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Razia Sultana Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar FWU Journal of Social Sciences, Summer 2018, Part-1, Vol.12, No.1, 1-16 Landed Aristocracy of the Punjab and Partition of India Sajid Hussain Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad Razia Sultana Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar The research paper mainly deals with last decade of British rule in India with special focus on the politics of the Punjab and Landed Aristocracy as a contributory factor in partition of India. The impression that economically powerful class attain political power in every society or region so having these powers the landed aristocracy of cross communal Unionist Party (which kept three major communities united for decades in Punjab) through allegiance to All India Muslim League, has been a contributory factor in partition of India, is the major argument of this research. Had landed aristocracy of the Punjab which assumed power and became ruler in Pakistan after independence played any intentional or unintentional role or contribution in partition of India? Landed aristocracy’s role, Sikandar-Jinnah Pact of 1937, Lahore Resolution of 1940, inclination of landed aristocracy towards All India Muslim League, thirst for power, self-interest, mass pressure or economic opportunities, mutual cooperation with British ruler, political engineering by the British rulers, communal divide in the Punjab, decline of Unionist Party, Hindu, Muslim, Sikhs relationship, 1946 elections, partition of Punjab and India are main subjects of the paper. Partition of India is much debated subject but almost historians have written in broader context of overall India and the Punjab. This analytical study is important and original contribution because in this paper landed aristocracy of the Punjab has been explored as major or minor contributory factor in partition of India which earlier has not been studied by the historians specifically. This paper highlights this unique subject. Keywords: landed aristocracy, the British, Punjab, Pakistan movement, partition of India After annexation of the Punjab in 1849, the British realized how necessary it was for them to obtain support from the landed aristocracy and nobility who were described as “break water to the storm which would otherwise have swept over them in one great wave” (Bevan, 1929). The British Government’s major objective in the Punjab was to gain revenue returns, military recruitment and political support by using landed aristocracy as the main pillars of the Raj. All the policies of the British Government revolve around their major objective of economic gains and military recruitment at any cost and for this main purpose they also needed the political support of local landed aristocracy consisting Hindus, Sikhs and Muslim landlords like Tiwanas, Noons, Mamdots, Daultanas, Legharis, Qureshis, Mazaries, Gardezis, Sials, Arains, Gilanis, Kharals, and Rajas of the Punjab to face internal and external challenges. The British used this landed aristocracy for the purpose of revenue returns, political support and military recruitment. In return, the landed aristocracy won the titles, jagirs, land free grants etc. The sole purpose of the landed aristocracy has been pronounced as self-preservation generally. Lambardars, Zaildars and some honorary Magistrates were recruited from the landed aristocracy to assist the British Government (Nina, 1985). There was a tendency on the part of the landed aristocracy to share the fruits with British by way of associating themselves with the administration. In the closing years of nineteenth century, the landed aristocracy started to seek political reforms. The administrative, social, religious and economic developments of Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mr. Sajid Hussain, PhD Candidate, Department of History, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Email: [email protected] Hussain, Sultana 2 the nineteenth century had produced in the Punjab a wealthy landlord class and a group of financiers and opportunists. In order to build orderly rule and social stratification, the British rulers during seventeenth and eighteenth centuries created loyalist landed aristocracy in India specifically in Punjab. The landed aristocracy strengthened British rule as a tool and intermediary class and nearing the end of British rule caused a major factor in partition of India. Books and books have been written on Punjab, Indian Partition and freedom movement in the Subcontinent and they have presented varied arguments and factors behind the Indian partition in 1947. Too many articles and literature on British India have been published but they simply narrate political history explaining role and responsibilities of political organizations, local and British personalities in the partition and argument of the majority of the writers carries different perspective confusing detached spectators in understanding the real fact and truth. Almost historians have termed shifting of loyalties by the landed aristocracy from Unionist Party to AIML as factional conflict explaining less about their role as a factor in partition. Ian Talbot in his work ‘Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement’, David Gilmartin in his book ‘Empire and Islam’, Ayesha Jalal in ‘The Sole Spokesman’, Iftekhar H. Malik, US - South Asia Relations 1940-47: American Attitude Towards Pakistan Movement, Syed Noor Ahmad in Marshal Law to Marshal Law, Ishtiaq Ahmed in The Punjab Bloodied Partitioned and cleansed and many more writers have their argument of partition in broader context explaining overall factors and events throughout India but have little mention of landed aristocracy as a factor of partition because the Punjab, ruled by landed aristocracy, was the major canter for demand of Pakistan leading to partition of India ultimately. Switching of Landed aristocracy of Punjab from Unionist Party to League had proved last and stronger factor in Partition and almost historians have not given much importance to this factor. Hassan Javid in his work Class, Power, and Patronage: The Landed Elite and Politics in Pakistan Punjab, has given a background of landed elites but again the issues in question in this paper remain unanswered. The literature on partition and British Punjab may take pages and pages to review but all the writers and historians have paid minimum heed to a specific class and group of landed aristocracy of the Punjab whom division on communal basis caused the last blow to Indian unity and emerged as strong factor in partition of not only Punjab but the India as a whole into two separate homelands on religious lines. The division amongst Muslim, Sikh and Hindu landed aristocracy of the Punjab on religious / communal lines caused a major contributory factor of partition but all the literature on partition has not credited or discredited landed aristocracy as contributory aspect of the Indian partition as a separate subject. This paper is an attempt to decipher and highlight how landed aristocracy in Punjab influenced the overall politics to divide India into two separate countries. By 1935 Muhammad Ali Jinnah had realized the importance of Bengal and Punjab being Muslim majority provinces and by winning the support of strong Muslim leaders of these provinces the cause of All India Muslim League for wellbeing of Indian Muslims could be strengthened well. As regarded the Punjab Jinnah and Sir Fazl-e-Hussain of Unionist Party could not reach an agreement despite pursuance by Jinnah because of Jinnah’s preeminence to independence while Fazl’s emphasis on opportunities provided by provincial autonomy (Ahmad, 1985). Jinnah wanted him to run the elections under the flag of Muslim League but he refused to be side tracked. He knew that by hobnobbing with the League, he would scare away the Hindus and the Sikhs. Fazl asked Jinnah therefore rather sternly to leave the Punjab to itself (Rai, 1937) After Fazl’s death on 9 July 1936, Unionist Party’s leadership shifted to Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, a renowned landed aristocrat. Fazl-i-Hussain had complete hold on Punjab politics and Unionist Party from 1923 to 1936 despite opposition from different personalities and groups within from the party. These groups were LANDED ARISTOCRACY OF THE PUNJAB 3 striving to gain control and power but Fazl’s group was largest and strong. However he faced perpetual opposition from the League Parliamentary Board on the one hand and from Sikandar and his supporters including Sikhs and Urban Hindus on the other (Hussain, 1946). Sikandar had sympathy of strong landlords like Ahmad Yar Khan Daultana, Nawab Muzaffar Qizlbash and Mir Maqbool Mahmood and he sent Daultana to League’s session in Bombay to ensure Jinnah landed aristocracy’s support against Fazl. Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan may be termed as political entryism in Unionist Party by Jinnah because he contributed a lot in developing relations between League and Unionist party. Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan, a close companion of Jinnah could be suspected as such political strategy. Sikandar’s group of landed aristocracy approached Jinnah through Raja and assured its support in coming provincial elections in Punjab in December 1934 (Mashriq, 1963). A turning point in the history of Indian partition was Jinnah – Sikandar Pact in October 1937 which actually weakened the ideological and political bases of cross communal Unionist Party and caused strengthening of purely communal AIML (Hussain, 1946). According to this pact, in Punjab a meeting of Unionist Party by Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan will be convened to advise all Muslim members of the
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