DOCSLIB.ORG

7/' / 7? Title: Composition, Distribution and Succession of Subal Ne Meadows In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Jan Alan Henderson for theDoctor of Philosophy inPlant Ecology (Botany) presented on 9 7/' / 7? Title: Composition, Distribution and Succession of Subal ne Meadows in Mount Rainier National Park Abstract approved: --' Dr. W. W. Chilcote In 1970 a phytoscxiological reconnaissance consisting of 135 plots in the Subalpine Meadow Zone was made. These samples were sorted using an association table and several Alpine Zone and very early seral communities were set aside, An additional hundred plots taken by M. 3. Hamann were incorporated with these and compiled in another association table and com- bined in a two-dimensional ordination.This analysis yielded 18 major and 16 minor described community types which were clustered into five vegetation types. A key to the vegetation and community types is also presented. Soil moisture and temperature data were taken during 1971 and 1972 and are used to help characterize selected important communities. Soil moistures did not drop much during either season, although differences between corn- munities are apparent. The difference in temperatures (of the top 2 cm of soil) of the same selected communities were more striking. The Festuca domi- nated communities experienced soil temperatures over350C, while maximum temperatures in other communities rarely ranged over 20 C Low mght- time temperatures were relatively similar from conimumty to commumty, ranging from near freezing to about + 5° C. Several successional patterns were uncovered. In general the com- munities in the Low-Herbaceous Vegetation Type are early seral and are replaced by members of the Wet-Sedge, Lush-Herbaceous and the Dry-Grass Vegetation Types. Trees appear to be invading all vegetation typeswith considerable variation in pattern and frequency. This variation is attributed to differences in soil moisture and temperature and depth and duration of winter snowpack. Analysis of the ages of invading trees indicates that there was an intensive invasion in the early 193 0's and several àther minor invasion periodsSev- eral factors are discussed which must be favorable for the successful invasion of meadows by trees The Subalpine Meadow Zone, using vegetation types as map units, is mapped at a scale of about 1 50, 000The total area of the meadow vegetation in the zone is 14, 650 acres (6,000 hectares)The entire zone including open subalpine woods covers 24, 650 acres (10, 000 hectares) Composition, Distribution and Succession of Subalpine Meadows in Mount Rainier National Park by Jan Alan Henderson A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 1974 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. W. W. Chilcote and Dr. J, F. Franklin for continued guidance and assistance throughout the course of this study and my entire graduate program; N. A. Bishop, The National Park Service and the Mount Rainier Natural History Association for financial andlogisti- cal support and assistance in perceiving the problem; M.J. (Hamann) Wolfe for field assistance; Dr. W. H. Moir for assistance in running the SIMORD ordination; and my wife Bernetta who helped substantially in collection of the field data and in many other uncountableways. TABLE OF CONTENTS I.Introduction 1 ILDescription of theArea 4 Location . 4 Climate 5 Geologic History of Mt. Rainier 7 Surficial Geology . 15 Glacial History . 19 Methods 23 Results 27 Phytosociological............ 27 Succession 37 Distribution . 45 Environmental Data 46 Descriptions and Keys to the Subalpine Meadow and Community Types 55 Key to Subalpine Meadow Vegetation Types 57 Key to Subalpine Meadow Community Types 58 The Vegetation Types. 62 The Community Types . 67 Discussion . 115 Meadow Classification us Post Glacial Succession 117 Succession on Upper Slope Pumice Slopes 120 Succession Related to Fire....... 122 Meadow Invasion 124 Summary and Conclusions . 137 Bibliography . 140 AppendicesAppendixl.......... ..............145144 Appendix II 147 Appendixill 148 AppendixrV 151 Appendix V. 152 Appendix VI 153 LIST OF TABLES Table Page Average July, August and September temperatures 6 Association Table 29 Alliance Table for Mt. Rainier Subalpine Meadow Stands . 38 Computed similarity coefficients between all major community types . .....39 Water stress in the soil (in atmospheres) of selected communities 48 Phvflodoce/Vaccinium Community Type . 73 Vaccinium deliciosum Community Type ..... 77 Phvllodoce/Lupinus Community Type 79 Phyllodoce Glanduliflora Community Type 81 Festuca/Aster Community Type 82 Festuca/Lupinus Community Type 85 Festuca/Potentilla Community Type 87 Valeriana sitchensis Community Type 89 14 Valeriana/Veratrum Commumty Type 91 Lupinus/Polyonum Community Type 93 Valeriana/Lupinus Community Type ..... 95 Carex nigricans Community Type ....... 100 Carex nigricans/Carex spectabilis Community Type 103 Carex nigricans/Aster alpigenus Community Type 104 Table Page Antennaria lanata Community Type ....... 106 Saxifraga tolmiei Community Type . 108 Luetkea pectinata Community Type.......... 109 Growth characteristics of invading trees by Vegetation Type. 124 Correlation between spring temperatures and cone crop production 1 1/2 years later. 128 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Location of Mt. Rainier National Park, Washington Average May, June, July and August temperatures centigrade Average July temperature 8 Average annual temperatures for two weather stations on Mt. Rainier Total annual precipitation for two weather stations of Mt.Rainier 10 Total seasonal snowfall Precipitation during July, August, September, in Paradise. 11 The maximum snowpack depth for the Paradise Weather Station, 1920-1972 12 Last day of spring snowpack - Paradise 13 SIMORD Ordination of major Community Types on Mt. Rainier using the Carex nigricans, Festuca/Aster, Valeriana/Veratrum, and Phyllodoce/Vaccinium Com- munity Types as the four reference points on a two- dimensional ordination 36 Successional patterns from barren, high elevation Pumice Slopes or snow basins to late seral and forest climax communities 42 Successional relationships as influenced by fire 43 Frequency of seedling establishment ............44 Ranges in daily temperature of the surface 2 cm of soil in Phyllodoce/Vaccinium community above and Carex nigricans community below - Paradise 1971 49 Figure Page Ranges in daily temperature of surface 2 cm of soil in Festuca/Lupinus community - Sunrise area, 1971 . 50 Ranges in daily temperature of surface 2 cm of soil inFestuca/Aster community - Paradise, 1971 . 51 Ranges in daily temperature of the surface 2 cm of soil in a Phyllodoce/Vaccinium community - Paradise, 1972 52 Ranges in daily temperature of the surface 2 cm of soil in a Lupinus/Valeriana community - Paradise, 1972 53 Ranges in daily temperature of the surface 2 cm of soil in aFestuca/Aster community - Paradise, 1972 . 54 The Subalpine Meadow Zone on the southwest side of Mount Rainier as seen from Pinnacle Peak 56 Klapatche Park . ............ 73 Indian Henry's Hunting Ground . 74 A Festuca/Aster community being re-invaded by fast-growing subalpine firs........ 83 Yakima Park, Sunrise Ridge 96 Valeriana/Lupinus community in Paradise Park area 97 The Mimulus lewisii Community Type above Paradise Park on the way to the ice caves 110 The Luetkea pectinata Community Type near Fan Lake . 111 Low-herbaceous communities in Grand Park .....118 Days between last day of spring snowpack and first fall freeze . 130 Days between last hard freeze (, 28° F) in spring and first hard freeze in fall . 130 Mass invasion of a Heath-Shrub community by subalpine fir and mountain hemlock in Kiapatche Park 136 COMPOSITION, DISTRIBUTION AND SUCCESSION OF SUBALPINE MEADOWS TN MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK I. INTRODUCTION Mount Rainier was established as the Nation's 5th National Park in 1899. Since then the number of visitors has increased from about 700 in 1894 (Haines, 1962) to about 2 million in 1971. The spectacular features of the mountain, however, were recognized in the mid-nineteenth century. Tolmie made his famous collecting trip to Mt. Rainier in 1833. Attempts to climb it finally succeeded in 1870. From 1870 to 1916 it was already a popular place for sum- mer outings, particularly in Paradise Park, although another popular trail led to Mowich Lake and Spray Park. In 1911 the first automobile reached Paradise Park. General automobile traffic, however, was not permitted until 1915. By 1893 it was already noted that people were damaging the vegetation significantly (Haines, 1962). Trees and limbs were cut for firewood and bedding.Cattle, horses and people ate and trampled the vegetation heavily and individual trees and clumps were set afire to provide spectacular con- flagrations (Haines, 1962). A few farsighted people persuaded Congress to include Mt. Rainier among America's National Parks but management of the Park's features and visitors evolved slowly. The need was seen early to preserve the mountain and its surrounding terrain. The subalpine meadows rank with the grandeur of the mountain and its glacier system as the most significant features which merit preservation. 2 Taylor (1922) noted that the meadows "... are among the most famous natural flower gardens in the world." It is disturbing that an area which is so heavily used, the value of which was recognized so early, and contains so many socially and scientifically valuable plant communities has received so little attention from botanists. To date two major compilations of the Park's Flora have been
Recommended publications
  • Subalpine Meadows of Mount Rainier • an Elevational Zone Just Below Timberline but Above the Reach of More Or Less Continuous Tree Or Shrub Cover

    Subalpine Meadows of Mount Rainier • an Elevational Zone Just Below Timberline but Above the Reach of More Or Less Continuous Tree Or Shrub Cover

    Sub-Alpine/Alpine Zones and Flowers of Mt Rainier Lecturer: Cindy Luksus What We Are Going To Cover • Climate, Forest and Plant Communities of Mt Rainier • Common Flowers, Shrubs and Trees in Sub- Alpine and Alpine Zones by Family 1) Figwort Family 2) Saxifrage Family 3) Rose Family 4) Heath Family 5) Special mentions • Suggested Readings and Concluding Statements Climate of Mt Rainier • The location of the Park is on the west side of the Cascade Divide, but because it is so massive it produces its own rain shadow. • Most moisture is dropped on the south and west sides, while the northeast side can be comparatively dry. • Special microclimates result from unique interactions of landforms and weather patterns. • Knowing the amount of snow/rainfall and how the unique microclimates affect the vegetation will give you an idea of what will thrive in the area you visit. Forest and Plant Communities of Mt Rainier • The zones show regular patterns that result in “associations” of certain shrubs and herbs relating to the dominant, climax tree species. • The nature of the understory vegetation is largely determined by the amount of moisture available and the microclimates that exist. Forest Zones of Mt Rainier • Western Hemlock Zone – below 3,000 ft • Silver Fir Zone – between 2,500 and 4,700 ft • Mountain Hemlock Zone – above 4,000 ft Since most of the field trips will start above 4,000 ft we will only discuss plants found in the Mountain Hemlock Zone and above. This zone includes the Sub-Alpine and Alpine Plant communities. Forest and Plant Communities of Mt Rainier Subalpine Meadows of Mount Rainier • An elevational zone just below timberline but above the reach of more or less continuous tree or shrub cover.
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."

    "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."

    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
  • BOTANICAL RESOURCES REPORT Chetco Wild and Scenic River Mineral Withdrawal Project Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest Gold Beach Ranger District

    BOTANICAL RESOURCES REPORT Chetco Wild and Scenic River Mineral Withdrawal Project Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest Gold Beach Ranger District

    BOTANICAL RESOURCES REPORT Chetco Wild and Scenic River Mineral Withdrawal Project Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest Gold Beach Ranger District Clint Emerson District Botanist October 25, 2012 CONTENTS 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Project and Effects Summary ................................................................................................................ 2 3 Affected Environment ........................................................................................................................... 2 3.1 Botanical Resources ...................................................................................................................... 3 3.1.1 Threatened, Endangered, Sensitive and survey and Manage Plant and Fungi Species 3 3.1.2 Invasive Plant Species ......................................................................................................... 6 4 Environmental Effects........................................................................................................................... 7 4.1 Effects on Botanical Resources ..................................................................................................... 8 4.1.1 Effects on Threatened, Endangered, Sensitive and Survey and Manage Plant and Fungi Species 8 4.1.2 Risk of Invasive Plant Species Spread .................................................................................. 9 References ..................................................................................................................................................
  • Alplains 2013 Seed Catalog P.O

    Alplains 2013 Seed Catalog P.O

    ALPLAINS 2013 SEED CATALOG P.O. BOX 489, KIOWA, CO 80117-0489, U.S.A. Three ways to contact us: FAX: (303) 621-2864 (24 HRS.) email: [email protected] website: www.alplains.com Dear Growing Friends: Welcome to our 23rd annual seed catalog! The summer of 2012 was long, hot and brutal, with drought afflicting most of the U.S. Most of my botanical explorations were restricted to Idaho, Wash- ington, Oregon and northern California but even there moisture was below average. In a year like this, seeps, swales, springs, vestigial snowbanks and localized rainstorms became much more important in my search for seeding plants. On the Snake River Plains of southern Idaho and the scab- lands of eastern Washington, early bloomers such as Viola beckwithii, V. trinervata, Ranunculus glaberrimus, Ranunculus andersonii, Fritillaria pudica and Primula cusickiana put on quite a show in mid-April but many populations could not set seed. In northern Idaho, Erythronium idahoense flowered extensively, whole meadows were covered with thousands of the creamy, pendant blossoms. One of my most satisfying finds in the Hells Canyon area had to be Sedum valens. The tiny glaucous rosettes, surround- ed by a ring of red leaves, are a succulent connoisseur’s dream. Higher up, the brilliant blue spikes of Synthyris missurica punctuated the canyon walls. In southern Oregon, the brilliant red spikes of Pedicularis densiflora lit up the Siskiyou forest floor. Further north in Oregon, large populations of Erythronium elegans, Erythronium oregonum ssp. leucandrum, Erythro- nium revolutum, trilliums and sedums provided wonderful picture-taking opportunities. Eriogonum species did well despite the drought, many of them true xerics.
  • CASCADE BILBERRY Decorated with Bear Grass and Bitter Cherry Bark

    CASCADE BILBERRY Decorated with Bear Grass and Bitter Cherry Bark

    Plant Guide baskets include "Klikitat baskets" of cedar root CASCADE BILBERRY decorated with bear grass and bitter cherry bark. Each family would harvest and store approximately Vaccinium deliciosum Piper four or five pecks (ca. four to five gallons) of dried Plant Symbol = VADE berries for winter use (Perkins n.d. (1838-43), Book 1:10). Hunn (1990) estimates that there were 28-42 Contributed by: USDA NRCS National Plant Data huckleberry harvest days in a year. This resulted in a Center & Oregon Plant Materials Center total annual harvest of 63.9-80.2 kg/woman/year from the Tenino-Wishram area, and 90 kg/woman/year from the Umatilla area. The net result was a huckleberry harvest yield of 31 kcal/person/day in the Tenino-Wishram area and 42 kcal/person/day for the Umatilla area (Hunn 1981: 130-131). Vaccinium species contain 622 Kcal per 100 gm huckleberries, with 15.3 gm carbohydrate, 0.5 gm fat, 0.7 gm protein and 83.2 gm water (Hunn 1981:130-131). In the fall, after the harvest, it was common for the Sahaptin to burn these areas to create favorable habitat (Henry Lewis 1973, 1977). Fire creates sunny openings in the forest and edges that foster the rapid spread of nutritious herbs and shrubs that favors the huckleberries (Minore 1972:68). The leaves and berries are high in vitamin C. The Jeanne Russell Janish leaves and finely chopped stems contain quinic acid, Used with permission of the publishers © Stanford University a former therapeutic for gout said to inhibit uric acid Abrams & Ferris (1960) formation but never widely used because of mixed clinical results.
  • Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Redwood National Park

    Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Redwood National Park

    Humboldt State University Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data 9-17-2018 Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Redwood National Park James P. Smith Jr Humboldt State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Smith, James P. Jr, "Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Redwood National Park" (2018). Botanical Studies. 85. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps/85 This Flora of Northwest California-Checklists of Local Sites is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources and Data at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botanical Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE REDWOOD NATIONAL & STATE PARKS James P. Smith, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Botany Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State Univerity Arcata, California 14 September 2018 The Redwood National and State Parks are located in Del Norte and Humboldt counties in coastal northwestern California. The national park was F E R N S established in 1968. In 1994, a cooperative agreement with the California Department of Parks and Recreation added Del Norte Coast, Prairie Creek, Athyriaceae – Lady Fern Family and Jedediah Smith Redwoods state parks to form a single administrative Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosporum • northwestern lady fern unit. Together they comprise about 133,000 acres (540 km2), including 37 miles of coast line. Almost half of the remaining old growth redwood forests Blechnaceae – Deer Fern Family are protected in these four parks.
  • Okanogan County Plant List by Scientific Name

    Okanogan County Plant List by Scientific Name

    The NatureMapping Program Washington Plant List Revised: 9/15/2011 Okanogan County by Scientific Name (1) Non- native, (2) ID Scientific Name Common Name Plant Family Invasive √ 763 Acer glabrum Douglas maple Aceraceae 3 Acer macrophyllum Big-leaf maple Aceraceae 800 Alisma graminium Narrowleaf waterplantain Alismataceae 19 Alisma plantago-aquatica American waterplantain Alismataceae 1155 Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate pigweed Amaranthaceae 1087 Rhus glabra Sumac Anacardiaceae 650 Rhus radicans Poison ivy Anacardiaceae 1230 Berula erecta Cutleaf water-parsnip Apiaceae 774 Cicuta douglasii Water-hemlock Apiaceae 915 Cymopteris terebinthinus Turpentine spring-parsley Apiaceae 167 Heracleum lanatum Cow parsnip Apiaceae 1471 Ligusticum canbyi Canby's lovage Apiaceae 991 Ligusticum grayi Gray's lovage Apiaceae 709 Lomatium ambiguum Swale desert-parsley Apiaceae 1475 Lomatium brandegei Brandegee's lomatium Apiaceae 573 Lomatium dissectum Fern-leaf biscuit-root Apiaceae Coeur d'Alene desert- Lomatium farinosum Apiaceae 548 parsley 582 Lomatium geyeri Geyer's desert-parsley Apiaceae 586 Lomatium gormanii Gorman's desert-parsley Apiaceae 998 Lomatium grayi Gray's desert-parsley Apiaceae 999 Lomatium hambleniae Hamblen's desert-parsley Apiaceae 609 Lomatium macrocarpum Large-fruited lomatium Apiaceae 1476 Lomatium martindalei Few-flowered lomatium Apiaceae 1000 Lomatium nudicaule Pestle parsnip Apiaceae 1477 Lomatium piperi Piper's bisciut-root Apiaceae 634 Lomatium triternatum Nine-leaf lomatium Apiaceae 1528 Osmorhiza berteroi Berter's sweet-cicely
  • Gaylussacia Vaccinium

    Gaylussacia Vaccinium

    Contents Table des matières The Canadian Botanical The first Recipient of the 2005 Undergraduate Botanical Association Bulletin Presentation Regional Award / Première remise d’un prix régional pour la meilleure communication étudiante de premier cycle page 13 Bulletin de l’Association Editor’s Message / Message du rédacteur page 14 botanique du Canada May/ Mai 200 5 • Volume 38 No. / No 2 The first Recipient of the 2005 Undergraduate Botanical PhD Opportunities page 14 Presentation Regional Award Jessie Carviel, student at McMaster University, received this CBA award for the best student paper presented at the 2005 Biology Day in Sudbury, ON, Canada. Paper / Article Miss Carviel is representing the Ontario Region for this contest. The Undergraduate Botanical Presentation Award was created in 2003 by the CBA to encourage undergraduate students to pursue graduate research in botany and to enhance the visibility of the Association. The program offers annually one award of $200.00 for one of the undergraduate conferences/meetings in Biology for each of the five (5) regions of Canada: Atlantic region, Qué bec, Ontario, Prairies and Territories, and British Columbia. Première remise d’un prix ré gional pour la meilleure Poorly Known Economic communicationé tudiante de premier cycle Plants of Canada - 45. Eastern huckleberries Jessie Carviel, étudiante à l’université McMaster, a reçu ce prix de l’ABC pour (Gaylussacia spp.) une présentation faite lors de la Journée de biologie 2005 qui s’est déroulée à and western huckleberries Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. (Vaccinium spp.). E. Small and P.M. Catling Le prix de la meilleure communication étudiante de premier cycle a été créé en pages 15-23 2003 par l’ABC pour inciter les étudiant(e)s à poursuivre leurs études en botanique et pour améliorer la visibilité de l'Association.
  • Native Plant List, Pdf Format

    Native Plant List, Pdf Format

    Appendix A: City of Bellingham Native Plant List December 2020 The City of Bellingham Native Plant List (Figure 1) includes plant species that are native to Bellingham watersheds (Figure 2). The native plant list applies to all habitat types, including riparian, upland, and wetland areas. The list was developed using specimen records from the Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria and Bellingham plant checklists curated by Don Knoke, a volunteer at the University of Washington Herbarium. To improve plant establishment and protect the genetic resources of our local plant populations, the City recommends using native plants that were grown from seeds or cuttings collected from the Puget Trough Ecoregion (Figure 3). Obtaining native plants grown from material collected from the Puget Trough Ecoregion will help ensure the plants are adapted to the unique environmental conditions of Bellingham watersheds and are genetically similar to our local plant populations. A more thorough discussion of the rational and selection process is provided in the City of Bellingham Public Works Department Native Plant Materials Selection Guidelines, December 2020. Figure 1. City of Bellingham Native Plant List Ferns Common Name Scientific Name Family Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Dennstaedtiaceae Bristle-like quillwort Isoetes tenella Isoetaceae Common horsetail Equisetum arvense Equisetaceae Deer fern Struthiopteris spicant (Blechnum spicant) Blechnaceae Dream fern Aspidotis densa Pteridaceae Giant horsetail Equisetum telmateia ssp. braunii
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Development Of

    UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Development Of

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Development of baddeleyite as a chronometer for recent silica-undersaturated lavas A thesis submitted in satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Geochemistry by Wan Ning Wu 2014 ABSTRACT OF THESIS Development of baddeleyite as a chronometer for recent silica-undersaturated lavas by Wan Ning Wu Master of Science in Geochemistry University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Axel K. Schmitt, Chair Baddeleyite is a frequently found accessory mineral in silica-undersaturated lavas. Because it is typically enriched in uranium, while having low initial lead, baddeleyite has long been a prime target for U-Pb geochronology for mafic rocks. The difficulties in retrieving small baddeleyite grains from volcanic samples and the lack of a detailed understanding of baddeleyite occurrence, however, have limited baddeleyite chronology largely to coarse-grained mafic intrusive rocks. In this thesis, the development of U-Th in-situ baddeleyite analysis using Secondary Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) is presented together with an assessment of baddeleyite occurrence in Quaternary silica- undersaturated lavas. Samples studied include the Cathedral Crag and Burroughs Mountain lava flows of Cascade arc volcanoes Mt. Baker and Mt. Rainier (Washington, USA), respectively, and Accademia, Punta Marmolite and Cuma lava domes of the Campi Flegrei caldera (Naples, Italy). Baddeleyite crystals were initially identified in cut and polished rock billets using scanning electron microscope (SEM) backscatter imaging and energy dispersive x-ray analysis, before they were separated by diamond-drilling for ii SIMS analysis. A total of 62 and 52 baddeleyite crystals were documented from Cathedral and Burroughs Mountain lava flows; 205, 42 and 15 baddeleyite crystals were documented from Accademia, Punta Marmolite and Cuma lava domes, respectively.
  • The Genus Vaccinium in North America

    The Genus Vaccinium in North America

    Agriculture Canada The Genus Vaccinium 630 . 4 C212 P 1828 North America 1988 c.2 Agriculture aid Agri-Food Canada/ ^ Agnculturo ^^In^iikQ Canada V ^njaian Agriculture Library Brbliotheque Canadienno de taricakun otur #<4*4 /EWHE D* V /^ AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada/ '%' Agrrtur^'AgrntataireCanada ^M'an *> Agriculture Library v^^pttawa, Ontano K1A 0C5 ^- ^^f ^ ^OlfWNE D£ W| The Genus Vaccinium in North America S.P.VanderKloet Biology Department Acadia University Wolfville, Nova Scotia Research Branch Agriculture Canada Publication 1828 1988 'Minister of Suppl) andS Canada ivhh .\\ ailabla in Canada through Authorized Hook nta ami other books! or by mail from Canadian Government Publishing Centre Supply and Services Canada Ottawa, Canada K1A0S9 Catalogue No.: A43-1828/1988E ISBN: 0-660-13037-8 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data VanderKloet,S. P. The genus Vaccinium in North America (Publication / Research Branch, Agriculture Canada; 1828) Bibliography: Cat. No.: A43-1828/1988E ISBN: 0-660-13037-8 I. Vaccinium — North America. 2. Vaccinium — North America — Classification. I. Title. II. Canada. Agriculture Canada. Research Branch. III. Series: Publication (Canada. Agriculture Canada). English ; 1828. QK495.E68V3 1988 583'.62 C88-099206-9 Cover illustration Vaccinium oualifolium Smith; watercolor by Lesley R. Bohm. Contract Editor Molly Wolf Staff Editors Sharon Rudnitski Frances Smith ForC.M.Rae Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada - Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada http://www.archive.org/details/genusvacciniuminOOvand
  • Mount Rainier NATIONAL PARK

    Mount Rainier NATIONAL PARK

    Mount Rainier NATIONAL PARK . WASHINGTON THE SEASONS Curving mountain roads demand careful driving. at Cougar Rock Campground. Camping through­ Observe posted speeds; drive defensively. Use out the park is allowed at designated sites only. From mid-June through October, the experi­ lower gears for steep hills. Help prevent traffic Also, for back-country camping, you will need a enced visitor comes prepared for cool and rainy jams by using turnouts and parking areas while back-country use permit, which is available at days as well as for those that are warm and sunny. observing wildlife or scenery. any ranger station. Build fires only in places where From November through May, heavy snowstorms fires are permitted. Dead and down wood only Motorcycles and motorbikes must be licensed, and are frequent. Annual snowfall at Paradise (5,420 may be used. Do not leave fires unattended; ex­ riders must comply with Washington State laws. feet) may total 80 feet; snow may lie as deep as tinguish them completely with water. Report un­ They are not allowed on park trails. 30 feet; 5 to 14 feet of snow may remain on the attended fires to a ranger. ground into June, and even 3 to 8 feet into July. Stop at overlooks marked "POINT OF INTEREST To keep bears and other animals from your food, AHEAD" for grand views and exhibits on Mount Wildflowers in the high meadows begin to blos­ you must store it in your car or suspended high in Rainier's features. som in mid-June in places where the snow has a tree.