae is better known for its mental plants. The most signifi cant food plant is ornamental species and timber species. The bark Maranta arundinacea , cultivated in tropical regions Introduction xv worldwide for arrowroot starch. However, one are deemed as weeds or invasive species. The species, Thaumatococcus daniellii produces fruit species with edible fruits/seeds and medicinal with edible aril which furnished a natural source properties covered in this volume include Grewia of thuamatin, an intensely sweet protein which asiatica, Abelmoschus esculentus, Scaphium is about 100,000 times sweeter than sugar on a macropodum, Sterculia foetida, Sterculia mono- molar basis and 3,000 times on a weight basis. sperma and Sterculia parvifl ora, Theobroma Thaumatin is used as a sweetener and fl avour bicolour, T. cacao and T. grandifl orum. Due to enhancer for food, desserts, confectionary and their high concentration of catechins and procya- beverages. nidins, bioactive compounds with distinct prop- Malvaceae has been circumscribed to embrace erties, cocoa and chocolate products may have the non-monophyletic families, Bombacaceae, benefi cial health effects against oxidative stress Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae, which have always and chronic infl ammation, risk factors for cancer been considered very close to the traditional and other chronic diseases (Maskarinec 2009). Malvaceae sensu stricto, a very homogeneous The Meliaceae or mahogany family comprises and cladistically monophyletic group. Following about 50 genera and 550 species, with a pantropical this circumscription which is based on newer distribution but a weak penetration into the tem- techniques, Malvaceae sensu lato now include all perate zone. One genus (Toona ) extends north of these families so as to have a monophyletic into temperate China and south into southeast group. The circumscription of the Malvaceae is Australia, and another (Melia ) nearly as far north. still controversial. A close relationship between The species are evergreen or deciduous trees or Bombacaceae and Malvaceae has long been reco- tree-lets and rarely shrubs; the bark sometimes gnized but until recently the families have been with a milky latex. Meliaceae species are very kept separate in most classifi cation systems, and common trees in the understory of lowland primary continue to be separated in many recent refer- forest throughout Malesia. Various species are used ences, including the reference work in classifi ca- for vegetable oil, soap-making, insecticides, and tion of fl owering plants by Heywood et al. (2007) highly prized wood mahogany (Swietenia spp. and Takhtajan (2009). However, the Angiosperm and Aglai a spp.). Species that provide edible fruits Phylogeny Group (2003, 2009) have lumped are mainly tropical and include various Aglaia them together into a larger family Malvaceae spp., the duku, langsat, lonkong (Lansium domes- sensu lato. Heywood et al. (2007) assert “although ticum) and the santol ( Sandoricum koetjape ). The closely related to Malvaceae, molecular data latter two species are popular and widely eaten supports their separation. Only pollen and habit fruits in southeast Asia and also have several seem to provide a morphological basis for the pharmacological properties; various plant have separation.” Contrariwise they say: “One approach been used in traditional folkloric medicine. is to lump them (the families in the core Malvales, The Moraceae family comprises between 37 including Bombacaceae) all into a ‘super’ and 43 genera and 1,100Ð1,400 species, wide- Malvaceae, recognizing them as subfamilies. The spread in tropical and subtropical areas but less other, taken here, is to recognize each of these ten common in temperate areas. They comprise trees, groups as families”. Members of the Bombacaceae shrubs, vines, frequently with milky or watery have been covered in volume 1. In this volume, latex. Flowers occur usually in heads and are uni- members of Sterculiaceae (e.g. kola, cacao, sexual; ovule is anatropous or campylotropous cupuassu) are included together with species and united into a more or less fl eshy compound belonging to the traditional Malavaceae sensu fruits. Economically, the most important species stricto which comprises the mallows, abutilons, are those of Morus and Maclura associated cotton, okra, hibiscuses and related plants. Species with the production of silk. Some species in of Malvaceae sensu lato provide sources of fi bre, Broussonetia , Maclura, and Morus are impor- food and beverages, medicines, timber, and in tant for paper making. Some Artocarpus and horticulture (ornamental). Also some members Broussonetia species are used for furniture or timber. xvi Introduction
Some species in Artocarpus , Ficus , Prainea , (Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombaceae and Treculia and Morus have edible fruit. The com- Malvaceae) and several other families but the mon edible tropical Artocarpu s species include relationships are still obscure and unresolved. the bread fruit A. altilis , the breadnut A. camansi , Muntingia calabura, the type species, has edible jackfruit A. heterophyllus , chempedak A. integer fruits and contains phytochemicals with pharma- and the marang or terap A. odratissimus . Many of cological properties. the edible Artocapus s pecies contain bioactive The genus Musa in the family Musaceae is compounds such as the prenylated fl avonoids or divided into four sections, including members of stilbenoids, and lectins which have signifi cant both seeded and non-seeded (parthenocarpic) pharmacological activities. The edible Ficus types. Two of the sections contain species with a species include the common and popular fi g Ficus chromosome number of 2n = 20 ( Callimusa and carica and other lesser-known fi g trees like the Australimusa ) while the other two sections elephant ear fi g tree, F. auricalata, cluster fi g, ( Eumusa and Rhodochlamys) have species with a F. racemosa, the creeping ivy fi g, F. pumila and basic chromosome number of 11 (2n = 22). The dinner plate fi g tree F. dammaropsis . Many of the majority of cultivated bananas arises from the Ficus species have medicinal attributes. Prainea Eumusa group of species. This section is the big- limpato is a rare species with unusual stellate, gest in the genus and the most geographically grosteques looking fruit which is edible. The edi- widespread, with species being found from India, ble Morus species include the red (M. rubra) , throughout South East Asia to the Pacifi c Islands. white (M. alba) and black (M. nigra ) mulberries, Linnaeus fi rst classifi ed banana (Musa ) into the plant parts of which have bioactive chemicals two species based on their culinary use, Musa with pharmacological activities. sapientum for dessert bananas and Musa paradi- Moringaceae or horseradish tree family com- siaca for plantains. This distinction is entirely prise only one genus with 12 species, found semantic and artifi cial with no botanical basis mainly in tropical and subtropical climates. The and no consistent culinary basis. In 1948, most widely known species is Moringa oleifera , Cheesman found that Musa sapientum and Musa a multi-purpose tree native to the foothills of the paradisiaca , described by Linnaeus, were actually Himalayas in north-western India and cultivated cultivars and intra and interspecifi c hybridizations pan-tropically. M. stenopetala , an African species, of two wild and seedy species, Musa acuminata is also widely cultivated, but to a much lesser and Musa balbisiana, each contributing the A and extent than M. oleifera . Moringa oleifera (horse- B genomes respectively. The identifi cation of radish or drumstick tree) has edible fruits and Musa cultivars has traditionally been based upon leaves. The seeds provide “ben oil” used in per- various combinations of morphological, pheno- fumery and light lubricants and the seeds are also logical and fl oral criteria. The preponderance of used to purify water and removal of industrial cultivars magnifi ed the taxonomic problems of pollutants and heavy metals. Moringa oleifera oil classifying Musa until Simmonds and Shepherd was found to have potential as acceptable feed- (1955) devised a scoring system based on 15 stock for biodiesel. The leaves made highly nutri- diagnostic morphological characters to differen- tious cattle feed and the roots are also a source of tiate M. acuminata cultivars from M. balbisiana edible condiment. The tree’s bark, roots, fruit, cultivars and their hybrids into six genome groups. fl owers, leaves, seeds, and gum are also used Generally, modern classifi cations of banana culti- medicinally. vars follow Simmonds’ and Shepherd’s system. Muntigiaceae is indigenous to the neotropics. The accepted names for bananas are Musa acum- The small family includes the monotypic genera, inata , Musa balbisiana or Musa acuminata × Muntingi a, Dicraspidia and Neotessmania. They balbisiana , depending on their ancestral genome. were previously included in Elaeocarpaceae, Examples of the new classifi cation scheme Tiliaceae or Flacourtiaceae. Muntigiaceae is adopted include: Musa acuminata (AA group) closely related to the rosid order Mavales ‘Lakatan’, Musa acuminata (AAA Group) ‘Gros Introduction xvii
Michel’, Musa acuminata x balbisiana (AAB seriously challenged by Johnson and Briggs (1984) Group) ‘Horn Plantain’, Musa acuminata x bal- who concluded, from a cladistic analysis based bisiana (AAB Group) ‘Pisang Raja’ Musa acum- on morphological and anatomical characters, that inata x balbisiana (ABB Group) ‘Bluggoe’. these subfamilies must be abandoned. Species of Other edible Muss spp covered in this volume are the myrtle family provide many valuable products, Musa troglodytarum (Fei bananas), Musa velu- including timber (e.g. Eucalyptus ), essential oils tina and Musa zebrina . and spices (e.g. allspice, cloves), and horticul- As described above, most banana cultivars are tural plants (e.g. ornamentals such as Verticordia , derived from two species, Musa acuminata Callistemon, Leptospermum ) and edible fruits (A genome) and Musa balbisiana (B genome). such as the common guava, strawberry guava, However, Shepherd and Ferreira (1982) found other Psidium spp., Feijoa, myrtle, rose myrtle, cultivars derived from hybridizations with jaboticaba, Eugenia spp . Myrciaria spp. and M. schizocarpa (S genome), which was subse- Syzygium spp. Many of these myrtaceous plants quently confi rmed by Carreel et al. (1993). also have medicinal properties. Several landraces containing the two genomes acuminata and species from the Australimusa section (T genome) and two landraces containing Selected References the three genomes, A, B and T have been found in Papua New Guinea and a Philippine clone Andersson L (1981) The neotropical genera of (Butuhan) is considered to be the result of an Marantaceae. Circumscription and relationships. Nordic ancient hybridization between M. balbisiana and J Bot 1:218Ð245 M. textilis (T genome) (Carreel et al. 1993 ). Andersson L, Chase MW (2001) Phylogeny and classifi - cation of Marantaceae. Bot J Linn Soc 135(3): Myristicaceae, the nutmeg family comprises 275Ð287 about 20 genera and approximately 500 species Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II (2003) An update of the of evergreen trees and shrubs found in tropical Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classifi cation for the Asia to the Pacifi c islands and also in Africa and orders and families of fl owering plants: APG II. Bot J Linn Soc 141:399Ð436 tropical America. The most well known and Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009) An update of the widely cultivated species is the spice, Myristica Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classifi cation for the fragrans, the nutmeg or mace. Nutmeg has culi- orders and families of fl owering plants: APG III. Bot J nary and medicinal uses. Two other edible spe- Linn Soc 161:L105ÐL121 Baum DA, Dewitt Smith S, Yen A, Alverson WS, Nyffeler R, cies covered in this volume are Myristica fatua Whitlock BA, Oldham RL (2004) Phylogenetic Myrtaceae, and Horsfeldia australiana. relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Myrtaceae , the myrtle family, placed within Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred the order Myrtales comprises at least 133 genera from plastid DNA sequences. Am J Bot 91(11): 1863Ð1871 and 3,800 species of woody shrubs to tall trees. It Bayer C, Chase MW, Fay MF (1998) Muntingiaceae, a has centers of diversity in Australia, southeast new family of dicotyledons with malvalean affi nities. Asia, and tropical to southern temperate America, Taxon 47:37Ð42 but has little representation in Africa. The family Bayer C, Fay MF, de Bruijn AY, Salvolainen V, Morton CM, Kubitzki K, Alverson WS, Chase MW (1999) is distinguished by a combination of the follow- Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae ing features: entire aromatic leaves containing oil within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined glands, fl ower parts in multiples of four or fi ve, analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences. Bot ovary half inferior to inferior, numerous brightly J Linn Soc 129(4):267Ð303 Carlquist S (1996) Wood and bark anatomy of lianoid coloured and conspicuous stamens, internal Indomalesian and Asiatic species of Gnetum. Bot J phloem, and vestured pits on the xylem vessels. Linn Soc 121:1Ð24 Until relatively recently, the family has been Carreel F, Fauré S, Gonzalez de Léon D, Lagoda PJL, considered to be naturally divisible into two Perrier X, Bakry F, Tézenas du Montcel H, Lanaud C, Horry J-P (1993) Evaluation de la diversité génétique subfamilies, the fl eshy-fruited Myrtoideae and chez les bananiers diploïdes à l’IRFA-CIRAD. Fruits the capsular-fruited Leptospermoideae. This was (numéro spécial):25–40 xviii Introduction
Cheesman EE (1948) Classifi cation of bananas IIIc Musa Mori SA, Prance GT (1990a) Lecythidaceae Ð part II. The paradisiaca Linn. and Musa sapientum Linn. Kew zygomorphic-fl owered New World genera (Couroupita , Bull 2:146Ð153 Corythophora , Bertholletia , Couratari , Eschweilera , Daniells J, Jenny C, Tomekpe K (2001) Musalogue: a & Lecythis ). Fl Neotrop 21(2):1Ð376 catalogue of Musa germplasm. Diversity in the genus Mori SA, Prance GT (1990b) Taxonomy, ecology, and Musa (Arnaud E, Sharrock S. compli.). International economic botany of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain, Humb. and Bonpl.: Lecythidaceae). Adv Econ Bot Montpellier, France.