Supporting Information

Pointing et al. 10.1073/pnas.0908274106

Acidobacteria Deinococcus H_18 (FJ490338) S_4 (FJ895045) Uncultured bacterium clone Scw b2 (DQ390496) S_16 (FJ895057) /80 Uncultured Acidobacteria bacterium clone 351B (AY571792) Uncultured bacterium clone Scw b4 (DQ390498) S_43 (FJ895084) 75/ C_31 (FJ490268) 97/ Uncultured Deinococci bacterium (AY250871) 100/ E_25 (FJ490302) S_45 (FJ895086) Uncultured Acidobacteria bacterium clone 1307 (EF447037) 100/81 C_26 (FJ490263) 79/ Uncultured Deinococcus sp. clone 21B1 (DQ 366016) 99/79 S_25 (FJ895066) E_3 (FJ490280) 100/84 100/90 Uncultured bacterium clone FBP241 (AY250867) Uncultured Deinococcus sp. clone 347H (AY571842) 62/ S_27 (FJ895068) E_26 (FJ490303) H_13 (FJ490333) 100/76 E_24 (FJ490301) 100/ 100/89 Uncultured Acidobacteria bacterium clone PENP62 (DQ 062873) Uncultured Deinococcus sp. clone 21D1 (DQ 366012) Uncultured bacterium clone 21 (AF493860) 100/ Uncultured Acidobacteria bacterium clone BIS25 (DQ062913) Uncultured Deinococcus sp. clone 20E7 (DQ 366013) 100/94 S_6 (FJ895047)

S_11 (FJ895052) /99 S_37 (FJ895078) 100/ /92 S_28 (FJ895069) 100/61 S_13 (FJ895054) Uncultured bacterium DA008 (Y12597) Holophaga foetida DSM6591-T (X77215) 100/97 Uncultured antarctic soil bacterium cone bh6.6 (AF419205)

100/75 Deinococcus radiodurans R1 (NC000958) /98 Uncultured Deinococcus sp. clone K9-35 (AY905383)

Deinococcus deserti strain VCD115 (AY876378) Actinobacteria Micrococcineae str. Ellin 124 (AF408966) E_17 (FJ490294) Firmicutes 100/100 E_35 (FJ490312) S_20 (FJ895061) 100/94 Uncultured bacterium clone stone42-2 (AY544247) Uncultured actinobacterium clone 45B167 (AY539811) 100/89 Arthrobacter globiformis (AB098573) 99/68 Unidentified Hailaer soda lake bacterium Z8 (AF275715) 84/ 99/ Uncultured Arthrobacter sp. clone PENP 7 (DQ 062860) Exiguobacterium indicum HHS 31T (AJ846291) Uncultured bacterium clone A2 (AY755888) Corynebacterium-like bacterium QSSC9-20 (AF170755) Bacillus subtilis NP1-1 (AB168129) /87 S_12 (FJ895053) 100/97 S_21 (FJ895062) Enterococcus mundtii CP153-7 (AJ871426) 100/ 100/65 Uncultured actinobacterium clone F1-2F_A07 (EF220380) 100/79 S_38 (FJ895079) Clostridium innocuum (M23732) Aeromicrobium sp. DR8 (FJ464983) 100/99 Uncultured bacterium clone 47mm79 (AY796043) S_40 (FJ895081) /57 100/51 Uncultured actinobacterium clone BPU241 (AY250860) E_7 (FJ490284) 54/58 Actinom ycetales bacterium Gsoil 1632 (AB245397) /65 Uncultured Geodermatphilus sp. clone MVG1 (DQ 062879) 100/89 C_39 (FJ490276) S_23 (FJ895064) Alicyclobacillus pomorum (AB089840) Uncultured actinobacterium clone E1B-F6-114 (EF016822) 100/67 Uncultured actinobacterium clone FBP460 (AY250884) Uncultured bacterium clone KU26 (AB074934) S_1 (FJ895042) 100/75 99/60 C_33 (FJ490270) Uncultured bacterium ACE-45 (AF142820) Uncultured actinobacterium clone PENP 40 (DQ062866) Uncultured Pseudonocardiaceae bacterium clone Elev_16S_454 (EF019272) Sporichthya polym orpha (X72377) Actinomadura atramentaria DSM 43919T (AJ420138) 100/87 Thermopolyspora flexuosa strain DSM 43186 (AY039253) E_30 (FJ490307) 100/60 97/ E_11 (FJ490288) Gemmatimonadetes E_36 (FJ490313) 76/54 100/95 H_9 (FJ490329) 88/ S_35 (FJ895076) S_41 (FJ895082) 98/ S_8 (FJ895049) /51 Uncultured actinobacterium clone FI-1F_A07 (EF220467) 100/96 S_24 (FJ895065) 84/87 S_2 (FJ895043) 100/ E_40 (FJ490317) S_26 (FJ895067) 100/88 Uncultured actinobacterium clone 1295 (EF462578) 99/68 S_39 (FJ895080) Uncultured actinobacterium clone SI-1M_D03 (EF221457) Unidentified Actinom ycete O PB41 (AF027014) Uncultured G em m atim onadetes bacterium clone 1301 (EF462574)

Rubrobacter radiotolerans (U65647) 100/99 Rubrobacter radiotolerans (AJ243870) Uncultured actinobacterium clone FBP483 (AY250887) Uncultured Rubrobacter sp. QSSC8L-10 (AF170770) Uncultured actinobacterium (DQ366004) Planctomycetes 99/ S_10 (FJ895051) C_12 (FJ490249) S_32 (FJ895073) 100/61 100/97 Uncultured Rubrobacter sp. clone HK03-C09 (EU751362) S_48 (FJ895089) 100/77 C_8 (FJ490245) 100/99 S_33 (FJ895074) E_15 (FJ490292) 91/80 E_19 (FJ490296) 96/59 Uncultured actinobacterium clone S1-2F_H07 (EF221417) C_24 (FJ490261) C_19 (FJ490256) 100/98 Uncultured endolithic bacterium clone 5B-WNS (AB374370) 51/ S_15 (FJ895056) 100/83 Unidentified bacterium clone FB-2_B06 (EF220299) Solirubrobacter sp. G soil 921 (AB245336) E_39 (FJ490316) S_47 (FJ895088) C_38 (FJ490275) 100/79 78/69 S_5 (FJ895046) 100/ 56/66 S_7 (FJ895048) Uncultured actinobacterium clone H5Ba05 (AY360557) S_18 (FJ895059) 87/ 100/ C_29 (FJ490266) 72/ S_22 (FJ895063) 75/ S_3 (FJ895044) 100/97 100/97 E_41 (FJ490318) Uncultured soil bacterium clone S0202 (AF507699) S_9 (FJ895050) 97/96 Uncultured bacterium clone LOXA-e08 (EU869568) Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi 100/91 E_29 (FJ490306) E_31 (FJ490308) C_1 (FJ490238) 100/93 100/100 Uncultured Planctom ycete C_15 (FJ490252) 100/100 Uncultured Isosphaera sp. clone D01_WMSP1 (DQ 450803) Uncultured Bacteroidetes bacterium clone PENP37 (DQ 062865) S_17 (FJ895058) clone 121 (EU223954) Segetibacter koreensi (AB267478) C_25 (FJ490262) /89 S_31 (FJ895072) S_36 (FJ895077) 100/96 Uncultured Bacteroidetes bacterium clone 21A8 (DQ 366000) Uncultured Bacteroidetes bacterium clone BP20-2E (DQ 365999) /53 S_19 (FJ895060) 100/ 100/65 Uncultured Bacteroidetes bacterium clone AKYG1587 (AY921683) Proteobacteria Uncultured Cytophaga sp. JTB251 (AB015265) Unidentified Cytophagales OPB73 (AF027008) 100/100 Uncultured bacterium clone Rhw b4 (DQ390486) E_1 (FJ490278) 99/ E_16 (FJ490293) Uncultured bacterium clone Rhw b3 (DQ390485) 60/ C_21 (FJ490258) 56/ Uncultured alpha proteobacterium clone BPS147 (AY250854) /53 E_10 (FJ490287) 52/ Erythromonas sp. QSSC5-6 (AF170744) 100/93 Chryseobacterium sp. CHNTR56 (DQ 337588) Sphingomonas sp. eh2 (AF548567) Chryseobacterium sp. Atl-24 (EF028127) 97/91 70/ Uncultured alpha proteobactreium clone F1-2F (EF220378) 100/71 Flavobacterium sp. EP328 (AF493663) Arctic sea ice bacterium ARK10164 (AF468425) H_11 (FJ490331) 100/100 99/ C_9 (FJ490246) 100/86 Uncultured Flavobacteriales bacterium clone LiUU9-117 (AY509328) 100/83 Antarctic bacterium R-9033 (AJ441001) 99/73 C_36 (FJ490273) Gelidibacter sp. QSSC1-21 (AF170737) C_22 (FJ490259) E_38 (FJ490315) 100/100 C_17 (FJ490254) E_32 (FJ490309) 100/100 C_37 (FJ490274) E_33 (FJ490310) Spirosoma sp. RODSPM10 (EF451726) 100/100 E_27 (FJ490304) Arcicella aquatica NO-502T (AJ535729) 100/86 C_23 (FJ490260) Uncultured bacterium clone Scw b11 (DQ390505) Alpha Uncultured bacterium clone Scw b3 (DQ390497) 100/ S_46 (FJ895087) 100/86 Agrobacterium sp. JS71 (AY174112) Flexibacter ruber IFO 16677 (AB078065) 100/97 E_28 (FJ490305) Agrobacterium tumefaciens ICM P 10854 (AY626387) Rhodobacter sp. QSSC1-20 (AF170736) 100/63 100/74 100/91 Roseobacter sp. QSSC9-8 (AF170751) 100/82 Uncultured alpha proteobacterium clone FBP492 (AY250888) 92/91 C_30 (FJ490267) 99/56 Acidiphilium sp. SM 1 (EF556240) Chloroflexi 98/93 Uncultured alpha proteobacterium clone BPS153 (AY250855) Uncultured alpha proteobacterium OPT5 (AF026978) 100/96 S_44 (FJ895085) 100/52 99/56 E_5 (FJ490282) Uncultured bacterium clone PK324 (AY555804) Naxibacter sp. BUZ1 (FJ657440) Thermal soil bacterium YNP1 (AF391972) 51/53 S_14 (FJ895055) Uncultured Chloroflexi bacterium clone MVG 24 (DQ 062891) 62/ Uncultured bacterium clone Rhw b7 (DQ390489) 100/93 S_29 (FJ895070) 100/ Uncultured bacterium clone C5 (AY755940) Beta S_42 (FJ895083) 59/74 Uncultured O xalobacteraceae bacterium clone 3 (EU362132) 100/90 Chloroflexus aurantiacus (AJ308500) Uncultured bacterium clone Rhw b9 (DQ390491) 91/62 Uncultured bacterium clone R08 (AF407685) S_30 (FJ895071) 100/92 Chloroflexus aggregans (AJ308499) 100/83 C_32 (FJ490269) 100/87 Uncultured bacterium clone JC2701W (AY349542) C_20 (FJ490257) 69/64 Roseiflexus castenholzii (AB041226) Escherichia coli (J01859) Uncultured bacterium clone B182 (AY375058) /55 Uncultured Chloroflexi bacterium isolate L2 (AF423366) 100/93 Aeromonas sobria ATCC43979T (X74683) Uncultured Chloroflexaceae bacterium clone BS1-0-90 (AY254986) 61/64 G am m a proteobacterium HTB082 (AB010842) /52 Anaerolinea thermophila (AB046413) S_34 (FJ895075) E_14 (FJ490291) 100/ C_7 (FJ490244) 82/77 C_28 (FJ490265) Gamma 100/ C_11 (FJ490248) C_27 (FJ490264) 100/ H_15 (FJ490335) Uncultured bacterium clone Thermophilic methanotroph HB (U89302) BIS45 (DQ 062918) Thioalcalovibrio denitrificans (AF126545) 0.1

Fig. S1. Phylogenetic relationships among bacterial 16S rRNA phylotypes recovered from soils, sandstone chasmoliths, sandstone endoliths, and quartz hypoliths in McKelvey Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Phylotypes recovered during this study are shown in bold type. Sequence code prefix denotes location. S, soil; H, hypolith; C, chasmolith, E, endolith. Tree topologies are supported by Bayesian posterior probabilities (first number) and bootstrap values for 1,000 replications (second number), shown for branches supported by Ͼ50% of the trees. (Scale bar, 0.1-nt changes per position.) The tree was created in a single analysis, but is presented in smaller segments for improved clarity. This file allows the reader to zoom-in on selected parts of the tree topology.

Pointing et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0908274106 1of6 64/97 C_42 (FJ490211), H_26 (FJ490235), Antarctica clade 1 E_44 (FJ490220), E_51 (FJ490227), H_27 (FJ490230)

Rosenvingiella radicans Rrad5 (EF200525) /55 sp. G ALW014367 (EF200523) /92 Rosenvingiella 59/97 Prasiola fluviatilis (AF189072)

/85 Stichococcus chloranthus strain UTEX 315 (AM 412751)

Raphidonema longiseta (U18520) /93 99/100 Koliella longiseta SAG 470 (AJ306535) /86 Trebouxiophyte sp. UR55-3 (AY762606)

Stichococcus jenerensis strain D4 (DQ 275461)

/94 Trebouxiophyceae

/59 H_28 (FJ490231), C_48 (FJ490217), 76/84 Antarctica clade 2 E_45 (FJ490221)

Parietochloris pseudoalveolaris (M63002)

Bracteacoccus sp. 420 (U63102)

100/100 Bracteacoccus sp. UT8-26 (AF513376)

100/100 E_48 (FJ490224)

99/100 Bracteacoccus sp. CNP1VF2 (AF513378)

Characium hindakii (M63000) Chlorophyceae

U. zonata (Z47999)

0.01

Fig. S2. Phylogenetic relationships among algal 18S rRNA phylotypes recovered from sandstone chasmoliths, sandstone endoliths, and quartz hypoliths in McKelvey Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Phylotypes recovered during this study are shown in bold type. Sequence code prefix denotes location. Tree topologies are supported by Bayesian posterior probabilities (first number) and bootstrap values for 1,000 replications (second number), shown for branches supported by Ͼ50% of the trees. (Scale bar, 0.1-nt changes per position.) The tree topology shown was verified by comparing to more comprehensive phylogenetic analysis including all chlorophytes. This file allows the reader to zoom-in on selected parts of the tree topology.

Pointing et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0908274106 2of6 Mycosphaerella graminicola STE-U-658 (AY251117) Mycosphaerella punctiformis clone 29V (EU343008) C_44 (FJ490213) Mycosphaerella fragariae (EF114720) 63/88 C_43 (FJ490212) E_46 (FJ490222)

/91 C_50 (FJ490219) Cercospora beticola isolate AFTOL ID1788 (DQ678039) 62/93 Cercospora zebrina STE-U-3955 (AY251104) Fungal sp. EEM18 (DQ010524) /55 Aureobasidium pullulans strain 34v1 (AY137509) Aureobasidium pullulans strain DSM 3042 (EU707932) 77/92 Aureobasidium pullulans strain W13a (EF141324) /78 /96 E_47 (FJ490223) Capnodium salicinum (DQ678050) /86 Capnodium salicinum (DQ247800) Ascomycota Penicillium expansum (AB028137) 100/100 Penicillium expansum (AF218786) 96/100 C_49 (FJ490218) 98/98 Linocarpon elaeidis voucher 5458 HKUCC (DQ810257) 98/100 Ophiostoma stenoceras isolate AFTOL ID1038 (DQ836897) 100/100 Ophiostoma stenoceras strain TUB F4279 (AY858663) 100/100 Xylaria curta (U32417) 100/100 /61 Xylaria acuta isolate AFTOL ID63 (AY544719) Fungal sp. EEM12 (DQ010518) 62/100 Fungal sp. EEM06 (DQ010512) Rhodotorula cassiicola NIOCC Y7 (EU723505) C_47 (FJ490216)

100/100 Rhodotorula nymphaeae strain 18-2A IAM14903 (AB055189) E_50 (FJ490226)

100/100 Rhodotorula slooffiae (AB126653) Uncultured fungus JC35 (DQ010495) 61/72

86/100 100/100 Uncultured fungus JC19 (DQ010479) Uncultured fungus JC28 (DQ010488) Basidiomycota Cryptococcus albidus var kuetzingii (AB032639) 100/100 Cryptococcus antarcticus (AB032620) Mortierella chlamydospora (AF157143)

0.1

Fig. S3. Phylogenetic relationships among fungal 18S rRNA phylotypes recovered from sandstone chasmoliths and endoliths in McKelvey Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Phylotypes recovered during this study are shown in bold type. Sequence code prefix denotes location. Tree topologies are supported by Bayesian posterior probabilities (first number) and bootstrap values for 1,000 replications (second number), shown for branches supported by Ͼ50% of the trees. (Scale bar, 0.1-nt changes per position.) The tree topology shown was verified by comparing to more comprehensive phylogenetic analysis for all ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. This file allows the reader to zoom-in on selected parts of the tree topology.

Pointing et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0908274106 3of6 Fig. S4. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling plot of Bray Curtis similarities for bacterial ITS phylotypes recovered from soils, sandstone chasmoliths, sandstone endoliths and quartz hypoliths in McKelvey Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (n ϭ 61). (a) South facing slope (open symbols) versus north facing slope (closed symbols); (b) moisture-impacted polygon (open symbols) versus typical dry polygons (closed symbols).

Pointing et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0908274106 4of6 Table S1. Abiotic data for soils in McKelvey Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica Factor South facing slope North facing slope

Sample A B C D E F G H I J

Moisture content 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0 0.5 0.4 0.9 2 Total organic content 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.3 pH 8.6 9.0 8.6 8.8 8.1 8.9 9.4 8.7 8.6 8.6 Soluble salts Ͻ0.05 0.15 Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 0.19 0.091 0.066 0.066 Ͻ0.05 0.55 Total carbon 0.082 Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 0.068 0.059 0.074 Ͻ0.05 0.051 0.17 Total nitrogen Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 Ͻ0.05 Ca 7200 6700 7100 6800 13000 11000 10000 9900 9500 14000 Fe 11000 14000 13000 11000 19000 16000 16000 15000 16000 21000 K 520 620 580 500 1000 790 820 820 760 1200 Mg 2900 3800 3900 3000 5600 5100 5100 4700 5100 6600 Na 1400 2200 1200 1500 2000 2000 2000 1800 1400 6100 P 240 370 310 250 350 380 350 310 360 340

Moisture content, total organic content, and porosity are expressed as percentage wt/wt; pH is expressed as pH units; soluble salts, total carbon, and total nitrogen are expressed in g/100 g dry mass. Elemental analysis is expressed as mg/kg dry mass.

Pointing et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0908274106 5of6 Table S2. Abiotic data for soil substrates in McKelvey Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica Factor Quartz hypolith Sandstone chasmolith Sandstone endolith

Sample A B C A B C A B C

Moisture content ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Total organic content ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND pH NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Porosity ND ND ND 0.89 0.3 1.35 1.61 0.56 1.71 Soluble salts NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Total carbon NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Total nitrogen NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Ag ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Al 0.91 0.75 1.71 ND ND ND 0.78 1.14 0.48 C 12.92 13.7 13.8 6.06 0 0 36.53 14.91 11.51 Ca 0.81 1.01 3.73 1.29 0 0.94 ND ND ND Cl 0.09 0.03 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND Fe 0 0 1.06 ND ND ND ND ND ND K 0.19 0.07 0.34 ND ND ND ND ND ND Mg 0.24 0.3 2.17 0 1.39 0 0.89 1.36 0.13 Na 0 0.12 0.36 ND ND ND 0.34 0.87 0 O 63.56 64.8 60.33 72.61 74.01 74.85 48.97 62.8 65.43 P NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND Pd 0 0 0 ND ND ND ND ND ND S NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND Si 21.29 19.23 16.26 20.04 23.66 25.15 ND ND ND

Moisture content, total organic content, and porosity are expressed as percentage wt/wt; pH is expressed as pH units; soluble salts, total carbon, and total nitrogen are expressed in g/100 g dry mass. Elemental analysis is expressed as percentage relative abundance. NT, not tested; ND, not detectable.

Pointing et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/0908274106 6of6