Escuela De Posgrado Maestría En Agronegocios

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Escuela De Posgrado Maestría En Agronegocios UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA ESCUELA DE POSGRADO MAESTRÍA EN AGRONEGOCIOS “ESTRATEGIAS DE MERCADO PARA FOMENTAR LA EXPORTACIÓN DE ARÁNDANO (Vaccinium spp.) DESDE LIMA A ESTADOS UNIDOS A PARTIR DEL 2017” Presentada por: JULIA ESTHER GAMARRA SOLÓRZANO TESIS PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE MAGISTER SCIENTIAE EN AGRONEGOCIOS Lima - Perú 2016 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA ESCUELA DE POSGRADO MAESTRÍA EN AGRONEGOCIOS “ESTRATEGIAS DE MERCADO PARA FOMENTAR LA EXPORTACIÓN DE ARÁNDANO (Vaccinium spp.) DESDE LIMA A ESTADOS UNIDOS A PARTIR DEL 2017” TESIS PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE MAGISTER SCIENTIAE Presentada por: JULIA ESTHER GAMARRA SOLÓRZANO Sustentada y aprobada ante el siguiente jurado: Dr. Pedro Quiroz Quezada Mg.Sc. Luis Espinoza Villanueva PRESIDENTE PATROCINADOR Mto.Prof.CPC. Demetrio Tello Romero Dr. Ampelio Ferrando Perea MIEMBRO MIEMBRO DEDICATORIA La presente tesis la dedico a Dios, por haberme llenado de fuerza y optimismo para cumplir con este objetivo; a mi mamá Julia que ha sido un pilar fundamental en mi formación profesional, por su desprendimiento, sus consejos y por ser un gran ejemplo de perseverancia; a mi esposo Denis por su apoyo incondicional y estar siempre en los momentos difíciles brindándome su amor y su comprensión ; a mi hijo Thiago por su amor y ser el motor de mi vida ; a mi hermana Giuliana por ser siempre mi fortaleza ; a mi primo Tato por haberme siempre orientado a tomar mejores decisiones, a mi Negrita por ser mi segunda madre y motivarme siempre; y a toda mi familia por estar a mi lado en todo momento. Julia. AGRADECIMIENTO A la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, por haberme brindado una formación académica de alto nivel y a los docentes de la Maestría en Agronegocios, por los conocimientos y enseñanzas impartidas durante mi formación post gradual. Al asesor de Tesis Mg. Sc. Luis Enrique Espinoza Villanueva, por su asesoría siempre dispuesta aún en la distancia, por su apoyo incondicional y por sus ideas y recomendaciones respecto a esta investigación. A los jurados del proyecto de tesis Dr. Pedro Quiroz Quezada, Mtro. Demetrio Tello Romero y Dr. Ampelio Ferrando Perea, mi más sincero agradecimiento por su destacada dirección en la evaluación del proyecto de tesis. Al Especialista William Daga, Jefe del Programa Perú Berries de Sierra y Selva Exportadora por haberme orientado en base a su experiencia para la ejecución de la presente investigación; al Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego por orientarme y facilitarme información relevante; a las empresas exportadoras de Arándano: Agroinversiones Valle y Pampa Perú Sociedad Anónima, Camposol S.A., Blueberries Perú S.A.C., Agrícola Norsur S.A.C., HASS Perú S.A., Vision´s S.A.C., Fresh Results Perú S.A.C., Agrícola Isabel S.A.C., por su apoyo brindando información respecto a la producción y exportación de arándanos, permitiéndome conocer el panorama real de este cultivo en el Perú; a las empresas: California Giant Berry Farms, Valleyfresh Global, Viveros Sunnyridge, San Jorge Packaging, UNITEC y a la USDA - Economic Research Service; por haberme permitido conocer el panorama general y la tendencia tecnológica relacionada a los arándanos y al mundo. A mis jefes, por todo su apoyo incondicional y por las facilidades brindadas para cumplir con este objetivo. Finalmente, agradezco a mi mamá Mg. Julia Solórzano Taquio por su guía, a mi esposo y a mi hijo por el ánimo y apoyo brindado para lograr esta meta. ÍNDICE GENERAL INDICE DE CUADROS i INDICE DE FIGURAS iii INDICE DE ANEXOS iv RESUMEN SUMMARY I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 1.1. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 1 1.2. PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN 3 1.2.1. Formulación del Problema 3 1.2.2. Problema Principal 5 1.2.3. Problemas Secundarios 5 1.3. OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 5 1.3.1. Objetivo General 5 1.3.2. Objetivos Específicos 6 1.4. DELIMITACIÓN DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 6 1.4.1. Delimitación Espacial - Geográfica 6 1.4.2. Delimitación Cronológica 6 1.4.3. Delimitación Sociodemográfica 6 1.5. JUSTIFICACIÓN 7 1.6. IMPORTANCIA 7 1.7. LIMITACIONES 8 II. REVISIÓN LITERARIA 9 2.1. Antecedentes de la Investigación 9 2.1.1. Antecedentes en el Extranjero 9 2.1.2. Antecedentes en el Perú 11 2.2. Base teórica 13 2.2.1. Generalidades 13 2.2.2. Características del Cultivo del Arándano 21 2.2.3. Post Cosecha y Transformación 25 2.2.4. Producción Nacional e Internacional del Arándano 31 2.2.5. Comercialización 31 2.2.6. Marketing 37 2.3. Marco Conceptual 47 MATERIALES Y METODOLOGÍA DE LA III. INVESTIGACIÓN 54 3.1. Lugar de ejecución 54 3.2. Materiales 54 3.3. Metodología de la Investigación 54 3.3.1. Tipo de Investigación 54 3.3.2. Formulación de Hipótesis 55 3.3.2.1. Hipótesis General 55 3.3.2.2. Hipótesis Específicas 55 3.3.3. Identificación de Variables 55 3.3.3.1. Independientes 55 3.3.3.2. Dependientes 56 3.3.4. Definición Conceptual y Operacional 56 3.3.5. Diseño de la Investigación 56 3.3.6. Fases del Proceso de Investigación 57 3.3.7. Universo, Población y Muestra 58 3.3.8. Instrumento de Colecta de Datos 59 IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 61 4.1. Resultado del Análisis de las Características del Mercado de Arándano y su Potencial Exportador 61 4.1.1. Análisis de la Demanda 61 4.1.1.1. Principales Mercados Importadores de Arándano fresco y productos procesados 62 4.1.2. Análisis de la Oferta 67 4.1.2.1. Análisis de la Producción de Arándano en el Perú 67 4.1.3. Precios de Arándano en el Campo 74 Análisis del Ciclo de Vida del Producto en Estados 4.1.4. Unidos 76 4.1.5. Análisis de la Cuota de Mercado y su Potencial 78 4.1.6. Análisis del Lugar de Venta 79 4.2. Análisis de las Características del Mercado de Arándano de Estados Unidos 80 4.2.1. Análisis del Perfil del Consumidor 80 4.2.2. Análisis de la Regulación Alimentaria Nacional e Internacional para el Arándano 82 4.2.3. Análisis del Proceso de Exportación de arándanos 88 4.2.3.1. Medios de Transporte Aéreo 89 4.2.3.2. Medios de Transporte Marítimo y Tiempo de Navegación 89 4.2.3.3. Canales de Distribución 91 4.2.3.4. Requisitos de Ingreso 92 4.2.4. Análisis de los Resultados de las Exportaciones de Arándano a Estados Unidos 96 4.2.5. Análisis de la Ventana Comercial para Exportar Arándano a Estados Unidos 111 4.3. Análisis de la Rentabilidad Económica al Exportar Arándano a Estados Unidos 112 4.3.1. Análisis de los Costos de Producción 112 4.3.2. Análisis de las Ventas Netas 117 4.3.3. Análisis de la Utilidad Bruta 117 4.3.4. Análisis de las Utilidades de Operación 118 4.3.5. Análisis del Margen Neto de Utilidad 118 4.3.6. Resultados de la Interrelación de las Ventas, Posicionamiento y Rentabilidad 118 4.4. Resultado del Análisis del Nivel de Posicionamiento del Arándano en el Consumo de Frutas del Mercado Americano. 119 4.4.1. Análisis de los Atributos del Producto 121 4.4.2. Análisis de la Satisfacción 124 4.5. Estrategias de Mercado 125 4.5.1. Resultado de la Evaluación de las Encuestas 125 4.5.2. Resultado de la Contrastación de la Realidad del Arándano: Perú & Chile - Estrategias de Marketing Chilenas. 149 4.5.3. Resultado del Análisis FODA 154 4.5.4. Propuesta de Estrategias de Mercado 157 4.5.4.1. Estrategias Ofensivas 157 4.5.4.2. Estrategias Defensivas 177 4.5.5. Análisis del Incremento de las Ventas Peruanas Aplicando las Estrategias de Marketing Propuestas. 180 DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS 183 V. CONCLUSIONES 184 VI. RECOMENDACIONES 185 VII. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 186 VIII. ANEXOS 194 INDICE DE CUADROS Página CUADRO 1. Taxonomía del Arándano 15 CUADRO 2. Variedades De Arándanos Posibles De Cultivar En Perú 20 CUADRO 3. Composición química del fruto de arándano (g/100g). 28 CUADRO 4. Oferta Internacional de Arándano - 2014 34 CUADRO 5. Empresas de mayor nivel de exportación monetaria durante el periodo 2008 al 2015 59 CUADRO 6. Código Arancelario para el Arándano y sus derivados 61 CUADRO 7. Valor importado en el Mundo de 081040 arándanos o murtones y demás frutos del genero vaccinium frescos (Mil. US$) 62 CUADRO 8. Detalle de Áreas Cultivadas de Arándano 68 CUADRO 9. Producción de Arándanos 70 CUADRO 10. Producción de Arándano de acuerdo a cada mes 71 CUADRO 11. Rendimiento de arándano 73 CUADRO 12. Precio de Arándano en el Campo (S/ / kg) 75 CUADRO 13. Precios de Arándano en Campo 76 CUADRO 14. Oferta y Demanda de Arándano (TN) 76 CUADRO 15. Tasa de crecimiento industrial y Porcentaje de participación en el Mercado de Perú 78 CUADRO 16. Participación relativa del mercado 79 CUADRO 17. Puerto de Arribo USA - Arándano 90 CUADRO 18. Tiempo aproximado de navegación de Frutas desde Perú a Estados Unidos 90 CUADRO 19. Ranking de los diez mayores exportadores de arándano del Mundo 97 CUADRO 20. Código Arancelario para el Arándano y sus derivados 98 CUADRO 21. Ranking de Empresas Exportadoras de la Partida Arancelaria 0810400000 ARANDANOS ROJOS, MIRTILOS Y DEMAS FRUTOS DEL GENERO VACCINIUM, FRESCOS (2008- 2015) 103 CUADRO 22. Precio promedio por mes en US$ FOB/kg de la partida arancelaria 0810400000 ARANDANOS ROJOS, MIRTILOS Y DEMAS FRUTOS DEL GENERO VACCINIUM, FRESCOS, periodo 2008-2015. 105 CUADRO 23. Ventas US$ FOB Partida Arancelaria 2009810000 JUGO DE ARÁNDANOS ROJOS. 106 CUADRO 24. Ranking de Empresas Exportadoras de la Partida Arancelaria 2009810000 JUGO DE ARÁNDANOS ROJOS 2012- 2015 108 CUADRO 25.
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