Yew Lake - Old Growth Plant List

FCPP expresses its gratitude to Cladothamnus pyroliflorus Pinus monticola Van-Dusen Botanical Garden for COPPERBUSH WESTERN WHITE PINE permission to reproduce this plant Ericaceae Pinaceae list, compiled and detailed in 1997 • deciduous, hairless, pale green leaves • five needles • trees small due to white pine blister- by Carolyn Jones from plant lists covered with a waxy powder • salmon or copper flowers, long rust, a serious fungal disease introd. prepared by Gerald Straley and curved style to BC in 1910 Terry Taylor. • moist forests (commonly w/mtn. • fungus may have come from Europe hemlock) on French pine stock but was Flowering Plants: • could be confused with Rh. probably originally Asian albiflorum (shiny leaves w/ rusty • it is wind borne and has three types Tress and Shrubs hairs on top) or Menziesia (gladular of spores, one of which affects Ribes hairy leaves that are often bluish- Abies amabilis AMABILIS FIR, Populus balsamifera ssp. tricocarpa green) BLACK COTTONWOOD PACIFIC SILVER FIR • one of the few genera endemic to Salicaceae Pinaceae Western North America • common along moist areas, such as • climax tree at this elevation • mostly near streams in this area, e.g. river banks • pitch blisters protect against before bridge to west of OGF • used commercially to make tissue infection Gaultheria humifusa WESTERN TEA paper • lvs dark green, notch at apex, whitish • new buds secrete a sweetly-fragrant below BERRY, ALPINE WINTERGREEN Ericaceae resin Alnus sinuata • small relative of salal; very sweet, red Rhododendron albiflorum SITKA ALDER, SLIDE ALDER berries WHITE RHODODENDRON Betulaceae • berries have hairs; wetter habitat Ericaceae • shrubby alder of higher elevations than G ovatifolia • both leaves and flowers look like an • bacteria in root nodules convert N2 Gaultheria ovatifolia azalea, but it is a true rhododendron, from the air. with ten stamens. • to a form the plant can metabolize WESTERN TEA BERRY Ericaceae • White flowers and distinctively slimy leaves Cassiope mertensiana • similar to previous but berries have WHITE MOSS HEATHER no hairs Ribes bracteosum Ericaceae STINKING CURRANT • bell-shaped white fls; small Kalmia occidentalis Rosaceae adpressed leaves SWAMP LAUREL Ericaceae • deciduous shrub to 3 m, all parts • here Cassiope and Phyllodoce grow with round, yellow glands together. • a toxic bog plant with pink flowers • large, shiny, maple-shaped lvs w/ • Cassiope continues to higher • immature stamens are held in pits in deep veins elevations; the petals • white flws in long clusters; blue- • Phyllodoce continues to lower Menziesia ferruginea FALSE black berries with a whitish bloom elevations AZALEA, FOOL’S HUCKLEBERRY (waxy coating) Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Ericaceae • fruit edible but flavour is variable YELLOW CEDAR • bluish-green azalea-like lvs; bronze Rubus spectabilis SALMONBERRY Cupressaceae bell flowers Rosaceae • the oldest known trees in Canada are Phyllodoce empetriformis • deciduous shrub to 4 m; scattered in this species: up to 1,700 years old RED HEATHER prickles at Caren Ridge Ericaceae • lvs divided into three, sharply toothed leaflets • very resistant to decay • pink bell-shaped fls; spreading, • stems zigzag; bark golden-brown needle-like lvs and shredding; flowers pink; fruit • with Cassiope, dominant on open orange red mtn ridges • often abundant along stream banks and in wet disturbed sites, such as avalanche tracks Yew Lake - Old Growth Plant List (Continued)

Salix sitchensis SITKA WILLOW Clintonia uniflora Salicaceae QUEEN’S CUP, BEADLILY • deciduous shrub or small tree with densely Convallariaceae velvety twigs that are brittle at their bases • 2-3 oblong, basal lvs; slightly fleshy and • satiny short adpressed hairs under leaves shiny • growing along streamsides and wet • large, white, cup-shaped fls erect, usually margins solitary • flw ripens into a single, bright metallic blue Sorbus sitchensis var. grayi berry SITKA MOUNTAIN ASH Rosaceae Coptis asplenifolia FERNLEAF GOLDTHREAD • similar to the European rowan tree, but it Ranunculaceae is a shrubby species of the mountain slopes • shiny fern-like leaves Spirea densiflora SUBALPINE SPIREA • small, yellow-green flws with long Rosaceae projections • dwarf shrub; dense clusters of dark pink • close to the southern end of its range flws Coptis trifolia Tsuga heterophylla WESTERN HEMLOCK THREELEAF GOLDTHREAD Pinaceae • the rarest plant at Cypress Bowl • climax tree in coastal forests; there is an • northern species: does not extend south of North Shore • only other known nearby old tree in the OGF, approx. 600 yrs. old site Blue Gentian Lk • important timber source • shiny leaflets held close to peat surface • delicate, flat needles of two lengths Corallorhiza maculata ssp. mertensiana Tsuga mertensiana WESTERN CORAL ROOT MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK Orchidaceae • replaces western hemlock at higher • red-brown stems with pink to red-purple elevations flowers • needles spread, looking like small • lvs do not photosynthesize, so are reduced starbursts to translucent sheaths • some trees in this park are over 600 years • grows in rich humus old • while usually referred to as a “saprophyte,” • fruit commonly collected in the local it is believed to be a hyperparasite, parasitic mountains on the mycorrhizal fungi that are in turn • bell-shaped flowers protect against rain parasitic on hemlock and fir roots • blue-black berries without bloom (waxy Cornus canadensis BUNCHBERRY coating) Cornaceae • turn leaf over and fold along midvein; if • a herbaceous relative of the dogwood tree there are widely spaced ‘whiskers’ along • intermediate between northern and midvein, it is Alaska blueberry and if not, eastern races it is oval-leaved blueberry (V. ovalifolium) which also has blue-black berries with Pond, Yew Meadows, Laura Drosera rotundifolia SUNDEW bloom. Droseraceae Parkinson photo • carnivorous plant of nitrogen-poor bogs Vaccinium membranaceum • slender glands on lvs contain digestive BLACK HUCKLEBERRY • basal lvs round to lance-shaped, usually enzymes • similar; very tasty, purplish or reddish withering by flowering time Epilobium angustifolium FIREWEED black fruit, without bloom • stem lvs opposite, 2-4 pairs, usually • very common on logged and burned slopes • lvs usually have more teeth with sharper coarsely toothed • wind-disseminated seeds; important honey points Aruncus dioicus (syn A. Sylvester) plant Vaccinium uliginosum. BOG BLUEBERRY GOAT’SBEARD, SPAGHETTI FLOWER • tall plant with purple flowers • bog species not common at higher Rosaceae Erigeron perigrinus MOUNTAIN DAISY, elevations here • a robust perennial to 1-2 m SUBALPINE DAISY-FLEABANE • a low shrub with blue-green leaves • large lower leaves usually three times Asteraceae • near fork of paths to parking lot and OGF compound, sharply toothed and pointed • light purple, daisy-like flowers • common in Burns Bog too • tiny white flowers are dioecious (male and • moist meadows, streamsides and open female flowers on separate plants) forests Flowering Plants: • flws in elongated, much-divided terminal Eriophorum angustifolium clusters (syn. E. polystachion) Herbaceous • “edge” habitats, of roads, streams and COMMON COTTON GRASS Anaphalis margaritacea forests Cyperaceae PEARLY EVERLASTING Carex nigricans BLACK ALPINE SEDGE • dominant subalpine sedge forms almost a Asteraceae Cyperaceae mono-culture in marshy spots • bristles form in large white clusters that • long-lasting woolly bracts surround small • tufted from stout creeping rhizome look like cotton balls near bridge before fls • forms hummocky mats OGF • narrow lvs w/ 3 parallel veins woolly when • lvs flat or channeled, stiff, 1-3 mm wide young • survives with a very short growing season Juncus ensifolius DAGGERLEAF RUSH • rocky slopes, open forest, meadows; weedy and is often dominant in areas where Juncaceae native on disturbed sites snow drifts and banks remain late into the • lvs laterally flattened like an iris, 3-4 per summer stem Arnica latifolia MOUNTAIN ARNICA • bulkheads in leaves help transport oxygen Asteraceae to the roots • yellow daisy common in moist, subalpine • flowers in a terminal inflorescence on wet meadows and streambanks sandy soils in bogs, marshes and meadows; common in our region Yew Lake - Old Growth Plant List (Continued)

Listera caurina WESTERN TWAYBLADE Pinguicula vulgaris COMMON Streptopus streptopoides SMALL Orchidaceae BUTTERWORT TWISTED STALK Listera cordata HEARTLEAF Lentibulariaceae • occurs in OGF; grows to 20 cm; saucer- TWAYBLADE • small carnivorous plant of mossy seeps, shaped green flowers • perennials from creeping rootstock; a rocky drip-faces, bogs Tiarella trifoliata FOAM FLOWER single pair of leaves mid-stem • found at edge of logging road above OGF Saxifragaceae • elongated clusters of pale green flowers • basal yellowish-green leaves, forming • genetically variable • L. caurina: lvs egg-shaped; flowers lighter rosette, greasy-slimy on upper surface • low-level, three-leaf variety and the green; lip rounded • single dark lavender-purple flower, violet- mountain, single-leaf variety grow at this • L. cordata: Lvs heart shaped; flowers like in appearance site in OGF browner green; lip splits into two lobes Platanthera hyperborea • foam-like, white flowers • both are just at beginning of OGF loop (syn Habenaria hyperborea) • peculiar seed dispersal mechanism: the fork, on the right NORTHERN GREEN BOG ORCHID spherical seed rolls down a scoop-shaped Luetkea pectinata PARTRIDGEFOOT Orchidaceae structure Rosaceae Platanthera stricta (syn. Platanthera saccata Tofieldia glutinosa FALSE ASPHODEL • a western North America endemic or Habenaria stricta) Melanthiaceae • is more common at higher elevations SLENDER BOG ORCHID, • erect, iris-like leaves from base; often one • dense heads of ‘ tiny, white flowers; very SLENDER REIN ORCHID or two smaller ones on stem divided leaves; short plant • similar: greenish flowers that are not • dense terminal clusters of small white or Lupinus arcticus (syn L.latifolius) fragrant greenish white flws on sticky stems to 40 NORTHERN LUPINE • found in wet, open places; stands up to 1m cm tall Fabaceae tall • reddish purple seed capsules • perennial with purple flowers and 6-8 • P. hyperborea has a cylindrical spur on its • bogs, fens, wet meadows, along leaflets flower; streambanks • >10 leaflets and hollow stems: • P. stricta has an inflated-sac-like spur • to left of path just before OGF and opp 2nd L. polyphyllus, introduced at subalpine • the common name rein comes from the opening to lake w/ cotton grass & Erigeron elevations, usually from seeding of Latin habenas, meaning strap or rein, due to its thong-like lip and spur Trichophorum cespitosum (syn. Scirpus disturbed areas for reclamation cespitosus) TUFTED CLUB RUSH Luzula parviflora SMALL-FLOWERED Orthilia secunda (syn. Pyrola secunda) Cyperaceae ONE-SIDED WINTERGREEN • densely tufted perennial clothed with leaf WOOD RUSH Pyrolaceae Juncaceae sheaths at the base • tufted perennial • evergreen perennial; lvs mostly basal but • single, terminal spike of pale flowers some along lower stem are toothed • distinguished from other open-flowered Trientalis arctica ARCTIC STARFLOWER wood rushes from its height • bell-shaped, nodding, pale green/white fls all on one side of stem; style projects Primulaceae (usually >30cm) and the presence • a bog plant with small, white, star-like of four or more broad stem leaves; beyond corolla • under the young western hemlock in OGF flowers • shiny and coarse foliage • stem erect and leafy, 5 to 25 cm Lysichitum americanum Rubus pedatus CREEPING RASPBERRY, • stem lvs oval w/ rounded tip; lower lvs STRAWBERRY BRAMBLE smaller SKUNK CABBAGE Rosaceae Araceae • to left of path just before OGF • small creeper with little, raspberry-like • contains microscopic calcium oxalate Veratrum viride INDIAN HELLEBORE needles, a mechanical means of protection fruits • white flowers; leaves have five leaflets Melanthiaceae • pollinated by rove beetles • bold plant to 2 in tall; very poisonous • generates its own heat for odour release, to Saxifraga ferruginea ALASKA • large pleated lvs, huge terminal clusters of attract beetles SAXIFRAGE, RUSTY, SAXIFRAGE green flowers Saxifragaceae Menyanthes trifoliata BOG BEAN • growing commonly in wet, open areas Menyanthaceae • wedge-shaped, all-basal lvs, 5 to15 teeth Viola orbiculata • aquatic to semiaquatic, 3-part lvs held • white flws sometimes replaced by bulblets • petals stalked w/ 2 yellow spots at their ROUNDLEAF YELLOW VIOLET above water Violaceae • white flowers have frilly white hairs and a bases • moist, mossy outcrops, streambanks, wet • similar to the evergreen violet of lower very rank smell to attract flies, beetles and forests some bees rocks Viola palustris MARSH VIOLET Nephrophyllidium crista-galli (syn. Fauria Streptopus amplexifolius CLASPING TWISTED STALK • pale blue or white flws; scalloped, crista-galli) DEER CABBAGE rounded leaves • only violet in our area Menyanthaceae Liliaceae • 1 flr at bend of stalk; flwr stalk also has without above-ground stems; leaves and • kidney-shaped leaves; white petals have flower stalks arise from stolons and thick unusual ridges bend • bases of the lvs clasp stem, glaucous rhizomes • near the southern end of its range on N. • Two yellow violets also occur in this area. Shore beneath • only grows west of Fraser River, not in • stems branch (those of S. roseus do not) TRAILING YELLOW VIOLET Cascades • berries yellow to red, sometimes dark (Viola sempervirens) purple • has evergreen leaves and purple spots Nuphar polysepalum YELLOW POND Streptopus roseus ROSY TWISTED STALK on undersides of leaves or seed capsules. LILY, SPATTERDOCK, COW LILY ROUNDLEAF YELLOW VIOLET (V. Nymphaceae • leaf bases do not clasp stem, are slimy beneath orbiculata) lacks stolons and its leaves are • yellow flowers; related to water lilies • flowers are rose pink with white tips; relatively thin and not purple blotched. • egg-shaped lvs (those of water lilies berries are red and round to oblong “Sedges have edges and rushes are around rounder) • good example on east path back to parking and grasses are hollow straight to the • rounded edges near the “notch” (those of lot ground.” water lilies are pointed, like a missing piece of pie) Yew Lake - Old Growth Plant List (Continued) Peatmosses, Clubmosses, True Mosses and Liverworts: Gymnomitrion obtusum • grey green liverwort forms a white coating on vertical rock faces; if you look closely, you can see wormlike branches • under overhang on large boulders Philonotis fontana SWAMP MOSS • yellow green, upright, unbranched, in cushions or mats, stems red • in seeps and on moist soils, banks and rock faces • always associated with calcium-rich soil • along Yew Lakec it grows with daggerleaf rush (Juncus ensifolius) Polytrichum commune HAIRCAP MOSS • calyptra (“hat”) lifts off to reveal a four- angled spore capsule • prefers moist locations • common in N. Hemisphere; scattered in S. Hemisphere Ptilidium californicum PALMATE LIVERWORT • rusty in color Copperbush, Ian Lane photo • occurs on tree trunks below snow line; maybe • needs high humidity, which it gets close to • this lime-green lichen can be used to date the ground Ferns: a glaciated rock surface by measuring from Athyrum filix-femina LADY FERN the outer edge of the colony back to the Racomitrium. canescens HOARY ROCK Dryopteridaceae centre MOSS • fronds taper towards tip and base • Sphaerophorus globosus • whitish or greyish green, rough in appearance, irregularly branched (diamond-shaped in outline) CHRISTMAS TREE LICHEN • plant forms a clump • forms large whitish green cushions on • medium-sized tufted shrub lichen, whitish acidic rocks Blechnum spicant DEER FERN or greenish brown • large granite boulder demonstrates zones Blechnaceae • terminal, ball-shaped black fruiting bodies of this moss where there is runoff of rain • on trunks and branches of conifers • only rep. of this genus in the water N. Hemisphere Usnea sp. BEARD LICHENS Rhizomnium glabrescens • evergreen; sterile fronds usually pressed to • pale yellowish green (syn. Mnium glabrescens) ground; • branches reinforced by a white central cord • fertile fronds bear spores and are held - if you pull on the branch, it looks like pop FAN MOSS upright beads; • leaves translucent and round with a • tends to occur at lower elevations than colorless margin Gymnocarpium dryopteris OAK FERN Alectoria • on conifers and alders in open • grows on rotting logs, forest floor and Dryopteridaceae lowland forests epiphytic • fronds usually solitary, but in a group (ie., Rhytidiopsis robusta not a clump) Horsetail: PIPECLEANER MOSS • deciduous; broadly triangular in outline • creeping stems Equisetum arvense FIELD HORSETAIL, • golden to yellow-green leaves Lichens: COMMON HORSETAIL Equisitaceae • on litter of subalpine coniferous forest • common and weedy in gardens Sphagnum spp. PEAT MOSSES Alectoria sarmentosa OLD MAN’S BEARD, 40 species in our area COMMON WITCH’S HAIR Fungi: • branches occur in clusters • large hanging hair lichen, pale green • found in forests, cliff-faces, bogs and fens • its location on a trunk indicates the snow Biatorella resinae BLACK FUNGUS • shape of stem leaves help to identify line • grows on surface of the resin exuded by species • lacks the central cord that Usnea has conifers when there is damage to bark (eg, • used by the Nuxalk people as false lightning strikes) NOTE: Although most red algae are marine, whiskers and beards for ceremonial masks • this genus is being explored to degrade oil one genus (Batrachospermum) grows in from spills the streams in the park. It grows on stones Bryoria fuscescens B.glabra and sticks in flowing water. Because of the HORSEHAIR LICHENS Psilocybe montana mucilage, plants are very slippery. The sperm • hanging hair lichen, dark medium brown, • common small mushroom with red-brown are non-swimming; they drift. cap intricately branched References: • the hair lichens are generally found in drier • grows with the moss Polytrichium • non-hallucinogenic From lists by Terry Taylor and Gerald Straley, habitats than Alectoria compiled and detailed by Carolyn Jones • fuscescens is Latin for “becoming dark” Fomitopsis pinicola RED BELT BRACKET • Miller, Orson K. Mushrooms of North • B. glabra has stiff and wiry basal branches FUNGUS, PINE DESTROYER FUNGUS America New York: E.P. Dutton & Co, Cladonia spp. PYXIE CUP LICHENS • flat bracket fungus with an orange belt 1972. • upright cup lichens around the margin • Pojar, Jim and Andy MacKinnon. Plants • three species in our area • becomes huge of Coastal British Columbia. Vancouver: Lone Pine Press, 1994. Rhizocarpon geographicum MAP LICHEN