11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 1

Welcome message

The Universiti Brunei Darussalam is honoured to host the 11th International Flora Malesiana Symposium. On behalf of the organizing committee it is my pleasure to welcome you to Brunei Darussalam. The Flora Malesiana Symposium is a fantastic opportunity to engage in discussion and sharing information and experience in the field of , ecology and conservation. This is the first time that a Flora Malesiana Symposium is organized in Brunei Darissalam and in the entire island of . At the center of the Malesian archipelago the island of Borneo magnifies the megadiversity of this region with its richness in and animal . Moreover, the symposium will be an opportunity to inspire and engage the young generation of taxonomists, ecologists and conservationists who are attending it. They will be able to interact with senior researchers and get inspired with new ideas and develop further collaboration. In a phase of Biodiversity crisis, it is pivotal the understanding of plant diversity their ecology in order to have a tangible and successful result in the conservation action. I would like to thank the Vice Chancellor of UBD for supporting the symposium. In the last 6 months the organizing committee has worked very hard for making the symposium possible, to them goes my special thanks. I would like to extend my thanks to all the delegates and the keynote speakers who will make this event a memorable symposium.

Dr Daniele Cicuzza Chairperson of the 11th International Flora Malesiana Symposium UBD, Brunei Darussalam

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Organizing Committee

Adviser Media and publicity Dr. Joyce Teo Siew Yean, AVC (GA) Kenny Liew Yeh Ping, ARCC Dr. Abby Tan Chee Hong, AVC & VP Siti Marlina binti Haji Abdul Manan, AR (Research) FoS

Co-Chairpersons Safety and Security Dr. Lim Lee Hoon, Dean of FoS Siti Marlina binti Haji Abdul Manan, Dr. Daniele Cicuzza, Assist. Prof. FoS ARFOS Hj Mohd Jamil bin Dato Hj Abd Hamid, Coordinator FoS Laboratory Superintendent Dr Daniele Cicuzza, Assist. Prof. FoS Invitations Secretariat Munirah binti Zainal Abidin, ARRO & Dr. Daniele Cicuzza, Assist. Prof. FoS iCUBE Secretariat Mr. Dennis Ting Teck Wah, Assist Lect. Siti Marlina binti Haji Abdul Manan, AR Ms. Nurhazwani Sirun, RA FoS FoS Ms. Fauziah HajiYahya , RA FoS Ak Baharudin Pg Razak, AR OAVC RI Hjh Roshanizah Hj Rosli, EO IBER Programme book, photography and technical support Munirah binti Zainal Abidin, ARRO & Protocol (Opening Ceremony) iCUBE Secretariat Awg Hj Ramli bin Hj Jaafar Siti Marlina binti Haji Abdul Manan, AR Awg Hj Md Nazamuddin Nadiman PSN FoS Pg Anak Hj Mudh Bey Muntassir Hajah Wan Farhani Haji Suhaili, Head of Local Scientific committee Estate Dr. Daniele Cicuzza Hjh Roshanizah Hj Rosli, EO IBER Dr. Ferry Slik Dr. David Marshall Refreshments Dr. Ulmar Grafe Siti Marlina binti Haji Abdul Manan, AR Dr. Yasuaki Tanaka FoS Dr. Takaomi Arai Dennis Ting Teck Wah Dr. Pooja Shivanand Breh Dr. Rahayu Sukmaria binti Hj Sukri Dr. Faizah Hj Metali IT support Audio and Visual Dr. Abdalla Jama Hajah Wan Farhani Haji Suhaili, Head of Dr. Norhayati Ahmad Estate Dr. Hussein Taha Dr. Monowarul Mobin Siddique Accommodation & transportation Mr. Dennis Ting Teck Wah Dennis Ting Teck Wah Ms. Nurhazwani Sirun, RA FoS

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Ms. Fauziah HajiYahya , RA FoS Dr. Ferry Slik

Registration, ushers & Master of Field Trip & KBFSC Matter Ceremonies Ms. Nurhazwani Sirun, RA FoS

Ms. Fauziah HajiYahya , RA FoS Yapp Cheah Nin Dennis Ting Teck Wah Nur Diyana Sulaiman Soon Boon Yu Nur 'Atiyah Hana binti Kaflee Mohammad Amiruddin bin Ruslan Nur' Sabrina @ Balqis binti Haji Abdul Nurul Hazlina binti Hj Zaini Salam Hjh Roshanizah Hj Rosli, EO IBER Nazihah Haji Sabaruddin Dk Nasriah Rabiatul Adawiyah Bte Pg AbdulKarim Anis Nadiah b. Abdillah Student Liason Officers Zheng jiahui Army Binti Liming Nur Bazila Afifah Binti Matussin May Poh Yik Goh Nura Fariza Binti Noo Azam Rafi' ah binti Jambul Siti Rafhiah Hj Abd Kaharr Awangku Syazwan bin Pengiran Sulaiman

Souvenir Ms. Nurhazwani Sirun, RA FoS Ms. Fauziah HajiYahya , RA FoS Munirah binti Zainal Abidin, ARRO & iCUBE Secretariat Siti Marlina binti Haji Abdul Manan, ARFOS

Paramedic Support Munirah binti Zainal Abidin, ARRO & iCUBE Secretariat Siti Marlina binti Haji Abdul Manan, ARFOS

Laboratory Support Committee

Hj Mohd Jamil bin Dato Hj Abd Hamid, FoS Laboratory Superintendent Dr. Daniele Cicuzza

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International Scientific Forestry Department Committee () Jennifer De Muria Daniele Cicuzza Smithsonian Institute (USA) Universiti Brunei Darussalam Paulo Silveria (Brunei) University of Aveiro (Portugal) Rani Asmarayani Ferry Slik Herbarium Bogoriense () - Universiti Brunei Darussalam Missouri Botanical Garden (USA) (Brunei) Cheng Wei Chen Daniel Thomas Taiwan Forest Research Institute Botanic Garden (Taiwan) (Singapore) Barry Conn Timothy Utteridge The University of Sidney Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew () Wita Wardani Peter Hovenkamp Herbarium Bogoriense Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Indonesia) (The Netherland) Peter van Welzen Eyen Khoo Naturalis Biodiversity Center Sabah Forestry Department (The Netherland) (Malaysia) Andy Maryani A Mustapeng

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SPONSORS

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Map of UBD and FMXI Venue

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Map of UBD and FMXI Venue Level 1, Chancellor Hall Lift VIP

ce

Hall Main

Vendors Entran

Posters VIP Lecture theatre Foyer

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ONSITE REGISTRATION COUNTER

Registration Counter is located at the Foyer of Chancellor Hall.

OPENING HOURS 30 June, 1400 – 1700 hours 1 July, 0730 – 1800 hours 2 July, 0800 – 1730 hours 3 July, 0800 – 1310 hours 4 July, 0800 – 1710 hours 5 July, 0800 – 1200 hours, 1400 – 1630 hours (Break for Friday Prayers) NAME BADGES & WELCOME KIT Registered delegates are to wear their name badges at all times during the Conference for identification and security purposes. Admission to all Conference sessions and official functions are based on identification badges.

COFFEE BREAKS Coffee breaks will be served inside the Chancellor Hall wing, map: Level 1.

LUNCH Lunch will be served in the Chancellor Hall wing, map: Level 1.

INFO DESK Information desk is located at the foyer of Chancellor Hall

EMERGENCY NUMBERS UBD security hotline: +673 8169009 Police, Tel: 991, Ambulance Tel: 993 Fire and Rescue Department (known as Bomba) Tel: 995

E-CERTIFICATE OF ATTENDANCE E-Certificate of Attendance will be emailed to all registered delegates after the conference.

LIABILITY

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The Organizing Committee will not assume any responsibility for accidents, losses or damages, as well as delays or modifications of the conference program.

SOCIAL PROGRAM

Welcome Reception Date : 1 July 2019 Time : 1600 – 1800 hours Venue : Foyer, Level 1 Chancellor Hall Dress Code : Casual

FMXI 2019 Social dinner for those who have registered Date : 2 July 2019 Time : 1900 – 2200 hours Venue : Z’yan Restaurant Dress Code : Casual Speaker Preview Room Speaker Preview Room is located at VIP Room behind the registration desk, Level 1, Chancellor Hall and the opening hours are as follows: 30 June, 1400 - 1700 hours 1 July, 0730 - 1900 hours 2 July, 0730 - 1900 hours 3 July, 0730 - 1900 hours 4 July, 0730 - 1600 hours 5 July, 0730 - 1200 hours, 1400 - 1600 hours (Break for Friday Prayers) You may submit or download your presentation materials at the Speaker Preview Room during the opening hours stated above.

FOR KEYNOTE & PANEL DISCUSSION SPEAKERS 1) You are required to check in at the VIP room at least ONE (1) day prior to your presentation day to submit your final presentation materials. 2) The staff on duty will reconfirm your presentation timing and location. 3) Audio-visual testing facilities are available at the VIP Room. The staff on duty will assist you in testing and installing your presentation materials. 4) Please be present at your session room at least 15 minutes prior to the start of the session.

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5) The standard Audio Visual & IT equipment provided consist the following: • Laptop (Microsoft Power Point, Microsoft Office, Internet Explorer & Window Media Player) • Projector with Screen • Standard PA system with microphone 6) You may indicate your computer preference (if any) upon checking in at the Speaker Preview Room.

FOR CHAIRPERSONS • Please be present at your session room at least 10 minutes prior to the start of the session. • Chairperson guideline will be provided to you upon registration at the VIP Room, Level 1, Chancellor Hall. • Chairpersons are required to act as Timekeepers by ringing the bell provided on 10 min (1st reminder), 13 min (2nd reminder) at 20 min the session end.

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FOR SYMPOSIA AND GENERAL SESSION PRESENTERS • Your presentation slides are required to be uploaded at the VIP Room one (1) day prior to the start of the session. • Please reconfirm your presentation’s timing and location with the staff on duty at the VIP Room located in the Level 1, Chancellor Hall. • Audio-visual testing facilities are available for your testing and viewing. The staff on duty will assist you in testing and installing your presentation materials. • For oral presentation - please remember that the time allocated for each oral session is fifteen (15) minutes for presentation and five (5) minutes for questions and answers. A bell will be rung at the 10th minute as a reminder. • If you are late to upload your presentation slide and/or if it is found incompatible with our system, the Organizing Committee has the right to cancel your presentation without any notice. You are encouraged to test and view prior to the start of the session. • Please adhere to the Chairperson’s instructions during the session, particularly the timing of your presentation.

POSTER PRESENTATION Mounting : 1 July 2019, 1200 - 1500 hours Dismantling : 5 July 2019, 1400 hours onwards Presentation Times : 2 July 2019, 1250 - 1700 hours 4 July 2018, 1250 - 1700 hours • Posters must be set up at the given poster mounting time as stated above. • The Organizing Committee bears no responsibility for any lost or damaged posters if the posters are not dismantled after the given time. • Please ensure that no damage is done to the poster panel boards. • Material for sticking: Double-sided tape. • Please refer to the Venue Layout for location.

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GTA Workshop: 28-30 June 2019

Workshop: Global Assessment Red List Workshop

Day 1 (Sunday) 30 June 2019 14.00-16.00 Registration- Main Reception

Day 2 (Monday) 1 July 2019 8.00-9.00 Registration- Main Reception

Chancellor Hall Welcoming remarks by Vice Chancellor, Yang Mulia Datin Dr Dayang 9.10-9.20 Hajah Anita Binurul Zahrina binti POKLW Dato Seri Setia Haji Awang Abdul Aziz

Opening speech by the Yang Berhormat Dato Seri Setia Awang Haji Ali Bin Apong, Minister at the Ministry of Primary Resources & Tourism 9.20-9.30 Official Opening Ceremony of the 11th Flora Malesiana Symposium

Keynote: Jun Wen: Plant Systematics: A Century of Progress and 9.30-10.10 Outlook for its Development in SE Asia 10.15 Group Photo Session 10.15-11.10 Morning Break (Tea/Coffee)

Main Hall Lecture Theatre Senate room 11.10-13.00 Session 1A. Session 1B. Session 1C. Biogeography Flora Malesiana Conservation 13.00-14.00 Lunch

14.00-16.00 Session 2A. Session 2B. Session 2C. Biogeography Flora Malesiana Anatomy

16.00-17.00 Chancellor Hall welcome reception

Day 3 (Tuesday) 2 July 2019 Chancellor Hall 9.00-9.10 Announcements Keynote: Max van Balgooy: Professor van Steenis – Godfather of 9.10-9.50 Flora Malesiana

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Main Hall Lecture Theatre Senate room 10.00-11.20 Session 3A. Session 3B. Session 3C. Biogeography Ferns Araceae 11.20-11.50 Morning Break (Tea/Coffee)

11.50-12.50 Session 4A. Session 4B. Session 4C. Begonia Ferns Aracaeae 12.50-14.00 Lunch (Poster Presentation)

14.00-15.20 Session 5A. Session 5B. Session 5C. Ericales Ferns 15.20-15.50 Afternoon Break (Tea/Coffee)

15.50-17.30 Session 6A. Session 6B. Session 6C. Flora Malesiana Fungi Conservation 19.00-23.30 Symposium Dinner

Day 4 (Wednesday) 3 July 2016 Chancellor Hall 9.00-9.10 Announcements Keynote: Peter Wilf: Patagonian Plant Fossils Highlight West 9.10-9.50 Gondwanan Legacy in the Malesian Flora

Main Hall Lecture Theatre Senate room 10.00-11.00 Session 7A. Session 7B. Session 7C. Conservation in Palms Botanic Gardens Borneo 11.00-11.30 Morning Break (Tea/Coffee)

11.30-13.10 Session 8A. Session 8B. Session 8C. Conservation in Palms Botanic Gardens Borneo 12.50-14.00 Lunch 14.00-17.00 Tours, Free time FM Board Members meeting

Identification of Malesian seed 14.00-17.00 Workshop using spot-characters

14.00-17.00 Workshop Hyb-Seq target enrichment: a cost- effective method for phylogenomics

Day 5 (Thursday) 4 July 2019

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Chancellor Hall 9.00-9.10 Announcements

Keynote: Tetsukazu Yahara: Lessons from plant diversity 9.10-9.50 assessments in : sterile specimens and DNA sequences enabled us to discover more than 1,000 undescribed species

Main Hall Lecture Theatre Senate room 10.00-11.00 Session 9A. Session 9B. Session 9C. Ecology Biogeography 11.00-11.30 Morning Break (Tea/Coffee)

11.30-12.50 Session 10A. Session 10B. Session 10C. Ecology - New Guinea Ethnobotany 12.50-14.00 Lunch

14.00-15.20 Session 11A. Session 11B. Session 11C. Lamiales + New Guinea Ethnobotany 15.20-15.50 Afternoon Break (Tea/Coffee)

15.50-17.30 Session 12A. Session 12B. Session 12C. New Guinea Annonaceae Ethnobotany

Day 6 (Friday) 5 July 2019 Chancellor Hall 9.00-9.10 Announcements Keynote: Pieter Baas: Flora Malesiana and its Wood Anatomical 9.10-9.50 Diversity

Main Hall Lecture Theatre Senate room 10.00-11.00 Session 13A. Session 13B. Session 13C. Zingiberacecae Bryophytes

Morning Break (Tea/Coffee) 11.00-11.30

11.30-12.10 Session 14A. Session 14B. Session 14C. Bryophytes 12.10-14.00 Lunch Break

14.00-15.20 Session 15A. Session 15B. Session 15C. Malvales Cultivation Bryophytes

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15.20-15.40 Afternoon Break (Tea/Coffee)

15.40-16.30 Closing ceremony

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Keynote Lectures Monday 1 July 2019 Plant Systematics: A Century of Progress and Outlook for its Development in SE Asia

Dr. Jun Wen

Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA

Systematics is the science of discovering, organizing and interpreting the diversity of all living organisms. The field has progressed tremendously in the last century with building of important systematic collections, documentation of plant diversity via floristic and taxonomic research, integration of taxonomy with paleontology, population genetics and biogeography (the modern synthesis), and development of phylogenetic systematics through cladistics and DNA molecular data. In this new century, developments in integrative systematics, biodiversity informatics and genomics are now transforming systematics and have opened up many new opportunities. Traditional taxonomy is at a cross roads for new challenges of substantial taxonomic changes with new phylogenetic and phylogenomic data. Major digitization efforts and developments in biodiversity informatics have helped the systematics community explore ways to enhance the efficiency in organizing, publishing, and utilizing systematic information. At the same time, genomics is rapidly facilitating construction of the tree of life, improving taxonomic classification, and disentangling complex evolutionary histories. In the informatics and genomics era, systematics has an incredible capacity to integrate with computational and exploratory platforms for discovery as well as with other, related disciplines while maintaining its core strengths in biological collections and morphology. With the grape as an example, we illustrate how substantial changes now are being made on circumscribing genera based on new phylogenetic and phylogenomic evidence. Finally, we call for a community-wide effort of establishing a new global cyberinfrastructure or Biodiversity Cyberbank that will function as the main repository of many types of biodiversity data to ensure the long-term sustainability of the vast and growing amount of systematic data and free access of the data for biodiversity-rich regions such as SE Asia. This Biodiversity Cyberbank will contain new and efficient analytical pipelines for systematics research, especially for efficiently generating taxonomic treatments (revisions, e-monographs and floras). Integrative systematics needs to develop with continued exploration of plant diversity via field work and herbarium studies and training of collection-based botanists in biodiversity-rich regions, especially in SE Asia, and training of next-generation botanists with collections-based as well as integrative skills. Integrative systematics must also proactively educate the public and policy makers on

11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 18 the importance of systematics and collections for addressing the biodiversity crisis of the Anthropocene, and a Biodiversity Cyberbank may represent one powerful tool for such outreach.

Tuesday 2 July 2019 Professor van Steenis – Godfather of Flora Malesiana

Dr. Max M.J. van Balgooy Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

C.G.G.J. van Steenis (1901-1986) started his career at Herbarium Bogoriense in 1927. Here he acquired a thorough knowledge of plants, both in the herbarium and in the field. Based on the distribution of genera occurring between SE Asia and Australia he established the boundaries of a floristic region “Malesia” which comprises the present-day countries Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, , Timor Leste and . His ideal was to write a flora of this region: “Flora Malesiana”. He brought together the groundwork for the project: literature, cyclopedia of collectors, survey of Malesian genera etc. Although trained as a systematist, he was much more than that, as evident from his papers on vegetation, geography, conservation and evolution. He had a special interest in certain groups of plants, such as mangroves, mountain plants, drought plants and rheophytes. He held original opinions on plant distribution and evolution, often contrary to generally accepted views. For instance, he completely denied the role of long-distance dispersal and competition as drivers of distribution patterns and evolution. One of his passions was the identification of plants, which he pursued till the end. Van Steenis was not an easy person. He could present himself as a grumpy, even rude person, but he was extremely kind at heart. These sides of his character will be illustrated by a few anecdotes, assembled on the occasion of his retirement as director of the Rijksherbarium in 1972. His main legacy remains the Project, Flora Malesiana, which hopefully will be continued, despite its long delays.

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Wednesday 3 July 2019

Patagonian Plant Fossils Highlight West Gondwanan Legacy in the Malesian Flora

Prof. Peter Daniel Wilf Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, USA

Forests with Castanopsis and Papuacedrus occur today in New Guinea, but they represent a history of survival stretching tens of millions of years and thousands of kilometers to Eocene South America. Unlike New World and African tropical rainforests, the Malesian flora’s history is closely tied to tectonic introductions from exotic terranes. For example, South America, Antarctica, and Australia remained adjacent until the Eocene final separation of Gondwana, and warm climates promoted high-latitude dispersals among those landmasses. Australia’s subsequent northward movement led to the late Oligocene Sahul-Sunda collision and the uplift of New Guinea, allowing the introductions into Malesia of survivor taxa that were once widespread in mesic Gondwanan rainforests. In Patagonian Argentina, the Laguna del Hunco (52.2 Ma) site preserves abundant and well-preserved fossils of an unexpectedly large number of lineages whose living relatives characteristically associate in perhumid, lower montane “oak-laurel” rainforests of Malesia, especially in New Guinea. These taxa include the angiosperms Castanopsis (Fagaceae), Gymnostoma (Casuarinaceae), Alatonucula (extinct engelhardioid Juglandaceae), Eucalyptus (), Ceratopetalum (Cunoniaceae), Lauraceae, and Ripogonum (Ripogonaceae); conifers in Cupressaceae (Papuacedrus), Araucariaceae (Agathis and Araucaria Section Eutacta), and Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Podocarpus, and a species similar to Phyllocladus); and the fern Todea (Osmundaceae). Many of these records are the only occurrences of the respective taxa in South America, living or fossil, vastly extending their past ranges and thus the biogeographic history of part of the Malesian mountain flora. The living-fossil taxa inhabit, and several dominate, critical watershed areas of high endemism and biodiversity in Malesia’s endangered tropical-montane rainforests.

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Thursday 4 July 2019 Lessons from plant diversity assessments in Southeast Asia: sterile specimens and DNA sequences enabled us to discover more than 1,000 undescribed species

Prof. Tetsukazu Yahara Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan

In spite of the continuous efforts in the Flora Malesiana project since 1940s, many plant families including big families such as Lauraceae, and Annonaceae remain to be treated and published. Due to this gap of taxonomic studies, it is often difficult to identify in forest plots; even in the well-studied plots of Pasoh and Lambir Hills, many tree species remain to be identified. To overcome this difficulty, since 2011, we carried out plant diversity assessments in 50 locations of Southeast Asia where we placed totally 174 plots of 100 m x 5 m and collected all the species found inside the plots, including trees, shrubs, vines, herbs, and epiphytes, even though those were sterile. The specimens we collected amounted to 42,752 including ca. 30,000 species. To identify those specimens, we are using genome-wide SNPs (MIG-seq) in addition to sequences of classic DNA barcodes. MIG-seq is useful to obtain phylogenetic trees highly resolved for closely related species and MIH-seq trees enabled us to identify species even though most specimens are sterile. In Cinnamomum of Lauraceae, for example, we could distinguish 104 species among which 31 species (30%) are undescribed. In Lasianthus of Rubiaceae, we distinguished 146 species among which 77 species (53%) are undescribed. In Spatholobus of , we distinguished 29 species among which 10 species (34%) are undescribed. In addition to taxonomic studies on some major groups including Lauraceae, Rubiaceae and Fabaceae, we are identifying all the vascular plant species in some particular areas. According to these floristic studies, an average proportion of undescribed species is determined as 3.9%. Based on this average, we estimate that our collections of ca. 30,000 species include more than 1,000 undescribed species. Over the last three years, we published 46 new species, but many more species remain to be described. We need to develop more efficient ways of new species publication. In addition, further efforts of plant species assessments using our method are needed to discover undescribed species in areas where we have not visited.

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Friday 5 July 2019 Flora Malesiana and its Wood Anatomical Diversity

Prof. Pieter Baas Professor emeritus Botany Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands

With its great diversity of forests and timber trees the Flora Malesiana region has been and still is an important field of study for wood anatomists and other wood scientists. In this presentation, I will briefly review the history of wood anatomical research in Malesia, often carried out at national centres of forestry and forest products research. The founder of Flora Malesiana, Professor CGGJ van Steenis, recognized the importance of wood anatomy as a source of diagnostic features for plant systematics and identification, by incorporating a concise wood anatomical account in each family treatment of the Flora. The rich but dispersed sources of wood anatomical information were integrated and significantly enriched in the three Timber Volumes of the PROSEA Handbook series – heavily leaning on the Flora Malesiana community for taxonomic background and expertise. Meanwile, virtually all known information on the wood anatomy of Malesian woody plants has been incorporated in the global web-database InsideWood (Wheeler 2011). These data are now increasingly used with the following objectives: 1. Allow for microscopic wood identification of commercial woods, cultural artefacts, and archeological, carbonized or petrified woods. Forensic wood identification gains importance to prevent illegal logging and timber trade and to implement conventions such as CITES for the protection of 2. Since wood fulfills numerous functions throughout the lifespan of trees, anatomical features can be analysed as functional traits in order to understand adaptive strategies of woody plants under different regimes of rainfall, temperature, and seasonality. 3. Despite rampant parallel and convergent evolution due to ecological adaptation, wood anatomy preserves powerful phylogenetic signals which continue to be useful in reconstructing phylogenies, in addition to evidence from DNA sequences.

During the lecture, I will illustrate these points with examples from Malesian plant groups. The paucity of active young wood anatomists in the region is a matter of great concern.

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Workshops:

Workshop 1: Identification of Malesian seed plants using spot-characters Coordinator: Susana Arias Guerrero, Max van Balgooy and Eka Iskandar Main Hall This workshop will give to participants an introduction to the use of spot characters as a tool for the identification of Malesian plant specimens. Some of the most useful spot characters will be explained and examined with a short-illustrated lecture, guidelines will be provided, and a hand on experience session using herbarium material of selected families will be given.

Workshop 2: Global Tree Assessment (IUCN and BGCI) Coordinator: Malin Rivers, Megan Barstow, Sara Oldfield Senate Room The Global Tree Assessment (GTA) aims to assess the of every tree species by the year 2020. This initiative is coordinated by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) and the IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. Currently around half of all tree species have a conservation assessment at global or national level. New assessments being undertaken for the GTA are using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This practical three-day workshop will enable participants to understand and utilise the IUCN Red List system together with the IUCN SIS database which is used to store Red List assessments. It will also provide an opportunity to review tree species assessments that have already been carried out. Timber species will be one group of trees to be assessed. Botanists and tree experts with any level of experience of conservation assessment are encouraged to join the workshop. The emphasis will be on trees of Borneo but participants will have the opportunity to work on tree species from across the Flora Malesiana region.

Workshop 3: Hyb-Seq target enrichment: a cost-effective method for phylogenomics

Coordinator: Elliot Gardner, Sidonie Bellot Hyb-Seq combines targeted sequencing of hundreds of nuclear genes —as well as genome skimming of high-copy repeats, including organellar DNA— to efficiently produce genome- scale datasets for phylogenomics. This workshop will provide an overview of Hyb-Seq and how to successfully implement it all the way from kit design, via lab work and data post- processing, to phylogenomic inference, using the Artocarpus (Moraceae) as a case study. The workshop will discuss the use of both custom kits targeted to specific study system as well as the universal Angiosperm353 markers.

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Scientific Program

Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 1A. Biogeography Session 1B. Flora Malesiana Session 1C. Conservation 11.20-11.40 Colin Maycock: Getting a David Middleton: The Flora of Fitmawati: Spatial modelling handle on Borneo's plant Singapore project (148) analysis of the Sumatran rare biodiversity (91) species Mangifera using the MaxEnt program (62) 11.40-12.00 Dan Murphy: Quantitative Adriane Tobias: Review of Scurrula Val Salares: Status of the vascular geospatial methods for atropurpurea (Blume) Danser plant endemicity of Cebu Island, bioregionalisation and [=Loranthus philippensis Cham. & Philippines with updates on comparative biogeography Schltdl.] (38) endemic species distributions (37) of Australasia (68) 12.00-12.20 Jian-Fei Ye: Delineating Deby Arifiani: Indonesian biodiversity Michael E. Manting: Aquatic the phylogeographical status: The number of Indonesian fungi Plant Species in the Stream of regions of China: Novel and plant species (29) Barangay Olango Adjoining the insights from a Agus River of Baloi, Lanao del phylogenetic approach Norte (165) (164)

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12.20-12.40 Liam Trethowan: Recent Fulgent Coritico: Vascular plant Megan Barstow: Red Listing of island ontogeny shapes diversity in Mt. Limbawon, Bukidnon, tree species in trade (105) Sulawesi’s tropical tree Philippines (27) communities (78)

12.40-13.00 Roderick Bouman: Gillian Khew: Genome sequencing of Peter Wilkie: How Floras and Phylogenetic classification the flora of Singapore (22) monographs are helping deliver of the paraphyletic genus conservation targets in Sapotaceae Phyllanthus (153) (Phyllanthaceae), what the future brings (77)

Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 2A. Biogeography Session 2B. Flora Malesiana Session 2C. Anatomy 14.00-14.20 Peter C. van Welzen: Three Michael Calaramo: The ecology and Rani Asmarayani: On the anatomy biogeographic patterns in floristic composition of Mt. Palemlem, of Malesian-Pacific Piper and its Malesia: the lust for water Bessang Pass and Mt. Malitis, implications for systematics 1: hampered by tectonics and Northwestern Luzon, Philippines (100) Stems (128) climate change (120)

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14.20-14.40 Zhi-Duan Chen: When and Peter Fritsch: Initiation of a large-scale Nikolay Vislobokov: Taxonomic how did China and survey of land plants and lichens in the significance of micromorphology Australia exchange plants? southern Philippines (65) of leaf epidermis within the genus (21) Aspidistra (110)

14.40-15.00 Ivan Savinov: Diversity Peter Schulthess Hürlimann: From plant Andi Salamah: Anatomical studies and distribution of the collector to tropical researcher - life and on the stem of nine tribes of Celastraceae in Himalayan times of Heinrich Zollinger (119) Asteraceae family in Campus mountain country, and Universitas Indonesia (16) phytogeographic connections with other regions of Asia (58) 15.00-15.20 Jatky Kusuma: Genetic Ummul Nazrah Abdul Rahman: Current Amirul-Aiman: Palynology Study diversity and population knowledge on limestone flora: A case on Byttnerioideae (Sterculiaceae structure of Myristica study of Kelantan limestone hills, S.S.) Species in Malaysia: A View species in Indonesia (32) Peninsular Malaysia (125) from Morphological Characteristics and Harmomegathy Perspective (162)

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15.20-15.40 Elliot Gardner: A Jay Picardal: Habitat preferences, Berhaman Ahmad: Anatomy and phylogenomic framework endemicity and proposed conservation Morphology of Nyctocalos for revisionary work in status of Philippine cinnamons (Bignoniaceae) of Malesia (19) Moraceae, with a focus on (Cinnamomum spp.) (17) Artocarpus (89)

15.40-16.00 Kek Shen Chua: William Baker: Completing the Plant Eleanor C. Villaverde: Phylogenetic and Tree of Life (48) Antioxidant and Reactive Oxygen morphological analysis of Species (ROS) Scavenging Tacca and the evolution of Activities of Freeze-Dried its reproductive structures Vaccinium myrtoides Fruit (158) with focus on Bornean taxa (56) 16.00-18.00 Chancellor Hall welcome reception

Day 3 Sessions: Tuesday 2 July 2019

Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 3A. Biogeography Session 3B. Ferns Session 3C. Araceae 10.00-10.20 Ferry Slik: An estimate of Aurfeli Nietes: Morpho-taxonomy and Peter Boyce and Sin Yeng Wong: the number of tropical tree Distribution of Hymenophyllaceae in Towards a revision of species (61) Mindanao Island, Philippines (107) Homalomena for Malesia (177)

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10.20-10.40 De-Zhu Li: Testing Haja Maideen Kader Maideen: Dwi Gusmalawati: Dynamics of Darwin’s transoceanic Morphological variability of Diplazium endogenous ABA levels during dispersal hypothesis for the species (Athyriaceae) in Peninsular dormancy in Porang tubers inland nettle family Malaysia (5) (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) () (155) (25) 10.40-11.00 Maxim Nuraliev: Marjorie de los Angeles: A checklist of Melanie Medecilo-Guiang: The Phylogeny of Asian fern species in Mt. Makiling, Philippine species of Thismia (Thismiaceae, Philippines (3) Amorphophallus (Araceae): a Dioscoreales) with taxonomic revision and implications for its introduction of new species (103) morphological evolution and infrageneric taxonomy (116) 11.00-11.20 Aninda Wibowo: Daniele Cicuzza: Fern flora of Borneo: Rodiyati Azrianingsih: Provision Molecular systematics and The good the bad and the ugly (152) of Porang (Amorphophallus floral morphology of muelleri Blume) seed through Thrixspermum polyembryo germination (1) (Orchidaceae) from Bali (41)

Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 4A. Begonia Session 4B. Ferns Session 4C. Araceae 11.50-12.10 Mark Hughes: Begonia of Peter Hovenkamp: A partly revised Shong Kian Chai: Pollination : Botanical dark checklist for Malesian Diplazium guilds of aroids (Araceae) at Mulu matter (160) (Athyriaceae) (93) National Park (175)

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12.10-12.30 Wisnu Handoyo Ardi: Ranil Rajapaksha: The grammitid ferns Yuzammi: An Analysis of Towards a revision of of Sri Lanka: A situational analysis of Indonesian Sauromatum Begonia (Begoniaceae) the most threatened fern group in Sri horsfieldii Miq. (Araceae) based from Sulawesi (150) Lanka (127) on morphology, anatomy and cytology (154) 12.30-12.50 Rosario Rubite: Begonia Jeanette Mara Tan: Cluster and Sin Yeng Wong & Peter Boyce: balangcodiae sp. nov. from ordination analyses of leaf architectural Defining the chaos: generic the Philippines and its characters in classifying Polypodiales changes in Schismatoglottideae natural hybrid with B. sensu PPG (145) and implications for biogeography crispipila, B. ×kapangan (176) nothosp. nov., the first report of natural hybridization in sect. Petermannia (136)

Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 5A. Ericales Session 5B. Ferns Session 5C. Gentianales 14.00-14.20 Anne Dubéarnès: Stuart Lindsay: The fern flora of Axel Arriola: or Taxonomic revision of Singapore (140) Octotropideae: Searching for the Embelia Burm.f. subgenus relatives of the Asian Embelia (Primulaceae - (44) Myrsinoideae) in Malesia (84)

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14.20-14.40 Carmen Puglisi: Towards Tatik Chikmawati: Reproduction Mahadura Ashini Dias: Breeding an account of the diversity of Pteridophytes in three system and hybrid origin of Ebenaceae of Malesia (82) ecosystem types in Mount Ciremai Hedyotis bodinieri (Rubiaceae) (7) National Park, Indonesia (146) 14.40-15.00 Pirada Sumanon: Wita Wardani: Morphometric study of Niña Kathryn Alfeche: Insights on Taxonomic revision of Athyrium in western Malesia (30) Philippine L. New Guinean Maesa (Ophiorrhizeae-Rubiaceae): a (Primulaceae – proposal on its infrageneric Maesoideae) (122) classificationand records of new species (121) 15.00-15.20 Timothy Utteridge: Titien Ngatinem Praptosuwiryo: Non- Michele Rodda: An update on Phylogenetic relationships detriment finding for the Golden taxonomic research on Asclepiad of tropical Asian Ardisia Chicken Fern Cibotium barometz for Apocynaceae in Malesia (134) (Primulaceae) and relatives sustainable use in Indonesia (35) (96)

Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 6A. Flora Session 6B. Fungi Session 6C. Conservation Malesiana 15.50-16.10 Kryssa Balangcod: Species Edwin Tadiosa: Occurrence and Joan Pereira: An initiative to meet richness of Ficus species in diversity of fungi in the National Park the goals of Plant Conservation three communal forests of and protected landscape of southern Strategies in (12) different elevations in Tagalos region, Philippines (63) Benguet Province, Luzon, Philippines (168)

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16.10-16.30 Ganesan Santhana K.: Minerva Arenas: Fungal Flora of Rajah Julia Sang: An overview of Tree Mangoes...Magnificent, Sikatuna Protected Landscape, Bohol Red Listing in , Borneo Muddled or Missed: An Island (43) (20) account of Mangoes and other Anacardiaceae in Singapore (74) 16.30-16.50 Jennifer De Muria: Arman Nuezca: Assessment of Malin Rivers: The Global Tree Species-richness in epiphytic lichens and evaluation in Assessment (159) Malesian Rinorea relation to their ethnomedicinal (Violaceae) with emphasis properties in Mt. Malambo Forest, on Bornean taxonomic Davao City, Philippines (47) diversity (169) 16.50-17.10 Peter Quakenbush: Where Ehlirch Ray Magday: Distribution of Pastor JR Malabrigo: are the knowledge gaps in Macrolichens in the montane forest of Conservation and red listing the flora of Luzon? A case Mt. Apo Natural Park, Davao, assessment of Philippine endemic study with Medinilla (124) Philippines (173) Dipterocarps (83) 17.10-17.30 Esperanza Maribel Agoo: Impressions on Philippine Orchid Classification based on DNA Barcodes and Stable Carbon Isotope Signatures (39) Day 4 Sessions: Wednesday 3 July 2019

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Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 7A. Palms Session 7B. Botanic Gardens Session 7C. Conservation in Borneo 10.00-10.20 Benedikt Kuhnhäuser: Gerda van Uffelen: BGCI targets: why Salwana Md. Jaafar: The effect of Phylogenomics of prioritize in Leiden? (9) invasion on litter-fall calamoid palms (2) production and litter decomposition in lowland forests in Brunei Darussalam (102) 10.20-10.40 Agusti Randi: Pinanga in Junichi Fujinuma: A challenge to plant Wardah Haji Tuah: Natural Kalimantan: taxonomy, biodiversity shortfalls in Malesian regeneration and rehabilitation in ecology and conservation region: databasing species occurrences a degraded kerapah heath forest - a (6) and functional traits (88) pilot study from Brunei Darussalam (156) 10.40-11.00 Alison Shapcott: Pinanga Nura Abdul Karim: Botanic Gardens of Gunawan: Predicting suitable palms revisited 20 years on Southeast Asia – Challenges in the habitat for Baccaurea angulata (8) conservation of regional flora (115) (Phyllanthaceae) in Borneo and Natuna islands using MaxEnt modelling (31)

Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 8A. Palms Session 8B. Botanic Gardens Session 8C. Conservation in Borneo

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11.30-11.50 Jun Ying Lim: Leveraging Paul J.A. Kessler: Botanic Gardens and Syahida Emiza Suhaimi: Botanical macroevolutionary models the Conservation of the Flora Malesiana records from Long Banga and and paleo-climatic (92) vicinity, Baram, Sarawak towards dynamics to understand the conservation efforts (72) present-day diversity of palms (99) 11.50-12.10 Novita Kartika Indah: Reuben Lim: Singapore’s Native Plant Bibian Michael Diway: Stand Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Centre: its role in conservation and structure of tree communities of Voss. in East Java, taxonomy (130) logged over forest in Sarawak Indonesia (114) (141) 12.10-12.30 Sidonie Bellot: Using Xin Yi Ng: Singapore Botanic Gardens Chea Yiing Ling: Forest Tree phylogenomics to Seed Bank (69) communities in relation to logging understand and protect history at Anap-Muput Forest South-East Asian Areceae Management Unit, Sarawak, (50) Borneo, Malaysia (87) 12.30-12.50 William Baker: Exploring Jean Linsky: Developing living Elia Godoong: Assessment of the palms of New Guinea collection networks: A case study on the trees above ground carbon and (49) of Borneo (95) diversity in Kawang Danum Rainforest Lodge (98) 12.-50-13.10 Fiti sri Rizki: A new Ashlym Kim Balangcod: LeVEx: a tool Sandy Tze Lui Tsen: Conservation species of Freycinetia for Leaf Venation Extraction using status and distribution of Sabah’s Gaudich. (Pandanaceae) image processing (45) endemic trees (57) from , Indonesia (14) Half Day/Garden Tours

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Day 5 Sessions: Thursday 4 July 2019

Main Hall Lecture theatre Session 9A. Ecology Session 9B. Biogeography 10.00-10.20 Kwek Yan Chong: Will Shamsul Khamis: Taxonomic value of freshwater swamp forests petiole anatomy in the Malaysian Litsea become peat swamp complex (Lauraceae) (137) forests? A carbon-based investigation (80) 10.20-10.40 Mohammad Rozaimi: A Alison Moore: Recent progress in the phanerogam phenomenon: understanding of Poikilospermum intertidal occurrence of the (Urticaceae) of Malesia (40) seagrass Halophila decipiens in an estuarine habitat from Malaysia (135) 10.40-11.00 Pratiwi: Tree Species Jie Liu: DNA barcoding of Taxus: From Selection Aspect for Forest theory to application (36) and Land Rehabilitation in Indonesia (161)

Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 10A. Ecology - Session 10B. Lamiales Session 10C. Ethnobotany New Guinea 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 34

11.30-11.50 Syadwina Hamama David Middleton: The for Freda Wong: Underutilized plants Dalimunthe: Santalaceae in Flora Malesiana (90) in Kibungan, Benguet Province, Indonesia: ecology, Philippines (151) distribution and hosts (143) 11.50-12.10 Suzika Juiling: Yun Fei Deng: Taxonomic revision of Jude Tayaben: The utilization of Comparison of Fig the genus Strobilanthes (147) plant resources among the abundance and diversity kankanaeys in Kibungan, Benguet across a soil fertility Province, Philippines (51) gradient within the Kabili- Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (142) 12.10-12.30 Richard Saunders: A Alexey Shipunov: Plantago in South Therese Julienne Medina: symbiotic balancing act: Asia and Western Pacific: the first Antibacterial activity and arbuscular mycorrhizal approach (138) cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast specificity and specialist cancer cell lines of fungus gnat pollination in Tabernaemontana pandacaqui the mycoheterotrophic Lam., wild types and dwarf genus Thismia cultivars (Apocynaceae) (104) (Thismiaceae) (170) 12.30-12.50 Junhao Chen: Unravelling Hannah Atkins: Biogeography and Lyn Paraguison: Floristic ecological correlates of systematics of : a mega Composition of Medicinal Plants seed physical defence and diverse genus in the Malesian hotspot Used by the Manobo Tribe Within seed size in Artabotrys (171) CADT Areas of Agusan del Sur, (Annonaceae) (97) Philippines (157)

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Session 11A. New Guinea Session 11B. Lamiales + Myrtales Session 11C. Ethnobotany 14.00-14.20 Tiberius Jimbo: Exploring Rafidah Abdul Rahman: Preliminary Merlin Francis: Agrobiodiversity, the diversity of Psychotria study of Gymnostachyum (Acanthaceae) Leisure and Socialisation: the (Rubiaceae) in lowland and in Peninsular Malaysia (126) multiple services rendered by an montane rainforests in open-air market in Bandar Seri Papua New Guinea (52) Begawan, Brunei Darussalam (106) 14.20-14.40 Gemma Bramley: New Abdulrokhman Kartonegoro: Phylogeny Paulo Silveira: Recent floristic Guinea Cyrtandra of Dissochaeta () and and ethnobotanical research in (Gesneriaceae): initial its allies based on DNA molecular Timor-Leste (172) findings (112) analysis (28) 14.40-15.00 Barry Conn: Guide to James Byng: Systematics of Malesian Porferio Bangcaya: DNA based Trees of Papua New (Myrtaceae): progress and identification and molecular Guinea project (79) future prospects (53) phylogeny including ethnobotanical studies of Philippine grown Pandanus in the Province of Antique, Philippines (123) 15.00-15.20 Timothy Utteridge: RBG Jeffrey Mancera: Morphological Revis Asra: Diversity of medicinal Kew in New Guinea: past, phylogeny of the Astronieae and plants in the traditional market of present and future (149) taxonomic implications for Jambi, , Indonesia (131) Beccarianthus (101)

Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 12A. New Guinea Session 12B. Annonaceae Session 12C. Ethnobotany

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15.50-16.10 Anna Trias-Blasi: Progress Subekti Nurmawati: Diversity and Rina Ratnasih Irwanto: An towards a revision of New distribution of Monoon species ethnobotany study of plant use for Guinea Vitaceae (42) (Annonaceae) in Borneo (10) health, body care and cosmetics: A case study in Kampung Dukuh, Garut, West Java, Indonesia (133) 16.10-16.30 Axel Dalberg Poulsen: Daniel Thomas: Historical Sam Dominic Binag: How many gingers are biogeography and diversification of Ethnopharmacological there in New Guinea? (15) Asian-Pacific Annonaceae (34) documentation and molecular authentication of medicinal plants used by the Talaandig Tribe in Mt. Kalatungan Range Natural Park, Pangantucan, Bukidnon, Philippines (18) 16.30-16.50 Michael Y. Mambrasar: Ming-Fai Liu: Phylogeny of Meiogyne Teodora Balangcod: Documenting Lake Habbema: One of the (Annonaceae): Potential adaptive and data basing the plants used in centers of Rhododendron radiation driven by dispersal from various rituals and cultural diversity in Papua and the Malesia to the Australasian-Pacific practices by indigenous threat of damage (23) Region (111) communities in the Cordillera, Luzon, Philippines towards conservation (117) 16.50-17.10 Helen Chadburn: How Bine Xue: A new Annonaceae genus, Threatened are New Wuodendron, provides support for a Guinea Orchids? post-boreotropical origin of the Asian- Perspectives and progress Neotropical disjunction in the tribe (67) Miliuseae (85)

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Day 6 Sessions: Friday 5 July 2019

Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 13A. Rafflesia Session 13B. Zingiberacaee Session 13C. Bryophytes 10.00-10.20 Adhityo Wicaksono: Carl Bryan Domingo: Asserting Jan Vivienel Beleno: The Rafflesia patma Blume: placement of Philippine species of occurrence of epiphytic Features in the hidden Roxb. s.l. using molecular Liverworts: Their taxonomy and endophyte stage and the methods (46) ecological status inhabiting Mt. flower perigone (70) Binalabag, Pasonanca Park, Zamboanga City (94) 10.20-10.40 Siti Munirah Mat Yunoh: Marlon Rivera: Larvicidal activity of Edgar JR Anud: Distribution On the morphological Kaempferia pulchra Ridl. patterns of Moss species variation of Rafflesia (Zingiberaceae) against Aedes aegypti composition along two elevational cantleyi Solms on Pulau L. (Diptera) (109) gradients of Mt. Binalabag, Tioman, Pahang, Pasonanca Park, Zamboanga City, Peninsular Malaysia (139) Philippines (71) 10.40-11.00 Nur Syazwani Mohamad Muhammad Rifqi Hariri: Living Andrea Azuelo: Species Richness Basir: Anatomical, collection identification of Alpinia and Habitat Diversification of the histochemical and (Zingiberaceae) through DNA barcodes Moss Flora in Mt. Apo Natural ultrastructural investigation in Bogor Botanic Gardens (132) Park, Davao, Philippines (163) of the secretory structures of Rafflesia cantleyi () (144)

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Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 14A. Malvales Session 14B. Zingiberaceae Session14C. Bryophytes

11.30-11.50 Nesty Romadini: Natural Rudolph Valentino Docot: Eka Aditya Putri Iskandar: Regeneration Potential of Recircumscription and revision of the Epiphytic Bryo-zone of Mt. Gede, gracilis genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae) West Java, Indonesia (167) Blume in Ulolanang Nature (59) Conservation Reserve, Indonesia (4) 11.50-12.10 Noraini Talip: Taxonomic Tang Chin Chueng: Phylogenetics of Fandri Sofiana Fastanti: significance of stomatal ginger species in Zingiber Bryophyte diversity in The complexes in Tribe (Zingiberaceae) (166) Ecopark, Cibinong Science Center Shoreae Botanical Garden: a species (Dipterocarpaceae) (26) update (13) 12.10-14.00 Break

Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 15A. Malvales Session 15B. Cultivation Session 15C. Bryophytes 14.00-14.20 Sandra Yap: Dynamics of Dian Hendrayanti: From field to Melanie Suldano: Moss Flora and an thurifera laboratory: Dynamic structure of N₂ - their associated habitats on a cloud (Blanco) Blume ssp. fixing cyanobacteria on Sarinah Organic secondary forest of Mt. Malambo, thurifera stand in a Rice Field and its role to the growth of Davao City, Philippines (108) seasonally dry forest in the hydroponically paddy (Oryza sativa L.) Philippines (81) (11)

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14.20-14.40 Iyan Robiansyah: Noviany Noviany: Chemotaxonomic Michael Canakan: A preliminary Population Assessment of marker on Sesbania grandiflora taxonomic survey of moss flora in Dipterocarpaceae in (Fabaceae) (55) Mt. Mayo range, Tarragona, Mursala Island, Indonesia Davao Oriental (54) (33) 14.40-15.00 Marlina Ardiyani: Next- Elisabeth Dom-ogen: Establishing the Razel Salinasal: Transect analysis Generation Sequencing potential of Camote (Ipomoea batatas of lichen species along a vertical method compared with the (L.) Lam.), an underutilized plant landscape in Mt. Binalabag, Internal Transcribed species in the Cordillera region, Pasonanca Park, Zamboanga City, Spacer (ITS) Results: Philippines, for flour production (60) Philippines (129) Application to identify Agarwood species (75) 15.00-15.20 Yulita Kusumadewi: Miriam De Vera: The radical Rindita Rindita: Observing Phylogenetic study of scavenging properties of leaf extracts of epiphytic macrolichens to Dipterocarpaceae at the Water Hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) conserve a botanical garden in eastern Wallace’s line From three selected Laguna Lake sites Indonesia (24) based on plastid DNA of (118) trnL-F and trnH-psbA (64) 15.20-15.40 Break Main Hall Lecture theatre Senate Room Session 15A. Malvales Session 15B. Cultivation Session 15C. Bryophytes

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15.40-16.00 Richard J. Majapun: Fine- Aida Lapis: Non-wood forest product Iin Supartinah Noer: Corticolous scale spatial genetic research and technologies adoption for lichen diversity at the Candlenut structure of Dipterocarpus suitable development rattan and bamboo garden in Padjadjaran University ochraceus for improved production researchs and technologies main campus, Jatinangor, East management of fragmented adoption for sustainable development Bandung, West Java Indonesia populations of Sabah's rare (174) (66) and endemic dipterocarps (76) 16.00-17.00 Closing Ceremony

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POSTERS

Poster No. Authors Title 178 Julia Sang Begonia flora of Sarawak, Borneo Dichogamous flowering pattern of Bridelia retusa (Phyllanthaceae) in relation to its 179 Ashini Dias breeding system Current conditions of V. javanica population in Ciangir 180 Rizki Ary Fambayun Forest, Indonesia The resurrection of Achudemia and re-delimitation of Pilea 181 Long-Fei Fu the largest genus in the nettle family (Urticaceae) Effect of Plant Media Composition on Growth of Javanese 182 Aisyah Puspasari Tamarind and Sweet Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) Ethnobotanical Study of Some Useful Medicinal Flora used by the Locals of Mount Manunggal, Barangay Sunog, 184 Angelika M. Calangi Balamban, Cebu Island, Philippines Community Structure and Regeneration Capacity of Two 185 Christie Kaye C. Lopez Forest Types in Mt. Apo Natural Park (MANP), Philippines Flora Checklist of Lombok island, indonesia, a progress 186 Himmah Rustiami report Comparative Morpho-Anatomy of Kaempferia galanga L. andKaempferia pulchra Ridl. (Zingiberaceae) from the 187 Marlon P. Rivera Philippines Medicinal Plants of Selected Indigenous People in 188 Christie Divine M. Nasiad Mindanao Island, Philippines: A Compilation Jade Keith Adrian M. Ritual Plants Used by Manobo Tribe of Surigao del Sur, 189 Jamera Philippines Growth of coccinea (Tuhau) in Smallholder 190 Nina Otie Dosuil Agroforestry Farm in Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia Habitat specificity of the Nepenthes species of Mount Trus 191 Alviana Damit Madi in Sabah, Borneo Evolutionary reduction in the chloroplast genome of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia hongkongensis 192 Yee Man Leung (Thismiaceae) Genetic Diversity of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson in Indonesia Based on Random 193 Julisasi Tri Hadiah Amplified Polymorphic DNA Begonias (Begoniaceae) From Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia 194 Rimi Repin with Additional 45 new species Plant biodiversity of the Gandara Watershed, Samar Island, 195 William Gruezo Philippines Species Richness and Conservation Status of Ferns in Barangay Baganihan, Marilog District, Davao, Philippines: 196 Hannah P. Lumista a revisit after two decades

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Molecular Identification of Fake Drugs: An example from Antidesma bunius (Bignay) Products in the Philippine 197 Lord M. S. Baay Market Phylogenomics of Orchidaceae based on plastid and 198 Yun-Xia Li mitochondrial genomes Investigating the potential of Coriaria intermedia, a poisonous plant in the Cordillera region, Philippines, as an 199 Teodora D. Balangcod antibacterial agent Determining the priority-for-conservation tree species of 200 Arief Hamidi Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, Indonesia Floristic study between Taiwan and Philippines, re- 201 Chun-Ho Wu examination of Neo-Wallace Line. Habitat Specialisation and Growth Rates of Belian Sasikumar A/L (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) in the Kabili- 202 Tanggaraju Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia Wild orchids of the highland forests in the , 203 Edward Entalai Besi Sarawak Checklist of the ferns and fern allies of Timor, with special 204 Hermenegildo Costa focus on Timor-Leste Siti Madihah Haji Mohd Assessment of plant tissue culture for propagating Hoya 205 Don species Orchids Diversity in Sorong Nature Recreation Park, West 206 Reza Saputra Papua, Indonesia 207 Renata Borosova Taxonomic revision of Ranunculaceae in New Guinea Micromorphology of Spore in Selected species of 208 Haja Maideen Diplazium from Peninsular Malaysia Floral biology and visitors of Durio kutejensis in Limbang, 209 Ng Win Seng Sarawak. 210 Geofarry Gunsalam Fern Distribution along the Mt. Kinabalu Summit Trail Evolutionary reduction in the chloroplast genome of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia hongkongensis 211 Yee Man (Even) Leung (Thismiaceae) Phylogenetics and evolution of the Callerya Clade 212 Yu-Chun Liu (Millettieae, Fabaceae) Conservation status of endemic Hymenandra sp. 213 Suzana Sabran (Primulaceae-Myrsinoideae) in Northern Borneo A taxonomic revision of the fern genus Tectaria 214 Shi-Yong Dong (Tectariaceae) from Borneo Sustanable development of Mandalika (Lombok) 215 Rugayah Rugayah Ecotourism, based on the local biodiversity potency Diversity of indigenous plants in the Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines: Untapped sources of new functional foods, nutraceuticals, and herbal-based 216 Mary Luz Fiangaan products Bryne Benedict C. Efficiency of Pinus kesiya needles in repelling Aedes 217 Fawayan aegypti mosquitoes Diversity of plant for post pregnancy care used by local 218 Siti Susiarti communities in Indonesia

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Ximenia americana (Olacaceae) in Indonesia: an update 219 Inggit Puji Astuti from recent explorations and a brief review of its potentials An Online Database System for the Floral Diversity in 220 Lance Licnachan Tinoc, Ifugao, Luzon Island, Philippines Distribution patterns in fairy lanterns (Thismia, 221 Martin Dančáka Thismiaceae) in Borneo: current knowledge Variability of Curculigo latifolia agg. (Hypoxidaceae) in 222 Martin Dančák Borneo An ethnobotanical survey and review on the medicinal plants used to treat common wound infection among the people of Kibungan, Benguet, Cordillera Administrative 223 Rexine Chopap-ing Region, Philippines ddRAD data resolve phylogenetic relationships within the BDG complex of Paleotropical woody bamboos 224 Jing-Xia Liu (Poaceae:Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) A Population Study on a Mount Silam Hyper-endemic: 225 Pui Kiat Hoo Benstonea Serpentinica Callm. & Buerki Arifin Surya Dwipa Herbarium Bandungense (FIPIA) and The Agenda to 226 Irsyam Revise Flora of Java Seed morphology and taxonomy in Malesian Phyllanthus 227 Ming-Jou Wu (Phyllanthaceae) Molecular identification and phylogeny of selected Philippines Timonius DC. species found in the province of 228 Alyssa Marie Lola Dinang and Samar A checklist of Rubiaceae species from Eastern Samar, 229 Jorge Anton Ordas Visayas, Philippines Progresses in Phylogenetic Studies of the Paleotropical 230 Meng-Yuan Zhou Woody Bamboos Molecular Phylogeny of the Philippine Zingiber Mill. Grecebio Jonathan Inferred from the ITS Region of Nuclear DNA including a 231 Alejandro new endemic species Leaf Anatomical Study of Malesian Desmos, 232 Isna Arofatun Nikmah Dasymaschalon, and Friesodielsia (Annonaceae) 233 Mentari Putri Pratami Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. in Malaysia Preliminary Anatomical Study of Leaf Surface of Alpinia 234 Eka Setiawan spp. in Bogor Botanical Garden Identifying and mapping Tropical Important Plant Areas 235 Lizzie Roeble (TIPAs) in Indonesian New Guinea Taxonomic reassignment of Adinandra montana Merr. 236 Jay Torrefiel (Pentaphylacaceae) Pollen Morphology Of Subfamilies Brownlowioideae, Grewioideae And Dombeyoideae In 237 R. C. K. Chung Peninsular Malaysia And Borneo A Preliminary Survey on the Diversity and Distribution of 238 Annalee Hadsall Wild Food Plants in the Pahilippines Flora of Sumatra: The vascular plant collections of selected families deposited at the Herbarium of Andalas University 239 Nurainas Nurainas (ANDA)

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Vatica javanica subsp. javanica v Slooten, A NEW 240 Titi Kalima RECORD OF DIPTEROCARP FOR JAVA A first conservation genetic study of forest fragments in Cebu (Philippines) shows evidence of inbreeding and low genetic connectivity among Tetrastigma loheri (Vitaceae) 241 Jasper Obico populations Predicting the historical demographic changes of peat swamp forests inferred from DNA sequence variation at 242 Misato Ogasahara multiple nuclear regions in albida populations Molecular phylogeography of Trigonobalanus verticillata (Fagaceae) with a population newly discovered from 243 Koichi Kamiya Borneo Highlands, Sarawak Two Flavonoid Aglycones Isolated from Philippine 244 Antonio Rayos Medinilla Gaudich. (Melastomataceae) Chloroplast and nuclear DNA exchange among Begonia section Baryandra species (Begoniaceae) from Palawan 245 Rosario Rivera Rubite Island, Philippines, and descriptions of five new species 246 Marina Silalahi Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Its Bioactivity Disclosing a Malesian Treasure: the typification project of 247 Cecchi, Lorenzo Odoardo Beccari’s Herbarium in Florence. Molluscicidal Effects of Jathropha curcas and Tinospora rumphii Leaf Extracts on the Golden Apple Snail Pomacea 248 Rose Anne C. Roque canaliculate Awangku Syazwan bin Leaf elements concentration between ferns and angiosperm 249 Pengiran Sulaiman in temperate and tropical regions Ex-situ Conservation of the Threatened Dipterocarps in Sarawak, Malaysia 250 Vilma Bodos An ecophysiological study of the hemiparasitic Cassytha 251 Roshanizah Rosli filiformis L. (Lauraceae) in Brunei Darussalam, Borneo. A comparison of tree diversity in the Sungai Liang Acacia 252 Hazimah Haji Mohd Din mangium plantation and the nearby Andulau forest reserve Allelopathic potential of Mango (Mangifera indica) leaves on growth of pak choy (Brassica rapa var chinensis) Dk Nurun Najeebah Az- seedlings 253 Zahra Pg Hj Md Tashim Differences in litter decomposition in logged-over and pristine peat swamp forests in Brunei Darussalam using the Tea Composition approach 254 Emily Pilpus Determination of pH, phenol and tannin of invasive Acacia 255 Safira Jami and native heath forest species in Brunei Darussalam A visual representation of the floral diversity of Malesian 256 James Byng Syzygium to aid identification From plant collector to tropical researcher - life and times Peter Schulthess of Heinrich Zollinger (1818-1859) 257 Hürlimann

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Abstracts

1. Provision of Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Seed through Polyembryo Germination

Authors: Rodiyati Azrianingsih; Serafinah Indriyani; Dita F.K. Dewi; Aminatuz Zakiyah; Dina Mayasari Abstract type: Oral

Amorphophallus muelleri Blume (Porang), a native plant of Indonesia, has the high content of glucomannan and grows best in the forest. During the last four decades, A. muelleri has been prominent export commodity in East Java Province of Indonesia. It has been cultivated extensively and in turn gives positive impacts to forest conservation. However, the availability of its seeds is not sufficient for expansing A. muelleri plantation. Therefore, maximizing the germination of A. muelleri polyembryo would be a prospective way to overcome the problem. This study aimed to determine the polyembryo profile of A. muelleri at various seed sizes and to test their growth quality of separated embryo. The anatomical profile of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of polyembryos of various seed sizes (0.01—0.3 g) was observed and described. The germination quality of the sliced seeds was observed in the first and the second years of growth. The results showed that all A. muelleri embryos were located in the proximal part of the seed. All seeds with the weight of 0.1—0.2 g contained the highest number of embryos. By slicing treatments, in the first year all seed slices demonstrated varying viability and diverse tubers weight but in the second year they showed insignificant differences (α 5%) on both variables. This study concluded that A. muelleri polyembryo seed can be separated and each seed slice can develop into plants as good as intact whole seeds.

2. Phylogenomics of Calamoid Palms

Authors: Benedikt Kuhnhäuser; Sidonie Bellot; Guillaume Chomicki; Wolf L Eiserhardt; Simon Hiscock; William J Baker Abstract type: Oral

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The palm subfamily Calamoideae contains 17 genera and 650 species, accounting for one quarter of all palm species. Calamoid genera are spread across the tropics of the world. They dominate ecosystems and are of high economic importance in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The largest existing phylogenetic study of Calamoideae was based on 43 species and two genetic markers. It yielded a general understanding of evolutionary relationships in the subfamily and resulted in the sinking of five genera to resolve the paraphyly of Calamus, the most species-rich palm genus. However, deep evolutionary relationships in Calamoideae remain poorly understood. Here, we used targeted sequence capture to sequence 976 genes, from which we generated the most comprehensive and highly resolved calamoid phylogeny to date, providing a framework for future studies of calamoid palms. Based on available taxonomic treatments and expert advice, 117 species were selected to represent all currently and formerly recognised genera, as well as formally and informally described subgenera and sections. With this unprecedented dataset, we have systematically tested the monophyly of all calamoid genera and established the relationships among them, gaining a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic support and conflict within the underpinning data. This work forms part of an ongoing agenda of the Palm Phylogeny Working Group to construct a complete species-level phylogeny of palms using target sequence capture data.

3. A Checklist of Fern Species in Mt. Makiling, Philippines

Authors: Marjorie D. delos Angeles; Inocencio E. Buot, Jr. Abstract type: Oral

Mt. Makiling rises at 1,100 m.a.s.l. It is a well known tropical forest recorded to have diverse ecosystems, home to many species of life. Pteridophyte species are one of the floral groups found thriving in said mountain. This study aims to create a checklist of fern species found in Mt. Makiling. The species listed were surveyed from a fern study along specific altitudinal areas from 150 m.a.s.l. to 1050 m.a.s.l. Essentially, ferns surveyed were more found along the trail in going up to the peak of the mountain; a total of 40 species belonging to 23 genera and 17 families. The families with the greatest numbers of species were Dryopteridaceae (6 spp.), Lycopodiaceae (6 spp.), Tectariaceae (4 spp.), Thelypteridaceae (3 spp.), and Pteridaceae (3 spp.). Threatened fern species were found in the mountain among which includes Microsorum

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membranifloium (R.Br.) Ching and species of tree ferns. Oleandra maquilensis, which is an endemic fern species, can be found on the mountain at an elevation of 1050 m.a.s.l.

4. Natural Regeneration Potential of Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume in Ulolanang Nature Conservation Reserve, Indonesia

Author: Nesty Pratiwi Romadini Abstract type: Oral

Conservation traits of Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume was endeavoured by The Indonesian Government in Ulolanang Nature Conservation Reserve. D. gracilis, a species from Dipterocarpaceae family, was regenerated naturally in that forest by seed. The aim of this study was to describe the natural regeneration potential of D. gracilis in lowland forest from the density of regenerating trees during the last dry season (July-August 2018). Based on the pattern of distribution, D. gracilis in that forest was divided into 4 zones. An observation occurred in each zone using a nested plot which was randomly placed. Each nested plot consists of 3 sizes which are 1 m x 1 m in size for seedling, plot 5 m x 5 m in size for sapling and 10 m x 10 m for pole observation. A total of 29 nested plots were recorded from 4 zones (Zone A, Zone B, Zone C and Zone D). The highest density of seedling found was 0,67 i/m² (mean=0,44 i/m2) in Zone B with a slope elevation between 125-162 m. The sapling density was lower (mean= 0,045 i/m2) than seedling but higher than pole. Pole was rarely found (mean = 0,0012 i/m²) which indicated that accelerated traits were needed to provide a better forest configuration.

5. Morphological variability of Diplazium Species (Athyriaceae) In Peninsular Malaysia

Authors: Haja Maideen; Nur Aliah Khaduwi; Nik Norhazrina; Rusea Go Abstract type: Oral

This study highlights the morphological variability of ten selected Diplazium species of the family Athyriaceae from Peninsular Malaysia namely D. bantamense, D. cordifolium, D. esculentum, D. kunstleri, D. latisquamatum, D. procumbens, D. proliferum, D. sorzogonense, D. subintegrum and D. tomentosum. A total of six morphological characters such as rhizome 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 49

type, frond form, leaf venation, stipe scales, basal pinna morphology and position of sori revealed that these species can be differentiated on the basis of these features. Morphological characters were examined using light microscope (LM) to gain insights into their morphological diversity.

6. Pinanga In Kalimantan : A Study of Taxonomy, Ecology and Conservation

Authors: Agusti Randi; Agus Hikmat; Charlie D. Heatubun Abstract type: Oral

Borneo is the island with richest diversity of Pinanga palm, so far 40 species have been recorded and 37 species of which are endemic, but most of species recorded from northern part of the island, just there are fewer records from Kalimantan side despite the area being much larger and equally diverse in habitat. This study aims to review the taxonomy of Pinanga in Kalimantan, collecting specimens in the field including ecological information, and determine their conservation. As a result of extensive field trips to many locations and habitats in Kalimantan and also herbarium visits (BO, SAR, WAN), 31 species of Pinanga found throughout Kalimantan that scattered in each habitats ranging from 5 m.asl in freshwater swamp to elevation 2270 m.asl in Bukit Raya as the highest peak in Kalimantan, but the largest diversity is at altitude ≤800 m.asl with 27 species. Schwaner Mountains are the richest area with 12 species, this number represents 30% of all Pinanga species that have been recorded throughout Borneo. Ex situ conservation was conducted in Bogor Botanical Gardens and Arboretum Sylva at Pontianak, as many as 17 Pinanga species have been planted.

7. Breeding System and Hybrid Origin of Hedyotis bodinieri (Rubiaceae)

Authors: M. A. Dias, X. Guo; R. M. K. Saunders Abstract type: Oral

Many angiosperm populations, including most Hedyotis species (Rubiaceae), comprise distinct floral morphs in which anthers and stigmas are reciprocally positioned, often associated with a genetically controlled self-incompatibility mechanism. We observed that species in the distylous Hedyotis acutangula-shiuyingiae complex (including H. bodinieri) are sympatric, have overlapping flowering seasons and overlapping reproductively active stages, and share 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 50

common pollinators. This offered an opportunity to test the hypothesis that H. bodinieri, which is narrowly restricted to Tai Mo Shan Country Park, Hong Kong, is of interspecific hybrid origin, with H. acutangula and H. shiuyingiae as the parental species. Field-based controlled pollination experiments were conducted using seven treatments: in addition to control experiments, we tested for spontaneous and artificial self-pollination, geitonogamy, and inter- and intra-morph xenogamy. The number and percentage of fruit-set in each treatment was recorded monthly in relation to the number of flowers pollinated in each treatment. Our results demonstrate that Apis cerena (the Asian honey bee) is the most frequent floral visitor to H. bodinieri and is inferred to be the effective pollinator. Hedyotis bodinieri is predominantly autogamous, with limited evidence of xenogamy, providing evidence for the breakdown of self-incompatibility. Increased autogamy can be selectively favoured as a mechanism to decrease interspecific xenogamy and prevent costly hybridisation. The higher potential for spontaneous selfing may be an adaptation to overcome mate limitation under low population densities (15–20 individuals per population, pin: thrum ratio 3:1), thereby providing reproductive assurance.

8. Pinanga Palms Revisited 20 Years On

Authors: Alison Shapcott; Ferry Slik; Hjh Roshanizah Binti Hj Rosli; Rahayu Sukmaria binti Hj Sukri Abstract type: Oral

Tropical rainforests such as found in Brunei in the Temburong National Park region contain very high floral diversity. Borneo has a rich palm flora and members of the genus Pinanga dominate the understory. Borneo is the center of diversity of this genus and at least 13 species of Pinanga have been recorded in the Ulu Temburong National Park region. Understory species are often dependent on the shaded conditions provided by the dense canopy thus their populations may be sensitive to changes over time in the canopy conditions and the moisture levels and thus may be sensitive to climate change. Given the relatively undisturbed rainforest of this area changes in populations of Pinanga understory palms may be indicative of more widespread changes to the rainforest under climate change. In 1997/8 the population demographics and genetic diversity of five co-occurring Pinanga species at seven locations along the Belalong and Temburong rivers close to the KBFSC were documented. This project aimed to undertake a comprehensive resurvey of the original five species of Pinanga palm 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 51

approximately 20 years later in order to assess how populations had changed across multiple sites and if some species or some sites were doing better or worse than others. The preliminary results suggest that the different species may have differing population dynamics with some species increasing in abundance while others are decreasing. However, variable patterns of population growth were found across sites for all species.

9. BGCI Targets: Why prioritize in Leiden?

Author: Gerda A. van Uffelen Abstract type: Oral

The Hortus botanicus Leiden, founded in 1590, lies in the city center of Leiden and measures ca. 3ha, greenhouses included. The garden has always been part of Leiden University, and so has served three purposes: research and both student and public education. The BGCI (Botanic Gardens Conservation International) has adopted five objectives in its Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC, 2011-2020), with sixteen targets botanic gardens should strive for. As a relatively small garden we cannot reach all targets, but have to focus on a few. Our Hortus contributes towards objective I (Plant diversity is well understood, documented and recognized) by providing plant material and information to members of its network. Towards the conservation of plant diversity (objective II) we have only limited success in meeting target 8 (ex situ conservation in the country of origin) – we do grow some threatened Dutch species, e.g. Antennaria dioica. However, our strongest point is the collection kept in the tropical greenhouses. Obtaining wild material of known origin has become more difficult because of the increase in legal measures taken to protect the remaining biodiversity. Therefore, we tend to exchange plant material with other botanic gardens, resulting in an ever smaller genetic basis of species kept in botanic gardens. In planning and public education, we do contribute to target 10, concerning the prevention of the settlement of invasive plant species, and objectives IV and V, by making our students and the general public more aware of the worldwide threat to biodiversity.

10. Diversity and Distribution of Monoon Species (Annonaceae) in Borneo

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Authors: Subekti Nurmawati; Nunik Sri Ariyanti; Tatik Chikmawati; P.J.A. Keβler Abstract type: Oral

The diversity and the distribution of the genus Monoon (Annonaceae) occurring in Borneo are given. The study has been based on morphological characters by examining a number of herbarium specimens deposited in some herbaria in Malesia region, and also living plants from Bogor Botanical Garden, conservation forest in Sumatra and . The present study shows that within the genus Monoon, there are 23 species and two varieties are recognized. Thirteen species have been recorded previously, nine species are new records for Borneo, one of which, Monoon spatulatum is proposed as new combination name. An analysis of the distribution of these species indicated that the largest number of species occurs in Sabah- Sarawak. The widest distribution is Monoon lateriflorum. The only species that has been cultivated commonly as an ornamental tree is Monoon longifolium. Monoon commonly widespread in the primary lowland forest, secondary forest, peat swamp forest, hillside, and the river banks.

11. From Field to Laboratory: Dynamic Structure of N2-fixing cyanobacteria on Sarinah Organic Rice Field and Its Role to the Growth of Hydroponically Paddy (Oryza sativa L.)

Authors: Dian Hendrayanti; Iman Rusmana; Andreas Dwi Santosa; Hamim Abstract type: Oral

As an alternative way for keeping the health of rice field, implementation of organic rice-

system has been increased. Investigation of N2-fixing cyanobacteria as a part of soil

components is then important. Dynamic population of the filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteria assemblage in Sarinah Organic Rice Field in South Bandung, West Java, was investigated during the cycle of rice crop (January—March 2018). Soil samples were collected from 4 plots of 20 ha rice field. Identification of species was carried out using 16s rDNA gene. Population reached peak at 80th dap (194x106 cfu/g). Species number decreased following the dense of rice canopy. Amongst 23 species found, the role of 3 dominant species as ammonium source was tested to paddy. Paddy was grown on Deep Water Culture (DWC) provided with Yoshida

Nutrient Solution with concentration of 0, 50, 100% of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Paddy

cultured in 50 and 100% NH4NO3 with cyanobacteria inoculants had high yield of biomass and

numerous tillers. Instead of providing ammonium, we suggest that N2-fixing cyanobacteria 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 53

supported paddy growth by triggering hair root formation and promoted environmental condition adapted for paddy growth.

12. An Initiative to Meet the Goals of Plant Conservation Strategies in East Malaysia

Authors: Joan T. Pereira; John B. Sugau; Reuben Nilus; Eyen Khoo; Sandy Tsen; Lee Yew Leung; Alviana Damit; Andi Maryani A. Mustapeng; Hoo Pui Kiat; Sasikumar A/L Tanggaraju; Richard Majapun; Suzika Juiling; Colin R. Maycock Abstract type: Oral

In the eastern part of Malaysia lies the state of Sabah which is also in the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Sabah is endowed with rich biodiversity, contributing significantly to Malaysia, being one of the 12 mega biodiversity hotspots in the world. A recent estimate of seed plants in Sabah accounts for more than 8000 taxa, of which 13% are endemic to the state. Land conversion in the state has been occurring rapidly, and currently 40% of Sabah’s land mass has been converted to other land uses. In 2009, an initiative to assess the conservation status of the flora of Sabah, headed by the Sabah Forestry Department in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Sabah was established to address the global, national and state conservation strategies. To achieve that, species distribution data from existing database and the state’s botanical surveys were compiled and by using the IUCN Red List Assessment Criteria and Categories 3.1, threat status assessment was produced for targeted species, with special emphasis on species that have been revised taxonomically. This paper will share how this initiative has evolved and progressed since its inception, while highlighting its major challenges, achievements and the way forward.

13. Bryophytes Diversity in Ecopark, Cibinong Science Centre-Botanical Garden: An Update Species List

Authors: Fandri Sofiana Fastanti; Florentina Indah Windadri; Ida Haerida Abstract type: Oral

Bryophytes are a group of plants generally with small size and spores as generative reproduction. They found in almost all ecosystems. A conservation area which has lowland ecosystem and located in industrial cities is Ecopark Cibinong Science Center-Botanical 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 54

Garden (CSC-BG). The bryophytes species that was carried out in 2009 and 2010 is inadequate. The aim of this study is to report an update of bryophytes data. Re-exploration activity was carried out July until December 2018. The specimens examined in this study were collected from all ecoregions in Ecopark. A total of 20 species were found in Ecopark with Fissidens as the most commonly found. Other species were found i.e. Bryum apiculatum, Bryum coronatum, Calymperes tenerum, Fissidens artroviridis, Fissidens bogoriensis, Fissidens zippelianus, Fissidens zollingeri, Hyophia involuta, Meiothecium microcarpum, Pohlia nutans, Sematophyllum tristiculum, and several species recently found in Ecopark were Barbulla indica, Fissidens biformis, Fissidens perpusillus, Hyophila apiculata, Lejeunea sp, Leptolejeunea sp, Marchantia emarginata, Octoblepharum albidum, and Vesicularia montagnei. The number of species reported from Ecopark CSC-BG from 2009 to 2018 is 28 species with 9 species were not found in this study. The maintenance of Ecopark CSC-BG during the last ten years affected bryophytes diversity.

14. A new species of Freycinetia Gaudich (Pandanaceae) from West Kalimantan, Indonesia Based on Leaf Anatomical Characters

Author: Fitri Sri Rizki Abstract type: Oral

A new species Freycinetia sessiliflora Rizki & Rugayah is described and illustrated based on specimen character from Mount Nyiut (Indonesia). The species differs from others by having sessile pedicellus, concave cylindrical of inner bracts and bright red bracts. Freycinetia Gaudich is a climber plant that belongs to the family of Pandanaceae. New species of Freycinetia from Mount of Nyiut located in West Kalimantan have been recognized based on leaf anatomy. Paradermal and transversal leaf sections of those species were observed. Six main characters have been used to distinguish and evaluate the similarities between them, i.e. number of hypodermal layers, number of palisade layers, shape of sponge tissue, layout of sclerenchyma tissue, stomata size, Â presence of costal and intercostal cells, and shape of vascular bundle.

15. How many gingers are there in New Guinea?

Author: Axel Dalberg Poulsen 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 55

Abstract type: Oral

Wild gingers are common in the forest understorey in the tropics. In addition, many species are useful as food, medicine or have a potential as ornamentals. At the same time, very little attention has been made to sort out their taxonomy and clarify their distribution in New Guinea and nearby islands. This is to a large extent explained by the fact that gingers are especially hard to study due to their short-lived flowers and often large size. Currently, 17 species of Costaceae (2 genera) as well as 219 species of Zingiberaceae (10 genera) are known from New Guinea but new fieldwork and subsequent revisions based on molecular data is likely to increase the number of taxa as well as alter the circumscription and number of genera present in the area. In order to document the native gingers in a wide sense () and better understand their distribution, species richness, conservation status, evolution, and possible uses, a project was initiated in 2001, collaborating with the Forest Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea. In 2008, the first field survey focusing on gingers in West Papua was conducted collaborating with the Forest Research Institute in Manokwari and several more expeditions are planned including this year. During this fieldwork it is essential to collect pickled flowers, DNA samples, and take lots of photographs. At present, we are especially focusing on the genera Etlingera and Pleuranthodium, which is another step towards understanding the richness and evolution of this important plant group.

16. Anatomical studies on the stem of nine tribes of Asteraceae family in Campus Universitas Indonesia

Authors: Andi Salamah; Arum Ayu Martasari; Himmatul Aliyah; and Nisyawati Abstract type: Oral

Asteraceae as one of the largest families of flowering plants is one of the dominant weeds that grow scattered in Campus of Universitas Indonesia (UI). Several studies of Asteraceae in campus UI such as the number of chromosomes and the pollen shape of the species that grow in campus UI had been studied previously. However, anatomical studies still need to be done. The study aims were to describe and compare the anatomical structures of the eighteen species members belongs to tribes Astereae, Cichorieae, Coripsideae, Eupatorieae, Heliantheae, Inuleae, Senecioneae, Tageteae, and Vernonieae. The cross-section of stem anatomy was prepared by a non-paraffin technique using a hand-sliding microtome and was observed under 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 56

a light microscope. The existence of cuticle, trichome, air cavity, ergastic substances, and secretory gland; epidermal cell shape; cortical cell shape; pith cell shape; and type of vascular bundles were used as a quantitative characteristic. Meanwhile, cuticle thickness, epidermal thickness, a large area of phloem, a large area of xylem, number of cortical layers, and the number of vascular bundles were the characters observed quantitatively. The results of the quantitative characters cannot be used as distinguishing characteristics between species, or tribe. However, some qualitative characters such as the cuticle type (striated and non-striated), the existence of secretory cell, and the existence of calcium oxalate crystals have a potential for use as a distinguishing characteristic for species.

17. Habitat Preferences, Endemicity and Proposed Conservation Status of Philippine cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp)

Authors: Jay P. Picardal; Neil Aldrin D. Mallari Abstract type: Oral

Cinnamomum is a pantropical genus with 22 species described in the Philippines. Available data on its distribution is reported from herbarium records but habitat suitability is least understood and conservation status must be reviewed. This study aimed to evaluate the geographic distribution, habitat preferences and endemicity of Philippine cinnamon which were utilized to update the proposed conservation status of each species. In addition to herbarium occurrence data and georeferencing tools, we utilized Species Distribution Models (MaxEnt algorithm) using 26 bioclimatic and biophysical variables to produce suitability maps, as well as predict endemicity of all species (reported occurrence data >5). MaxEnt shows that Cebu, Palawan, Bohol, Mindoro, Negros Is., Masbate, Quezon Province and Laguna could provide the most suitable habitats, which are largely influenced by soil substrate, land cover and isothermality. From the 22 species, 16 species were considered country endemic. Population trend suggests that 11 species were recognized to be widespread species. Proposed conservation status based on recent IUCN criteria shows that 4 species are categorized as endangered, 4 vulnerable, 2 near threatened and 10 are still under data deficient status.

18. Ethnopharmacological Documentation and Molecular Authentication of Medicinal Plants Used by the Talaandig Tribe in Mt. Kalatungan Range Natural Park, Pangantucan, Bukidnon, Philippines 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 57

Authors: Sam Dominic A. Binag; Niña Kathryn G. Alfeche; Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro Abstract type: Oral

A comprehensive ethnobotanical study was conducted in the Talaandig tribe of Bukidnon Province, Mindanao, Philippines. This paper includes details and molecular authentication of plants used in folk medicine and ethnopharmacological information obtained during this study. The study aimed to collect and identify the plants used by the locals for therapeutic purposes. Plant specimens collected during fieldwork form the subject of this investigation. Information was obtained by means of open and semi-structured interviews with representative tribespeople. In addition, cultural importance index (CI) and use report (UR) values were calculated. DNA barcoding was utilized to molecularly authenticate the collected samples. Sixty-one (61) taxa belonging to 35 families were identified in this study. The most common of which were Urticaceae & Poaceae (both 14.3%), and Malvaceae (11.4%). Consequently, 82 medicinal uses of 61 taxa were recorded. The most important plants were Zingiber officinale, Psidium guajava, Artemisia vulgaris, and Cinnamomum mercadoi, all with 11 UR. Infusion (37.3%) was the most common preparation used within the research area. DNA barcoding also successfully identified all collected specimens. Local people in the study area possess traditional knowledge of medicinal plants to treat various human ailments; however, agricultural expansion and disinterest of young generation became the major threat to medicinal plants. It is, therefore, necessary to preserve this indigenous knowledge on traditional medicines by proper documentation, identification of plant species used, and herbal preparation.

19. Anatomy and Pollen Morphology of Nyctocalos (Bignoniaceae) of Malesia

Author: Berhaman Ahmad Abstract type: Oral Presentation

Study on taxonomy and morphology has shown that Nyctocalos is represented by four species in Malesia, viz. N. brunfelsiiflora, N. cuspidata, N. shanica, and Nyctocalos sp.ined. an unnamed new species. Stem and leaf anatomy did not reveal any characters useful in species distinction, but characters of pollen grain morphology, stomata sizes and density, and epidermal cell morphology support the taxonomic conclusions. The only study of Nyctocalos 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 58

pollen morphology is that by Ferguson & Santisuk in 1973, reported the pollen of four Nyctocalos species. Pollen grains were studied from material from the following sources: N. brunfelsiiflora — Javan specimen (sine. coll., cult. Hort. Bog. X.F.138a); N. cuspidata — Philippines (Vidal 3395), Borneo (Haviland & Hose 3539, Berhaman, Leopold & Sulaiman SAN138811, Berhaman s.n.), (sine. coll., cult. Hort. Bog. X.F.150a, introduced from the Calcutta Bot. Garden.); N. shanica — (Maxwell 75-732 & 76-433), Borneo (Berhaman SAN 134547, Berhaman AB 149); Nyctocalos sp. ined. — Borneo (Berhaman SAN 134785). Pollen sample were prepared threated following a modification of the method of Moss (1989) for preparing specimens for SEM studies using the chemical diffusion method, scanning under JEOL JSM-6400 scanning microscope and taking photomicrographs with an attached camera (JEOL, UHR camera 90705) using ILFORD FP4 135 B/W film at the Department of Botany, University Malaya. Result shows that N. brunfelsiiflora has smaller pollen grains and the sexine sculpturing is different from that of the other three species studied. However, the unnamed species Nyctocalos spec. nov. collected fromTenom Disrict, Sabah, Malaysia, can only be distinguished from the other three species based on flower morphology.

20. An Overview of Tree Red Listing in Sarawak, Borneo

Authors: Julia Sang; Vilma Bodos; Ling Chea Yiing Abstract type: Oral

Red Listing of Sarawak trees started in 2008 to identify highly threatened taxa for their effective conservation and sustainable utilisation. It also contributes to Global Tree Assessment which aims to provide a conservation assessment of all trees by 2020. To date we have conducted assessment of two groups namely the Dipterocarpaceae and Sarawak endemic trees represent 332 taxa in 38 genera and 24 families native to Sarawak. The assessments of both groups follow the IUCN category and criteria but the collation of data used in the assessment was conducted using two different approaches. For Sarawak endemic trees, the collation of data are based only on specimens at SAR and GBIF data. Few and scarce data of most endemic trees resulting in many species observed as hyper-endemic or narrowly distributed, thus considered as threatened. Is this a reflection of narrowly endemic or under-collected species? Conversely, the collation of data of the Dipterocarpaceae species was done based on the combination of existing herbarium specimens, plots data and extensive field surveys. The assessment of the Dipterocarpaceae taxa based on more substantial data resulting in 39% of the 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 59

taxa are ranked as threatened albeit a great majority of the taxa fall under lower threatened categories and 61% of the taxa are not threatened in Sarawak. From the assessment, we have initiated phenological monitoring and conservation of selected threatened species. In addition, we share some of the issues and challenges in carrying out the assessment and conservation of these species.

21. When and how did China and Australia exchange plants?

Authors: Dan-Xiao Peng; Li-Min Lu; Andrew H. Thornhill; Brent D. Mishler; Darren M. Crayn; Elizabeth M. Joyce; Jian-Fei Ye; Bing Liu; Ling-Feng Mao; Joseph T. Miller; Zhi-Duan Chen Abstract type: Oral

The extant distribution of organisms has been shaped by processes of distribution, diversification, and - both locally and globally. The two continental landmasses, Sunda and Sahul, have exchanged flora with each other that has contributed to the development of biotas on both sides. The floras of China and Australia have notable affinities with each other and are thus appropriate areas to determine the effects of exchange via Southeast Asia on their floral formation. We reconstructed the biogeographic history of the exchange between the floras of the two countries using a combined genus level phylogeny of the Chinese and Australian vascular plants. Our results suggest that most exchange is dominated by migration after the Miocene when the emerging islands of Southeast Asia reduced the geographical distance between the two land masses. Migration has an asymmetry of direction (c. 2:1), predominated by southward dispersal from China (via Southeast Asia) to Australia. Animal and wind vectors both played important roles in the floristic exchange. Long life-span and tropical preference of migrant genera indicating ecological adaptations are suggested to be more critical for migration success.

22. Genome Sequencing of the Flora of Singapore

Author: Gillian Khew Abstract type: Oral

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The Flora of Singapore comprises c. 3,000 native and naturalised plants. An effort to revise this flora is currently underway. In parallel with a taxonomic revision of the flora, work on generating genome sequences of the angiosperm species of Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (BTNR) has begun. BTNR, which contains the largest remaining area of primary forest in Singapore, has an angiosperm flora consisting of an estimated 1,134 species. Through this, the Flora of Singapore will be characterised using both morphological and genetic approaches. Our sequencing approach is to generate 30Gb of shotgun sequence data per species as a first pass, and species with larger genomes will be resequenced to obtain a higher coverage. Reference genomes for selected species will be generated through a combination of long read sequencing, RNASeq and Hi-C. The workflow is as such: (i) collection of plant samples for herbarium vouchers and DNA extraction; (ii) taxonomic confirmation of plant identities and providing material for descriptions for the Flora of Singapore; (iii) DNA extraction; (iv) RNA extraction for selected species; (v) DNA/RNA library preparation and sequencing. To date, short read sequences have been generated for 137 species and long reads have been generated for five species. These data will be used as points of reference for plant identification as well for further work, for example, on: (i) determining past population size history and connectivity between different ecosystems and across spatial boundaries, and; (ii) interspecies admixture and hybridisation through analyses of allele sharing among genomes of different yet related species.

23. Lake Habbema: One of The Center Rhododendrons Diversity in Papua and The Threat of Damage

Author: Yasper Michael Mambrasar Abstract type: Oral

Based on administration and geography, Lake Habbema area belongs to the government of Jayawijaya Regency, Papua Province, the State of the Republic of Indonesia. Located at an altitude of 3300 above sea level, the position of this area is ideal for the growth of Rhododendrons. So that more than 20 species are found in this region. The area consists of the grassland sup-alpine and the mountain forest. Some regions have been damaged by illegal logging and road construction. A study was conducted to determine the effect of habitat damage on the diversity of Rhododendron subgenus vireya in the Lake Habbema Region. The research was carried out by compiling exploration results before the construction of the Trans Papua Road and exploration results data after the construction of the Trans-Papua road. The results 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 61

of this study aimed to determine the types of ex-situ conservation priorities in the Habbema lake area.

24. Observing Epiphytic Macrolichens to Conserve a Botanical Garden in Indonesia

Author: Rindita Abstract type: Oral

A botanical garden is a reachable conservation place for people to learn about plant biodiversity. Some of Indonesian mega-biodiversity are protected in many botanical gardens in Java Island, such as Cibodas Botanical Garden (KRC) and Bogor Botanical Garden (KRB). However, the changing of management and the rise of visitors may bring problems to this conservation area, especially pollution. Epiphytic macrolichens are sensitive bioindicator that potential to be used for monitoring the air quality inside a botanical garden. The method used is the explorative descriptive method with purposive sampling. All of the macrolichens found are identified and classified into sensitive, intermediate, and tolerant groups. Cyanolichens are one of the most sensitive groups that can be used to monitor the environmental quality in a botanical garden. Coccocarpia, Leptogium, Lobaria, Peltigera, and Pseudocyphellaria were the genera of cyanolichens found in many trees inside the KRC. While only Leptogium and Coccocarpia were recorded inhabit the trees inside KRB. Thallus covering of macrolichens also can be measured when comparing species which grow on both places. The presence of tolerant genera such as Pyxine also can be noticed, since this genus was found in the polluted area. We still can meet Pyxine frequent inside the KRB, but not in the KRC. Despite that the altitude and temperature of KRC are higher than the KRB that made the biodiversity of macrolichens in the KRC is higher than in the KRB, the improvements for both places have to be conducted to ensure the plant conservation inside.

25. Dynamics of Endogenous ABA Levels During Dormancy in Porang Tubers (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume)

Authors: Dwi Gusmalawati; Rodiyati Azrianingsih; Retno Mastuti; Estri Laras Arumingtyas Abstract type: Oral

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Postharvest, porang tubers are physiologically dormant and subsequently commence to sprout when the environmental conditions support. Endogenous Abscisic Acid (ABA) is a group of plant growth regulator that maintains dormancy and inhibits sprouting. This research aimed to determine the dynamics of endogenous ABA in porang tubers during dormancy period. Endogenous ABA in porang tubers were extracted every two weeks for 20 weeks after harvest and quantified using HPLC. The percentage of sprouting, and the sprout height were measured every two weeks for 20 weeks after harvest. Comparison of endogenous ABA levels during dormancy were analyzed by one way ANOVA and continued with Tukey α 0.05, while the relationship between endogenous ABA levels, percentage of sprouting, and sprout height were analyzed using the Bivariate Correlation Test. The postharvest endogenous ABA level initially were 295.31 ± 40.62 ng/g, increased to 433.07±39.26 ng/g at the fourth week, then decreased to 102.90 ± 22, 19 ng/g at the 20th week. The breaking of dormancy was occured at 12 weeks when endogenous ABA levels were 20.90±37.30 ng/g. Decreased endogenous ABA levels were significantly accompanied by an increase in sprout percentage by 73.7%, but not significantly (α 0.05) increased the sprout height (60.6%). This study shows that high ABA levels play a role in maintaining dormancy, while low ABA levels play a role in breaking dormancy which results in the emergence of shoots in porang tubers.

26. Taxonomic Significance of Stomatal Complexes in the Tribus shoreae (Dipterocarpaceae)

Authors: Noraini, T; Amirul-Aiman, A.J.; Ruzi, A.R.; Bunawan, H. Abstract type: Oral

The taxonomic problems in Shoreae (, Shorea, Neobalanocarpus, and Parashorea) mostly involve identification and classification. The investigation presented in this thesis aims to prove that stomatal complexes have taxonomic value in four genera studied. All species examined are hypostomatic and a few types of stomata were recorded. Parashorea and Hopea are characterized by staurocytic, Neobalanocarpus by paracytic, whilst Shorea has three types of stoma (staurocytic, paracytic and cyclocytic). Based to the types of stoma, Hopea, Parashorea and Neobalanocarpus, are definitely homostomatic, whereas in Shorea, some of the species are homostomatic and some are heterostomatic. Therefore the type of stomata is definitely of taxonomic value in the studied genera. Stomata in Parashorea are superficial, sunken in Neobalanocarpus and superficial in Hopea except in H. ferrea, H. griffithii and H. semicuneata, where they are sunken. In Shorea the stomata are sunken except 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 63

in S. beccariana, S. macrophylla, S. maxima and S. maxwelliana, where they are superficial. The correlation between sunken stomata in most of Shorea, superficial in Parashorea and Hopea, and their potential taxonomic and ecological significance still needs to be established. Parashorea, Neobalanocarpus and Shorea species investigated have elliptical guard cell pairs outline, however most Hopea species have circular guard cell pairs outline. It is therefore evident that types of stomata and guard cells pair outline have significant taxonomic value in Dipterocarpaceae. The stomata in Hopea are medium to large, in Shorea are relatively small to medium and in Parashorea the stomata are large. Micrographs of stomata also show an interesting feature that could have diagnostic value, P. lucida, the epidermal cells surrounding the stomata produce overarching lobes that appear distinct, whereas in P. parvifolia they are fused, in S. macrophylla, the lateral lobes have striae at right angles to the long axis of the stomata, whereas in P. globosa the lateral lobes have striae at right angles and parallel to the long axis and in S. guiso these are tooth-like inner flanges, in S. atrinervosa has a circular, protruding stomatal rim. Resulting from these from these observations, stomatal features as seen under scanning electron microscopy together with stomatal length could be useful for authentification and identification purposes especially at species level. Findings in this study have shown taxonomic value of stomatal features in Hopea, Shorea, Parashorea and Neobalanacarpus heimii.

27. Vascular Plant Diversity in Mt. Limbawon, Tago Range, Malaybalay, Bukidnon, Philippines

Authors: Fulgent P. Coritico; Victor B. Amoroso; Peter W. Fritsch Abstract type: Oral

An investigation on plant diversity was conducted in Mt. Limbawon, Tago Range, Mindanao, Philippines to determine the species diversity of vascular plants, identify the different forest vegetation types and assess ecological and conservation status of the species. Series of transect walks and twenty four 20 x 20 sampling plots were established in the different forest vegetation types. Results of the study revealed a total of 409 species of vascular plants. Of these, 141 species are ferns and lycophytes, 262 species are angiosperms and 6 species are gymnosperms. The ferns and lycophytes belong to 26 families and 66 genera, while the angiosperms belong to 69 families and 146 genera while the gymnosperms belong to 2 families and 6 genera. Three vegetation types were recognized, viz., lower montane forest, upper montane forest and mossy- 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 64

pygmy forest. These vegetation types were recognized based on the apparent change in the structure and floristic composition. The results further showed 69 species of vascular plants endemic to the country. Forty species are broadly Philippine endemics and 29 species are narrowly distributed in Mindanao. A total of 39 species are threatened. Of these, 3 species are critically endangered, 18 species are endangered, 13 species are vulnerable and 4 species are placed in the other threatened species category. Results of this research are useful for the local government officials and Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to formulate policies for the protection and conservation of these remaining important plant resources, and to designate Mt. Limbawon as a local conservation area.

28. Phylogeny of Dissochaeta (Melastomataceae) and its allies based on DNA molecular analysis

Authors: Abdulrokhman Kartonegoro; Darin S. Penneys; Peter Hovenkamp; Peter van Welzen Abstract type: Oral

Dissochaeta is a woody climber genus with approximately 54 species which typically grow in open or secondary habitats. Distribution of the plants is in South-East Asia with mainly found in Malesian region. The circumscription of the genus is complicated whereas including two others allied climbing genera of Diplectria and Macrolenes. Previous phylogenetic analyses of Dissochaeta and its allies resulted that Diplectria and Macrolenes nested inside Dissochaeta clade but based only few species. The purpose of this study is to address relationship and affinities among the species inside the genus and with allied genera using DNA molecular approach based on nuclear and chloroplast molecular markers. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches are yielded monophyly of Dissochaeta and its allies (Diplectria and Macrolenes) together with Creochiton and Pseudodissochaeta in the subtribe Dissochaetineae of tribe Dissochaeteae. The phylogenetic trees from the analyses support the monophyly of woody climbing genera clade with Diplectria sister to the Dissochaeta-Macrolenes clade. Characters of stamen which mostly used to diversify genera in subtribe Dissochaetineae seems reliable with molecular evidence. A shrub genus of Pseudodissochaeta which is morphologically close similar to Medinilla is sister to all genera in of subtribe Dissochaetineae.

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29. The Book, Status of Indonesian Flora Biodiversity (Status Keanekaragaman Hayati Flora Indonesia): The Total Number of Indonesian Plant and Fungi Species

Authors: Deby Arifiani; Atik Renowati; Himmah Rustiami; Ida Haerida; Florentina I. Windadri; Wita Wardani; Rugayah; Dewi Susan Abstract type: Oral

Information on the status of Indonesian biodiversity is critical to support conservation efforts in achieving sustainable use of biodiversity. Herbarium Bogoriense has committed to reveal the biodiversity of Indonesian flora. The Status of Indonesian Biodiversity (Status Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia) book was completed in 2011 and followed by the publication of the 2014 Updated Indonesian Biodiversity (Kekinian Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia 2014) book. In 2017, the Status of Indonesian Flora Biodiversity (Status Keanekaragaman Hayati Flora Indonesia) book was prepared to update information on Indonesian Flora Biodiversity from 2014 to 2017. Data on species that have been described from the colonial time up to 2017, originating from taxonomic publications such as revisions, monographs, checklists and flora were collected, compiled, validated and calculated. The results showed that until 2017, the total number of Indonesian flora biodiversity were 31,750 species, consisting of 2,273 fungi, 2,722 moss, 512 lichen, 1,611 pteridophyte, and 24,632 spermatophyte species. When compared with the number of species in the world, the percentages are 0.15%, 13.28%, 1.56%, 11.34% and 9.5% respectively. Spermatophytes contributed highest number of additional species (5,400 species), while the number of lichens and pteridophyte species decreased due to synonymy. Java is the island with the highest number of species followed by Kalimantan, Sumatra, Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku and Lesser Sunda Islands (LSI). This corresponded with exploration activities done in each islands and indicated the need for extensive exploration on islands in eastern part of Indonesia to reveal and improve our knowledge on the diversity of flora and fungi in the regions.

30. Morphometric Study of the Genus Athyrium in western Malesia

Authors: Wita Wardani; Bayu Adjie Abstract type: Oral

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Among sixteen species of the genus Athyrium recorded from western Malesia, some are having taxonomic confusion. There are species with wide range of morphological variation that overlaps one to another. Morphometric study is carried in the attempt to identify a number of taxa in such complex and distinguish the species. Characters to delimit the species are evaluated using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The result will be presented with indication of any geographical segregation.

31. Predicting Suitable Habitat for Baccaurea angulata (Phyllanthaceae) in Borneo and Natuna Islands Using MaxEnt Modeling

Authors: Gunawan; Tatik Chikmawati; Sobir; Sulistijorini Abstract type: Oral

Detailed and reliable information about the spatial distribution of species provides important information for species conservation planning. Baccaurea angulata is usually used as a source of edible fruit and medicine. Unfortunately, the forest conversion to palm oil and rubber plantations decrease in the amount of its habitat. Predicting suitable habitat of this species is important for selecting conservation sites and cultivation. This research used MaxEnt modeling to predict potentially suitable habitat for B. angulata. Some explorations were carried out in four provinces in Indonesian Borneo consists of West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, , and as well as the Natuna Islands. Several environmental data were used in this study. Light intensity and precipitation downloaded from the worldclim.org, whereas slope and elevation were downloaded from fao.org database. The MaxEnt model generated is considered highly accurate with a value of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) at 0.931. Jacknife test showed that the light intensity is the most important of the environmental variable. The distribution of the potentially suitable habitat for B. angulata generated using the model is in accordance with its distribution recorded during field survey with the main area was found in West Kalimantan. Prediction model shows that the most suitable habitat has light intensity at 1120-3000 lux, the slope at 15 to 25 percent, humidity at 79 to 81 percent and elevation higher than 70 m asl. Our model can be used for management, monitoring, cultivation and conservation planning of B. angulata.

32. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Myristica species in Indonesia

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Authors: Jakty Kusuma; Nora Scarcelli; Jerome Duminil Abstract type: Oral

In developing countries such as Indonesia, forest provides vitamins, proteins, as well as micronutrients for rural people. Many Food Tree Species (FTS) are often utilized by villagers since its nutritionally important and contribute to food security. The main purpose of this research is to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of nutmeg species (Myristica fragrans, M. fatua and M. argentea) in their native Indonesian distribution to underpin strategies of conservation and use. These species are food tree species, whom seeds and maces are exploited as spices. Getting information on the distribution of their genetic diversity within and between wild and cultivated populations will help contributing to the conservation, sustainable management and use of these species. Furthermore, main focus on this subject is to reveal the whole genome of Myristica fragrans by using next generation sequencing. First stage of this research was an in-depth examination on conservation status of Myristica fragrans, as well as their wild relatives. Second, a field trip in Moluccas islands to sampled a maximum of wild and cultivated populations and to engage discussions with local people on the recognition of wild and cultivated populations of the species. Leaves of around 20 individuals per population and per species were collected in silica gel. For each sampled individual we were indicating: sample ID following a defined procedure (alpha numeric unique ID), coordinates, location, tree height and diameter, habitat, tree owner if collected in a farmer’s field, collector names as well as any additional relevant comments. Collecting each Myristica individuals is indispensable, that will allow to determine the distribution on certain area. Furthermore, sex characteristics of Myristica, which is dioecious, will provide convenient to examine the diversity based on their mother tree(s). Samples then subjected to develop genomic resources with ten individuals per species to be sequenced using Illumina MiSeq technology. If chloroplast genomes can be reconstructed we will consider acquiring chloroplast DNA data within samples. Next step would be developing nSSR markers for all three focal species and then screen genetic diversity in the whole set of samples. Tests will also be conducted on herbarium specimens, as exploiting available material in national herbarium in Bogor, Indonesia would be a valuable strategic to screen rapidly genetic diversity of the species across their whole distribution. Once nSSR developed (use of multiplexes to coamplify six to ten loci in a single PCR), we will characterize the genetic diversity of the three species using available samples. Furthermore, we 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 68

analyse the results with whole genome sequencing on each species on next generation sequencing, that will provide rich genomic data on subject species.

33. Population Assessment of Dipterocarpaceae in Mursala Island, Indonesia

Authors: Iyan Robiansyah; Arief Hamidi; Agusti Randi Abstract type: Oral

Known to have long history of timber extraction, Mursala Island in the west coast of North Sumatra Province is a small island home to the endemic tree Dipterocarpus cinereus and many other Dipterocarpaceae species. In the present study, distance sampling using line transect was used to assess the population status of Dipterocarpaceae species in the Island. A total of 26 Dipterocarpaceae species from 6 genera was identified from Mursala Island. Genus that was represented by the highest number of species was Shorea (13 species), followed by (5), Dipterocarpus (4), Hopea (2), Cotylelobium (1) and Dryobalanops (1). Among these, two Mursala Island endemic were identified: D. cinereus and H. bancana. Furthermore, according IUCN Red List category, 11 species (42.3%) were classified as critically endangered, 4 species (15.4%) were of endangered, 5 species (15.2%) were of vulnerable, 1 species was of near threatened, 2 species were of least concern and 3 species were not assessed yet. Based on distance analysis, species with the highest individual density was S. multiflora (21.72±10.96 individual/ha), whereas species with the lowest density was S. johorensis (0.06±0.01 individual/ha). Two main threats for Dipterocarpaceae species in Mursala Island were observed during the survey: illegal logging and habitat conversion. Thus increasing the protection level of the island was recommended to protect all the species of Diptercarpaceae. In addition, providing alternative sources of living for the illegal logger through commercialization of non- timber forest products, ecotourism and sustainable fishery were recommended so that they could stop illegal logging activity.

34. Historical biogeography and diversification of Asian-Pacific Annonaceae

Authors: Daniel C. Thomas; Bine Xue; Tanawat Chaowasku; Richard M.K. Saunders Abstract type: Oral

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Annonaceae (c. 2400 species of trees and ) are characteristic and diverse elements of tropical lowland forests. To investigate the historical biogeography of Asian-Pacific Annonaceae (c. 1100 species in 41 genera), we used chloroplast DNA sequence data (11 chloroplast markers) of 890 species, molecular divergence time estimation, and likelihood ancestral range estimation. Absolute diversification rates were estimated for stem (SG) and crown groups (CG) of 42 genera and infrageneric clades. Thirteen separate clades containing Asian species can be differentiated. Ancestral range estimates at the stem nodes indicate links to Africa (10 clades) or the Neotropics (3). Ancestral ranges in continental Southeast Asia/Western Malesia (SEAWM) were reconstructed at c. 80% of the crown nodes and c. 73% of stem nodes of the 42 Asian genera and infrageneric clades. From SEAWM, numerous dispersal events to India (24 events), the Philippines (29), Wallacea (21) and New Guinea/Australia (26) were inferred, highlighting the crucial importance of SEAWM as source area for dispersal in the region. Wider ancestral CG ranges in SEAWM- New Guinea/Australia or SEAWM-India were in inferred for 4 and 3 genera, respectively. Highest SG diversification rates were estimated for Monoon, Uvaria, and Polyalthia. Some species-rich genera (e.g. Goniothalamus, c. 134 species) had comparably low diversification rates estimates, indicating that rather lineage persistence and species-accumulation over time were major factors in the generation of extant diversity. The predominantly Asian tribe Miliuseae (c. 580 species) was shown to have by far the highest diversification rates on tribal level in the family, indicating a rapid Miocene radiation.

35. Non-detriment finding for the Golden Chicken Fern Cibotium barometz for Sustainable Use in Indonesia

Authors: Titien Ngatinem Praptosuwiryo; Didit Okta Pribadi; Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas; Rugayah Abstract type: Oral

Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. is a tropical and subtropical tree fern belonging to the family Cibotiaceae. This species is widely distributed in China, NE India, Malaysia, , Indonesia, Thailand, , and Japan. C. barometz is recognized as a famous traditional Chinese herbal plant (‘Gouji’) with anti-inflammation and anti-osteoporosis activities. The populations of C. barometz are globally under significant pressure, due to over exploitation for trade; therefore, since 1976 this species has been included in Appendix II of The Convention 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 70

on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) for trade monitoring. This means that no export is allowed without a prior permit issued by the CITES committee. The conservation status of C. barometz in Indonesia is vulnerable (VU A4cd). The aim of this research is to analyse the sustainable use of C. barometz in Indonesia. The standard method for determining annual quotas uses the global NDF (Non-Detriments Finding) system. Recent botanical exploration and the inventory data of C. barometz in Indonesia from the year 2006 to 2015 showed that this species is only distributed widely in Sumatra Island. The distribution of this species in Sumatra was mapped based on data collections from the field and the herbarium specimens at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). In Sumatra, this species is mainly distributed from North to South Province, viz. North Sumatra, Riau, West Sumatra, Bengkulu, Jambi to South Sumatra. The result of NDF analyse based on population status, distribution, population trend, harvest, other biological and ecological factors and trade information can assure the sustainable use of C. barometz in Indonesia. 36. DNA barcoding of Taxus: from theory to application

Authors: Jie Liu; De-Zhu Li Abstract type: Oral

Rapid and accurate identification of endangered species is a critical component of bio- surveillance and conservation management, and potentially policing illegal trades. However, this is often not possible using traditional taxonomy, especially where only small or pre- processed parts of plants are available. Reliable identification can be achieved via a comprehensive DNA barcode reference library, accompanied by precise distribution data. However, these require extensive sampling at spatial and taxonomic scales, which has rarely been achieved for cosmopolitan taxa. Here we construct a comprehensive DNA barcode reference library, and generate distribution maps using species distribution modeling (SDM), for all 15 Taxus species worldwide. We find that trnL-trnF is the ideal barcode for Taxus: it can distinguish all Taxus species, and in combination with ITS identify hybrids. Among five analysis methods tested, NJ was the most effective. Among 4151 individuals screened for trnL- trnF, 73 haplotypes were detected, all species-specific and some population private. Taxonomical, geographical and genetic dimensions of sampling strategy were all found to affect the comprehensiveness of the resulting DNA barcode library. Maps from SDM showed that most species had allopatric distributions, except three in the Sino-Himalayan region. Using the barcode library and distribution map data, two unknown forensic samples were identified 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 71

to species (and in one case, population) level, and another was determined as a putative interspecific hybrid. This integrated species identification system for Taxus can be used for bio-surveillance, conservation management and to monitor and prosecute illegal trade. Similar identification systems are recommended for other IUCN- and -CITES listed taxa.

37. Status of the Vascular Plant Endemicity of Cebu Island, Philippines with updates on endemic species distribution

Author: Val B. Salares Abstract type: Oral

Cebu Island has a total land area of 509, 237 hectares but only a small percentage has forest cover, mostly fragmented. These fragments are considered to be of highest conservation priority under IUCN and are also known to be centers of plant diversity. There is a scarcity of published studies on the floral composition of these forest fragments and the status of its endemicity. For the past twenty years, six species have been described namely Hoya bicknellii Kloppenb. (1999), Cynometra cebuensis F.Seid. (2013), Neonauclea connicalycina Ordas, Taradji, Valdez & Alejandro (2016), Lepeostegeres cebuensis Barcelona, Nickrent & Pelser (2016), reyesii Arriola, Valdez & Alejandro (2018) and Vaccinium cebuense Salares & Pelser (2018). From the field surveys done since 2014, the distribution of some of these species has been expanded from their type locality, with N. connicalycina having the widest distribution within Cebu Island and C. cebuensis having been observed in other municipalities aside from Tabunan Forest. Records as early as 1854 show the existence of five species that were described and collected only in Cebu namely Carex cirrhulosa Nees, Rhododendron brachygynum H.F.Copel., Timonius gracilipes Merr., Phyllanthus robinsonii Merr., and Polyscias cenabrei (Merr.) Lowry & G.M. Plunkett. No studies that reported the occurrence of these species have ever been published. Fieldworks for the past five years have not resulted in the rediscovery of these species that may only be found in Cebu.

38. Nomenclature review of Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) Danser syn. Loranthus philippensis Cham. & Schltdl. with notes on morphological and molecular studies, economic uses and distribution

Authors: Adriane B. Tobias; Analee Hadsall-Soligam 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 72

Abstract type: Oral

The genus Scurrula L. from the mistletoe family of was first described in 1753 with S. parasitica as the type species. There are approximately 24 species throughout the world but only three are found in the Philippines, namely – S. ferruginea, S. parasitica and S. atropurpurea. Among these three species, S. atropurpurea, which is known locally as “dapo” or “dapong kahoi”, is the most common yet unpopular to many Filipino scientists due to confusions in its name. It is well-known, on the other hand, with its synonymized name as Loranthus philippensis Cham. & Schltdl. A nomenclatural study of S. atropurpurea (Blume) Danser through extensive bibliographic review of all materials published from 1753 to 2018 was conducted. The transfer of L. philippensis to S. atropurpurea had a long history starting from the discovery of the genus by Linnaeus (1753) to the most recent taxonomic treatment and revision by Barlow (1995). In this review, it was found that the misuse of names affiliated to S. atropurpurea still perpetuates particularly in Indonesia, India and the Philippines. Since the latest taxonomic treatment of Loranthaceae recognized S. atropurpurea as the accepted name, all botanists should adhere to this treatment to avoid further confusion unless an author will provide substantial evidences. Misuse, ambiguity and synonymy in names can burden and limit biodiversity studies and conservation work as well as ethnobotany and pharmacological researches. Description of the species in historical context, and consolidated notes on morphological and molecular studies, economic uses and distribution are presented in this paper.

39. Impressions on Philippine Orchid Classification based on DNA Barcodes and Stable Carbon Isotope Signatures

Authors: EMG Agoo; GG Oyong; RV Rallos; GP Dicen Abstract type: Oral

Molecular and ecophysiology profiles of at least 80 species in 32 genera across three subfamilies of Philippine orchids were documented to provide evidence towards the understanding of Philippine orchid systematics. Orchids were collected from various regions of the country, and their vouchers processed and deposited at De La Salle University Herbarium. Fresh leaf samples were then stored in a low temperature facility at the Molecular Science Unit Laboratory of DLSU. Total DNA was extracted and processed using standard 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 73

protocol and the cpDNA regions, i.e. rbcL, matK, and trnh-psbA, were PCR-amplified, sequenced and analyzed for their utility in studying species variation and relationships. The same plant materials were processed and analyzed for carbon isotope compositions (δ13C) to provide information on the possible photosynthetic pathways. Results of this study show that rbcL and matK are the more useful barcodes based on robustness in PCR amplification and sequence alignment, gene length, ability to identify or define interspecific sequence differences in speciose genera, i.e. Eria, Bulbophyllum, Dendrobium, Dendrochilum, ability to distinguish intraspecific sequence differences, and nucleotide diversity or divergence. Moreover, results of the stable carbon isotope analysis show that most of the Philippine orchids sampled are representative of C3 plants, with a few as facultative CAM, C4 and obligate CAM plants. Though classification based on photosynthetic pathways and life forms do not provide definite correlation to the systematic classification of orchids, it can however provide insights on the ecology and adaptive capability of the species towards climatic changes over time.

40. Recent progress in the understanding of Poikilospermum (Urticaceae) of Malesia

Author: Alison Moore Abstract type: Oral Presentation

The genus Poikilospermum Zipp. ex Miq. found in Indo-Malesian regions of the Old World tropics, numbers approximately 20 species. It is interesting in relation to its unusual habit (hemi-epiphytic woody scramblers), uncommon fruit dissemination mechanism and its uncertain systematic position. C.C. Berg (1978) included Poikilospermum in the new family Cecropiaceae C.C. Berg, intermediate between Urticaceae and Moraceae. More recently, molecular data has confirmed the opinion of many authors that its position should lie within the Urticaceae. Since Chew’s monograph of the genus in 1963, several new species have been found and distributions expanded and revised. This presentation will focus on the species of Western Malesia, with an emphasis on Peninsular Malaysia. Areas of discussion will include: useful vegetative characters for identification; a key to the species in the area, a new comparative carpological study of the genus and recent molecular work investigating the delimitation of subgenera within Poikilospermum.

41. Molecular systematics and floral morphology of Thrixspermum (Orchidaceae) from Bali 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 74

Authors: Aninda R.U. Wibowo; Alexander Kocyan; Barbara Gravendeel; Paul Kessler Abstract type: Oral

The genus Thrixspermum is considered as one of the systematically most challenging genera in the Orchidaceae family to study, due to the lack and poor quality of reference material. In addition, most of the recent studies are based on species occurring in the western part of the Malesian region. Recently, an effort to observe as many Thrixspermum species as possible on the Central Malesian island of Bali has been undertaken in order to add distribution, phylogenetic, and morphological data from a less well investigated part of the Malesian floristic region. The observations revealed that nine species might occur in Bali. Two species show a new distribution area and two species are still unidentified but certainly new to science. Morphological descriptions are being compiled for all nine species. To obtain a better understanding of the systematics, biogeography and floral evolution of Thrixspermum in Bali, we have carried out a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study using eight molecular markers derived from three different genomes. The combined results will enable us to better understand floral character evolution as well as potential biogeographical scenarios.

42. Progress towards a revision of New Guinea Vitaceae

Author: Anna Trias-Blasi Abstract type: Oral

The family Vitaceae is a group of economically-important climbing plants comprising approximately 15 genera and 900 species with a mostly pantropical distribution (sometimes reaching warm temperate areas). The Vitaceae is currently undergoing extensive generic re- circumscription based on molecular data. The family’s diversity is not comprehensively documented, and in New Guinea it has never been fully revised. In this paper we present the preliminary findings and the progress being made towards this goal, including; work towards the completion of a checklist for the family in New Guinea where to date 46 species in 5 genera have been recorded; an update on the relevant New Guinea genera, such as Ampelocissus, Cayratia and Cissus, according to new phylogenetic findings; and the completion of a generic key including observations on useful characters for generic identification. Our plans for future work are also presented. 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 75

43. Fungal Flora of Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape, Bohol Island

Authors: Arenas, Minerva C.; Gamus, Glenn Cedrick V.; Tadiosa, Edwin R Abstract type: Oral

Macroscopic fungi are ubiquitous organisms thriving mostly in the forest ecosystem. A study of this group of fungi was conducted at Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape (RSPL) in Bohol Island on August 2018. Collection and photo-documentation were done to determine and account for the existing macroscopic fungal species in RSPL. Using the transect line (TL) method, six transect lines (1-kilometer each) were established with 10m x 100m quadrat sampling at an interval of 50 meters between quadrats. All in all, 60 quadrats were laid out. The fungal species within the quadrats along the TLs were identified and recorded. Sampling resulted in 290 individuals belonging to 32 families, 45 genera, and 76 species. Unsurprisingly, majority (67 species, 88%) were basidiomycetes, and only nine species were ascomycetes. Among the significant findings include three possible new species of the genus Cymatoderma, Ganoderma, and Stereum. Further field assessment in RSPL during the dry season is projected to uncover additional taxa to the fungal flora of Bohol.

44. Coffeeae or Octotropideae: Searching for the relatives of the Asian Diplospora

Author: Axel H. Arriola Abstract type: Oral

The phylogeny of the tribe Coffeeae was recently reconstructed using multiple sequence data with focus on its Asian genera. Interestingly, the tribe is not monophyletic due to the placement of some of its representatives in Octotropideae, a closely related tribe of Coffeeae. For instance, species of Diplospora forms a strongly supported clade with Hypobathrum resulting to the unnaturalness of the group. In response to this gap, taxonomic reevaluation was conducted by meticulous examination of type specimen and recent collections. Taxonomic treatments of various authors were consolidated to obtain stronger delimiting characters. Interestingly, morphological features of several species of Diplospora shared striking similarities with Hypobathrum such as the presence of a tetramerous corolla, bilocular ovaries, axile

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placentation, pendulous ovules, fleshy mesocarp fruits with chartaceous endocarp and wrinkled exotesta with elongated cells.

45. LeVEx: a Tool for Leaf Venation Extraction Using Image Processing

Authors: Ashlyn Kim D. Balangcod; Lance Licnachan; Danilo J. Mercado; Jaime M. Samaniego; and Jaderick P. Pabico Abstract type: Oral

Leaf venation is one of the basis for classification in plant taxonomy although other leaf features such as shape and flower structures are more predominantly in use. Aside from taxonomic studies, there have been numerous researches related to leaf venations such as the relationship of leaf venation patterns and weather of a geographic location and water flow within the leaf veins as basis for possible actual irrigation design. Leaf venation inspection by manual methods is tedious and time consuming especially for venations that are complex and detailed. Leaf Venation Extraction or LeVEx is a computer-assisted tool to extract the leaf venation from digital images of leaves using image processing methods. Images were processed using different procedures such as edge detection and morphological processes. The extraction application is developed using the Java programming language and the OpenCV library. LeVEx allows the user to set the level of detail of venation to extract depending on the need of the user. Input images are fresh leaves which can be the whole leaf or a part of a leaf. LeVEx is still in its initial stages and can only extract venations successfully clear and distinct venation of input leaf images.

46. Asserting Generic Placement of Philippine Species of Amomum Roxb. s.l. using Molecular Methods

Authors: Carl Bryan M. Domingo; Cecilia B. Moran; Rudolph Valentino A. Docot; Axel Dalberg Poulsen Abstract type: Oral

Until 2018, when de Boer et al. recircumscribed and divided Amomum Roxb. into eight monophyletic genera, this was the second largest genus of the family Zingiberaceae. The genus is now the 8th largest with c. 64 species worldwide. Until that point, 16 species were recorded 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 77

in the Philippines, five of which were subsequently combined in Etlingera, four in Wurfbainia, three in Meistera, one remained in Amomum, and three species were not addressed. The combinations made, however, were based only on protologues and type specimens in which morphological characters may be limited. To test if recent taxonomic revisions are congruent with molecular data, we sampled in the present study 14 out of 16 Philippine Amomum species. Using standard molecular analyses, we generated 34 sequences (ITS=17; trnK/matK=17). The combined analyses revealed that most of the sampled species appeared within the clades where de Boer et al. (2018) predicted them to group. We present a preliminary distribution of species in Amomum, Meistera and Wurfbainia and recommend the correct combination of the few discrepancies. Interestingly, the previously not addressed Amomum irosinense appeared within the Etlingera + Hornstedtia II clade. Further analysis on the Etlingera + Hornstedtia II clade awaits the resolution for A. irosinense.

47. Assessment of Epiphytic Lichens and Evaluation in Relation to Their Ethnomedicinal Properties in Mt. Malambo Forest, Davao City, Philippines

Authors: Arman P. Nuezca; Andrea G. Azuelo; Maricel M. Gonzales; Roselynn Grace G. Montecillo; Nelmar T. Bacol; Ehlrich Ray J. Magday Abstract type: Oral

The epiphytic lichen communities are widespread in tropical forest habitats where they are considered an important component of the total biodiversity. Mt. Malambo forest reflects a cold-humid environment, however the lichen flora species and analysis of their ethnomedicinal properties is poorly studied and investigated. The present study examined the montane forest- associated lichens, diversity, and ethnobotanical evaluation in Mt. Malambo, Davao, Philippines. Specifically, the objectives are to: assess the distribution of epiphytic lichens species occurring in the study area; determine the diversity status as to species richness of the epiphytic lichens; and evaluate the ethnomedicinal properties of lichens restricted to specific microhabitats. The current study recorded the lichen species employing transect and quadrat sampling method. Taxonomic findings revealed a total of 97 lichen taxa belonging to 30 genera and 13 families. The lichen species index value is 16 which indicate high species number. The families in their order of abundance namely: Parmeliaceae, Lobariaceae, Collemataceae, Physiaceae, Cladoniaceae, Coccocarpiacea, Gyalectaceae, Lecanoraceae, Pannariaceae, 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 78

Peltigeraceae, Pyrenulaceae, Graphidaceae, Ramilinaceae, Hygrophoraceae, and Malmidiaceae. Particularly noteworthy collections include 13 lichen species with medicinal properties namely: Cladonia bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaerer, Cladonia chlorophaea (Florke ex Sommerf.) Sprengel, Clodonia cornuta ( L.) Hoffm., Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., Parmotrema perlatum ( Hudson) M. Choisy, Parmotrema reticulatum ( (Taylor) M. Choisy, Lobaria retigera ( Bory) Trevis., Parmotrema tinctorum ( Nyl.) Hale, Pseudocyphellaria aurata ( Ach.) Ramalina sp., Usnea longissima Ach. and Usnea sp. which exhibit significant medicinal values such as antifungal, antioxidant, antiviral, antiseptic, and cytotoxic effects. The need for correlation analysis between environmental variables and species richness and biomonitoring studies is recommended. More important is the bioecological, characterization, nomenclature, conservation and biotechnology research.

48. Completing the Plant Tree of Life

Authors: William J. Baker; Paul Bailey; Vanessa Barber; Abigail Barker; Laura R. Botigué; Grace Brewer; James Clarkson; Robyn S. Cowan; Steven Dodsworth; Niroshini Epitawalage; Wolf L.T. Eiserhardt; Matthew G. Johnson; Jan Kim; Olivier Maurin; Lisa Pokorny; Norman J. Wickett; Alexandre Zuntini; Paul Kersey; Ilia Leitch; Felix Forest Abstract type: Oral

Evolutionary trees are powerful tools for prediction, species discovery, monitoring and conservation. Through comparative analysis of DNA sequence data, the backbone of the plant tree of life is relatively well understood. However, DNA data are still lacking for numerous plant genera and the vast majority of species, preventing their accurate placement within an evolutionary framework and hindering downstream science. To better understand how the world’s plants and fungi have evolved, we have initiated the Plant and Fungal Trees of Life (PAFTOL) project at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. PAFTOL aims to generate extensive new data for every genus of plant and fungi using high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies. In this talk, we report on progress in the plant component of PAFTOL. We have established a targeted sequence capture approach and have designed a single probe kit that can isolate up to 353 nuclear genes across all angiosperm families. Data obtained with this kit effectively resolve both deep and species-level relationships and is currently being evaluated as a “next generation” barcode. A refined bioinformatic pipeline is also in preparation. We have now generated data for more than 25% of the 14,000 angiosperm genera, and focused 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 79

studies on families such as orchids, palms, sedges, daisies and legumes are also underway. PAFTOL aspires to be highly open and collaborative, sharing data and tools at the earliest opportunity, and integrating with the broader global genomic agenda. Researchers who share an interest in our project are warmly invited to get in touch.

49. Exploring the Palms of New Guinea

Authors: William J. Baker and the Palms of New Guinea team Abstract type: Oral

New Guinea is the largest tropical island in the world and the last remaining “black hole” in our knowledge of global palm diversity. Currently, 34 genera and ca. 275 species are recognised from the island. This highly endemic species richness is rivalled only by the slightly smaller island of Borneo (ca. 300 species). However, rates of discovery of new species in New Guinea remain high and may result in known diversity rising well beyond current estimates. A project to discover, document and describe the palms of New Guinea was initiated in the late 1990s, drawing in partners from across the globe, including Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. While the core product, a regional monograph of the island’s palms, is yet to be produced, numerous taxonomic outputs have been delivered (specimens, monographs, new species, field guides) and important capacity building has taken place (e.g. postgraduate training, infrastructural investment). This talk will summarise the current status and future plans of the Palms of New Guinea project and will highlight some of the many exciting discoveries that have been made, for example in rattans, arecoid and coryphoid genera.

50. Using phylogenomics to understand and protect South East Asian Areceae

Authors: S. Bellot; F. Forest; I.J. Leitch; W.J. Baker Abstract type: Oral

Palms (Arecaceae) are a prominent component of tropical rainforests and are used by millions of people around the world. Malesian palms represent 40% of total palm diversity, with ca. 1000 species distributed in 51 genera, many of which belong to tribe Areceae. In order to generate a well-sampled species-level phylogeny of all SE Asian Areceae (ca. 600 species), we extracted DNA from fresh, silica and herbarium material, and used targeted DNA 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 80

sequence capture to recover between 176 and 795 nuclear genes for each species. The data were analysed with phylogenomic methods accommodating differences in phylogenetic signal and/or gene histories to infer the phylogeny of SE Asian Areceae species. This talk will use some of our research data to illustrate how understanding the relationships between Areceae species allows us to address questions related to the taxonomy, diversification, biogeography, trait evolution (e.g. seed size, genome size), and conservation of this major palm lineage.

51. The utilization of plant resources among the kankanaeys in Kibungan, Benguet Province, Luzon, Philippines

Authors: A.T. Bersamin; K. D. Balangcod; A.D. Balangcod; J. L. Manglinong; J. G. Badilla; A. Cendana; R.D. Chopap-ing; E.T. Dom-ogen; M.L. C. Fianga-an; L. O. C. Licnachan; R. Rabanal; G.G. Ochoa; B. Siadto; J. Tayaben; F.Wong; T. D. Balangcod Abstract type: Oral

The use of plant resources for humanity's basic needs dates back during the ancient times. Plants have been man’s recourse for natural healing, food, and for cultural practices. Hence, this study aimed to discover the rich flora of Kibungan, Benguet that the kankanaeys residing therein utilize. An interview and focused group discussion were conducted and supplemented with ocular inspection of the locality. The results revealed the plants being used for medicinal, food, house construction, and other purposes. The leaves of medicinal plants are more frequently used as decoction and poultice to treat wounds, diarrhea, cough, and skin inflammation. Among these natural remedies, gipas (Sarcandra glabra), gawed (Piper betle), and kutsay (Allium odorum) were noted as the usual medicinal concoctions. Furthermore, the forest of Kibungan is endowed with edible plants which the community enjoy as fruits, rootcrops, and vegetables. The pinit (Rubus fraxinifolius), amti (Solanum nigrum), bayabas (Psidium guajava), gatgattang (Sonchus arvensis), galyang (Alocacia macrorrhizos), kamote (Ipomea batatas), and pako (Diplazium esculentum) are among the wildly growing food resources. The pine tree (Pinus kesiya) is used for house construction. The dengaw (Acorus calamus) is used as amulet, which is believed to ward off evil spirits. This study concludes that wild plants which are highly beneficial are naturally found in Kibungan, Benguet. The protection of the environment to conserve the natural habitat of the plants can be promoted and

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initiatives for their cultivation can be advocated through the documentation that this study provides.

52. Exploring the Diversity of Psychotria (Rubiaceae) in Lowland and Montane Rainforests in Papua New Guinea.

Authors: Tiberius Jimbo; Seymour Sohmer; Jun Wen Abstract type: Oral

The north eastern part of Papua New Guinea (especially the Momase regions) has a diverse flora still poorly known. We (Jimbo, Sohmer and Wen) initiated a proposal to the National Geographic Society to explore forests of Papua New Guinea, promote a better understanding of Papua New Guinea Psychotria. We conducted an expedition into lowland forests of West Sepik (Kilifas, Utai, Finamui, Punda, Wamuru, Wutung) and montane forests of Morobe Province (Wagau) in 11th March – 6th April 2018. A total of 218 collections (62 genera and 128 species) were made. Fifty-nine of those collections are Psychotria, with eleven species identified as endemic to Papua New Guinea. Some collections of Psychotria likely represent undescribed species. We found at least two possible new species, Diospyros sp. nov. (Ebenaceae) and Saurauia sp. nov. (Actinidiaceae). There are many forest areas in Papua New Guinea that more botanical prospecting. The montane forests and Papuan Islands are diverse with high endemism. The few botanical expeditions there have mostly followed the main roads and watercourses. New records may have been obtained for taxa of Rubiaceae and other plant taxa during the field exploration in Amanab (West Sepik) and Wagau (Morobe).

53. Systematics of Malesian Syzygium (Myrtaceae): progress and future

Author: James W. Byng Abstract type: Oral

For many groups of organisms, our knowledge remains woefully incomplete with thousands of species remaining to be discovered and thousands of specimens identified incorrectly. This is particularly worrying for species-rich tropical regions where natural habitats are being transformed and destroyed at an alarming rate. Syzygium is one of the largest plant genera in the Malesian region the genus with about 1000 species. To date, a large number of herbarium 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 82

specimens remain unidentified and/or misidentified in many herbaria and no Flora Malesiana account has ever been attempted. Using machine learning models approximately 30,000 specimen images were analysed based on leaf architecture to aid classification into species categories. These analyses, in conjunction with molecular and extensive traditional herbarium techniques, resulted in thousands of specimens having reliable taxonomic names and many interesting specimens highlighted for further consultation. This approach has led to dozens of new species being discovered and described, some of which will be profiled. The alpha taxonomic, phylogenetic and biogeographic knowledge on the Malesian species are poorly known and new insights are presented here. In this paper recent progress in alpha taxonomy using computer vision combined with both extensive herbarium work and molecular work will be reviewed, as well as an updated list of Syzygium species for the region.

54. A Preliminary Taxonamic Survey of Moss Flora in Mt. Mayo Range, Tarragona, Davao Oriental

Author: Michael Cacayorin Canakan Abstract type: Oral

Inventory the moss floral species inhabiting in Mt. Mayo Range, Davao Oriental. Identification of taxonomic characters, species richness, and status of mosses was conducted. Field collections of mosses were done in Mt. Magyubo-yubo, Mayo Range, Davao Oriental employing alpha-taxonomy method. The mosses were collected, classified, and identified. This study revealed 30 species, 17 genera, and 13 families. Local assessment found 18 species are abundant, 12 species are rare. More so, 3 endemic species were identified namely: Ectropothecium ferruginuem (C. Müll.) Jaeg., Ectropothecium luzoniae (C. Müll.) Jaeg. , and Thuidium benguetense Broth. Ex Bartr., all 30 species are new record in terms of locality . Furthermore, study showed that mosses are found on tree branch, trunk, and base, thrived in decaying logs, found in soil or terrestrial, and in the rocks. Hence, the identified habitats of new records in in terms of locality, widespread, and rare species of mosses should be protected through a keen implementation of the environmental laws by concerned authorities. Further study is necessary in monitoring several important species and providing baseline information on its distribution and taxonomic classification.

55. Chemotaxonomic Marker on Sesbania grandiflora, A Species of Fabaceae Plant 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 83

Authors: Noviany; Sutopo Hadi; Neny Purwitasari; Hasnah Osman Abstract type: Oral

The Fabaceae is the third largest and one of the most economically important families of flowering plants. The nomenclature Fabaceae is related with the term “Legumes”, refers to a large group of angiospermal plants that is found in all the continents. They are used as crops, forages, and green manures. One species that is belonging of the Fabaceae is Sesbania grandiflora. This plant is native to tropical Asia including India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar and Philippines. The phytochemical investigation on S. grandiflora plant has been done by researchers for more than a decade. In our continuous work, we have reported eleven isolated compounds from S. grandiflora root. The structure elucidation of the purified compound was conducted by using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The compounds were identified as phenolic compounds, consisting ten flavonoids and one binaphthyl phenolic types. Among them, three compounds were found as new flavonoid dimers, while the remaining of the compounds were known and assigned as xenognosin B, liquiritigenin, 7,2’,4’-trihydroxyisoflavone, demethylvestitol, vestitol, medicarpin, and sativan. Recently, we have published two new 2-arylbenzofuran compounds from the stem bark of S. grandiflora and assayed them for their bioactivities such as antimicrobial and cytotoxicity. We report herein that the flavonoids and phenolics isolated compounds from S. grandiflora can be used as a chemotaxonomic marker for this plant.

56. Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Tacca

Authors: Kek-Shen Chua; Sin-Yeng Wong Abstract type: Oral

Tacca J.R. Forst & G. Forst (Taccaceae) are terrestrial, understorey herbs which are usually perennial. Tacca spp., commonly known as lilies, are unique for their inflorescences which develop conspicuous bracts and filiform bracteoles. The objective of this study was to resolve the relationship between Tacca spp. based on phylogenetic analyses of the combination of nuclear ITS and plastid matK sequences. In addition, morphological characters were mapped onto the phylogenetic tree to reconstruct the ancestral traits of the genus. Tacca bibracteata 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 84

formed a subclade with T. palmata, T. palmatifida and T. plantaginea, but with weak support (BS = 56, PP = 0.83). Another subclade formed with T. borneensis sister to T. cristata, Tacca sp. nov. 1, T. reducta and T. sumatrana in which the former two species formed a small distinct clade and the latter two species in another. Morphological mapping with the inclusion of species with linear triangular bracts (T. reducta and T. sumatrana) showed reduction on bract occurred within the evolution course of this genus. Our result indicated that the ancestral states of Tacca were palmate leaves, long peduncle, green floral structures with big outer bracts and plentiful small inner bracts, numerous long bracteoles and abundant of flowers, but low quantity of ovules.

57. Conservation Status and Distribution of Sabah’s Endemic Trees

Authors: Sandy Tsen Tze Lui; Sasikumar A/L Tanggaraju; Hoo Pui Kiat; Lee Yew Leung; Suzika Juiling; Eyen Khoo; John B. Sugau; Reuben Nilus; Joan T. Pereira; Wilson Wong; Colin R. Maycock Abstract type: Oral

In line with the Global strategy for plant conservation Target 5, Malaysia is committed to identifying and conserving important areas for plant diversity. In order to achieve this, data on plant distributions is essential, however, many tropical plants are under collected and distributions are determined from a limited number of collection records. Sabah has an estimated 8300 taxa of higher plants of which more than 1000 taxa endemic to the State. In this study, we focus on the conservation status and spatial distribution of the 347 Sabah endemic tree taxa. We compiled past collection records from herbarium specimen and published literature. Collections without coordinate were georeferenced using GBIF standard protocols. Conservation status of species was assessed according to the standard IUCN protocols. Species distribution models (SDMs) were generated for species with more than 5 collection localities using Maxent. Soil association, altitudes, and four bioclimatics variables (BIO 1, BIO 12, BIO 13 & BIO 14) were utilised in the modeling. We used MaxSSS as the threshold to convert maps into binary output. To date, a total of 168 taxa have been assessed, with 23 listed as Critically Endangered, 8 as Endangered, 91 as Vulnerable, 18 as Data deficient and the rest as either Near Threatened or Least Concerned. Only 33 species had sufficient collection records for modeling. The heatmap generated by stacking the SDMs, highlights Mount Kinabalu, Mount

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Tambuyukon, the northern part of the Crocker Range, and ultramafic soil across the state as the areas with the highest concentrations of endemics.

58. Diversity and distribution of the family Celastraceae in Himalayan mountain country and biogeographic links with other regions of Asia

Author: Ivan A. Savinov Abstract type: Oral

The family Celastraceae s.l. (incl. Hippocrateaceae and Stackhousiaceae) consists of 98 genera and ca. 1300 species, from them only app. 10% of genera (7-10) and 2,5% of species (30) are distributed in Himalayan region. This area is important as an arena of many evolutionary events in the taxon history and for understanding paths of dispersal Eurasian Celastraceae, especially for some species from Middle and Central Asia and Caucasus. The main aim of the report to analysis of all current data on the number of species and details of their distribution in the region with special focus to phylogenetic relationships between them that will clarify the links between separate species from different regions. Our approaches are: collection of herbarium specimens in the nature (many countries of the region), the personal work experience in the largest Herbaries of Europe and Asia, creating and analyzing of database with using by special computer programs. Key arguments/findings: 1) the number of species and genera drops sharply when moving from east to west in the Himalayas, more humid regions of Eastern Himalayan have more rich flora of Celastraceae; 2) Eastern Afghanistan (in the forestry zone of Hindu Kush) has only 4 species from 2 genera (for comparison: there are 10 species from 4 genera in Pakistan); 3) Caucasus mountain region has only 6 species from one genus, - Euonymus; 4) one of the problems is this disjunction of Celastraceae area in the west provinces of Afghanistan and north-eastern provinces of Iran or no, for solution of which it is necessary to collect and analysis of new herbarium materials; 5) the analysis shows clear phylogenetic relationships of the Middle/Central Asian and Caucasian family members with the Himalayan and East Asian representatives. Widespread species prevail everywhere in the region, % endemics are low.

59. Recircumscription and revision of the genus Vanoverberghia (Zingiberaceae)

Authors: R.V.A. Docot; C.I. Banag; D.N. Tandang; H. Funakoshi; A.D. Poulsen 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 86

Abstract type: Oral

The genus Vanoverberghia currently includes three species namely Vanoverberghia sepulchrei Merr. and V. rubrobracteata Docot & Ambida from the Philippines and V. sasakiana Funak. & H.Ohashi from Taiwan. New material targeting the Alpinia eubractea clade of the tribe Alpinieae was used to test the monophyly of Vanoverberghia. A combined analysis of the ITS and trnK/matK regions reveals that these three species form a strongly supported monophyletic clade with Alpinia diversifolia Elmer (Elmer) and A. vanoverberghii Merr. (BS = 100%; PP = 1.00). The morphological descriptions of all species were updated after examining recent collections and comparing with types and protologues. The morphology of A. diversifolia and A. vanoverberghii is for most parts in accordance with the previous perception of the genus but a few characters are added and a recircumscription of Vanoverberghia is subsequently provided here. Vanoverberghia diversifolia Elmer is reinstated and A. vanoverberghii is combined resulting to Vanoverberghia vanoverberghii (Merr.) Funak. & Docot. Furthermore, collections from northern Luzon documents the presence of V. sasakiana and all species of Vanoverberghia thus occur in the Philippines. A key to the five species is provided including a comprehensive taxonomic revision, conservation assessments of each, and designation of three lectotypes.

60. Establishing the potential of Camote (Ipomoea batatas ( L.) Lam.), an underutilized plant species in the Cordillera region, Philippines, for flour production

Authors: Elizabeth T. Dom-ogen, Jude L. Tayaben, Lance Oliver C. Licnachan, Kryssa D. Balangcod, Rexine D. Chopap-ing, , Mary Luz C. Fiangaan, Ashlyn Kim D. Balangcod, Renato U. Rabanal Jr., Amelia C. Cendaña, Alice D. Naniong, & Teodora D. Balangcod Abstract type: Oral

Ipomoea batatas, locally called camote, is a vine that belongs to family Convolvulaceae. It is one of staple foods of local communities in the Cordillera region. Local communities utilized almost all plant parts. The root tuber is used as substitute for rice by local when there is rice shortage. The leaves and peelings are also fed to hogs. Of late, this species has become underutilized and is slowly vanishing. With rice shortage in the market, re-establishing the importance of this species can provide encouragement to locals towards replanting and thereby conserving this species. This study explored the utilization of camote peelings for flour 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 87

production. Camote peelings, which are usually discarded, were collected from vendors that use the root crop in making camote cue, a delicacy that makes use of sugar to coat the tuber. The peelings were cleaned thoroughly of dirt, dried (sun dried or oven dried) and ground into flour. The flour was used to bake chips and other pastries, food preparations that are attractive to children, using different ratios mixed with wheat flour. In terms of nutrient content, the camote peelings contain high amounts of fiber, ash, total sugar, crude protein, iron and carbohydrate content as follows: 6.75%, 4.94%, 6.23%; 9.5%, 15.26% and 86.72% respectively. Compared with wheat flour, the fibre content is higher in the camote peelings. Moreover, 25% formulation is the most acceptable as additive to wheat flour for pandesal, hopia and chip products. The result of this work showed a novel use of peelings and its nutrient analysis which bring benefits to producers, consumers and to agriculture.

61. An Estimate of the Number of Tropical Tree Species

Authors: Ferry Slik et al Abstract type: Oral

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher’s alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼40,000 and ∼53,000, i.e., at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼19,000–25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼4,500–6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree- dependent taxa.

62. Spatial Modelling Analysis of the Sumatran Rare Species Mangifera using MaxEnt Program

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Authors: Fitmawati; Erwina Juliantari; Patar Sinaga; Eko Prasetya Abstract type: Oral

Sumatra is the fifth biggest island in the world. Deforestation and land clearing has occured in this island for the past thirty year, caused loss of the forest and the wild plants that lived there. The wild mango is the indeginous plant of Sumatra that threatened to the extinction. The germplasm is important to improve the cultivated mango and for medicinal herbs. Spatial and ecological modelling are important to array the conservation management of the species in the habitat. Analysis of global climate suitability map of Mangifera in Sumatra generated using MaxEnt model. Based on this research, there are 7 wild and rare species of Mangifera in Sumatra, such as: M. sumatrana, M. quadrifida, M. torquenda, M. kemanga, M. lalijiwa, M. magnifica and M. griffithii. Most of the species were found in Central Sumatra, the area with the higher deforestation and land clearing rates. Based on the result it can be predicted that the existence of Mangifera species is no longer in natural forests, marginal and sub marginal but has been widely cultivated in the community, especially in areas such as settlements, rice fields and others. The implication from this research is to protect the natural areas for the rare and wild species of Mangifera in Sumatra and to array the conservation strategic plans such as ex situ in green areas with the limited access to prevent the species from the disturbaces.

63. Occurrence and Diversity of Fungi in the National Park and Protected Landscape of Southern Tagalog Region, Philippines

Authors: Edwin R. Tadiosa; Nelson M. Pampolina; Romel U. Briones; Minerva C. Arenas Abstract type: Oral

Protected areas in the Philippines are ideal study sites for fungi due to its cool climate and rich vegetation. Thus, our research study aims to determine the fungi present in the declared Protected Landscape in the Philippines’ Southern Tagalog Region (PSTR). Four transect lines were established in each seven study sites with 20m x 50m quadrat sampling each transect line (TL) and with an interval of 200m between quadrats. The fungal species within the quadrats along the TL’s were collected, identified and recorded. A total of 188 species under 88 genera, and 50 families that belonged to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were collected from the study sites and these include Auricularia auricula-judae, Dacryopinax spathularia, Ganoderma applanatum, Hexagonia tenuis, Microporus xanthopus, Polyporus hirsutus, Pycnoporus 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 89

sanguineus, Schizophyllum commune, and Volvariella volvacea for the Basidiomycota and Cookeina sulcipes, Daldinia concentrica, Xylaria polymorpha, among others for the Ascomycota group. Among the significant findings include Ganoderma tsugae, Cymatoderma elegans, Cookeina sulcipes, Macrolepiota rhacodes, and Galliela rufa, as the new record fungal species in PSTR, and one possible new species of the genus Hexagonia. Further field surveys of the protected areas are anticipated to uncover a rich and diverse fungal flora in the area. Although generally well protected, the areas are currently experiencing some degree of anthropogenic disturbances such as carabao logging, minor forest products gathering, and kaingin making or slash-and-burn farming. Fungal diversity research efforts need to be encouraged to evaluate the effects of these human disruptions on the ecology of the Landscape.

64. Phylogenetic study of Dipterocarpaceae at the eastern Wallace’s line based on plastid DNA of trnL-F and trnH-psbA Author: Yulita Kusumadewi Abstract type: Oral

Of more than 300 species occured in Malesia, only~21 species distributed in the east Wallacea region, with high level of endemicity recorded in Papua island. Earlier taxonomists (Diels 1922 and Ashton 1982) suggested that Dipterocarps in this region may have undergone recent speciation. This present study aimed to examine the phylogenetic position of Dipterocarps species from the east wallace region using molecular marker. Dipterocarp species from West Malesian, Sulawesi, Maluku and (Indonesian) Papua were sampled from field collections and herbarium specimens collections of BO. DNA sequences of plastid regions (trnL-F and trnH- psbA) and nuclear (ITS) were obtained by direct sequencing and several were obtained from the genbank database. The ITS sequences obtained in this study showed highly variable copies and therefore omitted from the analysis. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction was performed by using Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony with 1000 bootstrap replicates in Mega 6 sofware. Preliminary results showed that the eastern wallacea’s species did not form a clade together. The pattern of the grouping was following infra generic division with Hopea species from Papua (section Hopea) was placed relatively at the terminal and nested within Hopea group. Closed examination of the structure of trnL intron showed a long repeat of 98 bp sequence located in the middle part of the intron possessed by species from Papua. More phylogenetic resolution is required by incorporating more samples from natural populations in East Wallacea’s region. 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 90

65. Initiation of a large-scale survey of land plants and lichens in the southern Philippines

Authors: Peter W. Fritsch; Victor B. Amoroso; Fulgent P. Coritico; Darin S. Penneys; Daniel L. Nickrent; Pieter B. Pelser; Julie F. Barcelona; Jeffrey P. Mancera; Danilo N. Tandang; James R. Shevock; James V. LaFrankie; Alice Gerlach Abstract type: Oral

The Philippines archipelago contains highly endemic faunal, floral, and fungal diversity that is critically threatened, with only 3-7% of original habitat remaining. To address the urgent need for further documenting this diversity in the face of climate change and catastrophic species extinction, a four-year project funded by the United States National Science Foundation will document the land plants and lichens of the southern Philippines through 16 large field expeditions and taxonomic study. The project team will make observations on the occurrence and abundance of thousands of species, each documented by georeferenced voucher collections for museum study and high-resolution photographs, with images and data all made available online in easily searchable formats. A comprehensive DNA biorepository of the collections will be developed for evolutionary studies. The data will be used to 1) document new species discoveries and rediscoveries; 2) publish species inventories of the most ecologically sensitive areas for use in forest management, restoration, and species protection; 3) produce florulas and taxonomic revisions; 4) analyze patterns of species richness and endemism; and 5) test the effect of Pleistocene land conformations on the Philippine flora. Project personnel will train and educate U.S. and Filipino undergraduate students, graduate students, and parataxonomists in field methods and the systematics, evolution, and biodiversity of plants and lichens, thereby reinforcing and expanding international collaboration. The first field expedition is scheduled for June 2019, and some preliminary results of that work will be presented.

66. Corticolous lichen diversity at the Candlenut garden in Padjadjaran University main campus, Jatinangor, East Bandung, West Java Indonesia

Authors: Iin Supartinah Noer; Joko Kusmoro; Diah Arum Abstract type: Oral

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The present work describes lichen diversity in Candlenut garden of Padjadjaran University Campus in Eastern Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The lichens of candlenut garden are studied for the first time. The survey has done in 18 ha resulted 64 species distributed in 31 genera and 13 families were enumerated during the study. Two growth forms, crustose and foliose, were found. The crustose and foliose forms contributed 80, 64% and19,35 % of total species, respectively. The candlenut garden has luxuriant growth of Graphidaceae and Physciaceae were the dominant families, which together constituted more than 50 % of populations. The most dominan genera are Graphis, and Pyxine ,which together accounted for approximately 40 % of the total lichen species. Common lichens species in Candlenut garden are Graphis antilarum, Parmotrema tinctorum and Platygramme discurrens . Parmotrema tinctorum can be considered as indicators of healthy environment of candlenut garden. The rich lichen diversity in a Candlenut garden area indicates the need for more such exploration in the main campus of Padjadjaran University region.

67. How threatened are New Guinea orchids? Perspective and Progress

Authors: H. Chadburn; A. Schuiteman Abstract type: Oral

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is internationally recognised as an important tool that has practical conservation use, for example, in directing the allocation of resources and establishment of protected areas. However, plants in general are underrepresented on the Red List. Of the estimated total of 15 to 20,000 New Guinea plants only about 6% are Red Listed, and of the c. 2,800 species of orchids found there a similarly low percentage are represented. We undertook assessments for 270 of these orchid species. Despite New Guinea being one of the least botanically explored areas of the world, it was possible to make assessments with categories other than Data Deficient for most of these species (75%). Furthermore, although the orchid family is often considered to have a high proportion of threatened species, more than half of those we assessed were categorised as Least Concern. The results have increased knowledge of the status of New Guinea orchids, including identification of a range of threats and threatened species. We have also identified many areas that require further research and we hope this study will provide a stimulus for this. The way forward includes trialling machine learning techniques to accelerate assessment, ecological research on the impact of drought, plant-animal and plant-fungal interactions, and further red listing work in the region. Red List 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 92

assessments give these orchids a voice, which needs to be heard to ensure that they continue to thrive in New Guinea’s rich and unique tropical habitats.

68. Quantitative geospatial methods for bioregionalisation and comparative biogeography of Australasia

Authors: Dan Murphy; Chapple; DG Ebach; MC; Crayn DM; Thornhill; AH; Laffan SW Abstract type: Oral

Identifying areas, biotic breaks and barriers in landscapes, and undertaking bioregionalisation, is critical for biogeographic and phylogeographic analyses, and informing conservation decision making. Areas are core to these research programs, yet their definition remains problematic, especially within landmasses where biotic barriers may be difficult to discern. Areas are inconsistently defined in scale, with no consistent methodology used to define boundaries, and some apparent biotic barriers are overlooked entirely. An added complexity is that biogeographic barriers are likely to exhibit temporal and spatial variation, with some demonstrating long-term stability and others transient through time. Two major recent “big data” developments are driving step change in these disciplines. First, enormous geospatial datasets based on digitised collections data (e.g. Australasia’s Virtual Herbarium) have catalysed methodological developments that utilise these data for defining areas and discovering patterns of phylogenetic endemism and diversity, especially turnover methods; and secondly, genomic approaches have increased both the range of specimens and the volume of characters for analysis. We investigate and compare methods to define areas, biotic barriers or visualise turnover of biodiversity in landscapes and use quantitative geospatial analysis methods and case studies to illustrate this for the Australian biota. The Australian flora has been the subject of many biogeographic analyses using comparative approaches. We review the main results of these analyses, and describe the broad ecological and historical patterns that emerged, highlighting the ecologically-based Australian biomes and consistent patterns for comparative biogeography of the Australian flora including southeast-southwest disjunct patterns; a complex history of aridity; and northern and southern Australia showing an early break in connectivity, with mostly recent immigration into northern Australia from Malesia. Australia has a multi-layered and complex distributional pattern of endemism.

69. Singapore Botanic Garden Seed Bank 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 93

Author: Ng Xin Yi Abstract type: Oral

The Singapore Botanic Gardens Seed Bank, housed in the Gardens will officially open in July 2019. It will be Singapore’s first seed bank with a focus on conserving the seeds of threatened plant species in Singapore as well as the region. The centre will have the capacity to store seeds of at least 25,000 plant species. It aims to be a centre of research for storage of tropical seeds and germplasm, in addition to seed germination and dormancy studies. The Singapore Botanic Gardens Seed Bank welcomes collaboration as well as knowledge sharing from regional seed banks and research institutions.

70. Rafflesia patma Blume: Features in the hidden endophyte stage and the flower perigone

Authors: Sofi Mursidawati; Adhityo Wicaksono; Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva Abstract type: Oral

Previous study by Nikolov et al (2014) revealed the shape of Rafflesiaceae on its host vine as a minimalist endophyte and also vascularization of the parasitic flower. However, the growth and distribution of parasitic tissue in host vine as shown in lateral section remained unclear. We performed a histological study using serial of transversal sectioning to visualize the growth of Rafflesia patma Blume endophyte inside its host, Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston to detect the early development of endophytic strand and more sectioning to reveal the perigone xylem and phloem general profiles. From transversal section, we suspected that R. patma endophyte tissue scattered in host vascular cambial layer instead of forming a continuous strand. The tissue spread as the host cambium cells proliferate and developed a flower knob from an individual cluster. The vascular tissues in the R. patma perigone are similar to a leaf structures, with xylem and phloem adaxially and abaxially oriented, respectively. We suggested that R. patma keeps its flower intact during evolution, while reduced its root and stem down into cellular level during vegetative stage.

71. Distribution Patterns of Moss Species Composition Along Two Elevational Gradient of Mt. Binalabag, Pasonanca Park, Zamboanga City, Philippines

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Authors: Edgar M. Anud, Jr.; Andrea G. Azuelo; Nelmar T. Bacol; Hermie M. Abaquita; Mc Arthur L. Cababan; Marlo A. Cuario; Gilden Maecah M. Migalang; Jan Vivienel I. Beleno Abstract type: Oral

An inventory of moss flora along two elevational gradients of the montane forests of Mt. Binalabag, Pasonanca Park, Zamboanga City, Mindanao, Philippines was conducted. It specifically dealt with species richness, composition, distribution patterns, and microhabitat differentiation. Conservation and ecological status of the moss floral species was further reviewed based on literature. Transect method within potential sites of the forest was established. Floristic composition of mosses was sampled randomly in all microhabitats. Taxonomic treatments were initiated through microscopy examinations.

Findings revealed a total of 68 moss taxa belonging to 34 genera and 19 families. Distribution of species in two study regions of the forests appeared to show high in the lower montane than in the upper montane. This is demonstrated by the high number of moss species collected. Further results show 4 endemic species viz a viz: Brachymenium coarctatum Bosch & Lac.; Ectropothecium ferrugineum (C. Mull.) Jaeg.; Thuidium benguetense Broth ex Bartr.; and Elmeriobryum philippinense Broth.; One species, Leucobryum glaucum Ångström in Fries, identified as vulnerable; and 1 species, Macromitrium cuspidatum Hampe. listed as new to Mindanao. As noted, the high humidity, light regimes, as well as the ecological conditions and cool open niches and maximum number of habitats reflect high species richness with habitat differentiation of the forests and moss cover. Local assessment for the species was observed as rare, endemic, threatened and vulnerable. The current study provides a new remarkable record of the moss flora in the park since no systematic studies have been reported. Monitoring the natural park is needed for conservation efforts on threatened bryophytes and engaged in comprehensive bryodiversity and biotechnology research.

72. Botanical records from Long Banga and vinicity, Baram, Sarawak towards the conservation effort

Authors: S. Syahida-Emiza; Ling Chea Yiing; Syazwani Azeman Abstract type: Oral

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A study on floristic diversity of Long Banga and vicinity was conducted during the scientific expeditions between August to September 2016 under the Heart of Borneo (HoB) Initiative Project organised by the Forest Department of Sarawak. The area had not been botanically explored in the past, which provides a great opportunity for collecting rare, threatened and new species. The results indicate that it is astonishingly rich in floral diversity. A total of at least 245 collections of shrubs, herbs and climbers, from 45 families and 83 genera were discovered including a new species record, endemic species, or rare plant. A preliminary checklist showed that at least 5−10% of the species found are either endemic or rare to Borneo. The collections were made from logged-over forest and mixed dipterocarp forest up to lower montane forest with the highest altitude at 1,200 m elevation. These results are important supporting documents for planning and conservation management measures for biodiversity of Longa Banga and for sustainable forest management before any development such as agriculture, plantations or settlements encroach the area.

73. Cancelled

74. Mangoes...Magnificent, Muddled or Missed: An account of Mangoes and other Anacardiaceae in Singapore

Author: S.K. Ganesan Abstract type: Oral

Widely but fallaciously presumed to be well studied, mangoes, familiar through the commoner fruit species, have been observed in current work for the Flora of Singapore. As many as 12 species of Mangifera and another nine genera of Anacardiaceae comprising 22 species are found in Singapore. New discoveries, distribution, habitat and uses are highlighted. For Mangifera, flowers and fruits are important in species identification; however, there is often a paucity of good quality flowering and fruiting material for study. This is because a number of Mangifera are generally tall trees that are difficult to access; many species flower and fruit infrequently; flowering and fruiting generally do not occur at the same time; and the fleshy fruits preserve poorly. In this study, Mangifera trees were monitored over a period of about two years, enabling the fruiting and fruiting phases of several species to be observed. Fresh fertile collections were made, often utilizing tree-climbers. These have provided greater insight

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into Mangifera species (e.g., flower colour and the morphology of male flowers). Photographic documentation of fresh flowering and fruiting material is presented.

75. Next-Generation Sequencing Method compared with the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Results: Application to Identify the Agarwood species

Authors: Marlina Ardiyani; Lulut Dwi Sulistyaningsih; Wita Wardani; Yoshihisa Suyama Abstract type: Oral

The Agarwood species of Aquilaria and Gyrinops are listed in Appendix II CITES. In the field, the species are difficult to identify due to high similarities of the vegetative characters. Generative characters cannot be found throughout the year. Moreover, the Agarwood in the trade have lacked those characters. Therefore, molecular approach is indispensable to solve the problem of Agarwood identification. Sixty seven samples of Aquilaria and Gyrinops were sequenced using Multiplexed Inter‐Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) genotyping by sequencing (MIG‐seq) using IlluminaMiSeq Next Generation Sequencer. They are also sequenced for the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of the nuclear DNA. The results showed conformity of most of the species of the Agarwood between MIG-seq and the ITS results, but the MIG-seq results showed much better resolution especially for samples of silica-gel dried leaves or woods. The MIG-seq technique can be used in the Agarwood identification. While the ITS has often contaminated with other organisms especially for those extracted from decaying wood eventhough its resolution is the best among other DNA barcode markers.

76. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure of Dipterocarpus ochraceus for improved management of fragmented populations of Sabah's rare and endemic dipterocarps

Authors: Richard Majapun; Rolando Robert; Vijay Kumar; Berhaman Ahmad; Colin R. Maycock; Chris. J. Kettle; Eyen Khoo; Ismail Sascha Abstract type: Oral

The Critically endangered Dipterocarpus ochraceus is one of the six endemic dipterocarps in Sabah. Based on past collections data, the species has lost 68% of its original habitat due to human activities such as land development and encroachment, as well as natural disasters.

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This has led to extreme rarity with only three isolated remnant populations with less than 100 known adult trees. It is expected that this extreme range restriction leads to pollen limitation, reduced reproduction success and elevated inbreeding due localized pollinator movement. These processes should increase the spatial clustering of related individuals which can be quantified as fine-scale spatial genetic structure. The (FSGS) will estimated based on genotyping of adults and juveniles at nine microsatellite markers to evaluate how severely gene flow has been affected by the severe population decline. Based on these analyses, we will be able to provide guidelines for seed collection strategies which capture the remaining genetic diversity for reintroductions. Furthermore, our analysis will provide information on pollen flow distances which will support site selection for reintroductions to restore gene flow between the newly established subpopulations and the remnant populations.

77. Phylogenetic classification of the paraphyletic genus Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), what the future brings

Authors: Roderick W. Bouman; Paul J.A. Keβler; Ian R.H. Telford; Jeremy J. Bruhl; Joeri S. Strijk; Richard M.K. Saunders; Peter C. van Welzen Abstract type: Oral

The genus Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) as currently circumscribed is paraphyletic, with the Asiatic and Australian genera Breynia, Glochidion and Synostemon nested within it. Previous studies suggested tocombine all taxa into one giant genus, but this approach seems unwanted. To explore the alternative of splitting Phyllanthus into smaller monophyletic genera, a phylogeny based on two nuclear and three chloroplast markers is presented, with complete sampling at the subgeneric level including 53 of the 70 sections. Several taxonomic issues were revealed in the subgeneric classification of Phyllanthus and will require new transfers and rank changes. The new classification of Phyllanthus and related genera will have a major influence on the flora of Malesia where a large number of species occur. To resolve the current paraphyly of the genus Phyllanthus, it is necessary to classify all major clades at the same taxonomic rank. Since combining all genera would lead to one giant heterogeneous genus that is difficult to define and impossible to recognize, we recommend tosplit Phyllanthus into several new monophyletic genera, many of which at one time were already described and are morphologically recognizable and often geographically separated. The phylogenetics and new classification is here presented and discussed with several taxonomic revisions planned. For 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 98

Flora Malesiana, this will lead to the recognition of several new genera while Phyllanthus s.s does not occur in Malesia.

78. Recent Island Ontogeny Shapes Sulawesi’s Tropical Tree Communities

Authors: Liam A. Trethowan; Wolf L. Eiserhardt; Deden Girmansyah; Endang Kintamani; Timothy M. A. Utteridge; Francis Q. Brearley Abstract type: Oral

How similar tropical tree communities become following island agglomeration is unclear. Legacy effects of ontogeny may lead to minimal floristic mixture between regions that were once separate. It is unknown if this can also cause a purely spatial distinction in tropical tree oligarchy, a phenomenon that has yet to be identified across the continental tropics. How these dynamics interplay with the edaphic environment is also unclear. We use the island of Sulawesi and its mosaic of soils to examine the above. This includes communities over ultramafic geology, a heavy metal rich phytonutrient poor environment. The influence of ultramafics upon tropical tree distributions is little known. We find far greater impact of both the legacy effects of island ontogeny than soils upon oligarch distributions and the turnover of species amongst communities. We also find that ultramafic tree communities are as diverse as surrounding environments and consist of their own composition of species rather than a subset of the surrounding flora.

79. Guide to Trees of Papua New Guinea Project

Author: Barry J Conn Abstract type: Oral

One of the major concerns facing the people of Papua New Guinea is their capacity to document the rich biodiversity of this country. The documentation of the flora of Papua New Guinea still relies heavily on the efforts of scientists who are working outside of the country. This dependence on foreign researchers is unlikely to diminish because of the limited financial and technical resources available to within-country botanists. The Guide to trees of Papua New Guinea project (PNGtrees) was established in March 2003, as a long-term collaborative endeavour, primarily between the Papua New Guinea National Herbarium (LAE) and the 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 99

National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW). Field observations and measurements were digitally captured and managed in the PNGtrees Microsoft Access® database that outputs the data in Descriptive Language for Taxonomy (DELTA) descriptive data format. The descriptions are automatically generated, along with an interactive key. These data are linked with the collections-based PNGplants UNIX database to provide distributional information that are based on authenticated collections. The overall aim of the project was to provide long-term botanical training for fieldwork, plant collecting, herbarium curation and data management. The most tangible product has been the publication of a 3-volume book on the Trees of Papua New Guinea. After sixteen years, what is the long-term outcome for within-country researchers?

80. Will freshwater swamp forests become peat swamp forests? A carbon-based investigation

Authors: Kwek Yan Chong; Nur Estya binte Rahman; Rie Chong; Lorraine Wen Ai Tan; Qian Yi Ho; Ying Ying Ting; Zhong Yu Chiam; Khairun Nisha binte Mohamed Rahman; Valerie Shi Lin Lee; Jocelyn Shi Hui Lim; Pin Jia Chan; Jun Jie Lian; Hao Ran Lai; Sorain Ramchunder; Alan Ziegler; Kelvin Peh; Cai Yixiong Abstract type: Oral

Freshwater swamp forests are a unique vegetation type due to its waterlogged soil conditions. Flooded forests have been well-studied in the Neotropics, especially in the Amazon basin, but the counterparts in the Malesian region are poorly studied in comparison. Furthermore, much attention has been placed on peat swamp forests in Southeast Asia due to their substantial carbon stocks. However, past botanists have suggested that peat swamp forests in the region developed from freshwater swamp forests. We examined aboveground and belowground carbon stocks, in living and dead matter, and carbon fluxes in litter production and decomposition, in a catchment containing Singapore’s last substantial tract of freshwater swamp forest. Carbon stocks in biomass and woody debris were not significantly different between wet and dry areas, but soil carbon was three times higher in wet areas than dry areas and in some wet plots increased with depth. The largest carbon pool is soil organic carbon, followed by aboveground biomass which was a fifth of the soil organic carbon stocks in wet plots and half of that in dry plots. In wet areas, litter production was higher but more variable and litter decomposition was slower than in dry areas. Together, these results suggest that

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freshwater swamp forests have an important role to play in terms of carbon sequestration even if the total carbon stocks are lower than that of peat swamp forests or mangroves.

81. Dynamics of an Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume ssp. thurifera stand in a seasonally dry forest in the Philippines

Authors: Sandra L. Yap; Glenn Gamus Abstract type: Oral

The extant community’s ability to balance mortality with recruitment is key in maintaining forests. However, this is a poorly understood process in remaining Philippine forests, especially in the rarer seasonally dry forest type. This study examines the dynamics of the dominant Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume ssp. thurifera in Piddig, Ilocos Norte. Here, phenological events were scored, seeds were collected, and seedling recruitment and mortality were measured. Opportunistic monitoring from July 2017 to March 2019 recorded three fruiting events. Based on number of individuals involved, the first recorded event was considered a major masting event with 84% of trees bearing fruit, followed by two minor events where 12% and 33% of individuals, respectively, were observed to be in fruit. Interestingly, the first (July 2017) and second (February 2018) events overlapped such that a new cohort of fruits appeared alongside the older cohort on the same terminal branches. Both cohorts of seeds simultaneously dropped at the onset of the rainy season (May 2018). It is thus unclear which cohort contributed to the recruitment of seedlings, although it most likely was the first cohort, whose fruits showed a more developed propagule at the time of dispersal. Five months post-dispersal, seedling mortality resulted in about a 50% loss of older seedlings but recruitment from dispersed seeds doubled seedling numbers. Continued systematic monitoring is proposed to better capture A. thurifera dynamics as well as an assessment of factors driving the observed patterns.

82. Towards an account of the Ebenaceae of Malesia

Author: Carmen Puglisi Abstract type: Oral

Of the four genera of Ebenaceae present across the world’s tropics and subtropics, only Diospyros occurs in Malesia. Diospyros is ethnobotanically and economically important, and 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 101

most people worldwide are likely to be familiar with some of its products (persimmons, ebony, etc.). However, the diversity of this large genus is still poorly understood. Current estimates suggest that Malesia has c. 150-180 species of Diospyros, which is more than 30% of the total number of species. New research into this genus aims to compile an account of the Malesian species and thus hopefully support a solid regional conservation strategy. In this talk, I will present the result of our work in western Malesia.

83. Conservation and red listing assment of Philippine endemic Dipterocarps

Authors: Malabrigo P, Gibe RC, De Guzman EC, Solatre JS, Barcena AV Abstract Type: Poster

Dipterocarpaceae is a known dominant group of trees in the Asian tropical rainforests. In the Philippines, the family is represented by 56 taxa from 6 genera namely; Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Parashorea, Shorea and Vatica. Twenty-five species are endemic to the country. Eighteen of these endemic dipterocarps are included in the conservation priority of Energy Development Corporation (EDC), the leading geothermal power industry in the Philippines. In its noble corporate social responsibility program known as BINHI (Filipino term for seedling), EDC is aiming to have the most threatened Philippine trees back to abundance. EDC followed four key steps in trying to conserve Philippine threatened trees namely: 1) species rescue and protection; 2) mass propagation; 3) establishment of future mother trees; and 4) advocacy and awareness campaign. The 8-year exploration of BINHI in almost every island of the Philippines allowed EDC to document and geo-tag remaining natural populations (many of which are new records) of its 96 priority species, including the 18 endemic dipterocarps. Not less than 2,000 individuals of the Philippine dipterocarps were planted in 168 partner schools and parks all over the 16 regions of the country, some already producing fruits for next seedling generation. With its comprehensive population study and its effort to conserve the 96 priority trees, EDC became an accredited assessor of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) global red listing of trees. EDC already finished the global red list assessment of the 18 endemic dipterocarps and will be published soon on the IUCN’s website.

84. Taxonomic revision of Embelia Burm.f. subgenus Embelia (Primulaceae - Myrsinoideae) in Malesia

Authors: Anne Dubéarnès; John Parnell; Trevor Hodkinson; Timothy Utteridge Abstract type: Oral

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Within the Primulaceae, the Myrsinoideae form a highly variable group of woody plants, characterised by the presence of dark glandular dots on the leaves and fruits. This subfamily of approximately 1300 species is divided into 40 genera, many of which are in need of taxonomic revision because their limits are poorly defined or rely on ambiguous characters. Among them is Embelia Burm.f., a genus of climbing shrubs distributed in the Paleotropics. Embelia displays extensive morphological variation, however it is only distinguished from other Myrsinoideae by its climbing habit. Mez’s monograph of Embelia (1902) recognised eight subgenera and 92 species, but the number of species is currently estimated at 150, and the molecular phylogeny of the genus is still unknown. The aim of my PhD project was to clarify the position of Embelia in the Myrsinoideae and to revise its subgeneric structure. By combining molecular data, plant morphology, pollen morphology and a study of sexual dimorphism, I have shown that the type subgenus forms a distinct clade within Embelia, and that the former genus Grenacheria Mez is part of it. I am now focusing my work on producing a taxonomic checklist of the type subgenus in Malesia, which represents 49 species.

85. A new Annonaceae genus, Wuodendron, provides support for a post-boreotropical origin of the Asian-Neotropical disjunction in the tribe Miliuseae

Authors: Bine Xue; Yun-hong Tan; Daniel C. Thomas; Tanawat Chaowasku; Xue-liang Hou; Richard M.K. Saunders Abstract type: Oral

The genus Polyalthia Blume has historically been the source of taxonomic confusion in Annonaceae. In recent years, molecular phylogenetic studies have accelerated the segregation of the disparate elements. Several names in Polyalthia nevertheless remain unresolved, including Polyalthia litseifolia C.Y.Wu ex P.T.Li from China. Phylogenetic analyses of seven chloroplast regions (atpB-rbcL, matK, ndhF, psbA-trnH, rbcL, trnL-F and ycf1; ca. 8.3 kb, 116 accessions) unambiguously placed Polyalthia litseifolia in a clade with three accessions from Thailand, which have previously been shown to represent an undescribed genus sister to the Neotropical clade (Desmopsis, Sapranthus, Stenanona, and Tridimeris) in the predominantly Asian tribe Miliuseae. The collective clade is sister to Meiogyne. Polyalthia litseifolia shares several diagnostic characters with most species in the Neotropical genera and Meiogyne, including: petals that are similar in shape and size in both whorls; multiple ovules per ovary in 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 103

one or two rows; and lamelliform endosperm ruminations. It is distinct in being deciduous, bearing subpetiolar buds and having inflorescences growing from the leaf scar of the dropped leaves. Morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses corroborate its recognition as a new genus, which is formally described as Wuodendron. Polyalthia litseifolia is found to be conspecific with Desmos praecox, and the latter name is used as the basis for the name of the type species. Wuodendron praecox was further found to be widely distributed in Asia. Molecular divergence time estimates place the Wuodendron-Neotropical clade split within the Miocene, highlighting the importance of post-boreotropical dispersal and vicariance in shaping intercontinental tropical disjunctions in Annonaceae.

86. Cancelled

87. Forest Tree communities in Relation to Logging History at Anap-Muput Forest Management Unit, Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia

Authors: Ling Chea Yiing; Bibian Michael Diway; Angelia Muri Abstract type: Oral

Anap-Muput Forest Management Unit (FMU) covers an area of 83,535 ha, comprising of mainly lowland mixed dipterocarp forest. Five 1-ha permanent sample plots of different ages were established in the FMU under the Permanent Sample Plot Network Project. One of the aims for this project is to understand the relation of species composition and stand density changes to selective logging history. A total of 3298 trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10.0 cm belonging to 59 families, 178 genera and 622 species were enumerated. Dipterocarpaceae is the most diverse family with 171.6 stands/ha. Macaranga hosei King ex Hook.f. is the most abundant pioneer species, whereas Shorea parvifolia Dyer is the most abundant dipterocarp species documented. In term of species richness, 21 years logged-over forest has the highest species count, and primary forest with no logging history has the least species count. Species diversity increases in logged-over forest when pioneer species is introduced, but the dipterocarp species in rather young forest is lower than the primary forest. The relation between stand density and forest age is S-shaped pattern, where forest of 7 years after logging consists of highest stand density from DBH 10.0–20.0 cm, and primary forest has the lowest stand density from the same diameter class. However, the stand density and aged of forest after logging relationship is not conclusive as more data is needed. Hence, more plots of 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 104

different ages are recommended in order to understand the forest tree changes in relation with logging history.

88. A Challenge to Plant Biodiversity Shortfalls in Malesian Region: Databasing Species Occurrences and Functional Trait

Authors: Junichi Fujinuma; Buntarou Kusumoto; Takayuki Shiono; Yasuhiro Kubota Abstract type: Oral

Large-scale plant biodiversity information across various botanical properties, such as species geographical distribution, demography and functional traits, gives a fundamental basis for macroecological research. Unprecedented big-data of botany provides novel opportunities for better understanding of macroecological processes as well as identifying priority areas for biodiversity conservation. Nonetheless, our knowledge on plant diversity is imperfect especially in tropical regions. This knowledge gap is recognized as biodiversity shortfalls across several ecological properties such as species taxonomy (Linnean), distribution (Wallacean), abundance (Prestonian), evolutionary pattern (Darwinian), and functional trait (Raunkiæran). In this regard, we have been collecting species occurrence information of woody plants from a variety of botanical references including data of herbarium specimens, forest monitoring and traits sampling. In addition, we compiled data of maximum tree height as a functional trait for individual species across various biomes; species-specific tree height plays a central role in mechanisms of species assembly and ecosystem functions by mediating interspecific competition, species coexistence, habitat complexity, and productivity. In this paper, we introduced the procedure of data compilation and demonstrated plant biodiversity patterns in South East Asia by means of Hill numbers approach. By collating community phylogenetic properties, we explored ecological and evolutional drivers which delineated tree diversity patterns regarding to species-specific tree height. Moreover, we identified the Wallacean shortfall spots across Malesian region where exhibited large gaps between observed and estimated diversities, and addressed the importance of effective sampling strategy for the knowledge gaps in this region.

89. A phylogenomic framework for revisionary work in Moraceae, with a focus on Artocarpus

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Authors: Elliot M. Gardner; Joan T. Pereira; Aida Shafreena Ahmad Puad; Andrew L. Hipp; Nyree J.C. Zerega Abstract type: Oral

Summary of research aims: This study set out to develop a well-supported phylogeny of two clades in the mulberry family (Moraceae) to inform revisionary work, with a focus on Artocarpus. Moraceae contains about 1,200 species in 39 genera, with a worldwide distribution. Artocarpus, whose centre of diversity is in Borneo, is an important component of lowland forests in Malesia and also contains important cultivated crops and wild relatives such as breadfruit/sukun, jackfruit/nangka, cempedak, and tarap. Approach: HybSeq or target-enrichment can be a powerful tool in revisionary systematics, allowing cost-effective capture of hundreds of genes for phylogenetic inference. In this presentation, we illustrate its application to the mulberry family (Moraceae), presenting a densely-sampled and well-supported phylogenomic framework based on both fresh and herbarium material, with a focus on Artocarpus. Key findings: While our results generally support existing subgeneric divisions in Artocarpus, phylogenetic evidence now requires a number of changes at the species level, including one case where molecular evidence supported indigenous taxonomy rather than the accepted scientific names. We also preview upcoming taxonomic changes to the widespread genus Streblus. Finally, we briefly highlight the implications of our results for understanding transitions in biogeography and pollination mode in Moraceae.

90. The Gesneriaceae for Flora Malesiana

Authors: David J. Middleton; Hannah J. Atkins; Gemma Bramley; Carmen Puglisi Abstract type: Oral

There are an estimated 1000 to 1200 species of Gesneriaceae in the Flora Malesiana region. The true figure is far from known due to wide ranges in the estimated number of species in some genera and the large numbers of new species that are found whenever new collections are made in a previously underexplored area. The largest genera are Cyrtandra with over 450 species in Malesia, Codonoboea with around 160 species, Aeschynanthus with around 130 species, and Agalmyla with around 100 species. In all there are about 30 genera although genus delimitation is still to be clarified in the subtribe Loxocarpineae, particularly for the genus 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 106

Loxocarpus. In the talk the latest research on generic delimitation will be discussed, progress on taxonomic revisions will be highlighted, the task to revise the family for Flora Malesiana will be set out, and a plea for collaborators will be made.

91. Getting a Handle on Borneo’s Plant Diversity

Authors: Colin R. Maycock; Nur Adillah Mohd. Yusof; Sandy Tsen; Suzika Juiling; John B. Sugau; Joan T. Pereira; Eyen Khoo Abstract type: Oral

Halting the decline of plant diversity is one of the greatest challenges facing the global conservation community. However, in order to address this problem, we need an understanding of the current situation. The development of a working list of known plant species is a fundamental step in this process. This project aims to compile a working list of the higher plants of Borneo based on the published literature and herbarium records. In this presentation, we outline the progress made towards developing this working list. Then using the data for Sabah, illustrate how we are using the working list to prioritize species for conservation assessments in Sabah and highlight some of the issues faced in compiling the working list. To date, approximately 16000 taxa are listed on the working list. After removing synonyms, we have over 12300 taxa of higher plants listed as occurring in Borneo, of which approximately 50% are endemic to the Island. Over 8300 taxa are listed as occurring in Sabah of which ~1140 taxa are endemic to the State. We have collated collection records for 610 of these Sabah endemic taxa, and approximately 30% are restricted to a single collection locality and have been prioritized for conservation assessments. Linnaean and Wallacean shortfalls are two factors that are impacting our ability to compile a working list of the higher plants of Borneo, and there is a need for greater collaboration among botanist and plant conservation biologist working across Borneo to address these issues.

92. Botanic Gardens and the conservation of Flora Malesiana

Author: Paul J. A. Kessler Abstract type: Oral

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Botanic Gardens around the world are involved very often in the conservation of threatened plants either from the local flora or from abroad. Gardens safeguard plants via various methods as seedbanks or (tissue-) cultivation of threatened species. Due to various reasons (historical aspects, mission/vision, location, climate) gardens have chosen for certain preferences. Certain European gardens at least have chosen to protect mainly herbaceous species as orchids, Nepenthes, Rhododendron as they have usually only facilities for those taxa. Although also many tree species are under threat due to human influences like forestry activities, palm oil plantation, slash and burn activities, the chance of cultivating woody species from the Flora Malesiana region in non tropical botanic gardens is almost absent. This gives a certain pressure to botanical gardens in the region especially for this aspect. Some examples will be given to explain the challenges and possible solutions.

93. A partly revised checklist for Malesian Diplazium (Athyriaceae)

Author: Peter Hovenkamp Abstract type: Oral

The fern genus Diplazium is one of the three genera in the Athyriaceae. It has a worldwide distribution, mainly in tropical and subtropical areas. The most recent estimate of the number of species worldwide stands at 350 (PPG I, 2016). It has been the subject of local revisonary work (Praptosuwriyo, 2008), some global analyses (Ran et al., 2013; Wei et al., 2015), but as yet, a good insight in the species occurring in Malesia is lacking. I will present a checklist for the Malesian species, partly on basis of literature, partly on basis of revision of material in L, K, BM and SING. The list contains c. 100 species, with many preliminarily recognized taxa that could not be matched to one of the existing names. I will discuss some of the problems encountered during the preparation of the list and the revisionary work: - names based on woefully incomplete specimens - overlooked characters leading to inadequate descriptions - incomplete or improperly mounted specimens I hope this list will, in combination with the checklist for Malesian Athyrium (Wardani & Adjie, 2018), and work on the genus Deparia (Kato, 1984; Sano et al., 2000a; b), stimulate the production of a Flora Malesiana treatment for the family Athyriaceae.

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I will also discuss some of the options for facilitating such a treatment using online tools for collaborative taxonomy (Hovenkamp, continuously updated).

94. The Occurrence of Epiphytic Liverworts : Their Taxonomy and Ecological Status Inhabiting Mt. Binalabag, Pasonanca Park, Zamboanga City

Authors: Jan Vivienel I. Beleno; Gilden Maecah M. Migalang; Rovel P. Ora; Andrea G. Azuelo Abstract type: Oral

Epiphytic bryophytes specifically liverworts community are widespread in most tropical forested habitats and usually constitute an important component of the total biodiversity. Mt. Binalabag is an unexplored montane forest; hence no central source of taxonomic, anatomical studies and ecological assessment have been reported, thus the current research attempted to explore and examine the unique status of the liverworts confined at the park. Transect method within two potential sites of the montane was established. Field observations on their microhabitats were made and recorded for each species. Further, specimens were taxonomically examined, identified based on its morphological and anatomical features using taxonomic keys, monographs, revisions and available literatures. Results of the study revealed the occurrence of 41 taxa with 21 genera and 13 families. The liverwort species exhibited diversity and unique taxonomic characters, with distinct anatomical features. The life strategy was noted dependent for their existence on tree barks, huge timbers, moist rocks, soils, litters, logs and associated epiphytic shade loving plants. Analysis on the distribution patterns were observed high in terms of species richness in the lower montane than in the upper montane forest. The families of liverworts species recorded in both study regions were: Frullaniaceae, Plagiochilaceae, and Schistochillaceae. More important, there is an urgent need to set forth guidelines by protecting and conserving the regional liverwort communities that are confined in high elevation and promote an evidence-based approach for quantitative data analysis.

95. Developing living collection networks: A case study on the Dipterocarpaceae of Borneo

Authors: Jean Linsky; Iyan Robiansyah; Dzaeman Dzukifli; Dr. Biruté Galdikas; Daniele Cicuzza 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 109

Abstract type: Oral

Currently, over 350 species of the Dipterocarpaceae family have been assessed as threatened with extinction on the IUCN Red List. These species, of great ecological and economic important across the Southeast Asian region require concerted conservation action. While the conservation of some dipterocarp species is challenging due to the rare yet widespread occurrence of populations, the decline of these species is not irreversible. Botanic gardens have been at the forefront in taking action to document, conserve and manage threatened plant species. A collaborative project between organizations in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam for the conservation of the most threatened Dipterocarp species of Borneo is presented as a case study of regional networks for threatened tree conservation. Partners from Tropical Rainforest Conservation and Research Centre (TRCRC, Malaysia); Bogor Botanic Garden (Indonesia), Orangutan Foundation International (OFI, Indonesia) and Universiti Brunei Darussalam Botanical Research Centre identified 15 Critically Endangered or Endangered Dipterocarpaceae species in need of in situ and ex situ conservation actions on Borneo. This project focuses on securing the species in a regional net of living collections as well as building and consolidating technical skills of local organizations to conserve the species. Results of the ongoing project activities including field surveys, propagule collection, propagation protocol development and the creation of a training course on Dipterocarp conservation will be presented. Examples of best practice, lessons learnt and future plans for the project will also be included.

96. Phylogenetic relationships of tropical Asian Ardisia (Primulaceae) and relatives

Authors: Avelinah Julius; José Said Gutiérrez-Ortega; Suzana Sabran; Shuichiro Tagane; Akiyo Naiki; Tadashi Kajita; Timothy M.A. Utteridge Abstract type: Oral

A phylogenetic analysis of the large tropical genus Ardisia (Primulaceae) and related genera is presented. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses were based on nucleotide sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) from 113 samples predominantly from East Asia, Indo-China and Malesia. The results show that Old World Ardisia is split between two major clades and is not monophyletic because other smaller genera are nested within it. The trees indicate that the traditional subgeneric circumscription is only partially 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 110

supported and revision of the generic and subgeneric circumscription of Ardisia, and its relatives, is needed. We discuss these results with particular focus on the Malesian taxa and the implications for taxonomic work including the Flora Malesiana account.

97. Unravelling ecological correlates of seed physical defence and seed size in Artabotrys (Annonaceae)

Authors: Junhao Chen; Daniel C. Thomas; Richard M.K. Saunders Abstract type: Oral

Artabotrys (Annonaceae), a palaeotropical genus of ca. 105 species of lianas, shows considerable variation in habitat preferences, and seed and fruit morphology. It provides an excellent study system to investigate seed size and physical defence evolution, and potential ecological correlates. Pericarp thickness, testa texture and thickness, and seed volume were assessed for 43 Artabotrys species, with locality data compiled from GBIF and herbarium records and values of WorldClim bioclimatic variables extracted for each locality. Bayesian phylogenetic inference and divergence time estimation were based on ca. 15.7 kb of plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data. The relationships between functional traits and ecological correlates were investigated using phylogenetic regression. The hypothesis that testa thickness and seed volume evolved towards distinct optima in lineages with different combinations of dispersal-related traits was tested using model-fitting approaches. The results reveal that non- adaptive explanations for both seed traits are untenable and suggest a potential role of adaptation. Lineages with slippery testa and thin pericarp (SP) have evolved towards a thinner testa and smaller seeds, whereas lineages with other combinations of testa texture and pericarp thickness have evolved towards a thicker testa and larger seeds. The two distinct trait optima may correspond to two seed dispersal modes in Artabotrys: (1) birds and primates with seed- spitting and seed-swallowing habits that disperse SP lineages; and (2) primates with destructive oral processing behaviours that disperse other lineages. The effect of climate on testa thickness is unclear whereas seed volume is negatively associated with mean annual temperature and precipitation seasonality. 98. Assessment of Trees Above Ground Carbon and Diversity in Kawag Danum Rainforest Lodge

Authors: Elia Godoong; A. Berhaman; Waidi Sinun 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 111

Abstract type: Oral

Secondary forest areas are often associated with a reduction in carbon footprint due to their history of logging activities. This study are to examine the forest structure and the tree total above ground carbon (AGC) stock of the secondary forest in Kawag Danum Rainforest Lodge (KDRL) which is situated inside the Ulu Segama Malua Forest Reserve that is part of the 242,000 ha of the Ulu Segama Malua-Sustainable Forest Management Project (USM-SFMP) which also a part of the Buffer Zone of Danum Valley Conservation Area. A total of six plots in 60 - 80% canopy covered and six plots in 20 - 40% canopy covered were pre-identified using Landsat imagery. Each plot is a circular plot with a radius of 20 m, which gives an area of 0.126 ha plot-1. All trees greater than 10 cm dbh is identified to species level if possible and measured its dbh. The total height and merchantable height of the observed tree are also estimated. In order to assess the tree diversity and to quantify the trees AGC, we analysed tree diversity, basal area and trees AGC using General linear model (GLM) with log link function. The mean of tree diversity, basal area and tree AGC stocks estimates are presented with lower and upper bound of 95% confidence interval (CI) from the glm analysis. All analyses were performed with the R statistical software version 2.15.0 (R Core Development Team 2012). Result shows that the number of family, genera and species are slightly different between the two classes of canopy cover. However, the tree density and the tree total AGC are statistically significant. We found that there are differences in diversity, structure and tree total AGC between the two classes of canopy covers which experienced selective logging activity in the past.

99. Leveraging macroevolutionary models and paleo-climatic dynamics to understand the present-day diversity of palms

Authors: Jun Ying Lim; Daniel Kissling Abstract type: Oral

Given their diversity worldwide and their ancient (Cretaceous) origin, palms represent an ideal system to test how long-term geologic and climatic dynamism may drive macroevolution (speciation and extinction rates) over deep timescales. For instance, climatic changes throughout the Cenozoic have led to a marked reduction in tropical biome extent, which may have reduced opportunities for diversification in predominantly tropical groups such as palms. 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 112

Testing the afore-mentioned hypothesis, however, is challenging. Classically, the estimation of diversification rates of groups involves the fitting of macroevolutionary models to molecular phylogenies. However, such models are typically time-homogeneous, assuming diversification rates to be constant through time and thus unable to incorporate the influence of changing extrinsic factors (e.g., tropical biome extent) on diversification rates. Recent developments now allow diversification rates to be time- or environmentally-dependent (e.g., area) but models that jointly estimate time-dependent diversification rates and biogeographic states are still computationally intensive for diverse groups such as palms. Here, I propose a tractable statistical approach that is an extension of a model for immigration, cladogenesis and anagenesis, originally implemented for islands. My proposed modelling approach should allow the estimation of diversification rates for each biogeographic region, while allowing the effect of region-specific trajectories of biome area through time or the effect of variation in life history on diversification rates to be tested. Finally, in this talk, I will also suggest potential directions to better understanding the diversity of the group through time by proposing potential avenues for the incorporation of fossil information into diversification models.

100. The Ecology and Floristic Composition of Mt. Palemlem, Bessang Pass and Mt. Malitis; Critical Upper Montane Vegetation of the Northwestern Luzon, Philippines

Authors: Michael Agbayani Calaramo; Cora Marie Puga; Jeffrey Santiago; Kristel Gaspar; Vincent Rialo Abstract type: Oral

The Philippines is a megadiverse country and at the same time among the hotspots in the world. Its immense biological diversity is outstanding both in marine and terrestrial vegetation, but now threatened by human exploitation and supper typhoons are becoming frequent. These natural disasters and disturbances create massive impact to the vegetation, and the upper montane vegetations are the first to be affected by these disturbances. The abrupt change in temperature or erratic climatic condition put the ecosystems in distress, resulting in the decline in species survival. The Northwesterniana Biodiversity Research Unit launched expedition in the wild to conduct floristic composition and characterization in order to understand the status of the different upper montane areas of region1 particularly Mt. Palemlem of Ilocos Norte, Bessang Pass in Ilocos Sur and Mt. Malitis in Pangasinan. A 2 km transect are used with 20x20 sq.m. quadrat 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 113

laid every 100 meters intervals. Ecology, vegetation types, and keystone species are assessed. Herbarium specimen are collected and deposited at the HNUL. As a result, Mt. Palemlem is the most diverse with 792 Species in 124 families, comprising ultramafic summit and cloud forest; Bessang Pass comprises 297 species in 128 families and comprises a pine savanna and subalpine vegetation; Mt. Malitis comprises an upper montane vegetation with patches of ultramafic having 78 species in 43 families. These areas are observed to be refugea of narrow endemic species and harbors most of the Gymnospermae species in the region. These vegetations are vulnerable and a more conservation efforts are recommended.

101. Morphological Phylogeny of the Astronieae and Taxonomic Implications for Beccarianthus

Authors: Jeffrey P. Mancera; Frank Almeda; Darin S. Penneys; Peter W. Fritsch Abstract type: Oral

The new millennium has seen tremendous advances in the phylogenetic systematics of the Melastomataceae. However, most studies on the family remain centered on the Neotropics, and the Paleotropical lineages are much less well known. This study begins the rediscovery of the Southeast Asian Melastomataceae by reconstructing the phylogeny of the Astronieae, one of its earliest diverging tribes that is endemic to the rainforests of Malesia and the Pacific islands. Parsimony analyses of 57 ingroup taxa with 205 morphological characters were conducted to test support for the monophyly of each genus and verify the placement of Tessmannianthus, a Neotropical genus now believed to be closely related to the Astronieae. Characters were partitioned into discrete and continuous datasets to assess potential areas of incongruence; the latter was coded with the differential gap-weighting method. The global analysis yielded two equally most parsimonious trees, the strict consensus of which shows that Astrocalyx, Astronia, and Astronidium are each monophyletic. Beccarianthus is biphyletic, consisting of one clade with oblong anthers and another with linear anthers, the latter being restricted to New Guinea. Tessmannianthus forms a clade that groups within the Neotropical Merianieae. However, the partitioned analysis of the discrete dataset suggests that the Astronieae are sister to Tessmannianthus except T. cereifolius. The morphological phylogeny of the Astronieae sensu stricto supports the evolutionary change from axile to ascending and bilobed basal-axile

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placentae, and ultimately into collapsed ones. The potential resurrection of Bamlera to accommodate the Papuasian Beccarianthus clade, among other future directions, are discussed.

102. The effects of Acacia invasion on litterfall production and litter decomposition decomposition of lowland forests in Brunei Darussalam

Authors: Salwana Md. Jaafar, Faizah Haji Metali, David Francis Robert Philip Burslem, Hajah Siti Nisa Syahzanani Nafiah, Nur E’zzati Supri, Nurhazimah Ahmad, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri Abstract type: Oral

Invasive Acacia species are known to alter nutrient cycling processes such as the production of litterfall and rates of decomposition. This study examined the effects of invasive Acacia species on variation in litterfall production, nutrient concentrations of leaves fractions, leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release rates in selected Acacia-invaded and non-invaded heath and mixed dipterocarp forests in Brunei Darussalam. Litterfall monitoring and litter decomposition experiments started in October 2016 and ended in September 2017 covering a full one year sampling period. Acacia-invaded habitats produced significantly more litter with higher nutrient content, and were primarily composed of leaves and reproductive material. Leaf production in Acacia-invaded heath forests recorded higher total nitrogen and potassium, while those in Acacia-invaded mixed dipterocarp forest recorded higher pH, total nitrogen and calcium concentrations. Rates of litter decomposition and nutrient release were lowest in Acacia-invaded habitats, with slow rates more pronounced in Acacia-invaded mixed dipterocarp forest than Acacia-invaded heath forest. The significantly higher litterfall production recorded in both Acacia-invaded habitats may potentially enrich soils of invaded habitats thus facilitating further invasion by Acacia. The differences in litter decomposition and nutrient release rates may reflect alterations in microbial community and nutrients availabilities in Acacia-invaded habitats, and similarly could provide a mechanism for further invasion.

103. The Philippine species of Amorphophallus (Araceae): a taxonomic revision and introduction of new species

Authors: Hetterscheid, W.L.A., Medecilo-Guiang, M.P., Callado, J.R.C., Galloway, A. Abstract type: Oral 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 115

The number of named Philippine species of the genus Amorphophallus (Araceae- Thomsonieae) amounts to 16 at present (including the new species presented). Three existing species names cannot be attributed to presently known species for lack of their holotypes, which were all destroyed in WWII. Five new species are recognized and a full identification key and descriptions are presented. All but one species (A. paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicholson) are endemic to the Philippines. A. paeoniifolius is spread in all tropical parts from India eastwards into Polynesia and southwards to northern Australia. Its long horticultural history accounts for its unusually wide geographical range, which undoubtedly is largely due to populations escaped from cultivation. This is suggested to be the case for the Philippine occurrences of it.

104. Antibacterial Activity and Cytotoxicity against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Lines of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. Wild type and Dwarf cultivar (Apocynaceae)

Authors: Hannah Abigail A. Gruyal; Assistant Professor Therese Julienne T. Medina Abstract type: Oral

Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. is a widely distributed plant species in the Philippines. It is used as an herbal medicine and an ornamental plant. Limited studies had been done on the potential use of T. pandacaqui as alternative medicine compared to other Tabernaemontana species. In this study, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of T. pandacaqui were determined using disc diffusion and MTT assays using ethanolic extracts from wild type and dwarf cultivar vegetative parts. Leaf of dwarf cultivar obtained the highest % extraction yield (9.8%) while root of wild-type had the lowest extraction yield (3.5%). Disc diffusion assay was done against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Stem of wild-type obtained the highest antibacterial activity (33.33 mm) against B. cereus at 100 mg/mL. Roots of wild-type and dwarf cultivar exhibited consistent antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains used. MTT assay was done using MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Root of dwarf cultivar extract showed highest cytotoxicity at 5 and 50 μg/mL concentrations. The observed bioactivities may be due to alkaloids and tannins present in the plant samples where alkaloids are abundantly found in the cortex, pericycle and near epidermal tissues.

105. Red Listing of Tree Species in Trade 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 116

Author: Megan Barstow Abstract type: Oral

Since 2016, Botanic Gardens Conservation International has been involved in the assessment of tree species in trade for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This includes two main projects: one to assess the conservation status of 1,500 commercial timber species over five years and a second to produce conservation assessments for all species of Aquilaria (Agarwood). It is in the nature of commercial traded species to be widespread and common, otherwise they would not be so frequently utilised. Despite the prevalence of these species in trade and substantial data contained under trade names, there is often a lack of species-specific information relevant to conservation assessments. In addition, commercially traded species often span national boundaries, and establishing the status across the global range, can be difficult where data is well defined in certain areas, but patchy in others. Some species are also illegally traded, which adds a further layer of complexity. Over the course of these projects BGCI have become well versed in identifying the relevant data and using various inferences to produce conservation assessments for trees in trade. This involves exploring generic level information and regional, country or habitat level threat information; alongside consultation with experts in the field or region. Using these methods, new or updated global conservation assessments have been produced for 750 commercially traded trees, including Aquilaria, Dipterocarpaceae, Gonystylus etc.. Through the production of conservation assessments, we hope to inform and guide conservation and legislative processes towards protecting the most threatened trees in trade.

106. Agrobiodiversity, Leisure and Socialising opportunities: the multiple services rendered by an open-air market in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam

Authors: F. Merlin Francis; Li Ling Chaw; Nurzahidah Bakar; Siti Noraqilah Haji Abas Abstract type: Oral

Open air markets have survived in Asia despite rapid urbanization and increasing space. What are the reasons for the continuous patronage they receive in contemporary urban Asia? To answer this question, we did a cross-sectional survey of consumers visiting the Kianggeh 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 117

market, Bandar Seri Begawan. A total of 160 randomly chosen consumers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The results show that consumers visit the market for the diversity of Vegetables/fruits, local fruits and vegetables, socializing, cheap prices, ability to bargain, freshness of the products, convenience, medicinal plants, snacks, leisure etc. Majority of the respondents chose ‘availability of a wide range of fruits and vegetables’ as the primary reason for the visit. A one-time inventorying of vegetables and fruits sold at Tamu Kianggeh and the nearest supermarket shows that the market had relatively higher diversity (105 taxa, 30 natives, 3 endemics) compared to the supermarket (85 taxa, 15 natives and 1 endemic). Majority of the respondents also reported that they had made friends at the market. The results show that open-air markets bring a diverse range vegetables and fruits to the urban consumers, while also serving as important cultural spaces for socialization and leisure.

107. Morpho-Taxonomy and Distribution of Hymenophyllaceae in Mindanao Island, Philippines

Authors: Aurfeli D. Nietes; Atsushi Ebihara; Victor B. Amoroso Abstract type: Oral

The study aimed to conduct morpho-taxonomy, diversity and distribution of Hymenophyllaceae in Mindanao. Data were obtained from actual fieldwork in Mt. Apo and Mt. Hamiguitan and herbarium studies done at Central Mindanao University Herbarium (CMUH). Numerical phenetic analysis was conducted using PC-Ord program. Results revealed 24 species classified under six genera namely Abrodictyum, Callistopteris, Cephalomanes, Crepidomanes, Hymenophyllum and Vandenboschia. Among the mountain ecosystems in Mindanao, Mt. Kitanglad has the highest number with 18 species. For the mountain sites where fieldwork was conducted, highest diversity was recorded at Mt. Hamiguitan (H=0. 67). Morphological examinations revealed that the involucre, lamina, stipe, wings, hairs and habit are useful in the identification to genus and species level. Numerical phenetic analysis revealed four major clusters, however this does not support the delineation of six genera since there was a strong correlation in the morphology of the species. Hymenophyllum imbricatum Blume and Callistopteris apiifolia (C.Presl.) Copel. are the most common species in the mountains of Mindanao. Abrodictyum pluma (Hook.) Ebihara & Iwats. and A. cumingii C.Presl. are the widely distributed species (500 masl. to 2500 masl). Assessment revealed 1 new record in the Philippines (H. javanicum Spreng.) and 4 are newly recorded in Mindanao (H. emarginatum 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 118

(Sw.), H. pallidum (Blume) Ebihara & K. Iwats., H. fimbriatum J. Sm. ex Hook. and H. serrulatum C. Chr.).

108. Moss Flora and their Associated Habitats on a Cloud Secondary Forest of Mt. Malambo, Davao City, Philippines

Authors: Melanie P. Suldano; Andrea G. Azuelo; Mariza M. Baiño; Exequiel B. Valiente; Rovel P. Ora; Lalaine G. Sariana; Mc. Arthur L. Cababan; Nelmar T. Bacol Abstract type: Oral

The epiphytic mosses thriving the tropical montane cloud forest in the Philippines exhibited diversification on its habitat distribution and population. The main objectives of the research centers on the diversity status as to species richness of the epiphytic moss, and to document the species on its habitat preferences thriving the cloud secondary forest. The mountain peak’s elevation is 1379 masl and the predominant vegetation is a secondary forest with its humid and cloudy atmospheric conditions. A transect method was established, and floristic composition of mosses were noted with its microhabitats. Taxonomic morphological treatments were investigated through microscopy examinations. The scientific research findings revealed a total of 89 moss species belonging to 41 genera and 20 families. Further data showed high index diversity (1.21). The species dominance in relation to families in their order is represented by Calymperaceae, Meteoriaceae, Dicranaceae, Pterobryaceae, Rhizogoniaceae, Sematophyllaceae, Hypnaceae, Leucobryaceae, Hypnodendraceae, Fissidentaceae, Bryaceae, Hookeriaceae, Neckeraceae, Orthotrichaceae, Thuidiaceae, Racophilaceae, Garovagliaceae, Hypopterygiaceae, Mniaceae and Spiridentaceae. As noted, the group of moss species is associated with its habitats preferences such as soil, forest floors, host trees and exposed roots. The secondary forest, therefore have a different structure and microclimate. Bryophytes species of secondary forest should be further explored on a broader ecological scale and consider the geographical ranges and the changing conditions affecting the bryofloral species.

109. Comparative Morpho-Anatomy of Kaempferia galanga L. andKaempferia pulchra Ridl. (Zingiberaceae) from the Philippines

Authors: Marlon P. Rivera; Lourdes B. Cardenas 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 119

Abstract type: Poster

Kaempferia galanga is an indigenous medicinal herb in the Philippines. Despite of its known medicinal applications, the plant is not being valued in the country perhaps most of the people are unaware of its identity. Kaempferia pulchra, on the other hand, is a popular ornamental plant but an introduced species to the country. The popularity of K. pulchra might affect the conservation efforts for K. galanga. In addition, K. pulchra can be mistakenly identified as K. galanga and might be used to adulterate K. galanga-based medicinal products. Therefore, this study worked on an in-depth morpho-anatomical characterization of the two species to properly authenticate their botanical identity. This can serve as a basis to popularize K. galanga as a medicinal herb and pursue its conservation. On the same manner, the distinction between the two species can feasibly ensure the quality of K. galanga-based medicinal products in terms of their chemical constituents, uniformity, safety, and efficacy.

110. Taxonomic significance of micromorphology of leaf epidermis within the genus Aspidistra

Author: Nikolay Vislobokov Abstract type: Oral

The genus Aspidistra comprises about 170 species of herbaceous plants inhabiting South-East Asia. Species of Aspidistra show extremely high diversity of flower morphology. However, features of vegetative organs are poor. Thus, species of Aspidistra usually cannot be recognized without flowers. Within present study, features of micromorphology of leaf epidermis are investigated in more than 40 species of Aspidistra. Taxonomic significance of these characters and usefulness for species recognition are tested. Leaves were collected from living plants of Aspidistra (mostly from cultivation) and fixed in 70% ethanol. The material was critical-point dried and observed using a scanning electron microscope. It was found out that sculpture of cuticle and presence of papillae varies in leaf epidermis of different species of Aspidistra. Also these characters are sufficiently stable within a species. Surface of cuticle may be smooth, tuberous or rugose. Epidermis may be densely papillate, absently papillate or without papillae. All investigated species of Aspidistra can be divided into

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several groups by combination of these characters. Each group comprises species which can be distinguished from each other by morphological features of leaves and rhizome. These micromorphological characters are useful for taxonomy and can be used for recognition of species in case of flower absence. The study was funded by RFBR according to the research project N. 18-34-20135.

111. Phylogeny of Meiogyne (Annonaceae): Potential Adaptive Radiation Driven by Dispersal from Malesia to the Australasian-Pacific Region

Authors: Ming-Fai Liu; Richard M. K. Saunders Abstract type: Oral

The dynamics of diversification can be shaped by past geological events that create reproductive barriers, allow reticulation, and open up new resources and habitats that lineages can exploit. Adaptive radiation occurs when an evolutionary lineage diversifies rapidly, occupying multiple novel niches as it enters a new environment. Adaptive radiation is hypothesised to have occurred in Meiogyne Miq. (Annonaceae), a genus of tropical trees. The existing plastid phylogeny indicates that Meiogyne comprises a depauperate Indomalayan grade and a species-rich Australasian-Pacific clade, with the latter showing various climatic and edaphic adaptations. To test whether Meiogyne underwent adaptive radiation in the Australasian-Pacific region, we improved the resolution of existing plastid phylogeny with the addition of nuclear markers, including s8e, NIA, atpQ, nduB8, CHER1, DJC65, DDB2, eif3k, pfd5, STG1, and CCO2. The nuclear and plastid trees are largely congruent, with the combined phylogeny revealing that the widespread species complexes, M. virgata and M. cylindrocarpa to be polyphyletic. Our data furthermore suggests that the Australasian-Pacific clade comprises four subclades: a Tonga-Vanuatu-Fiji clade; a New Caledonia-New Britain clade; and two Australian clades. We investigated the historical biogeography of Meiogyne using our improved combined phylogeny as a framework to test the adaptive radiation hypothesis. We specifically aim to assess whether the Australasian-Pacific clade exhibits: (1) an increase in diversification rate, elucidated using BAMM and MEDUSA; and (2) an increase in ecological divergence by comparing macroevolutionary models using WorldClim and SoilGrids data.

112. New Guinea Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae): Initial Findings

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Authors: Gemma Bramley; Hannah Atkins Abstract type: Oral

Taxonomic work on New Guinea Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) with a view to several regional revisions, starting with Papua Barat, is revealing some surprising results. There are c. 106 accepted names for New Guinea Cyrtandra, over half of which were published by Rudolf Schlechter in 1923. Initial study shows that the typically narrow Cyrtandra species distribution patterns found in other parts of Malesia, do not often apply to the New Guinea species. Further study will likely reduce a significant number of the 106 accepted names to synonymy. However, we predict that through fieldwork in underexplored areas, new species may be discovered, such as C. bungahijau and C. vittata, two species newly described this year. We also discuss the relationship between Cyrtandra and the two New Guinea genera Sepikea and Cyrtandropsis, both informally considered as congeneric with Cyrtandra in the past.

113. Cancelled

114. Track record Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.)Voss.) in the East Java, Indonesia

Authors: Novita Kartika Indah; Serafinah Indriyani; Estri Laras Arumningtyas; Rodayati Azrianingsih Abstract type: Oral

Snake fruits (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss.) is a local Indonesian fruit. One of the provinces in Indonesia that has a diversity of snake fruits, namely East Java. However, the diversity of the East Java snake fruits is not yet known. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of East Java snake fruits and to find out the interaction between snake fruits and the community. This research began with the exploration in 10 research areas. The last step did direct interviews with the community. Data is analyzed in qualitative description. Based on this study, 31 variations of snake fruits morphology were collected from 10 districts. The East Java snake fruits is divided into two (local and Pondoh snake fruits). Local snake fruits is grown in several districts such as Bangkalan, Bojonegoro, Banyuwangi, Jombang in part, Kediri, Malang city. Malang district, and Pasuruan. Pondoh is in Lumajang, Jombang in a part, dan Trenggalek. The local snake fruits has a unique taste compared to Pondoh snake fruits, but in terms of

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economics Pondoh have of higher economic value. All people in East Java are more familiar with Pondoh. In Jombang and Bojonegoro, the community held a snake fruits festival to introduce the potential of snake fruits and preserve in the area. Data obtained from the origin of snake fruits but still need proof. The abundance of snake fruits is processed into other foods such as jam, dates, and coffee from seed of snake fruits. The next research are going to do on morphology, ecology and molecular.

115. Botanic Gardens of Southeast Asia – Challenges in the conservation of regional flora.

Author: Nura Abdul Karim Abstract type: Oral

Eighty percent of all species on Earth are concentrated in the tropics, thus making the tropical regions the most biodiverse. Sadly, this statement is often followed by remarkable statistics about the rapid degradation and conversion of the tropical ecosystems and the alarming predictions of widespread flora and fauna species extinction. Urgent concerted actions have to be taken to control or reverse species loss. Botanic gardens are undeniably significant organisations for plant conservation, taxonomic research, horticultural and economic botany, public education, natural history collection and appreciation and could play a part in mitigating the looming problem. Surprisingly, tropical botanic gardens within biodiversity hotspot countries, such as in Malesian region, represent a minority of all botanical gardens worldwide, based on Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) database. Compared to temperate botanic gardens, tropical botanic gardens face complex challenges for conservation, which include greater quantities of biodiversity, a need for better resource and funding mobilisation and the risk of possible genetic introgression within the living collections due to limited understanding of this phenomenon. Limited support in terms of monetary, skilled manpower, and infrastructure developments are major issues in developing workable botanic gardens in less developed countries of the Malesian region. Possible ways to overcome the shortcomings, are through concerted collaborative initiatives among the regional botanical institutions and NGOs; allowing more open access for floristic and horticulture research by bona fide external institutions; and to be active members of regional networks, such as Southeast Asia Botanic Gardens Network, and/or

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global organisations such Botanic Gardens Conservation International, in order to better coordinate collaborations.

116. Phylogeny of Asian Thismia (Thismiaceae, Dioscoreales) with implications for its morphological evolution and infrageneric taxonomy

Authors: Maxim S. Nuraliev; Ekaterina A. Shepeleva; Maria D. Logacheva; Mikhail I. Schelkunov; Michal Hroneš; Michal Sochor; Martin Dančák; Vincent S.F.T. Merckx; Izai A.B.S. Kikuchi; Sahut Chantanaorrapint; Kenji Suetsugu; Hirokazu Tsukaya; Shek S. Mar; Hong Truong Luu; Hong-Qing Li Abstract type: Oral

Thismia is a genus of delicate mycoheterotrophic herbs widely distributed in Asia, Australasia and the Neotropics but found rarely throughout its range and therefore known by a limited number of specimens. The highest species diversity of Thismia is found in Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. Currently about 80 species of Thismia are known, and the genus now undergoes a rapid growth due to discoveries of undescribed species. The last most comprehensive taxonomic revision of Thismia dates to 1938 and addresses less than half of the currently known species. Recent findings significantly expanded the knowledge of Thismia morphological diversity and showed a need of revision of phylogenetic relationships among its species. We conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis which involved 42 species and three DNA markers (ITS1–2, 18S rRNA, atp1). The data were obtained by Sanger sequencing as well as NGS. Within the Old World group of species, we recognized five major clades which are congruent with species geographical distribution. At the same time, the majority of currently accepted infrageneric taxa appeared to be polyphyletic. We also constructed a morphological dataset of 12 characters and studied their evolution by means of ancestral state reconstruction. Though evolution of most of them was homoplastic, we revealed a set of characters that provides each of the five clades with a unique morphological description. Our investigation represents a phylogenetic basis for the development of a novel sectional classification of Thismia coherent with morphological and geographical traits. The work was supported by RFBR (project 18-04-00619).

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117. Documenting and data basing the plants used in various rituals and cultural practices by indigenous communities in the Cordillera, Luzon, Philippines towards conservation

Authors: Teodora D. Balangcod; Ashlyn Kim D. Balangcod Abstract type: Oral

The Cordillera region, Luzon, Philippines, is a haven of a diversity of flora matched by indigenous groups with rich culture. The local communities consider plants as indivisible element in every facet of their lives. Interestingly, the indigenous communities also use plants as ritual paraphernalia. Characteristically spirit-filled, some plants are used as offering to the Gods and deities to appease them during difficult times such as when there are sick members in the village or used to offer gratitude when there is bountiful harvest. The primary aim of this study is to document and develop a data base on the plants that are used for various rituals and cultural practices, in an effort to develop strategies for their conservation. With the variety of cultural groups in the Cordillera, results showed that there are plants commonly used for ritual activities, either as an offering or ritual paraphernalia; the betel nut (Areca catechu), a major ingredient for betel nut chewing is used as an offering; rono (Miscanthus spp.), is the most versatile plant as the parts has many uses, e.g. to drive away evil spirits; dangla (Cordyline fruticosa), the leaves are used as headdress during ritual performances and for driving away evil spirits. Plants that take center stage during rituals are the heirloom rice varieties that are selected for making rice wine or tapuy; sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), and gabi or pihing (Colocasia esculenta). Documenting and data basing these plants can establish their importance and consequently provide information towards conservation of these plants.

118. The Radical Scavenging Properties of Leaf Extracts of Water Hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) From Three Selected Laguna Lake Sites

Authors: Katrina M. Arit; Dorina Bianca D.S. Manabat; Josephine D. Agapito; Miriam P. de Vera Abstract type: Oral

Plants in stressed environments can have elevated amounts of secondary metabolites which include antioxidants that scavenge potentially damaging radicals. This study aimed to find out 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 125

if the production of radical scavengers in water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) varies with the extent of pollution in their habitats. Ethanolic leaf extracts were taken from plant samples collected from three Laguna Lake sites, in Manila, Philippines, namely: Central Bay (CB), Central West Bay (CWB) and North West Bay (NWB). The extracts were assayed for their superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Results showed that the plants from the NWB site have the highest mean superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities at 40.7% and 94.9%, respectively. The respective values for the two assays were 22.5% and 77.4% for the plants in the CB site, and 13% and 69% , respectively, for the plants in CWB. The elevated radical scavenging activities of the NWB water hyacinths is regarded as a stress-related response to poor water quality. Data provided by the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) in Metro Manila revealed that, at the time of sample collection for this study, the waters in NWB had a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 15 mg/L compared to 8 mg/L in the other two sites. An elevated COD is indicative of poor water quality attributed to more waste materials transported from surrounding urban areas to the NWB site. These findings have implications for environmental water quality monitoring and further understanding of water hyacinth biochemistry. 119. Heinrich Zollinger and the «Flora Malesiana»-paper of the year 1857

Author: Peter Schulthess Hürlimann Abstract type: Oral

The Swiss Heinrich Zollinger published in 1857 in Zürich a paper and a map named «Flora Malesiana». It was an answer to F. A. W. Miquel’s «Flora Indiae Batavae» and the possibility for Zollinger to take an individual position after Junghuhns Java work. «Flora Malesiana» was published in Dutch, unfortunately without the map. Zollinger died in 1859. His paper was soon forgotten. The map was re-discovered and published by H. J. Lam in 1937. This was the beginning of the modern «Flora Malesiana» project. N. Raes and P. C. van Welzen published the history of «Flora Malesiana» in Blumea 54, 2009: 6-8. Zollingers life and work gives insight into the origins of biogeography, the role of biological classification und of maps. Zollinger had envisioned a holistic floristic research project which was not limited by colonial borders or bioprospection for plants of empire. Rather it should have brought knowledge through field work which could answer questions of distribution and evolution of plants and vegetation. 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 126

By looking into the works of Humboldt, de Candolle, Darwin, Salomon Müller, Junghuhn and Wallace, as well as evolutionary ideas published by the Swiss Alexander Moritzi, we can follow the multilayered work of Zollinger, which led to the «Flora Malesiana» paper. It shows that free thinking scientists were crucial to the development of early biogeography.

120. Three biogeographic patterns in Malesia: the lust for water hampered by tectonics and climate change

Authors: P.C. van Welzen; C. van den Ende; S.T. van Goeverden; A.L.J. Rutgrink; M.Visser, L.T. White Abstract type: Oral

Van Steenis was once laughed at for his land-bridge theory, one of which also provided an explanation for the disjunct distribution between South America and Australia. Our research, using tectonic reconstructions and dated phylogenies, elegantly showed that Antarctica fulfilled the role of land-bridge, because the three continents remained connected via thin land- bridges or island chaines till long after Gondwana started to break up; a period with globally still elevated temperatures. During this extended period of contact many tropical taxa show a split (caused by dispersal or vicariance) in their phylogeny between South America and Australia. Sumatra and Borneo have an everwet climate and it is often assumed that plants present on both islands dispersed during glacial periods when the Sunda Shelf was dry. But then a savanna corridor and/or regions of coarse, nutrient-poor sands between the islands may have formed new dispersal barriers instead of the sea during interglacial periods. Climate reconstructions and models during the Last Glacial Maximum show that major river systems between both islands, with their accompanying riverine forests, may have acted as dispersal routes. The Moluccas are often considered as one geographic area. Although the North and South Moluccas share a similar climate, they have very different tectonic origins. Plant distributions show that both areas differ in flora due to their tectonic history and should be considered as separate phytogeographic regions.

121. Insights on the Philippine Ophiorrhiza L. (Ophiorrhizeae-Rubiaceae): A Proposal on Its Infrageneric Classification and Records of New Species

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Authors: Niña Kathryn G. Alfeche; Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro Abstract type: Oral

Ophiorrhiza L. is a species-rich genus of the tribe Ophiorrhizeae (Rubiaceae) mainly distributed in the Indo-Malesian region and is characterized by helicoid cyme inflorescences, loculicidally dehiscent capsules and numerous rhomboid seeds. Several regional revisions have been conducted to assess the morphology of the genus but remains lacking for the Philippines despite the genus’ high level of endemism in this region. Furthermore, its infrageneric classification which strongly relied on the presence or absence of bracts remain outdated. The genus’ lack of representation in phylogenetic reconstructions also renders doubt into the member’s identity and relationships. Thus, the resolution of the genus’ phylogeny remains doubtful. In this study, samples of Philippine Ophiorrhiza were subjected to Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses of the combined nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer and plastid rbcL and rps16 datasets. Molecular analysis supports the inclusion of Philippine species into the monophyletic Ophiorrhiza clade (PP=1.00,BS=88%), as well as its relationship with other genus within tribe Ophiorrhizeae and subfamily . Two subclades were also resolved, supporting the presence of an infrageneric classification within Philippine Ophiorrhiza: Subclade A (PP=0.99,BS=81%) characterized for their caducous stipules, axillary inflorescences, and glabrous stems; and Subclade B (PP=0.87,BS=69%) with species having persistent stipules, terminal inflorescences, and pubescent stems. Through morphology and supported by molecular data, this study also revealed the presence of five enigmatic Ophiorrhiza species. Diagnosis, descriptions and illustrations are provided for the new endemic species.

122. Taxonomic revision of New Guinean Maesa (Primulaceae – Maesoideae)

Authors: Pirada Sumanon; Henrik Balslev; Wolf L. Eiserhardt; Timothy M.A. Utteridge Abstract type: Oral

Maesa Forssk. is a genus of shrubs, small trees and lianas found mainly in disturbed areas in primary and secondary forest of the Old World tropics. In the last comprehensive treatment of the genus, approximately 150 species were recognized in the monograph by Mez which was published in 1902. The New Guinean taxa were revised by Sleumer in 1987 who enumerated 26 species. Since then several new species have been published as a result of the Flora of Mt 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 128

Jaya project in 2006. However, New Guinea remains an area of particular taxonomic uncertainty for Maesa. Here, the first steps of a taxonomic revision of Maesa is presented based on extensive studies of herbarium specimens from K, E, L, P. Vegetative characters are more important than floral characters for practical species discrimination within the genus. Differences are found in the form, size, texture, and indument of leaves. Ongoing phylogenetic studies are in progress to test whether the species concept applied to Maesa is natural which is important for establishing meaningful units for our upcoming evolutionary analyses.

123. DNA Based Identification and Molecular Phylogeny including Ethnobotanical Studies of Philippine Grown Pandanus Species Collected in the Different Localities in the Province of Antique, Philippines

Authors: Porferio S. Bangcaya; Propa Joy R. Santor; Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro Abstract type: Oral

Pandanus Parkinson species are widely used as traditional medicines. The genus comprised about 700 species with 52 species found in the Philippines. High endemism at 82% was observed in Philippine grown Pandanus species. Since the reproductive parts are seasonal, there is difficulty in identifying its species. DNA based identification was utilized to establish an ideal locus for the rapid identification and authentication of Philippine Pandanus species. Several samples were collected in five localities in the province of Antique, Philippines and were subjected for molecular analysis. Results revealed that sample codes PAN-001 identified as P. simplex; PAN-004 and PAN-007 were P. cf panayensis; PAN-002, PAN-003 and PAN- 008 identified as P. tectorius. P. simplex and P. cf panayensis were endemic species, while P. tectorius was native/non-endemic to the Philippines. P. simplex was used as material for making mats, hats, bags, baskets and slippers and are exported to US, Europe and Australia. Plastid markers are more universal with better amplification and sequencing success rates for Philippine Pandanus. In terms of discriminatory power among the three chloroplastid barcodes analyzed, trnH-psbA revealed a significantly higher interspecific divergence compared to its intraspecific divergence. However, phylogenetic analyses using a Neighbor-joining approach exhibit that matK has a better ability to resolve species identity and exclusive lineages compared to trnH-psbA. The concatenated gene trnH-psbA+matK was able to generate better resolution of species compared to the single barcodes analyzed. Generally, rbcL yielded a poorly resolved tree with low bootstrap supports and has the lowest species discrimination 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 129

based on distances and has a close inter- and intraspecific distance values. Thus, matK was the most efficient single candidate barcode for molecular authentication of Philippine Pandanus species and the combination of trnH-psbA+matK for a better discriminatory ability.

124. Where are the Knowledge Gaps in the Flora of Luzon? A Case Study with Medinilla

Author: J. Peter Quakenbush Abstract type: Oral

Much remains unknown about the distribution and taxonomy of plants on the Philippine’s largest and most diverse island, Luzon. Important Plant Areas (IPAs), here defined by elevation, distinct geological origin, and extant forest cover, likely harbor and retain a majority of the island’s biota. Since Medinilla (Melastomataceae) is a diverse and widespread genus, its records likely reflect the general state of knowledge of each IPA. Records derived from traditional herbarium specimens and photographs—primarily from the online community surrounding Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines (CDFP)—were, therefore, used to identify knowledge gaps in the flora of Luzon. Twenty three IPAs and 831 unique records of Medinilla were identified. These IPAs were found to support all of Luzon’s known Medinilla taxa, but only half of the IPAs are protected. As shown by taxa accumulation curves, nearly all IPAs are still in need of basic collection and documentation. Two IPAs totally lack records, and photographs provide the only or primary records for six others. At least six IPAs have undescribed taxa, and nearly 10% of photographic records represent undescribed taxa. Work in areas such as Zambales, Mt. Labo, and Northeast Luzon is especially needed; but even the two smallest IPAs have undescribed taxa. Photographs greatly contribute to the unofficial checklists of several poorly known IPAs and provide the only record of some taxa. They will hopefully encourage and enable conservation of these areas and the collection of voucher specimens.

125. Current knowledge on limestone flora: A case study of Kelantan limestone hills, Peninsular Malaysia

Authors: Rafidah, A.R; Ummul-Nazrah, A.; Kiew, R.; Ong, P.T.; Chung, R.C.K.; Aliaa- Athirah, A.M.; Imin, K.; Wan Mohd Syafiq, W.P.; Mohd. Hairul, M.A. 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 130

Abstract type: Oral

Limestone vegetation is strikingly different from the lowland forest and one of the most threatened vegetation types being vulnerable to resource exploitation. Kelantan has more limestone karst hills c. 210 hills compared with any other state in Peninsular Malaysia. Since Chin’s (1977) account, many hills in Kelantan have more become accessible for botanical exploration, Davison & Kiew (1990) surveyed about 40 hills in Kelantan and detailed flora survey on FELDA Chiku limestone. Recently, there are many more botanical explorations to the hills that are not well botanised, to remote area and newly mapped hill. Our project officially started in 2017, is focused extensively on the three main limestone areas which are the west, central and the north. A total of new taxa described from Kelantan limestone hills have increased since 1977. Recognizing this discovery of new taxa is one of the important criteria and needs to conserve hills for legal protection and exploited for their commercial value. Hills of outstanding conservation importance in Kelantan can be identified and prioritised for their biodiversity network. This is due to their species richness and composition, site-endemic and threatened species.

126. Preliminary study of Gymnostachyum (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Authors: Rafidah, A.R.; Kiew, R.; Chung, R.C.K.; Ong, P.T.; Ummul-Nazrah, A.R. Abstract type: Oral

Gymnostachyum Nees (Acanthaceae) was recognised as a genus of Andrographideae sensu Bremekamp (1965) and Andrographinae sensu Scotland & Vollesen (2000), comprises about 50 species distributed mainly in tropical Asia. In Peninsular Malaysia, Clarke (1908) recognised 11 species of Gymnostachyum, including ten new species, and Ridley (1923) recorded 13 species (include the doubtful species), with additional one new species described by Tan et al. (2014). Twelve species are endemic to Peninsular Malaysia, three species are found on limestone, with one to two species are proposed as new. There is often some confusion towards the proper identity of the species, the major character and its morphological differences to the other closely related species is discussed.

127. The grammitid ferns of Sri Lanka: A situational analysis of the most threatened fern group in Sri Lanka 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 131

Authors: R.H.G. Ranil; B.S. Parris; Michael A. Sundue; R.M.S.R. Chamara; D.K.N.G. Pushpakumara Abstract type: Oral

Sri Lanka’s pteridophytes are significantly important both on a regional and global scale because of the country’s position as a major western outlier of the Asia-Pacific pteridophyte flora. Sri Lanka contains approximately 350 pteridophyte species mostly in the wettest areas. Of particular interest are the grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae: Grammitidoideae) because they have a high number of species with narrow geographic ranges and narrow ecological niches. In Sri Lanka, the grammitid ferns are represented by 22 species including eight endemics (36%). Like most pteridophyte species in Sri Lanka, grammitid ferns have not been adequately studied. This study was conducted using 622 records cited in the Flora of Ceylon (2006), of which nearly 90% were collected more than 60 years ago. Of 622 specimens in 20 herbaria, K and BM housed 134 (22%) and 123 (20%) specimens respectively, whereas PDA has only 46 (7%) specimens. All species mostly occur in lowland and montane forests in the wet zone of Sri Lanka (450 m -2,500 m). Out of 25 administrative districts, Nuwara Eliya district harbours 16 species (73%). According to the National Redlist (2012), 16 species (73%) are considered as threatened species whereas four species are declared as least concern. Chrysogrammitis glandulosa (J.Sm.) Parris and Radiogrammitis beddomeana (Alderw.) Parris are considered as possibly extinct species. Prosaptia ceylanica Parris and Scleroglossum pusillum (Blume) Alderw. are known from single specimens at K and E, respectively. Relationships among the Sri Lankan species and those in other geographically related areas are poorly known. Therefore, a comprehensive and in-depth study of the Sri Lankan grammitid ferns will elucidate their phylogenetic relationships as well as their biogeographic history. Also, an island-wide survey is urgently needed to help revise the taxonomy, distribution, and conservation issues of grammitid ferns of Sri Lanka.

128. On the anatomy of Malesian-Pacific Piper and its implications for systematics 1: Stems

Authors: Rani Asmarayani; Richard C. Keating 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 132

Abstract type: Oral

Background. Paleotropical Piper comprises two groups, South Pacific and Asian groups. Current phylogenetic studies divide Paleotropical Piper into two groups, South Pacific and Asian. The Asian clade is further divided into the West of Wallace’s Line (WWL) clade and East of Wallace’s Line (EWL) grade, each comprises of 12 and 5 clades, respectively. These divisions, however, are only partially supported by morphological characters. Aim. To identify potential anatomical stem characters that may distinguish clades. Approach. Stem anatomy of representatives of the clades, including 48 species of Malesian- Pacific Piper, is investigated. Stem sections were prepared by hand and stained using cresyl violet acetate (CVA). Findings. There is much parallel evolution in the stem anatomy that the nature of collenchyma, the pattern of lignification of the primary medullary rays and the vessel arrangement and trans- sectional area in the secondary thickening, the number of rings of medullary vascular bundles, the extent of secondary thickening in the medullary vascular bundles, and the pattern of lignification in the pith parenchyma, occurs in all two major groups of Asian Piper, the WWL and EWL. Potential synapomorphies of clades include a ring of sclereids surrounding the lignified pericyclic caps of peripheral vascular bundles (Muldera), the angular stem (Sarcostemon s.l.), very broad primary medullary rays – the rays are 2-3 times wider than the vascular bundles – (Pseudochavica sensu Ridley s.str.), and the arrangement of the peripheral mucilage canals (E1 and core E2).

129. Transect Analysis of Lichens Species Along Vertical Landscape in Mt. Binalabag, Pasonanca Park, Zamboanga City, Philippines

Authors: Razel L. Salinasal; Ivor I. Ontoy; Ehlrich Ray J. Magday; Sundae Carmel S. Basubas; Arman P. Nuezca Abstract type: Oral

The need to assess the ecological distribution and the species composition of lichen flora between two vertical landscapes is vital for taxonomic identification and setting conservation priorities. The present study centers to evaluate the species composition and ecological distribution of the montane forest in Pasonanca Park, Zamboanga City, South of the Philippines. Transect walk and random sampling was employed along two established regions, 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 133

low and upper sections of the montane forest. The substrate preferences, growth forms, morphology and diagnostic characteristics using field lens and microscopy laboratory examinations were noted and recorded for each collected lichens. Results of the transect analysis show a total of 132 species belonging to 34 genera and 14 families. The upper montane region indicated high species composition than the lower montane region. Further data indicate the families in their order of species compositions namely: Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, Pertusariaceae, Cladoniaceae, Lobariaceae, Graphidaceae, Collemataceae, Coccocarpiaceae, Pyrenulaceae, Lecanoraceae, Gyalectaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Koccellaceae, and Ramalinaceae. The richness and composition of the lichen vegetation reflects their substrate preferences and distribution patterns in relation to the favorable moist microclimate and vertical landscape. Hence, the vegetation type can be considered valuable habitats for lichens in nature conservation planning.

130. Singapore’s Native Plant Centre: It’s Role in Conservation and Taxonomy

Author: Reuben Lim Abstract type: Oral

The Native Plant Centre, under the National Parks Board Singapore (NParks) was set up in 2016 to propagate plant species native to Singapore for conservation, restoration of nature areas and urban landscaping. It runs the Species Recovery Programme for many endangered plant species that are new to science, rediscovered from national extinction or are new records to Singapore’s known flora. To date, it has collected and grown over 200 native species, with over 5000 individuals, and has introduced several of these rare, or endangered species to Singapore into the urban landscape. It also functions as a research nursery to document and optimise propagation methods for native plants, and has provided over 150 vouchered specimens and several treatments for the Flora of Singapore Project. More efforts are being focused on difficult to grow species and the Centre is working with the Tissue Culture Laboratory in Singapore Botanic Gardens to mass propagate selected species.

131. Diversity of Medicinal Plants in the Traditional Markets of Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia

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Authors: Revis Asra; Mahya Ihsan; Fitri, Marina; Izu Andry Fijridiyanto Abstract type: Oral

Traditional markets are places for local people doing transactions of medicinal plants and traditional herbs. The use of plants as traditional medicine is still quite high in Jambi Province, Sumatra, which can be seen by the many traders selling medicinal plants in the market. The research goals were to document local knowledge and to inventory medicinal plants in the two most important markets in Jambi, Angso Duo Market and Talang Banjar Market. This research was an exploratory survey. Data collection was done through interviews, participatory observation and documentation. The respondents are composed of 14 people with various ages were randomly selected. The diversity of medicinal plants was expressed in term of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H'). In total, 78 species of medicinal plants were found, which belonging to 42 families. Those were sold mostly belong to Zingiberaceae (14 species) and Rutaceae (9 species). The Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes of medicinal plants at traditional markets in Jambi are high, both at Angso Duo Market (H'= 4.29) and Talang Banjar Market (H'= 4.28). These plants were categorized in 22 groups base on its used. The most plants were used for digestive problems (23 species).The most used parts of the plant for medicine were fruit (27%), followed by rhizomes (19%). This result shows that people in Jambi were commonly used medicinal plants in their daily life. This knowledge has beentransferred by parents to their offspring since long ago.

132. Living Collection Identification of Alpinia (Zingiberaceae) through DNA Barcode in Bogor Botanic Gardens

Authors: Muhammad Rifqi Hariri; Inggar Damayanti; Melza Mulyani; Sri Rahayu Abstract type: Oral

Alpinia is a member of Zingiberaceae family known with many potential. The member of Zingiberaceae are known to share similar characteristics among their interspecific level. The living collection of Alpinia in Bogor Botanic Gardens still consists of unidentified species yet they are infrequently produce flower that makes it difficult to be identified morphologically. DNA barcode was used to evaluate and verify the species identity of known and unidentified living collection of Alpinia in Bogor Botanic Gardens. The barcode used were ITS1, psbA- trnH, and rbcL. All specimens have undergone DNA extraction and 92% of Alpinia were 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 135

successfully extracted and 13 selected specimens were sequenced. Among the three evaluated DNA barcoding loci, each locus showed differences in terms of identification correctness of respective specimens. The loci of rbcL and ITS1 were easier to be amplified than psbA-trnh, the same goes for its sequences quality. The phylogenetic trees generated through UPGMA method revealed that ITS1 and psbA-trnH are able to produce distinct clades among the specimens, while rbcL offered less species discriminating power. Therefore, ITS1 and psbA- trnH need to be studied further as potential DNA barcodes for Alpinia in Bogor Botanic Gardens living collections.

133. An ethnobotany study of plants use for health, body care and cosmetics: A case study in Kampung Dukuh, Garut, West Java, Indonesia

Authors: Rina Ratnasih Irwanto, Arni Hoerunnisa, Dian Rosleine Abstract type: Oral

Dukuh Village, Garut Regency, West Java, Indonesia, is one of the villages with indigenous people who still depend partly on their natural resources, including caring for their health and body. This study aims to document and analyze the status of local knowledges of plants uses for health and body care and cosmetics within the village. The methods used were Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and free listings plant species, through open interviews with 50 individuals within the age group of 30-90 years old. Salience Index was used to determine the most important plants used by traditional people. The highest importance value was calculated based on the relative prevalence index and relative frequency of plants. A total of 109 plants species were identified and is discovered to have been used to maintain the health of their teeth, hair, face, skin, lips, eyes, as well as natural fragrances and nail coloring. Oryza sativa L. (var.) Forma glutinosa, Allium cepa and Lawsonia inermis were some the species considered important for the purpose. As many as 72% of Dukuh people still use plants to take care of their health, as body care and for cosmetic purposes, while the remaining 28%, people under 30 years old and over 70 years old, rarely use plants for this purpose. An analysis of the status of local knowledge shows that the age group of 52-90 years old has the most knowledge, while the age group of 20-35 years old has the least knowledge. It is suspected that this is due to modernization processes to Kampung Dukuh.

134. An Update on Taxonomic Research on Asclepiad Apocynaceae in Malesia 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 136

Author: Michele Rodda Abstract type: Oral

In recent years numerous papers on Malesian Apocynaceae subfamilies Asclepiadoideae, Periplocoideae and Secamonoideae have been published, including revisions of individual genera, phylogenies, as well as numerous new species. Treatmens for the floras of Singapore, peninsular Malaysia and Thailand are well underway. The talk will present an overview on the present state of knowledge and the main questions to be addressed in preparation for the flora Malesiana treatment.

135. A phanerogam phenomenon: intertidal occurrence of the seagrass Halophila decipiens in an estuarine habitat from Malaysia

Authors: Mohammad Rozaimi; Chandran Raynusha; Nur Hidayah; Nur Amira Rusly Abstract type: Oral

In this study, we report the discovery of an uncommon occurrence of the seagrass Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld found growing in an intertidal environment. In Malaysia, as well as globally, this seagrass more often occurs in subtidal waters. We first recorded this species along the Straits of Johor in 2009 and only recently was it sighted again off Johor (Malaysia) waters. The seagrass grew sparsely in the lower littoral zone of the mangrove coastline and patches were fully exposed from submersion during the lowest spring tides. Co-occurring marine macrophytes included the macroalgae Caulerpa and Gracilaria, and the seagrass Halophila ovalis. Hand-collected sterile specimens were identified through defining morphological characteristics that typified it from other Halophila. This included a finely-serrulated leaf lamina margin and hairs on both sides of the leaves. Species identity was confirmed based on the occurrence of H. decipiens inflorescence in vitro, which developed after four weeks in cultures. Some pertinent questions arise from our discovery of the wild-growing H. decipiens population, such as on whether it had long-colonised the area, and whether its estuarine habit is one of other lesser-known environmental adaptations.

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136. Begonia balangcodiae sp. nov. from northern Luzon, the Philippines and its natural hybrid with B. crispipila, B. × kapangan nothosp. nov., the first report of natural hybridization in sect. Petermannia

Authors: Rosario Rivera Rubite; Teodora D. Balangcod; Shih-Hui Liu; Yu-Hsin Tseng; Diaiti Zure; Ching-I Peng; Kuo-Fang Chung Abstract type: Oral

The pantropically distributed Begonia (Begoniaceae) is one of the most species-rich genera. Philippines is one of the diversity centers of Southeast Asian Begonia. In our 2012 field survey, three species of Begonia section Petermannia were collected in Barangay Sagubo, Municipality of Kapangan, Province of Benguet in the northern Luzon Island, Philippines. Our study on literatures and herbarium specimens suggests that these collections consist of B. crispipila, an unknown new species hereby we named B. balangcodiae, and the natural hybrid between them. Molecular analyses confirm that the former contributed the maternal genome while the latter provided the paternal genome. We name the natural hybrid B. × kapangan, which is the first natural hybrid reported in sect. Petermannia. Our studies of Begonia biodiversity help bring attention the Philippine flora that need immediate preservation, conservation and protection.

137. Taxonomic value of petiole anatomy in Malaysian Litsea Complex (Lauraceae)

Authors: Shamsul K.; Al-Hakimi S. Anisa; Mohd. Said M.N.; Talip N. Abstract type: Oral

The study of petiole anatomy was done on 63 species belong to three genera Litsea, Neolitsea and Lindera, current study was carried out to investigate the taxonomic value of petiole anatomical characteristics. The middle part of petiole were sectioned and observed under light microscope. Findings have shown different anatomical characteristics in outline shape, type of vascular bundles arrangement, type of trichomes, presence of cuticle, crystals, brachysclereid, sclerenchyma and idioblast cells. Three shape of petiole outline and six types of petiole vascular bundles arrangement were observed and based on the result obtained; Lindera and Litsea are more related due to the type of vascular bundles arrangement. Sclerenchyma and brachysclereid were also useful in differentiating genus in Litsea complex. Thus, this study has 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 138

proven that anatomical characteristics have taxonomic value which could be used as a diagnostic tool in identification of genus and species in Malaysian Litsea complex.

138. Plantago in and Western Pacific: the first approach

Authors: Alexey Shipunov; Gustavo Hassemer Abstract type: Oral

Plantago (Labiatae s.l.) is a widespread, fast evolving genus. They are mostly weeds, sometimes even noxious, but there also many local endemics. It is clear that South Asia and Western Pacific, these plants are under-researched. For example, there are at least two times more species of plantains on Java comparing with Becker's “Flora of Java”, at least two more species in Japan comparing with Iwatsuki et al. “Flora of Japan”, and, contrary to recent the floristic lists, there are plantains on New Caledonia. The diversity of plantains in Thailand, Philippines and especially on New Guinea is even less studied. We are starting a project with a goal to review Plantago for the “Flora Malesiana” and also include as many neighboring territories as possible. Here we present the first report.

139. On the morphological variations of Rafflesia cantleyi Solms-Laub. on Pulau Tioman, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia

Authors: Siti-Munirah Mat Yunoh¹*; Salamah Ahmad², Razelan Mat Shah² Abstract type: Oral

Rafflesia found in Pulau Tioman was identified as Rafflesia cantleyi Solms Laubach. R. cantleyi populations in the mainland of Peninsular Malaysia is known to be highly variable. A study was conducted to observe whether the selected population in Pulau Tioman was similarly variable. The flowering was observed from 2012 to 2017. In this paper, the bloom of 12 individual flowers are discussed with respect to characteristics such as wart (blotch) pattern on perianth lobes, warts (dots) on abaxial surface of corona (diaphragm), shape of opening aperture, shape of processes and types of ramenta. The morphology was found to vary for each characteristic. Some characteristics were found to be similar for individuals within the same host plant but were unique for individuals at other host plants. Based on this, the Rafflesia flower forms observed at the study site in Pulau Tioman are unique from those in the mainland. 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 139

Some of these characteristics did not match the original description of Rafflesia cantleyi. This paper discussed the preliminary diversity of morphological characteristics found in the Rafflesia population at Pulau Tioman.

140. The Fern Flora of Singapore

Author: Stuart Lindsay Abstract type: Oral

Singapore still has a remarkably high level of plant diversity considering that it has a land area of only 72 square kilometres and one of the highest population densities of any country in the world. 182 species of ferns and 14 species of lycophytes are recorded as native or naturalized. The largest families are Pteridaceae (27 species), Polypodiaceae (20), Thelypteridaceae (17) and Hymenophyllaceae (16). As the highest point in Singapore is only 164 m above sea level, families and genera typical of tropical montane regions are lacking. 33 fern species and 4 lycophyte species were recorded as Presumed Nationally Extinct in the Singapore Red Data Book but 4 fern species have been rediscovered since 2008. An additional two new records have recently been discovered, one, a tree fern, represented by a single living individual and, the other, a vittarioid known only from two old and previously overlooked herbarium specimens. Less interesting, but somewhat concerning, is the apparent recent naturalization of three fern species in and on the fringes of conservation areas. Taxonomic revisions of fern and lycophyte families for the Flora of Singapore have begun and will be published as volume 3 of the Flora around 2022.

141. Stand structure of tree communities of logged over forest in Sarawak

Authors: Bibian Michael Diway; Ling Chea Yiing; Esther Sila; Vilma Bodos; Angelia Muri; Whillander Lawrance; Yayoi Takeuchi Abstract type: Oral

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Understanding stand density and stocking quality is very important to ensure sustainability of timber extraction from natural production forest. A network of permanent sample plots (PSP) was established in logged over natural production forest of Sarawak to investigate composition of stand structure in several logged over forest of different aged after logged and frequency of harvesting. Overall mean stand density was 578.55 trees ha-1 with reversed J- shape distribution of trees ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) throughout different aged of forest. The potential crop trees (PCT) and harvestable trees of ≥ 45 cm dbh for all timber groups comprises of 19 trees h-1 and 15 trees ha-1. An important commercial timber group, the dipterocarps represented by 6 trees ha-1 for PCT and 7 trees ha-1 for harvestable trees. Although overall results did not show clear differences in relation to stand composition and forest age but times after logged, harvesting cycle and environmental attributes had substantial effect on dipterocarps stand density. However, our study could not conclude the significant effect of logging on stand density due to no past study conducted in logged over forest in Sarawak. More extensive surveys are needed to generalize the findings. The results are very important to determine the quality and timber stocking of natural production forest for sustainable forest management.

142. Comparison of Figs Abundance and Diversity Across a Soil Fertility Gradient within the Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia

Authors: Suzika Juiling; Leong Mann Long; Reuben Nilus; Sasikumar A/L Tanggaraju; Wilson Wong; Berhaman Ahmad; Colin R. Maycock Abstract type: Oral

Forests on nutrient-rich soils are generally more productive and support larger populations of frugivores than forests on nutrient-poor soils. While figs (Ficus) are an important keystone fruit resource for frugivorous birds and mammals in the forests of Borneo, little is known on how fig diversity and abundance respond to soil fertility. Within the Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve (KSFR), three forest types (alluvial, sandstone hill and kerangas) co-occur as response to changes in the underlying geology and soil conditions, and generally represent a decreasing gradient in soil fertility from alluvial to sandstone hill to kerangas forests. In this study, we examine strangler and climber fig diversity and abundance across this soil fertility gradient. We installed 5 transects within each of the 3 forest types. The transects were a minimum of 1 km in length and all fig species sighted were collected and their perpendicular distances from 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 141

the transect measured. Distance software was used to estimate the densities and abundances of figs in the three forest types. We found a higher density (5.8 ± 2.2 individuals ha-1) of figs in the alluvial soils, compared to the sandstone hill and , 3.4 ± 0.7 and 1.2 ± 0.3 individuals ha-1 respectively. Species richness was also higher in the alluvial forests. Our results suggest that soil fertility significantly influence figs species densities and composition, and this may have major implications for sustainable forest management.

143. Santalacae in Indonesia: ecology, distribution and host

Authors: Syadwina Hamama Dalimunthe; Rugayah Abstract type: Oral

Indonesia has the great biodiversity richness which explored by botanist and the collected specimens were deposited at various herbaria in the world, such BO, L, K, P, MEL, CAN, NSW and etc. The biodiversity of Santalaceae in Indonesia could be updated by the direct or virtual herbarium information search. Completes reports of Santalacea from Indonesia was never been published in recent days. The aim of these study is to update the Santalaceae in Indonesia and accompanied by the ecology, distribution and host information. The information will be collected by direct or virtual visit the accessible herbarium collection. By the study, concluded there are 16 species were report collected from Indonesia: Cladomyza acrosclera Danser, Cladomyza dendromyzoides Stauffer, Cladomyza kaniensis (Pilg.) Stauffer, Cladomyza gracilis Danser, Cladomyza microphylla (Lauterb.) Danser, Cladomyza stellata Stauffer, Dendromyza crassifolia (Gibbs) Stauffer, Dendromyza reinwardtiana (Blume ex Korth.) Danser, Dendromyza ledermannii (Pilg.) Stauffer, Dendrotrophe buxifolia (Blume) Miq., Dendrotrophe umbellata (Blume) Miq., Dendrotrophe varians (Blume) Miq., Exocarpos longifolius (L.) Endl., Exocarpos pullei Pilg., Exocarpos lauterbachianus Pilg., Santalum album L. which distributed from the Sumatera till Papua island. 144. Anatomical, histochemical and ultrastructural investigation of the secretory structures of Rafflesia cantleyi (Rafflesiaceae)

Authors: Syazwani, B. Wee, S.L.; Noraini, T. Abstract type: Oral

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Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) is a sapromyophilus plant which releases stinking odours during flowering that attracts saprophilus insects for pollination. Previous study have shown that the floral volatiles emitted by the full bloom flowers were dominated by sulphur-containing compounds. However, there is little information on the secretory structures involved in the floral volatile emission of Rafflesia. We investigate the anatomy, and ultrastructure of the secretory structures of R. cantleyi male flowers found only in Peninsular Malaysia. Results from scanning electron microscope showed that there were thirteen distinct types of trichomes found in the male flowers with which four are non-glandular and nine are glandular trichomes. Further histochemical study revealed the complex nature of the materials secreted by these trichomes. There are at least nine types of glandular trichomes containing lipid and starch which are potentially involve in the synthesis of volatile substances for pollinator attraction.

145. Cluster and Ordination Analyses of Leaf Architectural Characters in Classifying Polypodiales sensu PPG

Authors: Jeanette Mara P. Tan; Inocencio E. Buot, Jr. Abstract type: Oral

Polypodiales is the largest order in pteridophytes. It has been the subject of scrutiny particularly in taxonomic classification. Recently, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG I) split the eupolypods clade into eupolypods I and II while families outside eupolypods were classified as cathetogyrates. The taxonomic position of these clades is still unstable. Thus, an alternative tool that is easy and genetically determined such as leaf architectural characters were used to investigate the details. This study examined 28 representative species from the three groups of polypodiales to determine the leaf architectural characters making up the 3 groups of polypodiales. Similarities and differences in general morphological characters and venation patterns were observed among the groups of polypodiales. The results correspond to the current classification of PPG I for eupolypods I and II except with the species under cathetogyrates. Moreover, the dendogram and principal component analysis of the 28 species highly supported the three clusters generated. It proved that leaf architecture characters are good taxonomic tool in delineating polypodiales.

146. Reproduction Diversity of Pteridophytes in Three Ecosystem Types in Mount Ciremai National Park, Indonesia 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 143

Authors: Tatik Chikmawati, Engka Rukmana, Sulistijorini Abstract type: Oral

The Mount Ciremai National Park (MCNP) surrounds Mt. Ciremai, an active volcano, the highest peak in West Java, Indonesia. The park has various ecosystem types, where is a good home for terrestrial pteridophytes. The study involved exploration of terrestrial fern using purposive sampling method. Fern was explored on three ecosystem types, heterogenous forest, homogenous forest, and restoration area in two locations, Seda and Palutungan tracks. Fern identification was done using several references. Spores were analyzed from fresh and herbarium materials using light microscope, then documented using optilab version 2.1 camera. A total of 53 species of terrestrial pteridophytes, classified into 28 genera and 15 families, were documented. The Shannon-Wiener index (H’=1.8-2.9) indicated intermediate species diversity within the MCNP forest, and the highest diversity found on heterogenous forest, in Palutungan track. Species with the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) was different in each ecosystem type, but the fern reproduction type and spore characteristics were not affected by ecosystem type. The observed pteridophytes are varied in several reproduction characters: reproduction type, sori location, sori arrangement, indusium type, spore type, spore shape, aperture type, perispore and exospore sculptures. Most species (70%) have sexual reproduction type and monolete spores (62.5%). The spore characters could be useful for systematic purposes. Characteristics such as exospore and aperture ornamentation are able to differentiate among some of the genera as well as distinguish species within a genus.

147. Taxonomic revision of the genus Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) for the Flora Malesian

Author: Deng Yun fei Abstract type: Oral

The genus Strobilanthes is the third largest genus in the family Acanthaceae. It comprises approximately 400 species and is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. There are two divergent trends in the previous studies of the genus, resulting either in the recognition of a large number of small segregate genera or in the adoption of a very broad definition of Strobilanthes. Bremekamp divided Strobilanthes and related genera into over 54 genera in 27 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 144

informal groups in his monograph of the subtribe Strobilanthinae Lindau. However, the molecular evidence indicated that a single monophyletic expanded Strobilanthes should be recognized. Malesia is one of the diverse centers of the genus. In the course of revise the family for the Flora Malesiana, the taxonomic revision of the genus Strobilanthes is carried out. On the basis of examination of the specimens from more than twenty herbaria, 128 species are recognized. Amongst, 6 new species are described and 18 new combinations are made.

148. The Flora of Singapore Project

Author: David J. Middleton Abstract type: Oral

Singapore Botanic Gardens has launched a new Flora of Singapore project with a plan to publish the Flora in 14 volumes over ten years. All native, naturalised and casual bryophyte, lycophyte, fern, gymnosperm and angiosperm species found in Singapore will be included. All plant families have been pre-assigned to a volume with the families arranged according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group for lycophytes and ferns and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV for flowering plants. Volume 1 will be published later in 2019 and will include chapters on the history of plant taxonomic research in Singapore, an overview of family and genus delimitation, the major families and genera in Singapore, the vegetation of Singapore, and conservation in Singapore. In addition to volume 1, later in 2019 two other volumes will be published: volume 7, including all families of the Poales, and volume 13, containing the Gentianales. Singapore would originally have had mostly lowland tropical dipterocarp forest with some mangrove forest, swamp forest and beach vegetation. By 1883 Cantley, the Director of Singapore Botanic Gardens, estimated that only 7% of the primary forest remained. Today it is estimated that only 0.3% of Singapore is covered in primary forest although almost half of the country is covered in greenery of one sort or another, with large patches of mature (> 100 years old) secondary forest in the centre and west coast of the island. It is estimated there are around 2500–2700 species of native, naturalised and casual vascular plants in Singapore and another 250 species of bryophytes. Around 500 native plant species are thought to be nationally extinct. However, species thought to be extinct are often rediscovered. A Flora of Singapore, along with intensive field work around the island, will ensure that the plant diversity of the country is better known, that the correct names are being used for the species found in 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 145

Singapore, and that nationally and internationally endangered species are identified and afforded the protection required. Collaboration with Flora projects in the region is highly desirable. There are extremely few species in Singapore that are not also found in Peninsular Malaysia and around 70% of species in Singapore are also found in Thailand.

149. RBG Kew in New Guinea: Past, Present and Future

Author: T.M.A. Utteridge Abstract type: Oral

The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew has been working with in-country partners to understand the plant biodiversity of New Guinea for many years. Several projects were initiated and led by Robert ‘Bob’ Johns, who first came to Kew in the 1980s after spending many years living in Papua New Guinea. I will discuss Bob’s work and contribution to New Guinea botany including the two large programmes in Indonesian New Guinea in the Bird’s Head Peninsula and the Mt Jaya region ran in collaboration with partners in Manokwari. In conjunction with the Forest Research Institute in Lae, we have undertaken several trips to Papua New Guinea, especially as part of our long-running programme to document the palms of New Guinea. Kew botanists are now working on several species-rich taxonomic groups, compiling a guide to the Trees of New Guinea, as well as producing an expert verified checklist; the island is also the only South-East Asian candidate for Kew’s Tropical Important Plant Areas initiative. In this presentation I will detail the past expeditions that Kew has completed, the present projects underway, and look to the future to initiate further work and collaboration to help better understand the island at this critical point for the conservation of its biodiversity.

150. Towards a revision of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from Sulawesi

Authors: Wisnu H. Ardi; Tatik Chikmawati; Joko R. Witono; Daniel C. Thomas Abstract type: Oral

The pantropical genus Begonia is one of largest genera of flowering plants, consisting of more than 1924 species, of which more than 500 species are estimated found in Southeast Asia. One of the most undercollected and botanically underexplored regions in Indonesia is Sulawesi 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 146

island. Sulawesi is one of the largest island (ca. 176,000 km2) in the central Malesian biodiversity hotspot known as Wallacea; a transition zone between the western Sunda and the eastern Sahul floras. The island harbours diverse ecosystems including lowland, upland and montane rain forests, extensive mafic outcrops, and limestone karst. The overall density of botanical collections on Sulawesi is one of the lowest of the major Indonesian islands with less than 25 collections per 100 km2 Sulawesi harbors a rich Begonia, and 51 Begonia species have been reported from the island, but this number is certainly an underestimate. Although 33 new species have been described from Sulawesi from 2009 to 2018. Based on examination of available specimens indicates that there are still numerous endemic species waiting to be described. Materials acquired on a recent expedition to Central, Southeastern and Southwestern Sulawesi, Indonesia in 2017-2019, presents an opportunity to reassess and provide an overview of the Begonia flora of the region.

151. Underutilized plants in Kibungan, Benguet Province, Philippines

Authors: Freda M. Wong; Abegail Bersamin; Elizabeth Dom-ogen; Jude Tayaben; Mary Luz Fiangaan; Gabriel Glenn Ochoa; Amelia Cendaña; Ashlyn Kim D. Balangcod; Kryssa D. Balangcod; Teodora D. Balangcod Abstract type: Oral

The Benguet Province is located in the Cordillera Central Range, which one of the remaining forested area in the Philippines. The province is a home to several ethno-linguistic group, which includes the “Kan-kan-ey” that resides in the Municipality of Kibungan. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted through focused group discussion and semi-structured interview to specifically identify underutilized plants. The respondents identified plants used as food and medicine. Accordingly, wild fruits are still collected as food like Vaccinium myrtoides (ayusep), Rubus sp. (pinit), Psidium guajava, Melastoma sp. (botgi), and Pasiflora edulis (masap). Several plants are being used as medicine, particularly as poultice and decoction in treating skin and other diseases. Notably identified medicinal plants include Equisetum ramosissimum (putputed), Pteridium aquilinium (alam-am) and Miscanthus sinensis (rono). Interestingly, Miscanthus sinesis (rono) and Melastoma sp. (botgi) serve both as medicine and food. Additionally, the respondents reported neglected indigenous crops that include Ipomea batatas (kamote), Alocasia sp. (pekkaw) and Solanum nigrum (amti). The documentation of

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underutilized plant is an initial step undertaken for promoting conservation of underutilized plants.

152. Fern flora of Borneo: The good the bad and the ugly

Author: Daniele Cicuzza Abstract type: Oral

The South East Asia archipelago is well known for its plant species richness. Our knowledge on the actual number of species and their distribution is still far to be completed. In this perspective ferns species are less studied and documented compared with flowering plants. In this presentation it will be provided the preliminary steps undertaken in order to draft the assessment of a fern flora of Borneo. Specifically, we will provide the fern flora of Brunei Darussalam based on the herbarium vouchers occurring in the two national Herbaria. The second step assess the entire island with available data from the GBIF platform. The first result shows the discrepancy between the online available dataset and the information from the national herbaria. More important is the astonishing information about the distribution of studied sites and the large proportion of Borneo which are virtually unknown. Despite this large gap of data the island of Borneo retain an exceptional number of species. Comparing the most abundant families, between Borneo and Brazil, a tropical country larger 11 times the island of Borneo, results that Borneo for some family is richer in ferns species of several order of magnitude. More effort is needed in order to complete the checklist of ferns species for this island. It is also necessary a sharing data among the Institutions of the three countries, and more collection from the ground are pivotal.

153. How Floras and monographs are helping deliver conservation targets in Sapotaceae

Authors: Wilkie, P.; Olander, S. Abstract type: Oral

Using the tropical tree family Sapotaceae as an example this presentation will explore how information held in monographs, floras and related databases is fundamental to delivering global biodiversity priorities such as the Aichi Biodiversity and the Global Strategy for Plant 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 148

Conservation targets, in particular delivering conservation status of species. It will provide an overview of how the data included in these publications are used, their limitations and gaps and how advances in digital technologies and bioinformatics has allowed us to do so much more than was possible only a few years ago. It will also investigate ways in which information traditionally held in monographs can be made more accessible and produced more quickly so that meaningful assessment of threat to species can be made, used to prioritise conservation actions and ultimately protect species from extinction.

154. An Analysis of Indonesian Sauromatum horsfieldii Miq. (Araceae) Based on Characteristics of Morphology, Anatomy and Cytology

Authors: Yuzammi; Julisasi Tri Hadiah; Inggit Puji Astuti Abstract type: Oral

Sauromatum horsfieldii Miq. (Araceae) used to be placed under the genus Typhonium (T. horsfieldii (Miq.) Steenis). However, the genus was resurrected in 2010 based on molecular data whichwas then followed by many other taxonomists. S. horfieldii is distributed from India, China and throughout South East Asia. In Indonesia, it is only found in Sumatera, Jawa and Bali. Two populations of S. horfieldii from Sumatera and Jawa are used as an example. The aim of this study is to reveal the morphological, anatomical and cytological characters of the Indonesian S. horsfieldii. The result showed that there were variations on morphological charactecters such as those of petiole, number of leaflets and leaf margin. The stomatal complex is arranged by elliptic pores with reniform guard cells and two subsidiary cells. The stomata type is paracytic and stomatal distribution is only abaxial (hypostomatic). The average of stomatal indices (SI) were 0.11% (Sumatera) and 0.12% (Jawa). The average stomatal length were 34,6 μm (Sumatera), and 33,8 μm (Jawa) μm. The average stomatal width were 21.1 μm (Jawa) and 20.8 μm (Sumatera) (all in 400x magnification). The epidermal cells are mostly irregular shape, somewhat undulated. The chromosome number for both accesstion is 2n = 26.

155. Testing Darwin’s Transoceanic Dispersal Hypothesis for the Inland Nettle Family (Urticaceae)

Authors: Zeng-Yuan Wu; De-Zhu Li Abstract type: Oral 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 149

Dispersal is a fundamental ecological process, yet demonstrating the occurrence and importance of long-distance dispersal (LDD) remains difficult, having rarely been examined for widespread, non-coastal plants. To address this issue, we integrated phylogenetic, molecular-dating, biogeographical, ecological, seed biology and oceanographic data for the inland Urticaceae. We found that Urticaceae originated in Eurasia ~69 Ma, followed by ≥92 LDD events between landmasses. Under experimental conditions, seeds of many Urticaceae floated for >220 days, and remained viable after ten months in seawater, long enough for most detected LDD events, according to oceanographic current modeling. Ecological traits analyses indicated that preferences for disturbed habitats might facilitate LDD. Nearly half of all LDD events involved dioecious taxa, so population establishment in dioecious Urticaceae requires multiple seeds, or occasional selfing. Our work shows that seawater LDD played an important role in shaping the geographic distributions of Urticaceae, providing empirical evidence for Darwin’s transoceanic dispersal hypothesis.

156. Natural regeneration and rehabilitation in a degraded Kerapah heath forest – a pilot study from Brueni Darussalam

Authors: Wardah Haji Tuah, Faizah Haji Metali and Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri Author type: Oral

Kerapah forests are isolated patches of wet heath forests found alongside peat swamp forests that are increasingly facing anthropogenic threats from land use changes and habitat conversion in Brunei Darussalam. A natural regeneration and rehabilitation study was set up within six 15 x 50 m plots in a degraded kerapah forest at Lumut, Brunei Darussalam. Natural regeneration of tree seedlings and herbaceous plants were recorded in three of these plots, while the remaining three plots were planted with five native species (Agathis borneensis, Dipterocarpus borneensis, Dryobalanops rappa, Shorea albida and Shorea rubra) for the revegetation experiment. Survival and growth of saplings planted in the revegetation experiment were monitored for 20 months. The regeneration study recorded a total of 544 seedlings, 146 saplings and 3 pole-sized trees, with Timonius flavescens (Rubiaceae) abundant as seedlings and Cratoxylum arborescens (Hypericaceae) abundant as saplings. For the revegetation experiment, D. rappa saplings showed highest survival rate (89.71%) followed by D.

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borneensis (48.06%) and A. borneensis (47.92%). Growth rate varied significantly between species, and D. rappa recorded highest growth rates in terms of stem diameter, sapling height and number of leaves. It was concluded that the degraded kerapah forest exhibited signs of slow regeneration, and planting with native species in particular D. rappa can potentially assist in vegetation recovery of degraded kerapah forests in Brunei Darussalam.

157. Floristic Composition of Medicinal Plants Used by the Manobo Tribe Within CADT Areas of Agusan del Sur, Philippines

Authors: Mark Lloyd G. Dapar; Lyn D. Paraguison; Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro Abstract type: Oral

The ethnopharmacological knowledge held by the indigenous people like the Manobo in the Philippines is an important resource that should be conserved and documented. This study aims to conduct a floristic composition survey on the Agusan Manobo medicinal plants used in one city and two municipalities within CADT areas of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. A total of 326 key informants were snowballed and purposively selected for interview comprising of tribal chieftains, traditional healers, community elders and residents of the community with the knowledge of their medicinal plants and practices. Field sampling was then conducted, collecting the medicinal plants mentioned. Representative specimens were collected, pressed, dried and mounted as herbarium vouchers which will then serve as future reference material. Floristic inventory showed a total of 109 medicinal plant species belonging to 89 genera and 51 families. Documenting such floristic composition and traditional applications is highly important for future management and conservation strategies of these plant genetic resources among the indigenous group of Agusan Manobo.

158. Antioxidant and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Scavenging Activities of Freeze- Dried Vaccinium myrtoides Fruit

Authors: Eleanor C. Villaverde; Maria Amelita C. Estacio; Marivic S. Lacsamana; Rohani B. Cena; Lourdes B. Cardenas Abstract type: Oral

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According to several studies, the Vaccinium species in other parts of the world possess antioxidant and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity. In the Philippines, Vaccinium myrtoides, a native species of blueberry, has not yet been elaborated on its health- promoting properties. Freeze-dried extract of V. myrtoides fruit (BBF) was assessed of its total phenolics and total flavonoid content through Folin-Ciocalteu assay and aluminum chloride assays, respectively. It was observed that the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were highest at 1:100 dilution, while its antioxidant activity was highest at 1:50 dilution using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydraxyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Administration of BBF extract to Phorbol 12-Myristate-13-Acetate (PMA)-stimulated murine macrophages in vitro remarkably lowered the intracellular ROS production at 50 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL. In vivo administration of BBF at 100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg via gavage to male ICR mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) for 14 days resulted to reduction of approximately three times the amount of ROS produced from cyclophosphamide and PMA administration. These findings suggest that the V. myrtoides fruit extract can possibly ameliorate excessive ROS production through its phenolic and flavonoid contents.

159. The Global Tree Assessment

Authors: Malin Rivers and Sara Oldfield

Abstract type: Oral

The Global Tree Assessment (www.globaltreeassessment.org) aim to assess the conservation status of every known tree species by the year 2020, focusing attention and directing efforts for ongoing tree conservation assessments where it is needed the most. The outcomes of these analyses provide prioritization information to ensure that conservation efforts are focused on the right species so that no tree species becomes extinct.

We now know there are approximately 60,000 tree species in the world, but many of them are still lacking information on the conservation status. One sixth of all the world’s trees are found in the Flora Malesiana region (>10,000 tree species), and about 10% (6,000 tree species) are endemic to the region.

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Of these tree species, approximately one third have a conservation assessment, but we are now working with Global Tree Assessment partners in several of the countries in the region to ensure the entire tree flora is assessed.

Red list assessments are already an important part of the work of many botanical institutions and their staff. The results from red list assessments help botanic gardens to effectively guide, plan for and raise awareness of the need for conservation on the ground. They can be used for i) prioritisation of conservation action in situ and ex situ; ii) monitoring of conservation action; iii) facilitating education and public awareness of conservation issues; iv) supporting international conservation policy; and v) influencing funding allocations.

We welcome more contributions to the Global Tree Assessment, and work with a range of partners, including forestry departments, universities, botanic gardens, herbaria, national red list focal groups but also with individuals that want to contribute one (or many) assessments of their own tree of expertise, no contribution is too small.

160. Begonia of Kalimantan: Botanical dark matter

Authors: Mark Hughes, Deden Girmansyah, Piyali Dias

Abstract: Type: Oral

Great strides have been made in understanding the Begonia flora of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei, with 236 species recorded from these areas, which cover approx 200,000 square km. However, Kalimantan, with an area of 544,000 squre km, has only 22 Begonia species recorded. Although there is some difference between the species richness of these regions, it seems unlikely that Kalimantan is so depauperate. Here we present an analysis of Begonia species richness of the regions of Borneo based on species distribution modelling, and predict which areas are potential unexplored hotspots for Begonia diversity. We also present new discoveries resulting from recent expeditions to the Sangkulirang karst system in East Kalimantan, and from Gunung Niut and Gunung Bawang near the border with Sarawak in West Kalimantan.

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161. Tree Species Selection Aspect for Forest and Land Rehabilitation in Indonesia

Authors: Pratiwi; Marfuah Wardani; Dolly Priatna; Ismayadi Samsoedin Abstract type: Oral

Indonesia still facing several problems concerning to degraded land. Even though there is decreasing of degraded land but we still found in a quite large amount. These conditions could cause soil fertility decreases, so that land productivity also decreases and finally poverty will increase. Besides that plants are difficult to adapt because the land becomes infertile and this will lead to erosion due to open land. Therefore, some efforts are needed to improve productivity of degraded land. Efforts to improve degraded land can be carried out in various ways, such as by forest/land rehabilitation activities. The success of forest and land rehabilitation is largely determined by various factors, such as trees species selection, business objectives, methods of preparing land and so on. The aim of this study is to identify several trees species for forest/land rehabilitation in Indonesia. Data and information were collected from several publication concerning to species selection for forest/land rehabilitation in Indonesia. The result study showed that the trees species that will be developed must be suitable with the environment and the planting purposes. The planting purposes are various, such as for land protection, water and environment control, and as a producer of wood and non-wood or other products related to social functions to improve community welfare. Trees species selection is an important step in forest/land rehabilitation, where this will greatly determine the silvicultural system to be applied.

162. Palynology Study on Byttnerioideae (Sterculiaceae S.S.) Species in Malaysia: A View from Morphological Characteristics and Harmomegathy Perspective

Authors: Amirul-Aiman, A.J.; Noraini, T.; Nurul-Aini, C.A.C.; Chung, R.C.K.; Ruzi, A.R.; Idris, S.; Suhaniza, R. Abstract type: Oral

A palynology study was conducted on 15 species from seven genera of subfamily Byttnerioideae (Sterculiaceae s.s) in Malaysia. The objective of this study is to understand the variation in micromorphology and harmomegathic characteristics of pollen in Byttnerioideae species in Malaysia. Dried pollen samples of one species of Abroma, seven Byttneria, one 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 154

Commersonia and Kleinhovia, two Leptonychia and Melochia and one Waltheria were selected in this study, namely A. augusta (L.) Willd., B. scabrida Ridl., B. pilosa Roxb., B. elliptica Pohl, B. curtisii Oliv., B. reinwardtii Korth., B. maingayi Mast., B. jackiana Wall., C. batramia (L.) Merr., K. hospita L., L. caudata Burret, L. parviflora (Ridl.) Veldkamp & Flipphi, M. corchorifolia Wall., M. umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf and W. indica L. Methods involved were acetolysis techniques, single-grain technique, observation under light and scanning electron microscope. As a result, findings have shown that there are no common characters shared by all genera studied except common characters occur between species under the same genus. There are variation in pollen characteristics in pollen size and class, aperture, outline, ratio of exine thickness, pore width and height, amb; shape and measurements. These characters are valuable in assisting identification of a group of taxa that can be used to differentiate between species and genus in the subfamily. This study proved that pollen morphological characteristics have taxonomic value in identification and differentiation of species and genus in subfamily Byttnerioideae (Sterculiaceae s.s) in Malaysia.

163. Species Richness and Habitat Diversification of the Moss Flora in Mt. Apo Natural Park, Davao, Philippines

Authors: Andrea G. Azuelo; Lalaine G. Sariana; Ehlrich Ray J. Magday; Roselynn Grace G. Montecillo; Welven C. Segumpan; Razel L. Salinasal; Rovel P. Ora; Exequiel B. Valiente Abstract type: Oral

An assessment on the species richness of epiphytic mosses in the montane forest of Mt. Apo Natural Park, Davao, Philippines was conducted. Mt. Apo is characterized as a large solfataric, potential-active stratovolcano in Mindanao, Philippines with an altitude of 2,945 masl and is known as the highest mountain in the country. The moss floral species in the park is poorly documented and studied hence, no existing taxonomic data. Specifically, the study aimed to determine the species richness, composition and assess the conservation status of the moss flora in terms of rarity, widespread, endemicity, vulnerability, endangerment and distribution. A floristic survey was employed by recording all the species within the study area. Transect method and a quadrat of eight randomly sampled plots of 20x20m along 12 hectares sectioned into lower and upper montane regions was employed. Each species were classified, identified and described according to its morphology characters using field lens and microscopy examinations. Results of the study revealed 196 mosses belonging to 66 genera and 25 families. 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 155

Taxonomic characters based on habit, leaf arrangement and orientation, stem structure and sporophyte characters were used to identify the bryophytes into families, genera and species. Several species were found growing at different microhabitats and substrates such as on tree trunks, decayed logs, litters, rocks and soil. These reflect the variation of humidity and light regimes. The family Leucobryaceae is strongly epiphytic on decayed logs. Local assessment revealed 33 possibly new with 2 endangered species based from IUCN red list, and 4 endemic species. The over-all floristic assessment should be carried out to establish a foundation for their conservation, protection, monitoring and life strategy for bryoflora.

164. Delineating the Phytogeographical Regions of China: Novel Insights from Phylogenetic Approach

Authors: Jianfei Ye; Zhiduan Chen Abstract type: Oral

Biogeographical regionalization provides an indispensable foundation for biodiversity and conservation research. Previous biogeographical regionalizations were mainly proposed based on taxonomic dissimilarity but ignored evolutionary relationships among taxa. We herein present the first phylogenetic phytogeographical delineation of China. We used a mega- phylogeny of 2,591 Chinese angiosperm genera and their geographical distributions to quantify taxonomic and phylogenetic dissimilarity between grid cells. We conducted a hierarchical cluster analysis on phylogenetic beta diversity matrices to identify floristic regions. We explored environmental variable differences among floristic regions, and correlations between environmental variables and phylogenetic turnover. Characterized genera of each region were identified by the Dufrene-Legendre indicator species analysis. Phylogenetic relatedness was significantly correlated with taxonomic composition of flora in China. The lowest spatial turnover in taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of the floristic assemblages occurred in the Hengduan Mountains, Qin Mountains, Taihang Mountains, and Yan Mountains, whereas the highest spatial turnover was in the southeastern coast of China and Hainan Island, and southwestern Yunnan had the highest taxonomic turnover. Two major groups and five subgroups representing five floristic regions were recognized. The regions differed significantly based on indicator genera and mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and elevation. Mean annual precipitation was the most important environmental variable distinguishing the regions, and the Paleotropical region had the largest number of 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 156

indicator genera. Based on phylogenetic relatedness, we identified five distinct floristic regions in China, each with distinct origin and evolutionary history. Our study provides new insights into the structure and phylogenetic relationships of Chinese flora, and shows that historical processes, climate and moutains play important roles in shaping the broad-scale spatial patterns of plant biodiversity. Future work should test the importance of refugia and examine the five floristic region subdivisions at a finer scale.

165. Aquatic Plant Species in the Stream of Barangay Olango Adjoining the Agus River of Baloi, Lanao del Norte

Authors: Al-Zuaide B. Usman; Muhmin Michael E. Manting* Abstract type: Oral

Industrialization and urbanization are the two major culprits of biodiversity loss particularly of the flora species. Philippines being one of the megadiverse countries is no exception to these threats. A need for inventory of these species should be conducted to monitor the rate of population loss and promote further bioprospecting. Balo-i, Lanao Del Norte, endowed with several streams and a downstream municipality of Lake Lanao, was the focus of this assessment particularly Barangay Olango. Aquatic and amphibious plants were collected from a selected stream of the barangay adjoining the Agus River. All samples were processed, examined and identified in the laboratory. Among the aquatic plants identified are two (2) species belonging to Hydrocharitaceae family namely, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle and Egeria densa Planch. Another species belonging to the family Araceae Pistia stratiotes L. and Potenderiaceae Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms were also identified. Two unknown species of aquatic plants which is closely related to genus Limnophila and genus were also collected. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the detailed morphology, distribution, the ecology and the phytochemical constituents of these species for potential application in medicine and eventually may lead to conservation of the area.

166. Phylogenetics of ginger species in Zingiber (Zingiberaceae)

Author: Tang Chin Cheung Abstract type: Oral

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The genus Zingiber is one of the largest genera in the ginger family Zingiberaceae with currently more than 140 described species occurring throughout tropical Asia including the Indian Subcontinent, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines and New Guinea. Members in Zingiber are very important traditional medicine in Thailand and China. They are ecologically important. In the tropical forest, they are the host plants for many moth and butterfly species and as food source for many bird species contributing to sustained forest biodiversity. Although the genus Zingiber is important to both forest ecology and human needs, systematic and phylogenetic study of the genus Zingiberis lacking. There is only one phylogenetic study of the genus Zingiber (Theerakulpisut et al. 2012). However, the study was with limited taxa and molecular sampling (which only included 23 Thailand species, representing only c. 16% of the species diversity in the genus Zingiber and only included limited DNA data). The current research will increase species and molecular sampling of the genus Zingiber for phylogenetic reconstructions using three different commonly used analysis methodologies: maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian approaches for evaluating the intrageneric classification of the genus. Both traditional chloroplast DNA markers (such as matK, ndhF, psbA-trnH, rbcL, trnL-F and others) and specific markers (such as JNV barcodes) will be used. The resultant phylogeny will provide a significant basis for further study about evolutionary history, morphological character evolution, co-evolution of pollinators and frugivores, and historical biogeography of the genus.

167. Epiphytic Bryo-zone of Mt. Gede, West Java, Indonesia

Authors: Eka Aditya Putri Iskandar, Michael Stech, Sylvia Mota de Oliveira

Abstract type: Oral

The tropical forest zonation from lower to higher elevations which comprises of Lowland Forest, Submontane Forest, Montane Forest, and Subalpine Forest, is partly reflected by the bryophyte vegetation. Along the elevational gradients, bryophyte zonation has been inferred from different parameter such as floristic analysis, species numbers, the combination of those two, estimation of cover, life form spectra, and phytomass estimation. The few comparisons between bryophyte zonation along different slope aspects indicate differences in zone

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boundaries between dry and wet slopes. In South East Asia, this is the first study on epiphytic bryophytes involving transects from different slope aspects on a mountain.

Elevational gradient transects were established on North-North-East (Cibodas) and South- South-West (Selabintana) slopes of Mt. Gede, West Java, Indonesia, one each. The gradients range from 1500 to 2700 m asl. each, and epiphytic bryophytes were sampled at 200 m intervals. This research aims to compare the bryophyte species composition between those two slope aspects where Cibodas is drier than Selabintana.

The Cibodas transect is more diverse (160 species; 71 mosses and 89 liverworts) than the Selabintana transect (149 species; 57 mosses and 92 liverworts). Lejeuneaceae, Lepidoziaceae and Plagiochilaceae were the most common families on both transects. Statistical analyses on species composition showed five significantly different zones on each slope aspect whose boundaries also differ between the two slopes. Each of them has their own indicator species, except for zone IV on Selabintana. No indicator species were shared among zones of Cibodas and Selabintana, except for Syrrhopodon tristichus at zone II.

168. Species Richness of Ficus species in three communal forests of different elevations in Benguet Province, Luzon, Philippines

Authors: Kryssa D. Balangcod, Virginia C. Cuevas, Leonardo M. Florece and Juancho B. Balatibat

Abstract type: Oral

Benguet province is one of 13 provinces in the Cordillera Region and is one of four mountain ranges in Northern Luzon Philippines. Having a semi-temperate climate, the region is a haven of rich floral diversity. Ficus are considered to be pioneer and keystone species as it is a food source for many frugivores like , rodents, cloud rats and some species are edible for human consumption. Ficus species abound in the region and has many important uses to local communities. It also has medicinal value for ailments such as tooth ache and liver disease. Some locals also claim that these are water indicators. Based from interviews, local communities claim that a water source is found nearby Ficus species, locally called tebbeg. This study focused on the species richness of Ficus in three different communal forests at

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different elevations namely Sablan, Tublay, and Bokod. The research was conducted using transect lines and Point Center Quarter Method. Results showed that only F. pseudopalma is common to the three sites and there are Ficus species that are found in only one of the three sites. Diversity of Ficus differ in the three sites. Other ficus species present include F. nota , F. septica, F. racemosa, F. minahassae, F. fistulosa and F. callosa. With the many uses and species richness of Ficus in Benguet province, the information generated from this study can be used to develop conservation strategies for this important genus.

169. Species-richness in Malesian Rinorea (Violaceae) with emphasis on Bornean taxonomic diversity

Author: Jennifer DeMuria

Abstract type: Oral

Rinorea (Violaceae) is a highly diverse pantropical genus of ca. 300 species. These understory trees and shrubs are frequently collected in anthropogenically disturbed secondary forests and fragmented habitats. The greatest diversity of Asian Rinorea is found throughout Borneo where 10 out of the 11 species listed in Flora Malesiana (1971) occur. We conceptualize these 11 species as provisionally natural groups centered on the R. anguifera, R. bengalensis, R. horneri, R. iliaspaiei, R. javanica, R. lanceolata, R. longiracemosa, R.. macrantha, R. macrophylla, R. sclerocarpa, and R. virgata complex. The nomenclatural typification system is intended to calibrate our taxonomic classifications and to create resolution and stability. Without thorough examination of type material, a solid foundation for species circumscriptions cannot be built. This study utilizes floral characteristics focusing on the androecium and gynoecium, providing the framework for natural classification. From a single taxon (R. anguifera), 10 species are re-established and one new species is identified. Rinorea bengalensis typification and morphological analysis necessitates the re-establishment of 16 species. The R. horneri complex contains 12 unique taxa, including the discovery of 2 undescribed species. We continue to delimit taxa from the 8 remaining complexes. We conservatively estimate that 20 species of Asian Rinorea are found in Borneo. Our study confirms that systematic revision of Rinorea enhances our understanding of Malesian species-

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richness. Critical and accurate taxonomic assessment improves the quality of evolutionary and ecological studies with broader applications for biogeography and conservation biology.

170. A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae)

Authors: Xing Guo, Zhongtao Zhao, Shek Shing Mar, Dianxiang Zhang and Richard M.K. Saunders Abstract type: Oral

Mycorrhizal associations in mycoheterotrophic plants are generally more specialised than in autotrophs. Mycoheterotrophs typically bear small, inconspicuous flowers that often self- pollinate to maximise seedset, although some have structurally complex flowers indicative of xenogamy. A trade-off has previously been proposed between these above- and below-ground symbioses, although empirical data are lacking. We used next-generation DNA sequencing to compare the mycorrhizal communities from the roots of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia tentaculata (Thismiaceae), and its neighbouring autotrophs. We furthermore conducted detailed assessments of floral phenology and pollination ecology, and performed artificial pollination experiments to determine breeding system. Thismia tentaculata maintains a symbiotic association with a single arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomus species. The flowers are pollinated by a single species of fungus gnats (Corynoptera, Sciaridae), which are attracted by the yellow pigments, and are temporarily restrained within the perianth chamber before departing via apertures between the anthers. The plants are self-compatible but predominantly xenogamous. Our findings demonstrate that T. tentaculata maintains highly specialised associations with pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi, both of which are widely distributed. We suggest that specialisation in multiple symbiotic interactions is possible in mycoheterotrophs if redundant selective pressures are not exerted to further restrict an already constrained suite of life history traits.

171. Biogeography and systematics of Cyrtandra: a mega diverse genus in the Malesian hotspot.

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Authors: Atkins, H.J., Nishii, K., Bramley, G.L.C., Moeller, M. & Hughes, M. Abstract type: Oral

Cyrtandra, a genus of rainforest understorey herbs and shrubs, is the largest in the family Gesneriaceae with over 800 species. It is distributed throughout South East Asia and across the Pacific to Hawaii, with centres of diversity in Borneo and New Guinea, each with over 100 species. Basic taxonomic work is required throughout its distribution and a taxonomic revision of the genus in Sulawesi, which has increased the number of known species by 30, will be presented. Across its distribution, the vast majority of species are single-island endemics. This high species number and tendency to narrow endemism make it an ideal tool for examining biogeographic patterns in this geologically complex region. Recent fieldwork has provided a large set of samples from across Malesia and allowed us to produce a well sampled stable phylogeny of the genus across the region based on one nuclear (ITS) and four chloroplast regions (trnL-F, rpl32-trnL, matK and psbA-trnH). Preliminary biogeographic analyses have shown that this is a recent diversification, with most speciation taking place in the last five to eight million years; a west to east migration across Malesia corresponding with island emergence and mountain building; and Borneo as the ancestral area of the genus.

172. Recent floristic and ethnobotanical research in Timor-Leste

Authors: Silveira P, Costa H, Hovenkamp P, Paiva J, Pinto D, Silva H Abstract type: Oral

Most of the floristic research in Timor-Leste was conducted in the 19th and 20th century up to 1974. From 1975 to 1999, the war for independence did not allow for much progress. After independence, in 2002, floristic research resumed in Timor-Leste, especially by Portuguese and Australian teams. Most of the studies authored by Portuguese researchers were conducted by a team from Aveiro University, including PS, JP and HS), in the scope of a project that funded two expeditions in 2004 and 2005. These expeditions resulted in the collection of 750 herbarium specimens, from nine different districts of the country. Accounts of two families, Orchidaceae and Convolvulaceae, have been published, including 15 new genera and 34 new species for the island. Additionally, five new species for science were described. One book was

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also published “Árvores e arbustos das Ruas de Díli“, authored by Sousa, Silva, Paiva & Silveira, including, among other details, illustrations, descriptions and ethnobotanical information for 59 species or subspecies. After a pause that lasted a few years, during which no funds or research opportunities were available, the team’s activities in Timor-Leste were resumed, with the opportunity to supervise and train a Timorese PhD student (HC). His studies have been focused on the diversity and ethnobotany of ferns and fern allies of Timor-Leste, and a few preliminary results will be presented. A brief synopsis of studies by other teams will also be presented, along with considerations on the future of floristic research in the country.

173. Distribution of Macrolichens in the Montane Forest of Mt. Apo Natural Park, Davao, Philippines

Authors: Ehlrich Ray J. Magday, Roselynn Grace G. Montecillo, Lalaine G. Sariana, Andrea G. Azuelo and Razel L. Salinasal Abstract type: Oral

Distribution of epiphytic macrolichens in the montane forest of Mt. Apo Natural Park was investigated. Specifically, it aimed to determine the species richness, composition, taxonomy and ecology of the macrolichen species; and recognize their medicinal properties; and identify the conservation status of the species as rare, endemic and endangered. Transect method and eight randomly quadrat plots were sampled in a 20 x 20 m plot in 12 hectares of the montane forest identified as lower and upper montane. Taxonomic treatments of the collected macrolichens species were performed in the field and in the laboratory. Results of the study revealed 117 macrolichens species belonging to 19 genera and 10 families. Comparison of the taxa were based upon observable characters such as the notable growth forms and mirohabitats distribution of species are closely epiphytic on tree trunks as represented by family Lobariaceae. Local assessment further revealed 2 critically endangered lichens species namely: Lobaria retigera (Bory ) Trevisan and Pseudocyphellaria aurata ( Ach.) and 1 species nearly threatened, Usnea sp. Of the collected species, 8 macrolichens were noted to have ethnobotanically recorded with medicinal properties. The macrolichens distributions in the

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park suggests that environmental and ecological interactions within and among the species play an important role in the dynamics of the forest ecosystem. The current research recommends a stronger effort in the documentation and its floristic analysis on their occurrence to ensure their survival and diversity.

174. Non wood forest product researchs and technologies adoption for sustainable development

Author: Aida Lapis

Abstract type: Oral

Rattan and bamboo are the most important NWFP in the Philippines. They are basic source of materials from the forest for food, livelihood, industrial applications and economic gain of a long value chain of stakeholders, including the indigenous people and forest communities. Both rattan and bamboo are major components of furniture, home and building construction, handicraft and basketry and household utilities. For decades the production of raw materials derived from them were dependent on natural forest and backyard sources.

In the world trade, rattans and bamboo rank fourth and fifth, respectively, in terms of export product values that captured the European, American, Asian and the Middle East markets. Domestically, the finished products of rattan bamboo are distributed through interisland markets and locally sold in many regional stop shop centers and in the growing ecotourism destinations.

The ecological and economic values of rattan and bamboos were recognized by the government in forest biodiversity assessments which increased the value of the remaining forest stands and designated biodiversity conservation areas. Bamboo is considered as an excellent renewable resource in combatting climate change, adaptation, protection of degraded forest areas and rehabilitation of river banks. Thus the Philippine government included both commodities for planting in the present national greening program.

Researches on rattan and bamboo for their development begun way back in the 80’s. The production technologies supported the establishment of plantations for sustainable source of

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canes and poles. The business as usual gathering mode and non- management of rattan and bamboo clumps are now practices of the past. The science based technologies are transferred and adopted ensuring the sustainability of environment and supply of raw materials for wide range of utilization.

The paper will present the technologies generated, adopted by farmers and planters venturing in plantations. It will discuss the public and private sectors initiatives and actions taken to provide support to peoples organizations and various industries using the commodities to ensure the perpetuity of the resources.

175. Pollination guilds of aroids (Araceae) at Mulu National Park (Sarawak, Borneo)

Authors: Chai Shong Kian and Wong Sin Yeng

Abstract type: Oral

Previous research on pollination of Borneo aroids has revealed two pollination guilds: Diptera (Drosophilidae) and Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae, Hydrophilidae, Scarabaeidae, and Staphylinidae). This study aimed to investigate the floral biology and pollinators of 20 aroid species representing 10 genera at Mulu National Park. Extensive field observations on floral biology including inflorescence development stages, floral traits, and pollinator rewards, identification of pollinators, and their behavior(s) were done. Anthetic duration of unisexual- flowered taxa was 2 days (except Amorphophallus hewittii, 5 days), compared with 2–10 days in bisexual-flowered taxa. Different aroid species have different floral odor to attract pollinators, the pollinators were rewarded by mating sites and foods (floral liquid or sacrificial floral parts). Diptera are the most possible pollinators for Aglaonema, Alocasia, Pothos, Schismatoglottideae and Scindapsus; Coleoptera are the pollinators for Amorphophallus, Anadendrum (together with thrips), Homalomena, Lasia, and Schismatoglottis; Thysanoptera (thrips) are the pollinators for Anadendrum; Hemiptera (Miridae) pollinates Lasia spinosa and Pothos insignis; Hymenoptera (Apidae) are pollinators for Amorphophallus hewittii. Amorphophallus hewittii, Anadendrum sp., Homalomena, Lasia spinosa, Pothos insignis, and Schismatoglottis apply a generalist pollination system, while Aglaonema nitidum and A.

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simplex, Alocasia sarawakensis, Amorphophallus julaihii, Bucephalandra and Scindapsus as specialists.

176. Defining the chaos: generic changes in Schismatoglottideae and implications for biogeography

Authors: Sin Yeng Wong & Peter Boyce Abstract type: Oral

For the past dozen years Tribe Schismatoglottideae had been the subject of research combining morphological and molecular analyses, ecological and biogeographical studies, including adaptations to the challenges posed by rheophytic habitats, pollination, and fruit-dispersal.

Among published taxonomic changes has been the removal of neotropical Schismatoglottis species into a resurrected genus, Philonotion and the recognition of a new neotropical tribe, Philonotieae, rendering Schismatoglottideae entirely Asian and having significant bearing for the possible age of the [[Philonotieae]][Cryptocoryneae][Schismatoglottideae]]] clade.

There have also been significant alterations to delimitation of most Asian genera. Some of these taxonomic changes and transfers have affected Schismatoglottis, but the greater part have impacted on the so-called ‘satellite’ genera resulting in a tribe of 30 genera corresponding to molecularly acceptable and morphologically well-supported clades, the significant majority endemic on Borneo. The better resolution of species groupings enables much improved understanding of biogeographical boundaries, notably on Borneo.

While now confident of the generic framework established for the majority of the tribe, significant difficulties still exist within the largest genus, Schismatoglottis, not least that it remains polyphyletic.

177. Towards a revision of Homalomena for Malesia

Authors: Peter Boyce and Sin Yeng Wong

Abstract type: Oral

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With 275 published names, including currently 144 accepted species of which 59 have been described in the past two decades, and 83 as yet unresolved, Homalomena is the largest and least well understood aroid genus in Malesia. Centres of diversity include Borneo [notably species of the Cyrtocladon and Punctulata clades], Sumatera [where the Chamaecladon clade is extraordinarily diverse], and Peninsula Malaysia [mainly the Chamaecladon and Homalomena clades]. There are definitely more than 50 additional confirmed novel taxa for Borneo alone where fieldwork invariably results in encountering plants that are impossible to determine to species. Conservatively we believe that the genus will easily reach 350 species and quite likely exceed 500 species.

Impediments to progress include the poor state of preservation of many of the historical types, the cryptic nature of most of the systematically significant morphologies, notably the presence, absence and disposition of sterile florets, the generally large and complex vegetative structures not lending themselves readily to traditional herbarium vouchering methodologies, and the fleeting flowering period, meaning that even well-prepared herbarium specimens are frequently taxonomically useless owing to the inflorescences being prepared post-anthesis by which time many significant structures have deliquesced, or been subject to pre-preservation damage by the most frequent inflorescence visitors, chrysomelid and dynastid beetles, and post-preservation destruction by herbarium beetles. Establishment of a scrupulously documented living collection has been of paramount importance in enabling progress to be made by provisioning fresh material to study floral mechanics and spathe senescence, provide for photography, chemical, and anatomical studies, and make available leaf material for molecular analyses. The last of these has permitted decisions to be made about species groupings, resolved the status of the neotropical species (now transferred to Adelomena, rendering Homalomena entirely Asian), and the placement of the genus Furtadoa.

POSTERS

178. Begonia flora of Sarawak, Borneo

Authors: Julia Sang; Ruth Kiew

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Abstract type: Poster

Begonia is one of the 10 largest seed plant genera in the world as of 2002. In last decade the number of species grown faster than any other genus with high species diversity found in Borneo. Within Borneo, currently Sarawak recorded the highest number of species with a total of 119 species recorded to date. Of these, 47 species were described since the publication of A Guide to Begonias of Borneo in 2015. In term of endemism, only seven species are widespread in other region in Borneo while a great majority of the species are endemic to Sarawak. The current trend in the new species discovery in Borneo shows no sign of levelling off with many areas not been explored, the large number of taxa remain un-named and on-going work begonia flora particularly in Kalimantan.

179. Dichogamous flowering pattern of Bridelia retusa (Phyllanthaceae) in relation to its breeding system

Authors: Dias M A; Ratnayake R M C S Abstract type: Poster

Investigation of floral biology and breeding system of Bridelia retusa strengthen the information on dichogamy flowering in plants. The pattern of sexual phase alternation in B. retusa was investigated at weekly intervals throughout the flowering season at three sites in Sri Lanka and compared with rainfall data. Sexual dichogamy was identified in B. retusa, including one-cycle dichogamy (male→female or female→male), duodichogamy (male→female→male) and multi-cycle dichogamy (repeated flowering cycles alternating between male and female). Multi-cycle dichogamy is the rarest (8.7%) among three populations while duodichogamy (56.5%) and one-cycle dichogamy (34.8%) are prevalent. The extended male phase enhances opportunities for successful pollination. The presence of unisexual flowers and synchronous dichogamy prevent autogamy and geitonogamy, respectively. Male and female synchrony at the population level facilitates xenogamy and thereby ensures reproductive assurance and enhanced genetic diversity. The breeding system as predicted by the outcrossing index (3) is congruent with the actual pollination syndrome determined (myophily, with Musca domestica and Calliphora flies identified as most frequent floral visitors). The pollen:ovule ratio (95.5:1), however, does not agree with the actual breeding system of B. retusa. Dichogamy is strongly positively correlated (r = 0.75) with 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 168

prevailing rainfall after a one-month lag phase. Bridelia retusa grows in seasonally dry mixed evergreen tropical forests, with dichogamy triggered by rainfall. During heavy rainfall, however, flowering stagnated and only restart once the rain has ceased, thereby conserving resources. These results are significance in forestry programmes with Bridelia and strengthening scientific understanding of reproduction of flora.

180. Current conditions of V. javanica population in Ciangir Forest, Indonesia

Authors: Rizki Fambayun; Titi Kalima Abstract type: Poster

Vatica javanica is one of the endemic species in Java, Indonesia and highly prioritised to be conserved. V. javanica is categorised as critically endangered A1cd, D ver 2.3 based on IUCN red list and still lack of ecological research. In national level, V. javanica is categorised as critical EN A2cd; B2ab (ii,iii) ver.4.0 (Kalima et al., 2017). Information of the current population number and some population threats were important to support the conservation effort of this species. To investigate the current population condition of V. javanica and the other species in the forest where these species occur, we established 26 transects of 20m x 50m based on the V. javanica’ occurrence and identified all the plant species (d= >1cm) composed V. javanica’s population. V. javanica was only found at four out of 26 transects in the Ciangir forest, Indonesia. The result showed the species diversity of this population is very high, Simpson diversity index (α)= 0,96. Furthermore, based on the result of the important value index (IVI), the population was dominated by V. javanica (20.97), Ficus sp. (11.01), Eurya acuminata (11.01), Dillenia obovata (10.72), and Lithocarpus sundaicus (10.31). Some threats were found on the V. javanica’s population, both natural and human threats.

181. The resurrection of Achudemia and re-delimitation of Pilea the largest genus in the nettle family (Urticaceae)

Authors: Long-Fei Fu; Alexandre K. Monro; Fang Wen; Yi-Gang Wei Abstract type: Poster

Pilea belonging to tribe Elatostemateae is the largest genus in Urticaceae. Pilea was divided into seven sections by Chen (1982), only two of which have been demonstrated to be 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 169

monophyletic. Previous studies, however failed to sample sections Achudemia or Smithiella, both of which have previously been considered distinct genera and are characterized by their male and female flowers having five tepals. This failure also makes the testing of their monophyly, placement within the genus, and establishment of their taxonomic rank problematic. With respect to morphology, the failure to include these sections prevents an evaluation of the evolutionary and phylogenetic significance of five-tepaled flowers within the tribe. In order to test above hypotheses we undertook phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from three molecular regions, ITS, rbcL and trnL-F for representative species of all the genera within the tribe. Our results suggest that species of Pilea sect. Achudemia and P. sect. Smithiella form a strongly supported clade which is sister to Lecanthus rather than Pilea. Lecanthus includes species with five-parted tepals and so our results suggest that the character of five tepals is a synapomorphy for the clade Lecanthus + Achudemia + Smithiella. We also identified differences in achene morphology between Lecanthus and Pilea suggesting that Lecanthus, Pilea sect. Achudemia + P. sect. Smithiella and the remaining species of Pilea should be treated as three distinct groupings at the rank of genus. We therefore propose to resurrect the genus Achudemia and revise the delimitation of Pilea, the largest genus in Urticaceae.

182. Effect of Plant Media Composition on Growth of Javanese Tamarind and Sweet Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)

Authors: Aisyah Puspasari; Rohlan Rogomulyo; Didik Indradewa Abstract type: Poster

Tamarind plants, but have not been considered. Tamarind plants have the benefits of traditional spices and herbs. The scarcity of tamarind plants indicate that they need to improve the quality of tamarind cultivation. There has been no research on what is a good plant media composition of Javanese tamarind and sweet tamarind . Based on the Effect of Plant Media Composition on Growth of Javanese Tamarind and Sweet Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.). The purpose of this research is to study the effect of plant media composition on the growth of Javanese tamarind and sweet tamarind; get the best plant media composition for the Javanese tamarind and sweet tamarind . This research has been conducted from August 2017 to December 2017 at the Gadjah Mada University Agricultural Research and Development Center (KP4), Yogyakarta. Complete This research used Randomized Block Design (CRBD) of f actor 4 x 2 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 170

and three blocks as replication. The first factor is plant media composition are soil: manure: charcoal husk 4: 0: 0 , soil: manure: charcoal husk 2: 1: 1, soil: manure: charcoal husk 1: 2: 1, soil: manure: charcoal husk 1: 1: 2 . The second factor is types of plants are Javanese tamarind and sweet tamarind. The observed data were analyzed by variance at 95% confidence level. If there is a real difference between treatments, tested further with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The observed parameters were moisture content, volume weight, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, stem diameter, dry weight, fresh weight, root area, root length, relative water content, stomata, and . The result Obtained there is no effect of combination of media treatment plant to the growth of Javanese tamarind and sweet tamarind. The growth of Javanese tamarind is as good as sweet tamarind . Four kinds of combinations of treatments media plants give the growth of Javanese tamarind and sweet tamarind as well.

183. Cancelled . 184. Ethnobotanical Study of Some Useful Medicinal Flora used by the Locals of Mount Manunggal, Barangay Sunog, Balamban, Cebu Island, Philippines

Authors: Angelika M. Calangi; Amparo L. Enriquez; Bricarae R. Lacno; Mary Farah G. Lagudas; Marjorie D. delos Angeles Abstract type: Poster

This study surveyed the different medicinal plants found in Mt. Manunggal, Bgy. Sunog, Balamban, Cebu, Philippines. A series of informal interviews, semi structured questionnaire, and discussions among the key informants was employed to acquire pertinent data. A total of 20 species belonging to 20 genera from 18 families were recorded to be present in Mt. Manunggal. The plants were either processed or directly consumed. Results showed that the ailments remedied varied from each plant species. Furthermore, this study revealed that most of the medicinal property of plants were used to address ailments concerning the digestive system, excretory system, and circulatory system. This study also showed that among the different plant component, the leaves (34%) were the most utilized, followed by the fruit (22%), roots (20%), milky exudate (7%), flowers (5%), shoots (5%), whole plant (3%), bark (2%) and seeds (2%). Identification of these medicinal plants and its associated ethnobotanical knowledge should be properly documented to prevent this information from being forgotten.

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185. Community Structure and Regeneration Capacity of Two Forest Types in Mt. Apo Natural Park (MANP), Philippines

Authors: Christie Kaye C. Lopez; Florence Roy P. Salvaña; Bryan Lloyd P. Bretaña; Cherie Cano-Mangaoang Abstract type: Poster

A forest ecosystem is the basic ecological unit that exists as a habitat for a community of both native and introduced organisms. The present study was carried out to determine the community structure and regeneration capacity of different forest types in Mt. Apo Natural Park (MANP). Two one-kilometer transects were established in each forest types. Each transect was divided into five sampling points with a distance of 210 m. Center point circular plot method was used wherein a circular plot, with a radius of 20 m, was established in each sampling points. Each circular plot was divided into 4 sections used as replicates. A total of 67 tree species belonging to 29 families were identified from the study area. Species richness was higher in tropical lowland evergreen rainforest compared to tropical lower montane rainforest. Relative abundance showed that among the identified families, family Dipterocarpaceae had the highest abundance which is mostly present in the two forest types. There was no significant difference between the mean values of abiotic parameters like temperature, relative humidity and soil pH in two forest types. Both two forest types were satisfactory at community level showing good regeneration capacity having large number of seedlings compared to saplings and trees. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the two forest types are dominated by seedlings which indicates that both are actively regenerating.

186. Flora Checklist of Lombok Island, Indonesia: A Progress Report

Authors: Himmah Rustiami; Dewi Susan; Florentina I. Windadri; Rugayah; Siti Sunarti; Eka F. Tihurua; Lulut D. Sulistyaningsih; Deden Girmansyah; Muhammad Mansur; Mulyati Rahayu; Ridha Mahyuni; Abdoelrokhman Kartonegoro; Yessi Santika Abstract type: Poster

On the effort to inventory biodiversity richness in Indonesia, some explorations have been conducted by Research Center for Biologi-Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Lombok Island is

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one of the locations. This is not only an action to inventory biodiversity richness but also to updating biodiversity status in Indonesia. The main purpose of floristic study at Lombok Island is to increase the knowledge of islands plant diversity. The new information can underpin further floristic diversity, physiology, ethnobotany and phytochemistry. The flora checklist of Lombok Island divided into nine parts based on the classification of Judd et al. (2008): Fungi, Pterydophyta, Bryophyta, Gymnospermae, Nymphaeales, Chloranthales, Magnoliids, Monocots and . The list has the potential to be used to monitor changes in the number and diversity of Lombok plant taxa that may come about as a result of environmental change. It also has value as a taxonomic baseline for studies of the geographical distribution of species and in the description and classification of the plant communities of Lombok. The development of this checklist is a precursor to a strategic approach to management to protect the plant life of Lombok. In addition, the checklist can be used to develop management plans for sites supporting populations of threatened species and communities; to resolve taxonomic uncertainties for certain species; to prepare an illustrated popular publication on endemic plant species of Lombok and to map the distribution of each plant species with the aim of preparing a Lombok plant atlas as well as to produce a list of common names for species included in this checklist. Hopefully, Flora Checklist of Lombok will become a great contribution for science. This checklist will serve as scientific reference and fundamental policy for conservation management on plant diversity of Lombok.

187. Larvicidal activity of Kaempferia pulchra Ridl. (Zingiberaceae) against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera)

Authors: Marlon P. Rivera; Rohann Aedrian M. Salazar Abstract type: Poster

Plant-based insecticides are now being sought as alternative for synthetically-produced insecticides since they degrade into non-toxic compounds and relatively pose no threat to human health and to the environment. This study evaluated the potential larvicidal activity of the extracts from the leaf and rhizome of Kaempferia pulchra Ridl. against Aedes aegypti L. Aqueous extract and organic solvent fractions of the plant samples were used in larvicidal assay for 24h and showed different activities. The 400 mg/L non-polar fraction and 500 mg/L polar

portion of the leaf extract showed larvicidal activity having percent mortality of 94% (LC50 = 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 173

245.55 mg/L; LT50 = 6.14 hours) and 70% (LC50 = 246.83 mg/L; LT50 = 3.58 hours), respectively. On the other hand, the aqueous extract of the rhizome in 15000 mg/L concentration exhibited the highest percent mortality of 82% among the rhizome extracts with

LC50 of 9265.90 mg/L and LT50 of 12.59 hours. Using colorimetric tests for phytochemical analysis, it was found that alkaloids, phenolics, and essential oils were present in the plant extracts that may have contributed to their larvicidal activity. Therefore, K. pulchra leaf and rhizome extracts can be explored as alternative larvicide against Aedes aegypti.

188. Medicinal Plants of Selected Indigenous People in Mindanao Island, Philippines: A Compilation

Authors: Christie Divine M. Nasiad; Muhmin Michael E. Manting; Cesar G. Demayo Abstract type: Poster

Historical accounts suggest that indigenous people including ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippine, especially in Mindanao, are rich traditional knowledge and practices. This is attributed to the unique set of beliefs, identity, language, socio-political and, cultural systems and practices in each group. Medicinal plants, being a natural resource for health, is a proof that plants indeed have economic and cultural value. This study aims to compile from various sources different medicinal plant species associated with traditional knowledge and practices of the Indigenous People of Mindanao. A total of two hundred eighteen (218) ethnomedicinal plant species distributed to one hundred eighty-five (185) genera, and seventy-seven (77) families were reported. The plant families with the highest proportion of medicinal species were Asteraceae with fourteen (14) species, followed by Fabaceae and Lamiaceae with twelve (12), Poaceae with eleven (11) then, Malavaceae, Moraceae, and Solanaceae with nine (9), Euphorbiaceae with eight (8), and lastly, Cucurbitaceae with six (6). The rest of the plant families have five or less species each.

By acknowledging these contributions, through compilation and comparison of different plant species associated with the knowledge and practices of indigenous peoples, a profound understanding may be gained which is necessary for the identification of challenges and opportunities that would help identify factors and improve conservation efforts for the preservation of these medicinal plants especially now that the threat(s) brought about by

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climate change are alarming. It is recommended that traditional knowledge and practices of other indigenous groups should also be studied.

189. Ritual Plants Used by Manobo Tribe of Surigao del Sur, Philippines

Authors: Jade Keith Adrian M. Jamera; Muhmin Michael E. Manting Abstract type: Poster

The indigenous peoples (IPs) use plants for their traditions especially in performing their rituals. Conservation of such an important diversity is the primary concern of the today’s critically vulnerable environment. This study aims to investigate the use of ritual plants of Manobo tribe in Hinapuyan, Carmen and Cabangahan, Cantilan, Surigao del Sur and to identify the availability of ritual plants being used. Plant information with its Manobo name, plant part used, method of preparation, ritual uses and Cultural Importance Index (CI) were presented. In this study, twelve (12) rituals were recorded including the five (5) plant species of Manobo tribe in Hinapuyan, Carmen and Cabangahan, Cantilan Surigao del Sur. A total of five (5) plant species used in twelve (12) different rituals corresponding to four (4) different families namely; Arecaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, and Solanaceae. Family Arecaceae has two (2) species presented while the rest of the families were represented by only one (1) species. The plant with the highest Cultural Importance Index (CI) is Areca catechu L., Piper betle L., and Nicotiana tabacum L. In comparison, the Manobo tribe from barangay Cabangahan and barangay Hinapuyan of Surigao del Sur only differs with the terms used in their rituals for example the ritual term “Panawagtag” in Hinapuyan, however in Cabangahan they used the term “Uyagdok” but the term is used as ritual for burial in Hinapuyan and the term “Binuyahan” a ritual for healing in Hinapuyan but is called “Pasayloa” in Cabangahan.

190. Growth of Etlingera coccinea (Tuhau) in Smallholder Agroforestry Farm in Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia

Authors: Nina Otie Dosuil; Berhaman bin Ahmad; Mandy Maid Abstract type: Poster

Increasing demand for Etlingera coccinea (Tuhau) as a vegetable and for producing Tuhau based products requires sufficient supply of young shoots. The objective of this study was to 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 175

investigate the vegetative growth and yield of new young shoots of Tuhau in the five-year old smallholder farm practicing agrisilvicultural system in Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia. Twelve rectangular plots (5m x 3m) comprised of six managed and six non–managed plots that were sub–divided into three plots with tree(s) and three plots without tree were established. Data on agroforestry components, shoot productivity and growth attributes were collected on monthly basis from July 2017 until July 2018. Trees within the Tuhau farm includes Neolamarckia cadamba, Garcinia mangostana, Lansium domesticum, , and Naphelium lappaceum with an average crown spread of 13.7m and dbh of 34.64cm. The mean value of Tuhau shoot produced over 12 months was 20 and eight shoots in managed and non–managed plots respectively. The mean length of the Tuhau plant was 4.23m and 4.21m in managed and non – managed plots respectively over 12 months period. One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference for shoot productivity between managed and non–managed plots from March to June 2018 (p≤0.05). No significant difference was observed for the length and diameter of Tuhau between the managed and non–managed plots.

191. Habitat specificity of the Nepenthes species of Mount Trus Madi in Sabah, Borneo

Authors: Alviana Damit, Richard J. Majapun, Joan T. Pereira, Reuben Nilus, and Monica Suleiman

Abstract type: Poster

Nepenthes is the genus of carnivorous tropical pitcher plants that mostly occur in the Malesian region. Most of the endemic Nepenthes are highly restricted to its preferred distribution and even recorded from a single locality such as on a mountain peak. The Mount Trus Madi is the second highest mountain in Malaysia with an elevation of 2642 m above sea level, located within the totally protected area of Nuluhon Trusmadi Forest Reserve, Sabah Borneo. This poster highlights the habitat requirement of each Nepenthes species on Mount Trus Madi by determining the environmental factors that significantly influence their densities. Ten plots were established along the five kilometers Kaingaran summit trail. Four species and one natural hybrid of Nepenthes were enumerated from all plots, namely, Nepenthes macrophylla, N. lowii, N. tentaculata, N. fusca and hybrid N. x trusmadiensis. The N. lowii, N. macrophylla and their hybrid N. x trusmadiensis have a narrow altitudinal distribution. The latter two are endemic to

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Mount Trus Madi. Correlation analysis using Spearman rank correlation coefficients showed significant correlation between the densities of N. lowii with lower mean tree height and summit scrub vegetation, while the densities of N. macrophylla are highly correlated with altitude and total tree basal area. Contrary to these, the ubiquitous N. tentaculata is widely distributed across all environmental traits. The findings of this study will provide the justifications for in situ conservation in this narrow habitat specificity for the Nepenthes community in Mount Trus Madi and as important baseline data for further effective management and monitoring plans.

192. Evolutionary reduction in the chloroplast genome of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia hongkongensis (Thismiaceae)

Authors: Yee Man Leung; Xing Guo; Richard M. K. Saunders Abstract type: Poster

Chloroplast genomes in autotrophic angiosperms are generally highly conserved in size, architecture and content due to the constant selection pressure of photosynthesis. Following the loss of photosynthetic ability, the plastomes of mycoheterotrophs show different degrees of genome size reduction, gene loss and rearrangements in a lineage-dependent manner. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the chloroplast genome of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia hongkongensis, and compared it with the published chloroplast genomes of two closely-related species, the congeneric mycohetrotroph, Thismia tentaculata, and its autotrophic relative, Tacca chantrieri (Taccaceae). We found a similar plastome size, structure and gene content between the two Thismia species, while plastome size of Th. hongkongensis (~16k bp) is approximately one tenth that of Ta. chantrieri (~160k bp). We found evidence for extensive gene deletion with a complete loss of photosynthetic genes and multiple gene rearrangements in Th. hongkongensis. The genes retained in Th. hongkongensis serve essential house-keeping functions, such as ribosomal apparatus coding. This study provides further evidence of reductive plastome evolution in heterotrophic plants, with one of the smallest chloroplast genomes discovered in Th. hongkongensis. With the support of previous studies of mycoheterotroph plastomes, our results display evolutionary convergence in heterotroph plastomes following the relaxation of selective pressure for

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photosynthesis. Chloroplast genomic information of the endangered and endemic Th. hongkongensis will be useful for future studies in conservation genomics and phylogenomics.

193. Genetic Diversity of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson in Indonesia Based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA

Authors: Julisasi Tri Hadiah, Yuzammi, Inggit Puji Astuti Abstract type: Poster

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson (Araceae) has been a staple food in Indonesia since colonial times, notably in Jawa. The species is highly varied morphologically throughout the country. This research aims to assess the genetic diversity of A. paeoniifolius from different places in Indonesia using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The samples consisted of 12 accessions representing populations from islands of Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali, Lombok, Seram and Papua. Ten primers were applied to generate amplified polymorphic DNA, namely OPA 11, OPA 19, OPB 17, OPC 04, OPN 14, OPN 19, OPO 04, OPU 03, OPU 06 and OPU 07. PCR was programmed for 45 cycles of 36°C annealing temperature. Clustering analyses was carried out using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) in DARwin software. The study resulted in 202 fragmented DNA, of which only one was monomorphic and 201 were polymorphic. A. paeoniifolius growing in Indonesia is highly varied genetically with dissimilarity values ranges from 0.42 – 0.69. The dendrogram showed that the species is widespread in Indonesia without any patterned geographical distribution. It also showed that the walur variety was spread in different branches within the suweg clades.

194. Begonias (Begoniaceae) From Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia with Additional 45 New Species

Authors: Rimi Repin and Rossiti Karim Abstract type: Poster

Sabah 73, 631 km², blessed with some of the highest biodiversity in Borneo and within the vast forest that form the 'Green Heart' of Sabah and continues to amaze with its wealth of biodiversity and its begonias are no exception. At present 194 species begonias of Borneo 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 178

scientifically described, named and published in A Guide to Begonias of Borneo by Dr. Ruth Kiew, Julia Sang, Rimi Repin & Joffre Ali Ahmad (2015). However, based on our recent efforts focused on the begonias of Sabah (2016-2019) have resulted in the description of 45 unknown species of begonias collected from 11 different districts. 43 species collected from terrestrial area and 2 species from marine parks. All species belong to section Petermannia. The study area consist of three different vegetation:- coastal mixed forest, lowland mixed dipterocarp forest on ultramafic and non-ultramafic soils and upper montane forest between about 50 - 3150 m asl. The total number of un-named species is likely to be even higher considering that much of Sabah has still to be explored.

195. Plant biodiversity of the Gandara Watershed, Samar Island, Philippines

Author: William SM. Gruèzo

Abstract type: Poster

A total of 497 plant species representing 287 genera and 110 families were recorded from the Gandara Watershed, Samar Island, Philippines. These plant taxa are composed of 13 epiphytes, 65 ferns, 80 herbs, 62 lianas or woody vines, 38 large trees, 105 medium-sized trees, 32 shrubs, 60 small trees, 21 tree-like plants and 25 vines. Some of the noteworthy plant species recorded from this study site are Sararanga philippinensis (Pandanaceae) - most inland distribution record for this coastal species; Nepenthes alata & N. truncata (Nepenthaceae) and 15 species of the Family Dipterocarpaceae – the prime timber-producing family of international trade, namely: Anisoptera thurifera, Dipterocarpus alatus, D. grandiflorus, Hopea foxworthyi, H. malibato, H. samarana, Parashorea malaaanonan, Shorea almon, S. astylosa, S. contorta, S. guiso, S. negrosensis, S. palosapis, S. polyspema and Vatica odorata ssp. mindanensis.

The calculated Shannon-Wiener diversity index of this watershed was H’ = 4.4156, indicating a relatively high plant diversity status. Analyses of data obtained from 25 circular study plots (each with a 40-m diameter) showed that the highest and lowest taxon richness per plot basis were 111 (Plot 1) and 44 (Plot 12) species, respectively. In terms of diversity level, the highest H’ value was 3.7691 obtained in Plot 22 while the lowest value was 2.6877, recorded in Plot 25. The latter H’ value was to be expected because Plot 25 was established in the lower slope

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of Mt. Huraw - the highest mountain on Samar Island (c. 1,100 m altitude), which was partly occupied by a grassland ecosystem.

196. Species Richness and Conservation Status of Ferns in Barangay Baganihan, Marilog District, Davao, Philippines: a revisit after two decades

Authors: Hannah P. Lumista, Florfe M. Acma, Fulgent P. Coritico, Lilibeth V. Rufila, Joevina C. Nobleza, Victor B. Amoroso

Abstract type: Poster

Species checklist and conservation assessment of ferns in Barangay Baganihan, Marilog District Davao City was generated based on repeated transect walks and from 16 established sampling plots. One hundred fifty four species, belonging to 22 families and 62 genera, were documented. The species number is lower compared to the data taken in 1996 which was recorded to be 178 fern species. The present finding is about 15% of the total number of ferns in the Philippines and represents 26% of the total number on Mindanao Islands. Assessment of the status of the species revealed that there are 5 species which are Philippine endemics. Three species are found only in Mindanao while one is a new record to Mindanao. Of the 24 threatened species recorded, 1 is critically endangered, 9 are endangered, 10 are vulnerable and 4 are classified as other threatened species. Further, local assessment revealed that there are 35 species classified as very abundant, 23 are abundant, and 84 are rare. The lower species count for the ferns in Barangay Baganihan and with more record of threatened species after two decades suggest the urgent need to conduct concrete conservation efforts for the ferns and its habitat in said locality.

197. Molecular Identification of Fake Drugs: An example from Antidesma bunius (Bignay) Products in the Philippine Market

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Authors: Lord M. S. Baay, Marc E. L. Catamio, Paul J. Estrella, Gabriel D. A. Rodriguez, Sam Dominic A. Binag, Niña Kathryn G. Alfeche and Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro

Abstract type: Poster

Years of research and quality control procedures of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) have revealed that adulteration, contamination and substitution are indeed present in the global market. Authenticity and the process of authentication remain to be a concern, especially as these products are utilized by consumers even before seeking proper medical care. In the Philippines, the HMP market is flourishing due to the abundance of pharmacologically important species, and the high level of ethnomedicinal knowledge is still widely accepted by the public. As such, herbal products from the Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng, locally known as Bignay, are popular as medicine for various ailments of the circulatory and digestive systems. Though efficacy is guaranteed, the authenticity of the marketed products are still in question as several other herbal plants can provide the said benefits. The authenticity of the marketed HMPs was established by means of molecular techniques that made use of genetic data analyzed using the (1) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn) and (2) Standard Reference Material (SRM) Herbal barcode library for Antidesma spp. To establish the reliability of these methods, wild Antidesma spp. were also subjected to the protocol. The molecular analyses revealed that of the eleven (11) HMPs tested, only four (4) products were confirmed to be Antidesma sp. while the other seven (7) products were proven to be of different species. These results indicate that product safety should be reinforced with complete HMP authentication by the use of traditional methods supported by molecular data.

198. Phylogenomics of Orchidaceae based on plastid and mitochondrial genomes

Authors: Yun-Xia Li, Zhang-Hai Li, Andre Schuitman, Mark W. Chase, Jian-Wu Li, Wei- Chang Huang, Arief Hidayat, Sha-Sha Wu, Xiao-Hua Jin

Abstract type: Poster

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To advance our knowledge of orchid relationships and timing of their relative divergences, we used 76 protein-coding genes from plastomes (ptCDS) and 38 protein-coding genes from mitochondrial genomes (mtCDS) of 74 orchids representing the five subfamilies and 18 tribes of Orchidaceae, to reconstruct the phylogeny and temporal evolution of the Orchidaceae. Our results indicated the backbone of Orchidaceae is well supported with both datasets, but there are conflicts between these trees. The phylogenetic positions of two subfamilies (Vanilloideae and Cypripedioideae) are reversed in these two analyses. The phylogenetic positions of several tribes and subtribes, such as Epipogiinae, Gastrodieae, Nerviliinae, and Tropidieae, are well resolved in mtCDS tree. Interrelationships of several recently radiated tribes within Epidendroideae, including Vandeae, Collabieae, Cymbidieae, were resolved with good support in the ptCDS tree, but most are not in the mtCDS tree. Molecular dating indicated that most mycoheterotrophic clades of Orchidaceae evolved in the last 30 million years with the exception of Gastrodieae.

199. Investigating the potential of Coriaria intermedia, a poisonous plant in the Cordillera region, Philippines, as an antibacterial agent

Authors: Teodora D. Balangcod, Kryssa D. Balangcod, Cheenee M. Calantoc and Shaira Paa

Abstract type: Poster

Coriaria intermedia, a scrambling shrub, is a lone representative of the family Coriariaceae specifically found in open mountain slopes and marginal areas of the Cordillera region, Philippines. While the plant was reported as treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders, rheumatism and cancer of the uterus in Taiwan, C. intermedia is considered a poisonous plant in the Cordillera Central Range. There had been incident of deaths from drinking a decoction of the leaves and near death of children from consuming the fruits. This plant is being eliminated by local communities due to its toxicity, hence there is a major concern on its ecological status. Specifically, this research investigated the potential of C. intermedia as an antibacterial agent. Coriaria intermedia leaves and stem were collected, dried and ground separately then extracted using 95% ethanol. Crude extracts were further processed through solvent partitioning using hexane and ethyl acetate solvents to separate the polar and non polar

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compounds. Four extracts namely; ethanolic, hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts were tested on five bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aures, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhimurium. All extracts tested positive, the zone of inhibition values ranging from 13 mm to 21 mm, against all bacteria. These values can equal the effect of antibiotics such as amoxicillin and others, which demonstrates that this plant is a high potential source of antibiotic. Investigating its potential as an alternative source for medicine can help establish its value and eventually its conservation.

200. Determining the priority-for-conservation tree species of Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, Indonesia

Authors: Arief Hamidi, Iyan Robiansyah

Abstract type: Poster

Raja Ampat Regency consists of 2,713 islands with high terrestrial ecosystem diversity as well as its unique trees species. The more development needs are inevitable upon these islands to fulfill the world-class mass ecotourism destination. This study is aimed to enlist the priority of tree species for conservation prior to the development negative impacts. The selection mechanism followed the scoring-and-prioritisation method developed by Forum Pohon Langka Indonesia. The method was generated by giving a certain score to each tree species based on four main criteria, i.e: rarity, threat, values, and conservation efforts. The scoring result were then categorized into three level of priority, i.e.: (1) critical, (2) urgent, and (3) required -for conservation. The mechanism was applied to 259 tree species that occupied the five biggest islands in Raja Ampat, i.e. Waigeo, Misool, Salawati, Batanta and Kofiau. The results categorized two species as priority-1, i.e.: Wallaceodoxa raja-ampat and Aquilaria filaria; seven species as priority-2, i.e.: Alstonia beatricis, Agathis labillardieri, Guioa waigeoensis, Calophyllum parvifolium, Intsia palembanica, Gyrinops versteegii, Rhododendron cornu- bovis; and two species as priority-3 i.e.: Intsia bijuga and Pericopsis mooniana. The remaining species then deemed as less priority for conservation. The biggest issue was identified to be coming from the existing spatial planning that threaten endemic trees, beside illegal harvesting and infrastructure development. Recommendations for conservation management were

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directed to minimized the destructive-development impact to the habitat of the priority species, also empowering the law enforcement. This would be started by encourage the spatial planning revision and public awareness campaign.

201. Floristic study between Taiwan and Philippines, re-examination of Neo-Wallace Line.

Authors: Chun-Ho Wu, Jer-Ming Hu

Abstract type: Poster

Taiwan located in the middle of the East and Southeast Asian island arcs, forming a complex flora type, which contained species from Eastern Asian Region(Japan and China) and also form Malesian Region(Philippines). Taiwan has about 4,500 species on record, and about 1400 specific name shared by Taiwan’s and Philippines’ name list (according to Co’s Digital Flora of the Philippines). However there are about 200 species only founded in southern tip of Taiwan, Lanyu and Ludao. So this study wanted to focus on the Southern part, compare the data from Taiwan and Philippines, hope to understand the relationship between these islands(Taiwan, Ludao, Lanyu, Batanes and Luzon).

The main goals are to: 1. A brief scan on plant lists, and taxonomic act, combined the data of two countries to clarify the diversity between Taiwan and Philippines. 2. Group the common species, whether they belong to Eastern Asian Region, or Malesian Region. 3. With distribution data, re-examining the biogeographic line between Taiwan and Philippines, determine the boundary of two floristic regions. The results could also give help to further biogeographic studies in these regions.

202. Habitat Specialisation and Growth Rates of Belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) in the Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia.

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Authors: Sasikumar A/L Tanggaraju, Richard B. Sebastian, Lee Yew Leung, Hoo Pui Kiat, Reuben Nilus, James Andrew Margrove, Eyen Khoo & Colin R. Maycock

Abstract type: Poster

An important contributing factor to species coexistence in tropical forests is specialisation to particular soil environments. Belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) is a slow growing tree characteristic of the lowland dipterocarp forest of Borneo, that is currently listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. In this study we examine population density, stand structure and growths of Belian on two different soil types within the Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve in Sabah, Malaysia. We installed thirty 20m x 20m plots within the forest of both forest types to estimate population density and stand structure. To calculate growth rates, we recensused all Belian within three long term (2000 to 2019) forest dynamics plot within the Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve. Generalised linear models were used to investigate difference in population densities and growth rates of Belian on the two soil types. We found a significant difference in population density between the two sites (p = 0.0001), with a mean density of 183 and 72 individual ha-1 for the alluvial and mudstone soils, respectively. The growth rate of Belian was also higher on the alluvial soils compared to the mudstone soil, 0.2180 and 0.1965 cm y-1 respectively.

203. Wild Orchids Of The Highland Forests In The Heart Of Borneo, Sarawak.

Authors: Edward Entalai Besi, Dome Nikong, Runi Sylvester Pungga & Rusea Go

Abstract type: Poster

The Heart of Borneo (HoB) Scientific Expeditions in the Long Banga and Tama Abu was aimed to identify and document the highland orchid species inhabited in one of the largest remaining transboundary rainforests in the world, which are racing dissolution from their habitat, consequently the resolution for their conservation in-situ and ex-situ could be drafted meritoriously. The 10 days expeditions had revealed orchids are abundant in the montane and riverine forests. A total of 118 species in 46 genera were recorded during the Long Banga 2016 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 185

expedition, while 117 species in 47 genera from the Tama Abu 2017 expedition. About 70% of the species documented were epiphytes, a few were mycoheterophytes, namely Aphyllorchis montana, Cystorchis aphylla, Gastrodia javanica and Tropidia saprophytica, and several jewel orchids, including Crepidium lowii and Cystorchis stenoglossa. Several endemic and newly recorded species for Sarawak and Borneo were also discovered. Dimorphorchis lowii, an endemic orchid species to Borneo was documented during this two expeditions indicating its occurrence in this part of the country. As for distribution and abundance, the riverine forests in Long Banga perceived as the more preferable habitat for orchids to thrive as it was an undisturbed forested belt, and also had higher humidity essential for orchid growth. In Tama Abu, a high abundance of orchid species was collected in the undisturbed hill and montane forests with dense tree canopy cover. The high diversity and density of orchids discovered from the undisturbed forests in Tama Abu indicates that rescue operations from active logging concessionaries should be initiated to safeguard orchid species survival and to reveal the accurate species richness within the highland habitat of Sarawak.

204. Checklist of the ferns and fern allies of Timor, with special focus on Timor-Leste

Authors: Costa, H.R.C. Silva, H., Hovenkamp, P. & Silveira, P.

Abstract type: Poster

The ferns and fern allies, vascular plants that reproduce by spores, are represented worldwide by 51 families, 337 genera and approximately 12000 species. They can be found in very diverse habitats, although tropical environments, without a marked dry season, hold the greatest diversity of these plants.

Most of what is known about the diversity of ferns and fern allies of Timor comes from collections made during the colonial period. Among the more relevant collectors we highlight Gaudichaud (1818), Zipelius (1828), Spanoghe (1831-6), Teysmann (1859/71/73), H.O.Forbes (1882-3), F.Newton (1896-7), A. O.de Castro (1909-11), Walsh-Held (1928-9), G.H.W. Stein (1932), de Voogd (1934-5), Bloembergen (1939), E.Meijer Drees (1946-57), R. Cinatti (1946- 7), Van Steenis (1953-5). After independence, numerous collections have been made by

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Portuguese and Australian research teams, from Aveiro and Palmerston, respectively. Data on the ferns and fern allies of Timor can be found in several general checklists of vascular plants, that were published along the years, but especially in a publication by Posthumus, in 1994, exclusively dedicated to this group. The aim of this study is to elaborate an updated checklist of the ferns and fern allies of Timor, with special focus on Timor-Leste. Some preliminary results of this study will be presented, including not only data from historical herbarium specimens and literature records, but also from new collections made by Costa et al. during 2016-2018.

205. Assessment Of Plant Tissue Culture And Stem Cutting For Propagating Hoya Plants

Authors: Siti Madihah Mohd-Don, Nur Maziyyah Abdul-Hamid, Hussein Taha & Faizah Metali

Abstract type: Poster

Hoya plants are commercially important due to their ornamental and medicinal values. Propagation of Hoya coronaria and H. imperialis was assessed via plant tissue culture and stem cutting. For the former, the leaf explants of each species were cultured onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar media that were supplemented with different combinations of hormones, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and kinetin (KN), whereas for the latter, the cuttings of each species were propagated onto a sterilized mixture of peat moss and perlite, after treated with different concentrations of IBA, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), or a commercial hormone (Yates Plant Cutting Powder). A morphogenic response was observed for the propagation via plant tissue culture, which was the generation of calluses at specific concentrations of IBA and KN, with H. imperialis seemed to be more responsive towards the hormones in comparison to H. coronaria. However, the calluses did not regenerate into plantlets. For stem cutting method, in H. coronaria, higher number of leaves was achieved by 0.05% NAA, whilst higher number of mean leaf area and relative growth rate of stem length were achieved by 0.05% IBA. Meanwhile, in H. imperialis, higher mean root length was recorded with the commercial hormone, while higher mean relative growth rates for stem length and stem diameter were

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achieved by 0.20% NAA and 0.20% IBA, respectively. In conclusion, stem cutting was found to be more encouraging in propagating the two Hoya plants than by plant tissue culture.

206. Orchids Diversity in Sorong Nature Recreation Park, West Papua, Indonesia

Authors: Reza Saputra, Djefry Tibalia, Fajar Darwis, Akbar Sumirto

Abstract type: Poster

Orchid diversity studies have been conducted at the Sorong Nature Recreation Park, West Papua, Indonesia. The exploration takes one year from March 2018 to February 2019 with Visual Encounter Survey Method. There are 90 collection numbers consisting of 75 epiphytic orchids, 14 terrestrial orchids, and 1 holomycotrophic orchid. This number belongs to 34 genera and 90 species, which are native species with at least of 36 endemic species. Dendrobium, Bulbophyllum, and Taeniophyllum are the three genera with the highest numbers of species.

207. Taxonomic revision of Ranunculaceae in New Guinea

Author: Renata Borosova

Abstract type: Poster

The Ranunculaceae (buttercup) family consists of approximately 2525 species in 62 genera, and is distributed almost worldwide, mostly in the temperate and colder regions. In New Guinea three genera are present: Thalictrum, Ranunculus and Clematis. In 1958, Eichler published a Revision of Ranunculaceae in Malesia, in which 32 species were recognised. Van Royen in ‘The Alpine Flora of New Guinea’, published in 1982, listed 34 species of Ranunculaceae reaching elevations higher than 3000 m. There are no recent accounts of the

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Ranunculaceae from New Guinea, or a Flora Malesiana treatment. The New Guinea Checklist (in preparation) lists 39 species, including 36 endemic to the island.

The study presented here is based on the examination of specimens from several herbaria. The taxonomy of Thalictrumand Ranunculus is revised. Our results indicate that these genera are present in New Guinea with one and 32 species respectively, including several taxa of Ranunculus new to science. At least 11 species of Clematis remain to be examined. Work is under way to produce keys to the genera and species, full descriptions, distribution maps and conservation assessments.

208. Micromorphology of Spore in Selected species of Diplazium from Peninsular Malaysia

Authors: Haja Maideen, Nur Aliah Khaduwi, Nik Norhazrina & Rusea Go

Abstract type: Poster

The spores of eight Diplazium species namely D. kunstleri, D. latisquamatum, D. procumbens, D. malaccense, D. sorzogonense, D. tomentosum, D. esculentum and D. crenatoserratum were examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). They can be divided into 5 groups based on their type of spore ornamentation. In group I which includes D. sorzogonense and D. procumbens have spore with folds, and perine not fenestrate, Group II: included D. crenatoserratum, which have folds and sparsely fenestrate perine spores and spores in Group III have prominently winged folds which are observed in D. malaccense and D. tomentosum. Meanwhile spores in D. esculentum showed a rather simple-like projection which is retate surface and the last group included two species which are D. kunstleri and D. latisquamatum in which their spores are decorated in echinate perine and non-fenestrate.

209. Floral biology and visitors of Durio kutejensisin Limbang, Sarawak.

Authors: Ng Win Seng & Wong Sin Yeng

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Abstract type: Poster

Durio is a genus consisting of 30 species to date, falls under subfamily Helicteroideae under the family of Malvaceae. Of the 30 species, 15 are endemic to Borneo. Durio are typically large buttressed trees that thrive primarily in lowland dipterocarp forests and particularly famous for its globular spiky fruits. Floral biology and floral visitors of D. kutejensis was observed in a mixed fruits orchard in Limbang, Sarawak, Malaysia from 19 September 2018 to 15 January 2019. Preliminary observations were made before and during anthesis. Floral visitors’ behaviour such as time of the day, duration and habit were recorded. Nectar concentration was recorded from 14 December 2018 to 11 January 2019 from 34 floral samples. Flowers of D. kutejensis takes around 90 days to bloom from emergence of buds. The calyx of the flower bud breaks between 1000 hrs to 1600 hrs and can take up to 34 hours for blooming to begin which is usually around 1930 hrs-2000 hrs with female anthesis first, and followed by male anthesis, 30 mins to 2 hours later. Average concentration of the nectar stayed relatively the same during anthesis and peaked around midnight with a large variation in nectar concentration among individual flowers. Among the floral visitors observed were nectar bats (Pteropodidae), spiderhunter birds (Arachnothera spp., Nectariniidae), giant honey bees (Apis spp., Apidae), stingless bees (Tetrigona spp., Apidae), and carpenter bees (Xycolopa latipes, Apidae).

210. Fern Distribution along the Mt. Kinabalu Summit Trail

Author: Geofarry Gunsalam

Abstract type: Poster

Mount Kinabalu has 609 fern species in 29 families and 145 genera and of those 8% is endemic to Kinabalu Park. Many of the endemics or near endemics are species that occur on ultramafic substrates, which occur elsewhere in Borneo but are particularly prominent on Kinabalu. Ferns along the summit trail of Mount Kinabalu adapted to various types of habitats afforded by trees, other large plants which form the bulk of the natural vegetation, and rock outcrops that provided opportunities for colonisation. Some species occur in more than one type of habitat. Some

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species growing on the ground in the forest shade which adapted to permanently weak light and high humidity and different species occur in open places such as rock outcrops exposed by landslides and the trail slopes which will tolerate strong light and drying winds and do not flourish in permanent shade. Most are species found in the hill forest between about 600 and 1200 m, in the lower montane forest at 1200 t0 2200 m, and the lower limits of the upper montane forest at around 2200 to 2800 m. On Mount Kinabalu about two-fifths of the ferns are epiphytes.

211. Evolutionary reduction in the chloroplast genome of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia hongkongensis (Thismiaceae)

Author: Yee Man Leung, Xing Guo, Richard M. K. Saunders

Abstract type: Poster

Chloroplast genomes in autotrophic angiosperms are generally highly conserved in size, architecture and content due to the constant selection pressure of photosynthesis. Following the loss of photosynthetic ability, the plastomes of mycoheterotrophs show different degrees of genome size reduction, gene loss and rearrangements in a lineage-dependent manner. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the chloroplast genome of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia hongkongensis, and compared it with the published chloroplast genomes of two closely-related species, the congeneric mycohetrotroph, Thismia tentaculata, and its autotrophic relative, Tacca chantrieri (Taccaceae).

We found a similar plastome size, structure and gene content between the two Thismia species, while plastome size of Th. hongkongensis (~16k bp) is approximately one tenth that of Ta. chantrieri (~160k bp). We found evidence for extensive gene deletion with a complete loss of photosynthetic genes and multiple gene rearrangements in Th. hongkongensis. The genes retained in Th. hongkongensis serve essential house-keeping functions, such as ribosomal apparatus coding.

This study provides further evidence of reductive plastome evolution in heterotrophic plants, with one of the smallest chloroplast genomes discovered in Th. hongkongensis. With the

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support of previous studies of mycoheterotroph plastomes, our results display evolutionary convergence in heterotroph plastomes following the relaxation of selective pressure for photosynthesis. Chloroplast genomic information of the endangered and endemic Th. hongkongensis will be useful for future studies in conservation genomics and phylogenomics.

212. Phylogenetics and evolution of the Callerya Clade (Millettieae, Fabaceae)

Authors: Yu-Chun Liu, Jer-Ming Hu

Abstract type: Poster

The Callerya Clade contains several members previously placed in Millettieae, and are well supported within the Inverted Repeat Lacking Clade (IRLC) of the Hologalegina of Fabaceae. Currently, the Callerya clade comprises of species from Callerya, Wisteria, Afgekia, Endosamara, and Millettia japonica. Samples from SW China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Australia were used to construct the phylogenetic relationship between different lineages and locations, with particular focus on the Callerya cinerea complex. Phylogenetic analysis from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) markers showed that both genera Callerya and Afgekia likely not being monophyletic and should be segregated into different taxa. Moreover, the relationship between the species within Callerya cinerea complex, with more than ten currently recognized taxa still remains unresolved. The flowers and fruits morphology in this complex are diverse and no clear species-level delimitation can be inferred.

213. Conservation status of endemic Hymenandra sp. (Primulaceae-Myrsinoideae) in Northern Borneo

Author(s): Suzana Sabran, Sandy Tsen Tze Lui, Joan T. Pereira, Avelinah Julius & Timothy M.A. Utteridge

Abstract type: Poster

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Hymenandra A.DC. is a small genus comprising shrubs with eight species, distributed from India to Malesia. Five of the eight species i.e., Hymenandra beamanii, H. diamphidia, H. rosea, H. calcicola and H. lilacina are recorded in Borneo. The first three species are endemic to Sabah. The endemic species recorded for Sabah is here being assessed for their conservation status using the global IUCN Red List Categories & Criteria version 3.1. Comments on the taxonomy and ecology of the three species which are endemic to Sabah are also provided. These results not only contribute towards the on-going efforts of the IUCN Red List Assessment for Sabah endemic plant species but the information is also essential to enhance the management of current conservation areas.

214. A taxonomic revision of the fern genus Tectaria (Tectariaceae) from Borneo

Authors: Shi-Yong Dong, Shi-Shi Tang, Andi Maryani A Mustapeng

Abstract type: Poster

Tectaria Cav. is a large pantropical and subtropical genus of about 250 species, with some 130 species in Malesia, and is a difficult group in species recognition. Recent molecular studies revealed a broadly circumscribed Tectaria to be monophyletic which covers most satellite segregates recognized in Malesia such as Aenigmopteris Holttum, Heterogonium C. Presl, Psomiocarpa C. Presl, and Tectaridium Copel. To determinate the species diversity and interspecific relationships of Tectaria in Borneo, we conducted a revision based on herbarium specimens, field observations, and molecular data. As a result, we tentatively recognize 36 species of Tectaria in Borneo. The following five taxa are treated as synonyms: T. lobbii var. denticulata Holttum, T. lobulata (Blume) K. Iwats. & M. Kato, T. pandurifolia (C. Chr.) C. Chr., T. palmata var. dimorpha Holttum, and T. subdigitata (Baker) Copel. According to molecular phylogenetic relationships and morphological similarities, the 36 species could be classified into 11 groups which are represented by, respectively and generally in order of phylogenetic positions, T. barberi (Hook.) Copel. (total 2 species), T. devexa (Kunze ex Mett.) Copel. (1 sp.), T. dissecta (G. Forst.) Lellinger (2 spp.), T. aspidioides (C. Presl) Copel. (7 spp.), T. coadunata (J. Sm.) C. Chr. (1 sp.), T. zeilanica (Houtt.) Sledge (1 sp.), T. singaporiana (Hook. & Grev.) Copel. (5 spp.), T. crenata Cav. (4 spp.), T. angulata (Will.) Copel. (7 spp.),

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T. melanocaula (Blume) Copel. (3 spp.), and T. semibipinnata (Hook.) Copel. (3 spp.). Additional four species which were based on Borneo materials are currently regarded as dubious due to the poor quality of type collections or inadequate materials available to us. They are T. andersonii Holttum, T. kalimantanensis S.Y. Dong, T. repens C. Chr., and T. subcaudata (Alderw.) C. Chr.

215. Sustanable development of Mandalika (Lombok) Ecotourism, based on the local biodiversity potency

Authors: Dewi Susan, Rugayah, Himmah Rustiami, F.I. Windadri, Mulyati Rahayu, Ridha Mahyuni, Emma Kuncari, Siti Sunarti, and M. Mansur.

Abstract type: Poster

Mandalika is a new ecotourism destination that is located in the southern part of Lombok Island.The area has beautiful scenery, unique culture and local wesdom, with more than 16 km of sparkling white sandy beaches including Kuta beach, Tanjung Aan, Selong Belanak, Mawun Beach and Gerupuk Beach. Recently, its designed by Indonesian govenrment as Specific Economic Zone (SEZ) since 2014 for agro and ecotourism industry to get beneficial for the regional and local economic development. Research center for Biology, LIPI was delegated to conduct a research to support this ecotourism programme. Inventory and ecological studies in its surrounding areas of Mandalika have been undertaken in 2015 and 2018. There were ten problems identified around the area, and four strategic issues (environment, sustainable utilization, biodeversity-based culture conservation and management policy) have been recommended. Sixty three species of plant and 6 species of animals (bird and crab) have been selected to be implemented for.

216. Diversity of indigenous plants in the Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines: Untapped sources of new functional foods, nutraceuticals, and herbal-based products

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Author: Mary Luz C. Fiangaan

Abstract type: Poster

The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) is composed of six provinces located in the northern part of the Philippines. The region is home to a variety of indigenous plant species that can be utilized as sources of food, micronutrients and bioactive compounds. However, available researches on these valuable resources is infrequent and highly fragmented. This systematic review attempted to explore and collate ethnobotanical data on the use of indigenous plants in CAR. Systematic web search and review of published articles, unpublished theses from local university websites, and records from Philippine digital libraries on plants, traditional knowledge and health were conducted. Search outputs were screened using specified inclusion criteria and data were analyzed to summarize relevant information using descriptive statistics, frequency, percentage, and tables. Overall, 46 documents relevant to the study were assessed and 283 different plant species were identified in the six provinces of CAR. Distribution and usage of plants as food and/or medicine showed variability across the provinces. Edible plants are usually eaten raw, boiled or cooked as viand. Inquiry of ethnomedicinal preparations showed that fresh leaves and bark were commonly used. Herbal remedies are typically prepared as decoctions and poultice. The present study underscores the rich biodiversity of indigenous plants in the Cordillera Region and their potential as sources of food and medicinal compounds. Recognizing the value of these plants may warrant their integration to agroforestry development agendas and enforcement of conservation programs that will protect the integrity of the environment while encouraging scientific discovery and development.

217. Efficiency of Pinus kesiya needles in repelling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Authors: Bryne Benedict C. Fawayan, Enna Gabrielle Marie A. Joven, Patricia Bea E. Palaroan and Freda M. Wong

Abstract type: Poster

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Pinus kesiya (pine tree) is a native species to the Philippines, particularly in Baguio City. However, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources reported decline in the number of remaining trees. On the other hand, the Department of Health reported increased in the cases of dengue infection for the past year. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the repellency of the local P. kesiya needles in vitro. Extract P. kesiya needle was obtained through homogenization with addition of ethanol followed by filtration. The bioassay was performed using a mosquito chamber, in which adult Aedes aegypti were introduced. The repellent activity of the extract was determined for three time duration: 20 seconds, 30 minutes and 1 hour. Results indicated repellent activity of the pine needle extract through a positive Spatial Activity Index for the three time duration. Using single factor ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance, there is enough evidence on the similarity of repellent activity of pine needle extract and commercial mosquito repellent. This finding could support the conservation of Pinus kesiya by presenting its potential in repelling mosquitoes.

218. Diversity Of Plants For Post Pregnancy Care Used By Local Communities In Indonesia

Authors: Siti Susiarti, Mulyati Rahayu & Y Purwanto

Abstract type: Poster

Indonesia is known as an archipelago of more than 17,000 islands, inhabited by around 500 entries. In addition, Indonesia's biodiversity is thought to be the second largest in the world and is one of the largest medicine user countries in the world along with other countries in Asia, such as China and India. This ethnobotany research aims to determine the diversity of plants and local wisdom used as post pregnancy care. Data was collected through direct observation, open interviews with informants from several ethnic groups from twenty locations spread across Sumatra, Kalimantan, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara to Papua. The results show that at least 250 species are used as medicinal ingredients for post pregnancy care. Most widely plant families used are from the family Zingiberaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Fabaceae whereas the species of plants that are of plants that are widely used are (Blumea balsamifera), (Curcuma

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longa) and (Zingiber officinale). There are 34 species of plants used, including common medicinal plants and rare categories such as: ki koneng (Arcangelisia flava), lame (Alstonia scholaris), and kedaung (Parkia roxburghii).

219. Ximenia americana (Olacaceae) in Indonesia: an update from recent explorations and a brief review of its potentials

Authors: Inggit Puji Astuti, Izu Andry Fijridiyanto dan Wendy Achmmad Mustaqim

Abstract type: Poster

An updated account of the coastal plant species, Ximenia americana, is given in this account based on literature, herbarium and field studies for the Indonesian region. Various exploration of the coastal ecosystems often yielding in the discovery of this species. The species is illustrated, mapped, and discussed. Short notes on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and conservation are also given.

220. An Online Database System for the Floral Diversity in Tinoc, Ifugao, Luzon Island, Philippines

Authors: L. O. C. Licnachan, J. M. Mapalo, A. K. D. Balangcod, R. D. Chopap-ing, J. L. Manglinong, R. U. Rabanal, T. D. Balangcod

Abstract type: Poster

The Cordillera region has a very diverse herbarium collection which includes the province of Tinoc, Ifugao. Documenting this diverse flora can be made manually but may not be accessible to many people if it is only stored in herbarium cabinets. Hence, with the goal of making the information on plants be available globally, an online database specifically on plants in Tinoc, Ifugao was created. Data input in the database comes from the plant samples taken from the

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locality of Tinoc and stored as herbarium specimens in the University of the Philippines Baguio Herbarium. Information such as family, scientific names, local names, locality, geographic information, plant image, and ethnobotanical uses was encoded and organized in the database. The database provides a faster way to search through the list of plants as well as offer an easy way to manage the data. Other important information can be extracted from the database such as plant distribution in the locality and frequency of plant species in a specific area. Moreover, additional data such as which plants are possibly endangered or at risk of being endangered can be determined from the database. Although the database is currently still in development, it is hoped for that by presenting the information to the public, conservation efforts may be done for endangered flora in the locality especially the endemic ones.

221. Distribution patterns in fairy lanterns (Thismia, Thismiaceae) in Borneo: current knowledge

Authors: Martin Dančáka, Michal Hroneša and Michal Sochorb

Abstract type: Poster

Mycoheterotrophic plants are diverse, yet vastly understudied group of mostly tropical herbs. In many genera of these plants, systematics, taxonomy and distribution patterns are virtually unexplored. Borneo’s rainforests host enormous diversity of mycoheterotrophic plants: twenty genera belong to seven families with at least 70 described species, i.e. 17% of the global biodiversity of mycoheterotrophs. An excellent example of this group may be Thismia, a genus of some 85 species distributed mainly in tropical regions of Asia and the Americas. Borneo with 21 described and several undescribed species being its centre of diversity. Thismia species usually prefer primary tropical rainforests – a habitat that has been undergoing extensive destruction in Borneo. Despite that, more than half of the known species have been discovered in the last six years, mostly during targeted field studies by our team. This fact clearly illustrates how little is known about Thismia diversity and its geographic and evolutionary patterns. We reviewed all the Bornean species (both described and undescribed) and mapped their distribution across the island. The majority of species is located to northern Borneo while there are none known species in its southern part. Only three species are known from the Indonesian

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part of Borneo, although it forms more than two thirds of the island. Contrary to earlier accounts that supposed the highest diversity in lowlands, Thismia seems to occur frequently and in high species diversity particularly in lower montane forests. Nevertheless, more data are needed before general patterns can be characterized.

222. Variability of Curculigo latifolia agg. (Hypoxidaceae) in Borneo

Authors: Martin Dančák and Michal Hroneš

Abstract type: Poster

Curculigo (incl Molineria, family Hypoxidaceae) is a genus of perennial herbaceous plants known for their medicinal and taste-modifying properties. It is native to tropical regions of the world with centre of its diversity in Southeast Asia. Flora Malesiana accounts only five species of Curculigo in its area as it adopted extremely wide species concept apparently treating some species aggregates as variable species. In Borneo only three species are reported to occur. Two widely distributed species Curculigo latifolia and C. orchioides and the endemic C. racemosa. However, according to our preliminary field observations the diversity of species that occur in Borneo is much higher with many yet undescribed taxa, today treated under Curculigo latifolia. Our initial data indicate that populations of Curculigo latifolia agg. from different regions differ strikingly not only by their morphology but also at cytological and molecular levels.

223. An ethnobotanical survey and review on the medicinal plants used to treat common wound infection among the people of Kibungan, Benguet, Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines

Authors: Chopap-ing, R. D., Dulatre, M. F., Balangcod, T. D.

Abstract type: Poster

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Wound infection is common disease especially on farmers and people living on a mountainous area. Kibungan Benguet remains to be a fourth class municipality in the province of Benguet where its lands are mostly mountainous in nature and many are still dependent on farming as their primary source of income. Even on the emergence of many synthetic and natural drug products available in the market many are still dependent on traditional medicine as their primary health care. The use of medicinal plants provides a readily available and affordable medication especially on common diseases like wound infection. An ethno botanical survey on the traditionally used medicinal plants for wounds is conducted among the residents of Kibungan Benguet. The goal of the study is to properly document the traditional knowledge on the use of plants for wound healing among the people of Kibungan Benguet for preservation and review for its scientific basis. Most of the plants mentioned for wound healing are positive on antibacterial assays done from other studies. Further studies on their potential for drug development are recommended in order to formulate it into a readily available dosage form for immediate consumption and storage and to be available in the market if further developed.

224. ddRAD data resolve phylogenetic relationships within the BDG complex of Paleotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae)

Authors: Jing-Xia Liu, De-Zhu Li

Abstract type: Poster

The Bambusa-Dendrocalamus-Gigantochloa complex (BDG complex) is the most diversified and phylogenetically complex group of the Paleotropical woody bamboos. Species of this complex occur in tropical and subtropical Asia, most of them are of great economic, cultural and ecologic value. In order to investigate phylogenetic relationships within the complex, a total of 102 individuals were sampled, we obtained SNPs data using the ddRAD-seq strategy, and 48 of the 102 species were assembled in whole plastid genomes. Main conclusions were as follows:

1): Both MP and ML analysis resulted in a well resolved topology with ddRAD-seq.(Fig. 1). Gigantochloa and Melocalamus were revealed as monophyly, and Melocalamus was proved

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to be sister to all of the rest genera. However, Bambusa and Dendrocalamus were supported as paraphyly separatel.

2): There were conflicting among the topology of plastic genome and nuclear data, according to PACo analysis, Bambusa and Melocalamus appeared to contain more conflict species than Dendrocalamus and Gigantochloa (Fig. 2).

3): The results of Network and Removal test showed that there were high genetic identities among the BDG complex. It demonstrated that the group has undergone a complex evolutionary history. Incomplete lineage sorting and horizontal gene transfer were possible reasons for closely related species to have incomplete reproductive isolation.

225. A Population Study on a Mount Silam Hyper-endemic: Benstonea serpentinica Callm. & Buerki

Authors: Hoo Pui Kiat, Chan Jing Fang, Berhaman Ahmad, John Baptist Sugau, Joan Teresa Pereira & Colin Ruzelion Maycock

Abstract type: Poster

Ultramafic forests are hotspots of plant endemism. Many of these are range-restricted endemics of particular conservation concern, as there is an increased risk of extinction. Benstonea serpentinica Callm. & Buerki is a narrow range endemic restricted to the ultramafic soils of Mt Silam, Sabah, Malaysia. This study assesses the population size of B. serpentinica and investigates the potential impact of climate change on its distribution. Twenty-one 250 m long line transects were installed over a 500+ m elevational range that encompassed B. serpentinica known range. The position along the transect and the perpendicular distance from the transect of all mature individuals were recorded. Distance software was used to estimate the density and abundance of mature individuals. All mature individuals outside of the area covered by the transects were also recorded and this data was used to generate a species distribution model for B. serpentinica, which was projected over five Global Circulation Models (GCMs) to predict the impact of climate change on the species. Results showed that 600 – 750 m above sea level to be the preference for the species with an average of nine individuals encountered per km

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surveyed, with the number of individuals encountered per km survey declined with decreasing elevation. We estimated there are a total of 467 mature individuals within the 391 hectares study area. Preliminary analysis of the climate change predictions suggests that B. serpentinica may face an uncertain future, with the majority of the models predicting a loss of suitable habitat for this species by 2070.

226. Herbarium Bandungense (FIPIA) and The Agenda to Revise Flora of Java

Authors: Arifin Surya Dwipa Irsyam, Rina Ratnasih Irwanto

Abstract type: Poster

Herbarium Bandungense (FIPIA) is the second oldest herbarium in Indonesia after Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). The Herbarium Bandung is one of the units within the School of Life and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia. We have around 14,000 of material, including carpological, ethnobotanical and xylariums collections. The Flora of Java book has been published more than 50 years ago and is still used as a reference to study plants in Indonesia, especially in Java and Madura. Some taxonomists have published new records of plant species found from Java, such as Citrus × floridana (J.W.Ingram & H.Moore) Mabb. (Irsyam & Chikmawati, 2015), Etlingera pauciflora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. (Puspitaningrum et al. 2017), Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small ex Porter & Britton (Irsyam & Hariri, 2016), Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (Irsyam et al. 2016), and Mimosa glanduliseta Burk. (Uji, 1988). In 2010 and 2013 Djarwaningsih also reported that as many as 23 species of plants stored in BO escaped Backer's observations, resulting those species not being recorded in the Flora of Java. Given that plant new record still been found, it is estimated that there will be many new recorded plants species in the future. For this reason, FIPIA also participates in collecting new records of plant species in Java. In the past two years, Herbarium Bandungense and other institutions have also collected and published new record of plant species, such as Costus afer Ker Gawl. (Costaceae), Hydrocotyle leucocephala Cham. & Schltdl., H. verticillata Thunb. (Araliaceae), Plectranthus monostachyus (P.Beauv.) B.J.Pollard (Lamiaceae), and Solanum diphyllum L. (Solanaceae). These findings show an indication that

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the Flora of Java book urgently needs to be revised. It is expected that in the next few years, various new records will become part of the revised Flora of Java book.

227. Seed morphology and taxonomy in Malesian Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae)

Authors: Ming-Jou Wu, Yeng-Juei Chen, Yung-Sheng Chang, Chia-Lun Hsu, Shin-Yi Wu, Ai-Yi Tseng, Yin-Chen Chang, Cheng-Chuan Liu and Anusara Kaewmuana

Abstract type: Poster

Seed size and shape, as well as seed coat surface are highly diverse among Phyllanthus species and are very useful for Phyllanthus classification. Seed morphology in Phyllanthus is still not completely been documented due to either their small size or lost during preparation of specimens. Using light microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy, seed morphologies of 59 Malesian Phyllanthus species, representing 7 subgenera and 17 sections, were observed. The seed size is varied from 1.0×0.6 mm to 5.0×2.0 mm. Three main cross sections the shapes are found as triangle, semi-lunar and oval. Seeds with triangle or semi-lunar cross section are described as orange-segment-shaped or saint-cup-shaped, respectively. Seed coat surface is varied from smooth, verruculose, longitudinal striate, transversely ridged, pitted,… etc. As a result, nine seed types are classified. The seed types are more or less coincident with the infrageneric classification. Seed types P. amarus and P. urinaria are orange-segment-shaped, the former with longitudinal striate on the seed back while the later transversely ridged, and represent for subgenus Phyllanthus section Phyllanthus and Subgenus Emblica section Urinaria, respectively. Seed types P. buxifolius and P. finschii are found in Subgenus Gomphidium, and shared by species of sections Nymania and Gomphidium, but the former with orange-segment-shaped seeds while the later with saint-cup-shaped. Seed type P. caesius has an oval shape seed cross section and is found in Subgenus Gomphidium section Adenoglochidion. Seed type P. virgatus has verrucate seeds and is found in subgenus Macraea.

228. Molecular Identification And Phylogeny Of Selected Philippine Timonius Dc. Species Found In The Provinces Of Dinagat And Samar

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Authors: Alyssa Marie A. Lola and Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro

Abstract type: Poster

Guettardeae is is one of the most poorly understood tribes in Rubiaceae. Modern taxonomic studies suggest that the genera Antirhea Comm. ex. Juss, Guettarda L., and Timonius DC. are closely related. There are only two Guettarda species identified in the Philippines but another species has been recently classified as Guettarda strigillosa. Similarity of the New Caledonian Guettarda species, wherein some were transferred in the genus Timonius, and previously collected Timonius specimens in the provinces of Dinagat and Samar suggest the need for further morphological and molecular analyses. From the recent collection in Dinagat and Samar provinces, some were morphologically identified to be Timonius samarensis Merr., Timonius philippinensis Merr., and Timonius auriculatus Merr. Moreover, three collected samples were observed to be morphologically divergent from all the currently recognized Timonius spp., suggesting the possibility of new endemic taxa. Using both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference representing 62 sequences of combined dataset of ITS, rps16 and atpB-rbcL regions, these samples grouped together along with Timonius clade, confirming their generic affiliation in addition to morphology. This study revealed the true position of G. strigillosa and proposal of three novel Timonius species that contributes in the on-going revision of the Philippine Timonius.

229. A checklist of Rubiaceae species from Eastern Samar, Visayas, Philippines

Authors: Jorge Anton D. Ordas, Neil Alejandro A. Pinarok,Roanne B. Romeroso, Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro, Cecilia I. Banag-Moran

Abstract type: Poster

Samar Island is a center of botanical wealth throughout the Philippine archipelago. However, floristic knowledge of the island is deficient and most of its forested areas remain largely unexplored. Thus, floristic surveys of Rubiaceae members were made on Eastern Samar, located in Visayas, Philippines. Collections were conducted from June 2013 to June 2017 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 204

within 5 municipalities: Borongan, Balangkayan, Taft, Guiuan, and Llorente. In total, 59 species belonging to 31 genera representing 21 tribes of the family were recorded. The most species-rich tribes belong to Naucleeae, Psychotrieae, and Spermacoceae, with 10, 8, and 6 species, respectively. Of the 59 species recorded, 37 are endemic to the Philippines. Twelve species are listed as threatened species based on its proposed IUCN category and DAO 2017- 11. This study presents an enumeration of Rubiaceae found on selected forested areas of Eastern Samar, Philippines.

230. Progresses in Phylogenetic Studies of the Paleotropical Woody Bamboos

Authors: Meng-Yuan Zhou1, De-Zhu Li1

Abstract type: Poster

Paleotropical Woody Bamboos (PWB) is one of the major lineages of bamboos which is ecologically and economically important. PWB consists of ca. 55 genera and 560 species distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa and Oceania. Much effort has been made to solve the phylogenetic enigma of PWB, however, it remains controversal because of insufficient and conflicting phylogenetic signals. Under the circumstances, we selected 58 ingroups as representative taxa for currently recognized subtribes or clades in the phylogenetic framework built by 18 plastid loci and extensive taxa sampling. The approach of genome skimming was apply to retrieve plastid, mitochondrial and rDNA sequences simultaneously. Phylogeny based on plastomes received the highest phylogenetic resolution and recognized four clades, Melocanninae, Hickeliinae, Holttumochloinae-Bambusinae and Racemobambosinae-Dinochloinae-Greslaninae-Temburiongiinae (a clade primarily composed of genera endemic to Malesia and Oceania), in PWB. On the other hand, phylogenies of mitochondrial genes and rDNA supported three of them, respectively, and did not reject the other clade. The most species-rich and intractable Bambusa-Dendrocalamus-Gigantochloa (BDG) complex was consistantly uncovered as a monophyletic group by both plastid and rDNA, whereas it is not shown in mitochondrial phylogeny because of a lack of branch support. Concluded from the above results, plastomes are the most effective data whereas mitochondrial genes are unfavorable markers for inferring phylogenetic relationships within PWB. Dataset of

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rDNA are the smallest but has the highest ratio of parsimony-informative characters. Retrieving other nuclear sequences from GS data is in progress to further investigate the nuclear phylogeny of PWB.

231. Molecular Phylogeny of the Philippine Zingiber Mill. Inferred from the ITS Region of Nuclear DNA including a new endemic species

Authors: Isaac Abalos, Adrian Bagay, Chen Yen Ting, Jonah Go, Niña Kathryn Alfeche and Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro

Abstract type: Poster

The genus Zingiber Mill. of the family Zingiberaceae is strongly characterized by its long, curved, anther-appendage embracing the style; three-lobed lip; relatively large bracts, each with a single flower and non-tubular bracteole, imbricated along the inflorescences. Of the 150 species present in warm tropical Asia, majority are distributed in Southeast Asia. In the Philippines, 11 species occur, 7 of which are considered endemic. Though united with the morphology of its inflorescences, the genus was subdivided into four sections (Cryptanthium, Dymczewiczia, Pleuranthesis, and Zingiber) based on the habit, attachment of its inflorescences, as well as the results inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear DNA. However, the Philippine species has never been included in recently published classifications of Zingiber. Furthermore, the relationship of morphological and molecular data in determining the placement of Zingiber members is still in question. To determine the affinities of the Philippine species in terms of the four sectors, Zingiber samples from selected localities were collected and subjected to thorough morphological examinations and molecular analysis using the ITS region. All six Philippine Zingiber species collected had radically-borne, erect inflorescences, a characteristic of the members of the sector Zingiber. Data from the nuclear ITS region revealed that the Philippine species were nested as well within the clade of sector Zingiber. This means that the morphology and molecular data corroborate with each other. The present study also revealed the presence of a new Philippine endemic species, Zingiber arayatense. Proper identification and classification of these species will

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contribute to the ongoing revision of the family Zingiberaceae and provide new insights into the understanding of the Philippine Zingiber.

232. Leaf Anatomical Study of Malesian Desmos, Dasymaschalon, and Friesodielsia (Annonaceae)

Authors: Isna Arofatun Nikmah, Tatik Chikmawati and Rugayah

Abstract type: Poster

Desmos Lour., Dasymaschalon (Hook. f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms, and Friesodielsia Steenis are genera of the Annonaceae which are included in the Desmoid clade. The taxonomic delimitation of these genera have been contentious because they were characterized by moniliform fruits. Recent study on the molecular data concluded that Desmos was monophyletic, but Dasymaschalon and Friesodielsia were polyphyletic. Another data is needed to provide a supporting data for classifying these genera. In this research we attempt to provide the information on leaf paradermal anatomy of the eight species of Desmos, five species of Dasymaschalon, and five species of Friesodelsia. They have ca. 20 µm paracytic stomata which is only on the abaxial surface. Epidermal cells of the adaxial surface were ca. 20-30 µm with undulate or sinuate cell wall pattern. The anticlinal wall pattern of epidermal cells adaxially can be used to distinguish Desmos species. The type and size of crystals were differ between species and genera, but all species of Desmos have consistently druse crystal, while Dasymaschalon and Friesodielsia have druse or prism crystal. Observations on the constituent of crystal druse in Desmos was vary between species.

233. Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. In Malesia

Authors: Mentari Putri Pratami, Tatik Chikmawati, Rugayah

Abstract type: Poster

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Mukia maderaspatana is widely used as traditional medicine in several countries since it is reported having some active compounds on its leaves, root, and fruit. Mukia maderaspatana has high morphological variation, but it has not been reported yet. This study aimed to describe morphological variation of M. maderaspatana in Malesia. For this purpose, we examined both live plants and herbarium specimens of M. maderaspatana collected in Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). Morphological characters of M. maderaspatana was observed using stereo microscope SZ61 and documented using a Beta View camera. Data were used for phenetic analysis by calculating simple matching similarity coefficient, and constructing a phylogram using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmethic Mean (UPGMA) method. Mukia maderaspatana varied in many characters of stem, leaves, fruit, and seed. Phenetic analysis grouped all sample into four major groups. The largest group of M. maderaspatana has high similarity on leaf and seed morphologies at similarity coefficient of 0.51, while variant from Sumba was separated from others at similarity coefficient of 0.41. The variant is potential to be described as a new taxon.

234. Preliminary Anatomical Study of Leaf Surface of Alpinia spp.

Authors: Setiawan E, Chikmawati T, Ardiyani M

Abstract type: Poster

The Leaf surface anatomy of Alpinia is still lacking reports and A recent classification system of Alpinia based on molecular characters is confused confusing, and it recognized Alpinia as a paraphylletic group. Anatomical character of leaves is a good evident for separating between species for several taxa. Therefore, The aim of study can is to provide supportive supporting data to obtain clear delimitation among Alpinia speciesgroup or genera. The leaf surfaces of the seven species of Alpinia (A. galanga, A. ligulata, A. macrocrista, A. malaccensis, A. mutica, A. padacanca, dan A. pusilla) from Bogor Botanical Garden was were preliminarily studied. In All species have , the type of stomata are tetracytic stomata and crescent -shapes of epidermal cells shapes around the stomata are crescent. Epidermal cells are shaped hexagonal

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in almost all species with variation various sizes, but epidermall cells of in A. ligulata, leaves varied epidermall cells is variationin shapes, from hexagonal or less polygonal until irregular shapes. The density of stomata between among Alpinia species are varioushas varying values,. The adaxial side of A. pusilla and the abaxial side of A. macrocrista have less stomata, while the lowest value is possessed by A. pusilla on the adaxial side and A. macrocrista on the abaxial side. The highest stomata density values awere found in A. mutica and A. ligulata. Meanwhile, the smallest stomata index value is found A. padacanca on the adaxial leaf side of A. padacanca and the abaxial leaf side of A. ligulata on the abaxial side.

235. Identifying and mapping Tropical Important Plant Areas (TIPAs) in Indonesian New Guinea

Authors: Lizzie Roeble and Andre Schuiteman

Abstract type: Poster

New Guinea is the largest tropical island in the world with a diverse range of ecosystems: from mangrove forests, extensive lowland rainforests and savannahs up to montane cloud forests and alpine meadows. This mosaic of habitats and the complex topography support a vast amount of plant diversity, with many species endemic to the island, including threatened taxa. Although plant exploration began in the late 18th century, there are still significant gaps in the knowledge of the ecology, distribution, and evolution of the New Guinea flora, particularly in the Indonesian part. Despite relatively large amounts of intact habitat remaining and the listing of New Guinea as one of the three remaining Tropical Wilderness Areas by Conservation International, the region is facing significant pressures that threaten biodiversity loss, ecological degradation, and increased extinction risk. There is an urgent need to understand how New Guinea’s plant diversity is distributed across the island, how it evolved, what threats there are, and how it will cope with land use change and predicted climate change to inform focused and coordinated conservation actions. In collaboration with partners in Indonesia, the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew is working to identify the most important areas for plant diversity in Indonesian New Guinea through the Tropical Important Plant Areas (TIPAs) assessment programme. The TIPAs initiative, established in partnership with Plantlife International,

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provides a practical but scientifically rigorous methodology for identifying site-based conservation priorities based on plant diversity. This poster will present an introduction to the current New Guinea TIPAs work, highlight conservation assessment challenges unique to Indonesian New Guinea, and discuss the next steps in the Indonesian New Guinea TIPAs project.

236. Taxonomic reassignment of Adinandra montana Merr. (Pentaphylacaceae)

Authors: Jay T. Torrefiel and William SM. Gruèzo

Abstract type: Poster

A taxonomic re-assignment of Adinandra montana Merr. (Pentaphylacaceae) is herewith proposed: Cleyera montana (Merr.) Torrefiel & Gruèzo comb. nov.; Basionym: Adinandra montana Merr., Philipp. Jour. Sci. Bot. 5: 363. 1910. This species is the first and thus far, the only representative of the genus Cleyera Thunb. in the Philippines. Comprehensive taxonomic information obtained from field and herbarium studies, coupled with detailed line illustration and photographs of the species are herein presented.

237. Pollen Morphology Of Malvaceae Subfamilies Brownlowioideae, Grewioideae And Dombeyoideae In Peninsular Malaysia And Borneo

Authors: R. C. K. Chung & E. Soepadmo

Abstract type: Poster

The pollen morphology of 68 species (126 samples) from 10 genera, i.e. Berrya, Brownlowia, Colona, Diplodiscus, Grewia, Jarandersonia, Microcos, Pentace, Schoutenia, and Trichospermum of Malvaceae subfamilies Grewioideae, Brownlowioideae and Dombeyoideae from Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo was examined using light microscope (LM), scanning

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electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Based on aperture types, exine sculpturing and pollen shapes, three pollen types, the Tilia-type, Grewia-type and Malva-type are recognised. In the oblate Tilia-type and prolate Grewia-type, the are colporate while in the spherical Malva-type are porate. The pollen morphological variation and similarity of the studied genera are discussed.

238. A Preliminary Survey on the Diversity and Distribution of Wild Food Plants in the Philippines

Authors: Annalee S. Hadsall and Michelle DR. Alejado-San Pascual

Abstract type: Poster

A total of 42 species belonging to 24 families were utilized as foods either processed or consumed raw. Data were obtained from local communities through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and ocular observation during farm visits in selected sites located in various provinces (Tawi-Tawi Island, Batanes, Northern Samar, Camarines Sur, Palawan, Antique, Davao Occidental) in the Philippines. Information gathered include the species name and its local/vernacular names, plant part(s) used/consumed, and manner of preparation or consumption. As to usage, the food plants are categorized into root tubers, edible greens and wild fruits and seeds. Of particular interest are species identified by the locals as their famine foods. These include Dioscorea cumingii var. ramosii Burkill locally known as mintakey of the Ivatan group in Batanes Island and Pueraria pulcherrima (Koord.) Merr. ex Koord. a papilionaceous climber known to the Inabaknon of Capul Island, as ba’ay. New distribution ranges for a few species were also recorded. Use of these food plants must be disseminated to other communities since these have proven to be alternative food sources. Conservation strategies must be implemented to ensure that these species will not become threatened and continue to contribute significantly in food and nutrition security.

239. Flora of Sumatra: The vascular plant collections of selected families deposited at the Herbarium of Andalas University (ANDA)

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Authors: Nurainas, Ahmad Taufiq, Syamsuardi dan Heru Handika

Abstract type: Poster

The Herbarium of Andalas University (ANDA Herbarium) is one of the active herbaria on Sumatra, Indonesia. Currently, the herbarium hosts about 65,000 sheets of herbarium collections, consisting of vascular plants, and moss. The main collections are from Sumatra and adjacent islands. The herbarium serves both for research and education. Since 2018, we worked with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to cataloged and digitize our herbarium collections to improve the accessibility of the specimens. Since then, we have cataloged up to 14,000 of geo-referenced data from 385 species in 83 genera within 15 families of vascular plants. Among all of the families we have cataloged are Balsaminaceae, Begoniaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Gesneriaceae, Nepenthaceae, Pandaceae, Phyllantaceae, Polygalceae, Putranjivaceae, Rosaceae, Sapotaceae dan Symplocaceae. Among them are 35 species that are endemic to Sumatra. The program is our first step to improve research and education for Sumatran species.

240. Vatica javanica subsp. javanica v Slooten, a new record of Dipterocarp for Java.

Authors: Titi Kalima and Rizki Fambayun

Abstract type: Poster

Pelalar laki trees were from Vatica have been been known as the trees of high economic value. The trees of Vatica can be found in virgin forest generally, especially in lowland forest to mountain in 900 asl and sometimes in the slope area. It is rarely growth in secondary forest, exactly planted by human. Capar Protection Forest is one of conservation area in Brebes, Central Java. This is one of the destinations of exploration in the forest area on Java with a lot of flora potential but less known. Research about Vatica is important to support bioecology data. This research aim to know Vatica types which growth naturally in Capar Protection

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Forest. Exploration methode were used to collect data, and literature study to know the types of Vatica which not recorded by Capar Protection Forest. The results show that one location new record of Vatica in the Capar Protection Forest. The species namely Vatica javanica subsp.javanica v. Soroten, with eight individuals/ha in 100 subplots measuring 10m x10m in the Capar Protected Forest, Central Java. The location of plants in the list of Capar protected forests has been added by a new note Dipterocarpaceae, namely the species Vatica javanica subsp. javanica v. Soroten (Kalima, 2010). One collection in the Priangan forest area was previously reported by Asthon (1982) and currently one Vatica collection has been found by Fambayun (2018) from the Ciangir forest, West Java.

241. A first conservation genetic study of forest fragments in Cebu (Philippines) shows evidence of inbreeding and low genetic connectivity among Tetrastigma loheri (Vitaceae) populations

Authors: Jasper Obico, Tammy Steeves, Julie Barcelona, Pieter Pelser

Abstract type: Poster

Conservation geneticists use genetic data to inform management strategies that seek to minimise the loss of genetic diversity and maximise evolutionary potential. Conservation genetic studies are few in the Philippines and little is known about the genetic consequences of forest fragmentation on Philippine plants. Here, we present the first conservation genetic study of a common woody vine, Tetrastigma loheri, found in forest fragments on Cebu, one of the largest islands in the Philippines. Using data from 13 microsatellite loci, we describe patterns of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation within and among forest fragments found in four areas. Results reveal relatively high genetic diversity at the population level despite inbreeding being evident at the level of individuals. The four areas were genetically differentiated, suggesting low genetic connectivity among them. However, we also found evidence of recent migration, and a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance. Combined, these data reveal the genetic consequences of forest fragmentation for a common vine and suggest that its impact is likely greater for forest species with restricted distributions. Conservation measures to mitigate the consequences of forest fragmentation may

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include establishing ecological corridors to increase genetic connectivity among the four areas. Legislated conservation management strategies are currently implemented in one of the four areas and we recommend that this be replicated in the other three. A proposal by conservation agencies to merge the same three areas into one conservation unit is being considered and is supported by the present study.

242. Predicting the historical demographic changes of peat swamp forests inferred from DNA sequence variation at multiple nuclear regions in Shorea albida populations

Authors: Misato Ogasahara, Alex Cobb, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Koichi Kamiya

Abstract type: Poster

Tropical peat swamp forests play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and host many endangered and endemic species. Over the last 30 years, peat swamp forests have become increasingly fragmented and isolated by anthropogenic disturbance, and many species in this ecologically unique habitat are now threatened. Shorea albida (Dipterocarpaceae) is now restricted to northwest Borneo, where it forms monodominant stands. Palynological studies suggest that the present geographical distribution of peat swamp forests along coastal areas is different from the past due to dramatic sea level changes in the Quaternary. Here we examine the genetic variation in natural populations of S. albida. Cambium or leaf samples of this species were collected from the Belait district, Brunei Darussalam. We designed new PCR primer sets to amplify regions that are putatively orthologous to genes with important ecological functions, and the polymorphisms were determined by sequencing. In this presentation we discuss patterns in genetic variation of natural S. albida populations estimated from multiple nuclear regions, and test whether populations have expanded or contracted since the Last Glacial Maximum using coalescent-based analysis of demography.

243. Molecular phylogeography of Trigonobalanus verticillata (Fagaceae) with a population newly discovered from Borneo Highlands, Sarawak

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Authors: Koichi Kamiya, Tatsuhiro Ohkubo, Masatoshi Hara, Paul Chai, Rantai Jawa

Abstract type: Poster

Trigonobalanus is a fascinating genus of oak family (Fagaceae) because of their primitive morphologies and the unique chromosome numbers. Trigonobalanus verticillata has been known previously from several tropical hill and lower montane forests in Malaysia and Indonesia, but also discovered recently from Cambodia, Vietnam and South China. The scattered geological distribution suggest that present populations of this species have been remnants of the pre-existed widespread populations. Here we report that new population has been discovered from Borneo Highlands, Kuching Sarawak Malaysia. Eight individuals randomly selected from this populations were used for DNA sequencing. Chloroplast DNA sequences of these individuals were analyzed together with data from other three populations (Frazer’s Hill, Bario, and Kinabalu). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Borneo Highlands population was phylogenetically distinct from Frazer’s Hill in the Malay Peninsula, and very close to Bario and Kinabalu populations. There were no variations within respective population, and chloroplast haplotypes differed from each other by several nucleotide substitutions. Low chloroplast diversities within populations and high divergence between populations suggest that the remnant forests have been isolated and maintained for long historical time. However, considerable level of sequence variations was found in nuclear regions. Possible factors for maintaining genetic variation in T. verticillata populations will be discussed.

244. Two Flavonoid Aglycones Isolated from Philippine Medinilla Gaudich. (Melastomataceae)

Authors: Antonio L. Rayos, Jr., Kevin C. Salamanez, Jose Carmelo P. Tinio

Abstract type: Poster

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Two flavonoids were found to be commonly occurring across 18 previously studied species of Medinilla Gaudich. These compounds have taxonomic significance in Medinilla because they are widely occurring in the genus but not present in all species. This study aimed to isolate and identify the aglycone components of these two flavonoids. It was revealed by two-dimensional paper chromatography that both of these compounds are present in the leaves of Medinilla magnifica Lindl., so this species was used as the source material for extraction of phenolics. The alcoholic leaf extract was hydrolyzed in acid to remove the sugar moieties attached to the flavonoid aglycones. The two compounds were isolated by means of preparative thin layer chromatography. Color behavior in paper chromatogram and a combination of spectrophotometric techniques led to the deduction that these compounds could possibly be luteolin and quercetin-3-methyl ether. NMR spectroscopy must be employed to further confirm the identities of these two compounds.

245. Chloroplast and nuclear DNA exchange among Begonia section Baryandra species (Begoniaceae) from Palawan Island, Philippines, and descriptions of five new species

Authors: Rosario Rivera Rubite, Ching-I Peng, Kuo-Fang Chung, Che-Wei Lin, Mark Hughes, Patrick Blanc

Abstract type: Poster

The Philippine island of Palawan is highly biodiverse. During fieldwork there in 2011 & 2014 we found five unknown species in the large genus Begonia. The species are similar in their rhizomatous stems, four-tepaled flowers, inferior two- or three-locular ovaries with bilamellate placentas, and are assignable to Begonia sect. Baryandra. Studies of relevant literature, herbarium specimens, and living plants support the recognition of the five new species endemic to Palawan: B. elnidoensis, B. gironellae, B. quinquealata, B. tabonensis and B. tenuibracteata which are described here. The five new species were added to phylogenies based Bayesian analysis of nrDNA (ITS) and chloroplast DNA (ndhA, ndhF– rpl32, rpl32–trnL, trnC–trnD), along with 45 other allied ingroup species. A majority of the species show incongruent positions in the two phylogenies, with evidence of prevalent chloroplast capture. Models show chloroplast capture is more likely in plant populations with high levels of inbreeding following

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a reduction in selfing rate after hybridisation; we suggest that this is a possible explanation for the massive amount of chloroplast exchange seen in our phylogeny, as Begonia species often exist as small isolated populations and may be prone to inbreeding depression. Our data also indicate a level of nuclear genetic exchange between species. The high prevalence of hybrid events in Begonia is potentially an important factor in driving genomic change and species evolution in this mega-diverse genus.

246. Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Its Bioactivity

Author: Marina Silalahi

Abstract type: Poster

Phyllantus amarus Schum (PA) is a medicinal plant that has long been used to treat kidney disorders especially as a peluruh kidney stones. A lot of the research have been conducted to know the relationship between the uses to bioactive compounds and its bioactivity. This article is based on review of the various scientific articles, books published online and offline, then synthesized to explain of PA bioactivity. PA is a species belonging Phyllantaceae, which is very easily found in some habitats in Indonesia and considered a weed. Although PA is easy to found, the PA has also been traded by traders of medicinal plants in Kabanjahe market, North Sumatra. Ethnobotany of PA have been used to cure of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, analgesic, malaria, kidney stones, and diarrhea. PA has the filantin, hypophilantin, philanthenol, nirantin, nirurin, quercetin, routine, gallic acid, isoku citrine and fatty acids. PA has bioactivity as hepetoprotector, anti dysentery, antioxidant, anti cancer and tumor, and anti kidney stone. The use of PA as an anticancer needs to be further investigated, especially the dosage and method of its use, so that it can be used as an alternative medicine to cure cancer.

247. Disclosing a Malesian Treasure: the typification project of Odoardo Beccari’s Herbarium in Florence.

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Authors: Cecchi Lorenzo; Daniele Cicuzza; Lorella Dell’Omo; Anna Donatelli; Lastrucci Lorenzo; Nepi Chiara, Raffaelli Mauro

Abstract type: Poster

Odoardo Beccari (1843-1920) was a well-rounded explorer and naturalist who developed a special interest in botany and was also skilled in zoology, physical geography and ethno- anthropology. Between 1865 and 1878 he travelled along South-Eastern Asia (including Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei), up to Oceania, during three long travels, the first of which would have been told in the renowned book Wanderings in the great forests of Borneo. As a result, he brought back to Europe thousands of specimens, objects and precious information which partially changed European’s view of those far away “worlds”. The bulk of botanic collection is the “Malesian herbarium” (FI-HB) kept in Florence, consisting of 432 boundles and near 16 thousands of sheets/specimens. Many of these are the first collected in those areas at all; hundreds of them were used to described new species, by both Beccari himself or contemporary or later botanists, including many Flora Malesiana contributors. Nevertheless, this important historical and scientific heritage, an enormous amount of natural objects and data, is still largely unexplored. Taking the opportunity of the 100th Anniversary of Beccari’s death (25th October 1920), we’ve started an organic, systematic and cooperative study of the Malesian herbarium through the complete taxonomic literature review and the type tracing, or new typification, of all the names based on Beccari’s exsiccata. Our first step, the Zingiberales, represented in FI-HB by 6 families and 20 genera according to the APGIV classification (Byng & al. 2016), with more than 100 nominal taxa and 300 specimens, is near to be completed.

248. Molluscicidal Effects of Jathropha curcas and Tinospora rumphii Leaf Extracts on the Golden Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata

Authors: Rose Anne C. Roque, Miriam P. de Vera and Nina T. Calatrava

Abstract type: Poster

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The use of natural plant products for controlling agricultural pests is an important alternative to commercial pesticides. This study tested for the potential toxicity of leaf extracts from two plants, namely, Jatropha curcas and Tinospora rumphii, against the invasive snail species Pomacea canaliculata. Leaf extracts from the aforementioned plants were obtained via a fermentation method and dissolved in distilled water in concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 g/L, each of which was then applied to separate test groups of snails. Dechlorinated tap water and 0.4 g/L niclosamide were also used as the negative and positive control compounds, respectively. Snail mortality in each test group was observed for 72 hours. Mortalities of 71.4% and 100% were observed for the highest concentration (10 g/L solutions) of J. curcas and T. rumphii extracts, respectively. There were no observed kills in the negative control group while all snails in the positive control group had died within the first 24 hours of treatment. The 72-hour median lethal concentration (LC50) for the two leaf extracts were estimated from the computed averages derived through standard linear regression, Dragstedt-Behrens method and probit analysis. The respective estimated LC50 values were 3.23 g/L and 3.27 g/L for the J. curcas and T. rumphii extracts, Although the two plant extracts were not as potent in their molluscicidal effects as the niclosamide used in the study, the relatively widespread distribution of these plant species may favor their usage for keeping agricultural pests in check.

249. Leaf element concentration between ferns and angiosperm in temperate and tropical regions

Authors: Awangku Syazwan bin Pengiran Sulaiman and Daniele Cicuzza Abstract type: Poster

Green leaves are fundamental for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystem. The investment that plant have in concentrating given elements is a result of their biochemical activity the plant ecology and ultimately their evolutionary history. Here we present a literature review on the concentration of N, P, K, Al, Ca and Mg. The comparison was between temperate and tropical Angiosperms and Ferns species. The results show that Nitrogen and Magnesium have similar concentration in temperate and tropical regions. At the same time, Phosphorous and Aluminium differ in the leaves of temperate and tropical fern and angiosperm. These preliminary results show an invers concentration of P in temperate and tropical fern species. Specifically, lower in temperate and higher in tropical regions. Opposite trend is documented

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for the Angiosperms. Furthermore, similar pattern is observed for the Aluminium. This interesting pattern needs more investigation particularly the ferns species which have been poorly studied in their element concentration. The comparison of elements concentration can highlight the pattern between two groups of plants with leaves that have a rather morphology, and eco-physiology difference.

250. Ex-situ Conservation of the Threatened Dipterocarps in Sarawak, Malaysia

Authors: Vilma Bodos & Julia Sang Abstract type: Poster

During the last few years, efforts for conservation have been made to save some species of Sarawak threatened dipterocarps. An assessment for the conservation status of the Dipterocarp species has been conducted in 2008 throughout the state in regional level. The assessment has identified highly threatened dipterocarp taxa and this provides the information of which species that are highly needed to be conserved. We examined the habitats of these threatened species that are managed without any protection scheme and forest buffers, susceptible to whole forest clearing. As of today, there are four threatened Dipterocarps and some not threatened ones in our ex-situ conservation area. The conservation work and strategies been carried out for the species will be shared.

251. An ecophysiological study of the hemiparasitic Cassytha filiformis L. (Lauraceae) in Brunei Darussalam, Borneo

Authors: Roshanizah Rosli, F. Metali, K.U. Tennakoon, L.J. Musselman, H. Zaini Abstract type: Poster

Cassytha (family-Lauraceae; woe vines) is a hemiparasitic vine that is often confused with Cuscuta spp. (Convolvulaceae). Taxonomical studies based on its morphological features have substantiated the Cassytha species, which are prevalent in Brunei, is the Cassytha filiformis L. The aims of this pilot study were to determine the biology of C. filiformis, establishment of its

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intimate associations with hosts, and its photosynthetic implications on the biology of hosts. Germination studies indicated positive results (28.86 ± 4.4 %) albeit relatively low, only when C. filiformis seeds were mechanically scarified at exactly opposite to carpellary micropyle. Other treatments such as sulfuric acid and random mechanical scarification observed no radicle development. Extensive field observations have shown that this parasite is often found along the coastlines, parasitizing on 24 species which were further categorized into “starter host” and “primary woody hosts”. Anatomical studies revealed that haustorial penetration of C. filiformis is primarily enzyme mediated rather than mechanical based on a lack of collapsed host cells at the haustorial interface. Xylem-xylem, parenchyma-xylem and parenchyma-parenchyma tissue fusions in the haustorial-host interface were observed, hence sustaining both selective (cross membrane) and mass flow of solute uptake via xylem tissue grafts. The infection of Cassytha negatively impacted the photosynthetic rates of hosts as well as their chlorophyll content. Suppressed photosynthesis of nationally significant hosts such as Melastoma malabathricum and Dillenia suffruticosa, implied eventual decrease in their vigour, thus resulted in plausible destruction to Brunei’s native flora. The reduced photosynthetic rates of exotic host, Acacia mangium due to Cassytha parasitism suggested its prospective use as a possible biocontrol agent.

252. A comparison of tree diversity in the Sungai Liang Acacia mangium plantation and the nearby Andulay forest reserve

Authors: Hazimah Haji Mohd Din, Normunirah Maidin, Faizah Haji Metali, and Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri

Abstract type: Poster

Tree diversity, abundance, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height in Acacia mangium plantation and Andulau Forest Reserve (FR) were studied. Two transect lines were set up in each A. mangium plantation and primary heath forest to establish a total of ten 20 m x 20 m plots at the Andulau FR at Sungai Liang, Belait district. All standing trees having DBH ≥ 1 cm within 20 m x 20 m plots were tagged, measured and identified. Tree diversity, species richness and abundance of the Andulau FR and boundary plots were significantly higher than the plots in A. mangium plantation. Low species diversity in A. mangium plantation was due 11TH FLORA MALESINA SYMPOSIUM, BRUNEI DARUSSALM, 30 JUNE 5 JULY 2019 221

to the dominance of A. mangium in these plots. Tree DBH and height in the A. mangium plantation were significantly higher than the plots in the non-invaded heath forest at Andulau FR. This study recorded a significant loss in tree species diversity and richness in the regenerating and post-harvest Acacia plantation compared to the primary heath forest, further highlighting the need for mitigation strategies to prevent the spread of Acacia species into the nearby forest at the Andulau FR.

253. Allelopathic potential of mango (Mangifera indica) leaves on growth of pack choy (Brassica rapa var chinensis) seedlings

Authors: Dk Nurun Najeebah Az-Zahra Pg Hj Md Tashim, Faizah Haji Metali, Salwana Md. Jaafar and Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri

Abstract type: Poster

Mangoes, particularly Mangifera indica, are a common home garden crop in Brunei Darussalam and their leaf litter are often considered as waste. Stimulatory allelopathic effects of M. indica leaves have been recorded in the agroforestry industry. The present study was conducted to investigate the allelopathic potentials of leaf powder and aqueous leaf extract of M. indica on the growth of the common vegetable, Brassica rapa var chinensis (Pak Choy) seedlings. Leaf powder and aqueous leaf extract at concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30% were applied to 10-day old seedlings to determine the effects of M. indica on seedling survival and growth parameters of Pak Choy. Seedling survival was not significantly affected by leaf treatment types (powder vs. aqueous extract) and concentrations. Aqueous leaf extract at 10% concentration significantly inhibited leaf biomass and increasing the concentration to 20% caused a significant stimulatory effect. For root biomass, both leaf treatments caused significant stimulatory effect at 10% and at higher concentrations, root biomass were significantly reduced. Leaf powder resulted in significant inhibition of specific leaf area (SLA), while aqueous leaf extract caused stimulation of SLA. The study findings potentially indicate that aqueous M. indica leaf extract may be useful as a stimulant for leafy vegetables while M. indica leaf powder could be used in managing weed and invasive plant species due to its

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inhibitory potential.

254. Differences in litter decomposition in logged-over and pristine peat swamp forests in Brunei Darussalam using the Tea Composition approach

Authors: Emily Pilpus, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Salwana Md. Jaafar, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah Haji Metali and Alexander Ruggles Cobb

Abstract type: Poster

Rates of litter decomposition in tropical peat swamp forests remain understudied. Here, we conducted a TeaComposition experiment in logged-over peat swamp forest and pristine peat swamp forest in the Ulu Mendaram peat swamps, Brunei Darussalam, using commercially available Lipton Green tea and Lipton Rooibos tea. Over the six months study period, litter decomposition rates were significantly faster for Green tea compared to Rooibos tea regardless of site. All nutrient concentrations (total N, P, Mg, Ca and K) were significantly higher in Green tea compared to Rooibos tea. In contrast, total soil Ca and P concentrations were significantly different between sites possibly due to higher total Ca and total P concentrations in peat from the pristine peat swamp forest sites. We conclude that despite site differences in microclimate between the logged-over and pristine peat swamp sites, faster litter decomposition rates for Green tea than Rooibos tea indicated a stronger influence by litter quality.

255. Determination of pH, phenol and tannin of invasive Acacia and native heath forest species in Brunei Darussalam

Authors: Safira Jamil, Faizah Haji Metali, Salwana Md. Jaafar and Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri Abstract type: Poster

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Invasive Acacia species have been increasingly observed to spread into degraded native heath forest and lowland mixed-dipterocarp forest in Brunei Darussalam since their initial planting in the 1990s. Information on the secondary metabolites of these invasive Acacia species is important in understanding their effects on litter decomposition rates of invaded forests in Brunei. This study aimed to quantify pH, total phenolic and total tannin content of three invasive Acacia species (Acacia auriculiformis A. cunn ex Benth., Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. Ex G. Don and A. mangium Willd.) and a selected native heath tree species (Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume) in Brunei Darussalam. Foliar pH, total phenolic contents (TPC) and total tannin contents (TTC) were measured and compared between the four species, as well as between leaf types (foliar and litter samples). All three invasive Acacia species recorded higher pH, TPC and TTC in comparison to the native species. For leaf types, higher pH and TPC were observed in foliar samples of all studied species but there was no difference in TTC for both foliar and litter samples. Higher pH, TPC and TTC in all Acacia species may reduce leaf palatability to herbivores, resulting in slower decomposition compared to the native tree species, thus potentially affecting litter decomposition rates in Acacia-invaded heath forests.

256. A visual representation of the floral diversity of Malesian Syzygium (Myrtaceae) to aid identification

Authors: James W. Byng, Neil Snow and Erik Smets Abstract type: Poster

Taxonomists typically use lengthy dichotomous keys and detailed taxonomic descriptions to make identifications with high levels of confidence. This reality is due in part to extensive terminology and the subtleties of character recognition that typically accompany such taxonomically diverse groups. Reliance on such keys and detailed descriptions is particularly critical for species-rich genera, especially when high levels of diversity occur in relatively restricted areas. However, these long keys and descriptions frequently pose considerable challenges to non-taxonomists. And whereas interactive keys are immensely helpful in the groups for which they exist, they still are not widely used in taxonomic treatments. In contrast, digital presentations of character states, when coupled with useful, but minimal characters, may facilitate identifications for many non-specialists. Syzygiumincludes some

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1000 species in Malesia, and many areas with high diversity have never had adequate keys or have keys that are often decades old. Due to its high diversity, accurate identifications ofSyzygium to the species level thus can be virtually impossible for many reasons. Newly described species and recent generic transfers into Syzygium and additional layers of difficulty when using existing keys. This poster provides images of flowers of virtually all known species of Syzygium in Malesia with additional geographical and morphological notes. This novel approach to identifying floral diversity, through its layout and particularly when modified regionally in the future with additional material, should significantly facilitate identifications of Syzygium throughout Malesia for non-specialists.

257. From plant collector to tropical researcher - life and times of Heinrich Zollinger (1818-1859)

Author: Peter Schulthess Hürlimann

Abstract type: Poster

The Cyclopaedia of Malesian Collectors published by M. J. van Steenis Kruseman gives many details about Heinrich Zollingers research work and his life. Zollinger studied only one year botany and worked at the Herbarium de Candolle in Geneva. There he came in contact with early biogeographical and evolutionary concepts. However, he was not trained in tropical science. He had to teach himself within seven years in the tropics. This is vividly reported in his exceptional diaries that give deep insight into field work, experience of place and vegetation and the role of taxonomy at the botanical garden of Buitenzorg/Bogor. My biographical work looks into how Zollinger did evolve from a plant collector to a tropical researcher and finally a plant-geographer - formulating a biogeography such as the «Flora Malesiana». By looking closely into his preparation, his research and his scientific publications it is possible to follow the evolution and work of this early «biogeographer». However, more work has to be done about the members and their field-work of the «Natuurkundige Commissie» and the following colonial and national organisations, as well as their obvious failure in formulating or contributing to a biogeography and/or evolution theory.

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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Name Institution/University Country Contact Naturalis Biodiversity Abdulrokhman Center/ Leiden Kartonegoro University The Netherlands [email protected] Adhityo Genbinesia Wicaksono Foundation Indonesia [email protected] University of the Adriane Tobias Philippines Los Baños Philippines [email protected] Afiatry Putrika Universitas Indonesia Indonesia [email protected] Bogor Agricultural Agusti Randi University Indonesia [email protected] Aida Gruezo Asia life sciences Philippines [email protected]

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Ecosystems Research and Development Aida Lapis Bureau Philippines [email protected] Aisyah Gadjah Mada Puspasari University Indonesia [email protected] Alexey Shipunov Minot State University United States [email protected] Royal Botanic Alison Moore Gardens, Kew [email protected] University Sunshine Alison Shapcott Coast Australia [email protected] Alyssa Marie University of Santo Lola Tomas Philippines [email protected] University of the Philippines Los Banos Anacleto and Batangas State [email protected] / Caringal University Philippines [email protected] Andi Maryani Sabah Forestry A Mustapeng Department Malaysia [email protected] Andi Salamah Universitas Indonesia Indonesia [email protected] Central Mindanao Andrea Azuelo University Philippines [email protected] Aninda Wibowo Leiden University The Netherlands [email protected] Anna Trias Royal Botanic Blasi Gardens, Kew United Kingdom [email protected] Annalee University of the Hadsall Philippines Los Baños Philippines [email protected] Trinity College Anne Dublin, Botany Dubéarnès Department Ireland [email protected] University of the Antonio Rayos Philippines Los Baños Philippines [email protected] Fauna & Flora Arief Hamidi International Indonesia [email protected] Arifin Surya Bandung Institute of Dwipa Irsyam Technology (ITB) Indonesia [email protected] Central Mindanao Arman Nuezca University Philippines [email protected] Ashlyn Kim University of the Balangcod Philippines Baguio Philippines [email protected] Aurfeli Nietes Silliman University Philippines [email protected] University of East Axel Arriola Manila Philippines [email protected] Axel Dalberg Royal Botanic Garden Poulsen Edinburgh United Kingdom [email protected] Barry Conn University of Sydney Australia [email protected]

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University of Oxford | Benedikt Royal Botanic Kuhnhäuser Gardens, Kew United Kingdom [email protected] Berhaman Universiti Malaysia Ahmad Sabah Malaysia [email protected] Bibian Michael Sarawak Forestry Diway Corporation Malaysia [email protected] South China Botanical Bine Xue Garden China [email protected] Brenda Villacanas- Petersen Retired Philippines [email protected] Carl Bryan University of Santo Domingo Tomas Philippines [email protected] Royal Botanic Carmen Puglisi Gardens, Kew United Kingdom [email protected] Chea Yiing Sarawak Forestry Ling Corporation Malaysia [email protected] Chin Cheung The Open University Tang of Hong Kong Hong Kong [email protected] Instiute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology National Chun-Ho Wu Taiwan University China [email protected] Universiti Malaysia Colin Maycock Sabah Malaysia [email protected] Sarawak Forestry Connie Geri Corporation Malaysia [email protected] Royal Botanic Daniel Murphy Gardens Victoria Australia [email protected] National Parks Board/Singapore Daniel Thomas Botanic Gardens Singapore [email protected] Daniele Universiti Brunei Cicuzza Darussalam Brunei Darussalam [email protected] Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Dan-Xiao Peng Sciences China [email protected] University of North Darin Penneys Carolina Wilmington United States [email protected] David Singapore Botanic Middleton Gardens Singapore [email protected] Deby Arifiani Herbarium Bogoriense Indonesia [email protected] Desitarani Nasrun Mak Zen Jagafoppta Indonesia [email protected] Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese De-Zhu Li Academy of Sciences China [email protected]

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Dian Hendrayanti IPB Indonesia [email protected] Dk Nurun Najeebah Az- Zahra Pg Hj Universiti Brunei Md Tashim Darussalam Brunei Darussalam [email protected] Dwi Brawijaya University Gusmalawati Indonesia [email protected] Naturalis Biodiversity Center and Hortus Ed de Vogel botanicus Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] Central Mindanao Edgar Jr Anud University Philippines [email protected] Edward Entalai Universiti Putra Besi Malaysia (UPM) Malaysia [email protected] National Museum of Edwin Tadiosa Natural History Philippines [email protected] Ehlrich Ray Central Mindanao Magday Univerity Philippines [email protected] Eka Aditya Naturalis Biodiversity Putri Iskandar Center The Netherlands [email protected] Eka Setiawan IPB University Indonesia [email protected] Eleanor University of the Villaverde Philippines Los Baños Philippines [email protected] Universiti Malaysia Elia Godoong Sabah Malaysia [email protected] Elizabeth Dom- Benguet State ogen University Philippines [email protected] The Morton Elliot Gardner Arboretum United States [email protected] Universiti Brunei Emily Pilpus Darussalam Brunei Darussalam [email protected] Naturalis Biodiversity Erik Smets Center The Netherlands [email protected] Esperanza Maribel Agoo De La Salle University Philippines [email protected] Sabah Forestry Eyen Khoo Department Malaysia [email protected] Fabian University of Brambach Göttingen Germany [email protected] Fandri Sofiana Indonesian Institute of Fastanti Science Indonesia [email protected] Universiti Brunei Ferry Slik Darussalam Brunei Darussalam [email protected] Fitmawati Fitmawati Universitas Riau Indonesia [email protected] Fitri sri Rizki Akademi farmasi yarsi Indonesia [email protected] Florence Roy University of Southern Salvaña Mindanao Philippines [email protected]

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Philippine Science High School Cordillera Administrative Region Freda Wong Campus Philippines [email protected] Fulgent Central Mindanao Coritico University Philippines [email protected] Gemma Royal Botanic Bramley Gardens, Kew United Kingdom [email protected] Geofarry The Board of Trustees Gunsalam of Sabah Parks Malaysia [email protected] Gerda van Hortus botanicus Uffelen Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] Papua New Guinea Gibson University of Sosanika Technology Papua New Guinea [email protected] Singapore Botanic Gillian Khew Gardens Singapore [email protected] Grecebio Jonathan University of Santo Alejandro Tomas Philippines [email protected] Gunawan Gunawan IPB University Indonesia [email protected] Haja Maideen Universiti Kebangsaan Kader Maideen Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Royal Botanic Garden Hannah Atkins Edinburgh United Kingdom [email protected] Hazimah Haji Universiti Brunei Mohd Din Darussalam Brunei Darussalam [email protected] Helen Royl Botanic Gardens Chadburn Kew United Kingdom [email protected] Hermenegildo Universidade de Costa Aveiro Portugal [email protected] Hermie Central Mindanao Abaquita University Philippines [email protected] Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Himmah Indonesian Institute of Rustiami Sciences Indonesia [email protected] Hjh Roshanizah Universiti Brunei Brunei Darussalam Hj Rosli Darussalam [email protected] Iin Supartinah University of Noer Padjadjaran Indonesia [email protected] Inggar Indonesian Institute of Damayanti Science Indonesia [email protected] Central for Plant Inggit Puji Conservation Bogor Astuti Botanic Garrdens, Indonesia [email protected]

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Indonesian Institute of Sciences Isna Arofatun Nikmah IPB Indonesia [email protected] Moscow State University of Food Ivan Savinov Production Russia [email protected] Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Iyan Institute of Sciences Robiansyah (LIPI) Indonesia [email protected] Politeknik Negeri Jakty Kusuma Lampung Indonesia [email protected] Naturalis Biodiversity James Byng Center The Netherlands [email protected] Jan Vivienel Kitaotao National Beleno High School Philippines [email protected] Research Institute of Tropical Biology and Pharmacological Biotechnology, Cebu Normal University, Osmena Boulevard, Jay Picardal Cebu City, Philippines Philippines [email protected] University of the Philippines Visayas Jay Torrefiel Tacloban College Philippines [email protected] Botanic Gardens Conservation Jean Linsky International Taiwan [email protected] Jeanette Mara University of the Tan Philippines Los Baños Philippines [email protected] Jeffrey University of the Mancera Philippines Manila Philippines [email protected] Jennifer NMNH Smithsonian The Netherlands DeMuria Institution [email protected] National Taiwan Jer-Ming Hu University Taiwan [email protected] Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Jian-Fei Ye Sciences China [email protected] Kunming Institute Botany, Chinese Jie Liu Academy of Sciences China [email protected] Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Jing-Xia Liu Academy of sciences China [email protected] Sabah Forestry Joan Pereira Department Malaysia [email protected]

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Jorge Anton University of Santo Ordas Tomas Philippines [email protected] Benguet State Jude Tayaben University Philippines [email protected] Julia Anak Sarawak Forestry Sang Corporation Malaysia [email protected] Centre for Plant Conservation Bogor Botanic Gardens, Julisasi Tri Indonesian Institute of Hadiah Sciences Indonesia [email protected] Smithsonian Jun Wen Institution United States [email protected] University of Jun Ying Lim Amsterdam The Netherlands [email protected] The University of Junhao Chen Hong Kong Singapore [email protected] Junichi University of the Fujinuma Ryukyus Japan [email protected] Katharine Pearce Retired Malaysia [email protected] Universiti Malaysia Kek Shen Chua Sarawak Malaysia [email protected] Khairunnisa Forest Department Othman Sarawak Malaysia [email protected] Koichi Kamiya Ehime University Japan [email protected] Kryssa University of the Balangcod Philippines Baguio Philippines [email protected] Kwek Yan National University of Chong Singapore Singapore [email protected] Lance University of the Licnachan Philippines Baguio Philippines [email protected] Liam Royal Botanic Trethowan Gardens, Kew United Kingdom [email protected] Royal Botanic Lizzie Roeble Gardens, Kew United Kingdom [email protected] Guangxi Institute of Long-Fei Fu Botany China [email protected] University of Santo Lyn Paraguison Tomas Philippines [email protected] Madihah Manggabarani Tohoku University Japan [email protected] Mahadura The University of Ashini Dias Hong Kong Hong Kong [email protected] Botanic Gardens Conservation Malin Rivers International United Kingdom [email protected] Universitas Kristen Marina Silalahi Indonesia Indonesia [email protected]

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Marjorie delos University of the Angeles Philippines Los Baños Philippines [email protected] Mindanao State University-Iligan Mark Arcebal Institute of Naive Technology Philippines [email protected] Royal Botanic Garden Mark Hughes Edinburgh United Kingdom [email protected] Mark Lloyd University of Santo Dapar Tomas Philippines [email protected] Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, Marlina Indonesian Institute of Ardiyani Sciences (LIPI) Indonesia [email protected] Marlo Cuario Ateneo de Zamboanga Philippines [email protected] University of the Marlon Rivera Philippines Los Baños Philippines [email protected] Palacký University Martin Dančák Olomouc Czech Republic [email protected] Saint Louis Mary Luz University, Baguio Fiangaan City Philippines [email protected] Max M.J. van Naturalis Biodiversity Balgooy Center The Netherlands M.V. Lomonosov Maxim Moscow State Nuraliev University Russia [email protected] Mc Arthur Central Mindanao Cababan University Philippines [email protected] Mega Atria Leiden University Indonesia [email protected] Botanic Gardens Conservation Megan Barstow International United Kingdom [email protected] Melanie Medecilo- De La Salle University Guiang - Dasmarinas Philippines [email protected] Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Melanie Maramag, Bukidnon, Suldano Philippines Philippines [email protected] Kunming Institute of Meng-Yuan Botany, Chinese Zhou Academy of Sciences China [email protected] Mentari Putri Pratami IPB University Indonesia [email protected] Merlin Franco Universiti Brunei Francis Darussalam Brunei Darussalam [email protected]

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Northwestern Michael University Inc. Laoag Calaramo City, Philippines Philippines [email protected] Lupon National Comprehensive High Michael School / bukidnon Canakan State University Philippines [email protected] Singapore Botanic Michele Rodda Gardens Singapore [email protected] Japanese Association Mieko of Botanical Ishikawa Illustration Japan [email protected] Minerva Far Eastern University Arenas Philippines [email protected] The University of Ming-fai Liu Hong Kong Hong Kong [email protected] Natioal Dong Hwa Ming-Jou Wu University Taiwan [email protected] Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Miriam De University of the Vera Philippines Manila Philippines [email protected] Graduate School of Misato Agriculture, Ehime Ogasahara University Japan [email protected] Mohammad Universiti Kebangsaan Rozaimi Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Muhammad Amirul Aiman Universiti Kebangsaan Ahmad Juhari Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Muhammad Bogor Agricultural Naufal Ibrahim University Prabowo Indonesia [email protected] Muhammad Indonesian Institute of Rifqi Hariri Science Indonesia [email protected] Muhammad Salim Siti National University Fatimah Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Mindanao State Muhmin University- Iligan Michael Institute of Manting Technology Philippines [email protected] State Islamic University Syarif Nani Radiastuti Hidayatullah Jakarta Indonesia [email protected] Nattanon Meeprom University of Reading United Kingdom [email protected]

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Kuya National High School, Kuya, Maramag, Bukidnon, Nelmar Bacol MIndanao, Philippines Philippines [email protected] Nesty Universitas Gadjah Romadini Mada Indonesia [email protected] Ng Win Seng Unimas Malaysia [email protected] Bali Botanic Garden - Ni Putu Sri Indonesian Institute of Asih Science Indonesia [email protected] Universiti Kebangsaan Nik Norhazrina Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] M.V. Lomonosov Nikolay Moscow State Vislobokov University Russian [email protected] Niña Kathryn University of Santo Alfeche Tomas Philippines [email protected] Noorhana Forest Department Mohd Sapawi Sarawak Malaysia [email protected] Universiti Kebangsaan Noraini Talip Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Nordahlia Forest Research Abdullah Siam Institute Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Noviany University of Noviany Lampung Indonesia [email protected] Novita Kartika Surabaya State Indah University Indonesia [email protected] Nunik Sri Ariyanti IPB University Indonesia [email protected] Nur Aliah Mohamad Universiti Kebangsaan Khaduwi Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Nur Syazwani Universiti Kebangsaan Mohamad Basir Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Singapore Botanic Nura Abdul Gardens/ National Karim Parks Board Singapore [email protected] Nurainas Nurainas Andalas University Indonesia [email protected] Nurul Ihsan Fawzi Alam Sehat Lestari Indonesia [email protected] Pastor Jr. University of the Malabrigo Philippines Los Baños Philippines [email protected] Patahayah Forest Research Mansor Institute Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Paul J.A. Universiteit Leiden, Kessler Hortus botanicus The Netherlands [email protected] Paulo Silveira University of Aveiro Portugal [email protected]

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Peter C. van Naturalis Biodiversity Welzen Center The Netherlands [email protected] Peter Daniel Pennsylvania State [email protected] Wilf University United States Botanical Research Peter Fritsch Institute of Texas United States [email protected] Peter Naturalis Biodiversity Hovenkamp Center The Netherlands [email protected] Peter Western Michigan Quakenbush University United States [email protected] Peter Naturforschende Schulthess Gesellschaft in Zürich Hürlimann (NGZH) Switzerland [email protected] Royal Botanic Garden Peter Wilkie Edinburgh United Kingdom [email protected] Phongsakorn Kochaiphat Mahidol University Thailand [email protected] Naturalis Biodiversity Pieter Baas Center The Netherlands [email protected] Pirada Sumanon Aarhus University Denmark [email protected] University of Antique Porferio Libertad Extension Bangcaya Campus Philippines [email protected] Universiti Malaysia Pui Kiat Hoo Sabah Malaysia [email protected] Forest Research Rafidah Abdul Institute Malaysia Rahman (FRIM) Malaysia [email protected] Rani Herbarium Bogoriense Asmarayani (BO) Indonesia [email protected] Ranil University of Rajapaksha Peradeniya Sri Lanka [email protected] Capitan Bayong Razel Salinasal National High School Philippines [email protected] Renata Royal Botanic Borosova Gardens Kew United Kingdom [email protected] National Parks Board, Reuben Lim Singapore Singapore [email protected] Revis Asra University Jambi Indonesia [email protected] Rexine University of the Chopap-ing Philippines Philippines [email protected] West Papua Natural Resources Reza Saputra Conservation Agency Indonesia [email protected] Richard J. Sabah Forestry Majapun Department Malaysia [email protected] Richard The University of Saunders Hong Kong Hong Kong [email protected]

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The Board Of Trustees Rimi Repin of Sabah Parks Malaysia [email protected] Rina Ratnasih Bandung Institue of Irwanto Technology (ITB) Indonesia [email protected] Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Rindita - DR. Hamka Indonesia [email protected] Forest Research, Development, and Innovation, Ministry of Environment and Rizki Ary Forestry, Republic of Fambayun Indonesia Indonesia [email protected] Hortus botanicus Roderick Leiden, University of Bouman Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] Rodiyati Azrianingsih Universitas Brawijaya Indonesia [email protected] Energy Development Ronino Gibe Corporation Philippines [email protected] University of the Rosario Rubite Philippines Philippines [email protected] The Board of Trustees Rossiti Karim of Sabah Parks Malaysia [email protected] Rudolph Valentino Docot Far Eastern University Philippines [email protected] Rugayah HHerbarium Rugayah Bogoriense, LIPI Indonesia [email protected] Universiti Putra Rusea Go Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Singapore Botanic S.K. Ganesan Gardens Singapore [email protected] Universiti Brunei Safira Jamil Darussalam Brunei Darussalam [email protected] Salwana Md. Universiti Brunei Jaafar Darussalam Brunei Darussalam, [email protected] Sam Dominic University of Santo Binag Tomas Philippines [email protected] Sandra Yap Far Eastern University Philippines [email protected] Sandy Tze Lui Universiti Malaysia Tsen Sabah Malaysia [email protected] Global Tree Specialist Sara Oldfield Group United Kingdom [email protected] Sasikumar University Malaysia Tanggaraju Sabah Malaysia [email protected] Shamsul The National [email protected] or Khamis University of Malaysia Malaysia [email protected]

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Sharifah Rohaidah Wan Jabatan Hutan Alam Sarawak Malaysia [email protected] South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Shi-Yong Dong Academy of Sciences China [email protected] Shong Kian Universiti Malaysia Chai Sarawak Malaysia [email protected] Royal Botanic Sidonie Bellot Gardens Kew United Kingdom [email protected] Siti Madihah Universiti Brunei Haji Mohd Don Darussalam Brunei Darussalam [email protected] Forest Research Siti Munirah Institute Malaysia Mat Yunoh (FRIM) Malaysia [email protected] Botany Division, Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institute of Science Siti Susiarti (LIPI) Indonesia [email protected] The Forest Herbarium Somran Suddee (BKF) Thailand [email protected] Stafannie Nilla Forest Department Marshall Rio Sarawak Malaysia [email protected] Native Plant Centre, National Parks Board, Stuart Lindsay Singapore Singapore [email protected] Subekti Bogor Agricultural Nurmawati University Indonesia [email protected] Susana Arias Naturalis Biodiversity Guerrero Center The Netherlands [email protected] Sabah Forestry Suzana Sabran Department Malaysia [email protected] Universiti Malaysia Suzika Juiling Sabah Malaysia [email protected] Syadwina Hamama Indonesian Institute of Dalimunthe Sciences Indonesia [email protected] Syahida Emiza Forest Research Suhaimi Institute Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Tatik Chikmawati IPB University Indonesia [email protected] Teodora University of the Balangcod Philippines Baguio Philippines [email protected] Tetsukazu [email protected] Yahara Kyushu University Japan u.ac.jp Therese Julienne Institute of Biological Medina Sciences, University Philippines [email protected]

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of the Philippines Los Baños Papua New Guinea Forest Research Tiberius Jimbo Institute Papua New Guinea [email protected] Timothy Royal Botanic Utteridge Gardens, Kew United Kingdom [email protected] Forest Research and Titi Kalima Development Centre Indonesia [email protected] Research Center for Titien Plant Conservation Ngatinem and Botanic Gardens, Praptosuwiryo LIPI Indonesia [email protected] Forest Research Ummul Nazrah Institute Malaysia Abdul Rahman (FRIM) Malaysia [email protected] University of San Val Salares Carlos Philippines [email protected] Vepoy Jr. University of Southern Ventura Mindanao Philippine [email protected] Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Sarawak, Vilma Bodos Malaysia Malaysia [email protected] Voradol The Forest Herbarium [email protected]; Chamchumroon (BKF) Thailand [email protected] Wardah Haji Universiti Brunei Tuah Darussalam Brunei Darussalam [email protected] Royal Botanic William Baker Gardens Kew United Kingdom [email protected] William University of the Gruezo Philippines Los Baños Philippines [email protected] Wisnu Indonesian Science Handoyo Ardi Institute (LIPI) Indonesia [email protected] Indonesian Institute of Wita Wardani Sciences (LIPI) Indonesia [email protected] Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Xiaohua Jin Sciences China [email protected] National Parks Board Xin Yi Ng Singapore Singapore [email protected] Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), Botany Division, Research Center of Biology, Y. Michael Indonesia Institute Of Mambrasar Science Indonesia [email protected] Jabatan Hutan Yahud Wat Sarawak Malaysia [email protected]

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Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Yan-Ting Niu Sciences China [email protected] Yee Man The University of (Even) Leung Hong Kong Hong Kong [email protected] Guangxi Institute of Yi-Gang Wei Botany China [email protected] Yoshiyuki Freelance writer / Uejima editor Japan [email protected] Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Yu-Chun Liu Taiwan University Taiwan [email protected] Yulita Indonesian Institute of Kusumadewi Sciences Indonesia [email protected] South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Yun Fei Deng Academy of Sciences China [email protected] Centre for Plant Conservation Bogor Botanic Gardens, Yuzammi Indonesian Institute of Yuzammi Sciences Indonesia [email protected] Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Zhi-Duan Chen Sciences China [email protected] Awangku Syazwan bin Universiti Brunei Pengiran Darussalam [email protected] Sulaiman Brunei Darussalam

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