Working Together: Our Stories Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Aboriginal Engagement Table of Contents

Parks Canada wishes to First photo: Message from Alan Latourelle, Métis Interpreter Bev Weber explaining traditional Métis art to Chief Executive Officer, Parks Canada...... 2 Jaylyn Anderson (4 yrs old). Rocky Mountain House National acknowledge and thank the Historic Site of Canada (© Parks Canada) Message from Elder Stewart King, many Aboriginal partners Second photo: Wasauksing First Nation and member Qapik Attagutsiak being interviewed by her daughter, Parks of Parks Canada’s Aboriginal Canada staff Kataisee Attagutsiak. Workshop on Places of and communities that it is Ecological and Cultural Significance for Sirmilik National Park Consultative Committee...... 4 of Canada, Borden Peninsula, Nunavut. (© Parks Canada / fortunate to work with for Micheline Manseau) Introduction...... 6 Third photo: their generous contribution Chapter 1 Craig Benoit of Miawpukek First Nation explains the defining features of Boreal Felt Lichen to Terra Nova National Park of Connecting With Aboriginal Partners...... 10 and collaboration. Canada staff Janet Feltham and Prince Edward Island National Park of Canada staff Kirby Tulk. (© Parks Canada / Robin Tulk) Chapter 2 Working Together to Protect Our Heritage...... 20 Compiled by: Aboriginal Affairs Secretariat Chapter 3 Parks Canada Agency Gatineau, Quebec Presenting Our Special Place Together...... 34

CAT. NO R62-419/2011 Conclusion ...... 48 ISBN 978-1-100-53286-8

© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Chief Executive Officer of Parks Canada Agency, 2011 always evolving, we can still celebrate our many and the vision we have as an Agency. Our staff is accomplishments. I would like to take this oppor- committed to include and work with Aboriginal tunity to tell you why I’m grateful and give thanks communities. It’s only natural. Most of our national to the many people who have trusted us enough to parks are in very remote areas where the closest share this vision with us. community is quite often an Aboriginal community. I would like to acknowledge my many predeces- I recognize that our Aboriginal team members have sors, in particular Tom Lee, who was Chief Executive demonstrated their trust in Parks Canada’s mandate Officer for Parks Canada from 1998 to 2002. As a in a manner that far exceeds our expectations. I am Parks Canada staff member, I had the privilege of proud to be able to say that over 8% of our staff is working with Mr. Lee and experiencing first hand his Aboriginal, making us an employer of choice for Message from Alan Latourelle commitment to working with Aboriginal peoples in Aboriginal peoples in the public service. Every day, Chief Executive Officer, Parks Canada Agency a respectful manner. In 1999, Mr. Lee created the you help us build bridges, with your colleagues and Aboriginal Affairs Secretariat. The Secretariat is with Aboriginal communities. instrumental in supporting and providing opportu- These are your stories. These are our stories. nities for Aboriginal partners to meaningfully engage One hundred years ago, in 1911, Parks Canada was As we look back on what has been accom- with Parks Canada. They are real. They are inspiring. born. When you think about it, that’s a very short plished, we have many reasons to be proud. We I appreciate the support and knowledge that time in the history of this country. Parks Canada have come a long way as an organisation. In the Thank you! I am fortunate to receive from the people who was born out of a dream shared by a few people beginning, parks were established without much are members of the Aboriginal Consultative who wanted to create an organisation that would consultation with the public, Aboriginal and non- Committee; people such as Elder Stewart King help protect, for generations to come, the rich Aboriginal. However, we have learned from the from Wasauksing First Nation who was gracious heritage of the many people who inhabit this land. past. Today, we cannot imagine creating a new enough to present us with inspirational words and It was created to help protect the natural beauty park, site or marine conservation area without teachings found in the next pages. I am grateful for Alan Latourelle of this country, our most precious gems, to be the support and collaboration of the public, espe- CEO all the other members who take time out to meet Parks Canada enjoyed for generations to come in ways that leave cially Aboriginal peoples. In the past few decades, with me and who engage with me in frank and © Parks Canada them unimpaired. we have strived to build meaningful relationships open discussions that help us grow as an Agency. One hundred years later, that dream has with First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples to I welcome the involvement of the many people become a reality and it is Canada’s gift to the ensure a more holistic stewardship of the land that we work with in Aboriginal communities all across world. Parks Canada protects and presents some include the cultural values and knowledge of its Canada. Your wisdom, your knowledge and your of the world’s biggest and most beautiful national people. We have learned that by working together willingness to help us respectfully manage these parks and national park reserves. Our national we can respect our differences and strengthen our treasured places is one of the greatest gifts you historic sites present the history of this land common values. This, in itself, is the definition of could give to future generations. and its people in magical historic settings and true partnerships. I value the work that our staff does, every day, our marine conservation areas connect us from Today, Parks Canada is recognized as an with Aboriginal peoples. This document and the sto- the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Arctic to the international leader in working with Aboriginal ries that are highlighted here reflect the engagement Great Lakes. communities. Although our relationships are

2 3 places. The artificial lines and boundaries drawn on a survive there. The great lakes and forest regions give many maps today have no place in our culture along us the balance of four beauteous seasons; a time of with the names, labels and titles placed on Turtle harvest and a time of gathering along with a genuine Island and its original inhabitants. sense of gratitude for all the blessings of the Creator. Life in the cold icy regions has necessitated We have seen plains and ruts of wagon roads on this distinct changes in the diet and life skills of our land so loved by our Métis brothers and sisters. Guns northern brothers. We admire the natural beauty of pits have been dug into the sand for use as fortifica- the countless birdlife, the magnificent polar bear, the tions. Machine guns of an early age have sprayed narwhal and beluga whales swimming in turquoise countless bullets that are embedded into the ancient Message from Elder Stewart King waters; clear, cold fresh waters free of organic debris logs of old buildings. It tells of a history in the earlier Wasauksing First Nation and member of Parks Canada’s flowing down on rocky shores. We admire the hunt- times of this land that must be heard. Aboriginal Consultative Committee ing skills of people in hot, desert regions without the If we are to consider ourselves as the true use of guns; the planting of melons and citrus fruits caretakers of this land, it is necessary that we live and for many, many generations where they are now understand our own culture, history, language and being told that it is impossible. Springtime in early traditional values. The teaching of our Elders must be Travelling along a newly constructed stretch of The natural boundaries of Turtle Island were March captures the beauty and wonder of this land sought after and honoured. Those with the intimate highway, fresh graffiti obstructs, desecrates and carefully chosen and planned by Creator as is evi- with the vast, wide open blue skies, warm desert knowledge and ways of our people and land must be defaces miles of rock cuts blasted into ancient denced once you become aware of the many dif- sands, sunshine and the scent of cactus flowers waft- honoured and woven into the very fabric of our lives. Laurentian shields. The clear, green waters of the ferent Aboriginal peoples and cultures around you. ing in light breezes. The hope, the vitality and Georgian Bay, once considered safe for drinking, Their connection of being one with the land remains To witness the dizzying heights of the snow Stewart King the contemporary views bears a warning today against doing so. In spite of unchanged in over a millennium for there is no covered mountain peaks, ice and rock glaciers devel- (Aka Zhengos, Megizi of our youth are sought this, it is being pumped into massive intake systems other place that they would rather choose to live. odoodem) oping agelessly, continually; longhorn sheep, bears Wasauksing First Nation after and needed so that for use by industry and an ever-increasing popula- Their hunting and fishing skills are an integral part Member of Parks and antelope grazing on grassy, sunlit and wind- Canada’s Aboriginal we can move forward in tion. A genuine concern for all the waters and genu- of who they are; the medicine plants mastered over swept hills. We admire the boating and fishing skills Consultative Committee this joint effort. ine care for remaining land and natural resources time immemorial has served in place of medical doc- Parry Sound, Ontario adopted by our people of the coastal salt waters; are needed desperately in North America today. tors and hospitals. The understanding, wisdom and ©Kaitlin King design of boats modified to excel in unpredictable Turtle Island as it is known by the original inhab- teachings of the Elders have carried them through the and hazardous waters; knowledge of dangerous itants of this land is considered Sacred and remains ages and through many difficult times. The countless tides, sneaker waves, currents, undertows, ice condi- a sanctuary and a place of affinity for all natural rivers, streams and lakes have served them well for tions and underwater predators; those hunters that people. Our Creation story tells of our connection to many purposes for all time. harvest buffalo and caribou with intimate knowledge this land, to the plant life and to all living things. Our The Aboriginal perspective of the land may be in the layout of the land and are able to harvest and original instructions tell us that we must take care defined by seven distinct regions incorporating the utilize all medicine plants. We wonder at the incred- of all things placed here for us and that they would different linguistic stocks of our people: the cold ible, spectacular northern lights. provide for us during our lifetime. Our people were icy regions, the high places, the coastal salt water We have seen the green, algae covered swamps, given a very specific language to communicate with regions, the grassy plains, the living wetlands, the wetlands inhabited by alligators, snakes, mosquitoes all living things both physically and spiritually. great lakes and forest regions and the hot desert and we know, as great lakes people, that we could not 4 5 affect Wood Bison and that prohibiting these activities would have a negative impact on the traditional customs and way of life of Aboriginal peoples. Consequently, hunting and trapping con- tinued under a permit system and a Hunters and Trappers Association was formed to set permit limits on an annual basis. It was the first time that Parks Canada involved Aboriginal peoples in a decision regarding the management of a park. It was also the beginning of a legacy of cooperative management that is now prevalent throughout the northern Parks Canada system. Introduction As land claims negotiations took place with northern Aboriginal peoples, it became evident that opportunities existed for a shared vision of resource More than a million people identified themselves traditional hunting and gathering was prohibited protection that allowed hunting, trapping and other as Aboriginal in Canada’s 2006 census. They live in these parks. cultural activities to continue as part of a modern in urban, rural and remote places, as well as on Over the past decades, Parks Canada has come day treaty. Following the 1984 Inuvialuit Final reserves across the country. They speak 50 dis- to recognize that effectively managing national Agreement and the 1993 Nunavut Land Claims tinct Aboriginal languages and each of them have parks, national historic sites and national marine Agreement, Parks Canada began negotiations to their own histories, cultural practices and spiritual conservation areas means working in coopera- establish parks that included a provision for coop- beliefs. Parks Canada works in partnership with tion with partners; particularly those who have erative management boards. The term “coopera- First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples, and a wide a unique perspective stemming from, in some tive” meant the signatory Aboriginal groups would variety of Aboriginal groups throughout the coun- cases, more than 50 generations of land stew- have an opportunity to participate in making deci- try, to protect and present special places where ardship. Today, the Agency works with more sions related to the planning and operation of the Canadians can connect and enjoy, in ways that than 300 Aboriginal groups to maintain, protect proposed park. leave them unimpaired, for future generations. and present our 42 national parks, more than As well, a 1974 amendment to the Canada However, that has not always been the case. 167 national historic sites, including 9 historic National Parks Act allowed national parks to be Aboriginal peoples were excluded when Canada’s canals and 10 world heritage sites, and 4 marine established under a “reserve” status. This meant first national parks were created. When Banff conservation areas. that sections of land would be set aside as park National Park of Canada was established in 1885, In 1922, Wood Buffalo National Park reserves and managed as national parks until land Stoney Indians who had travelled and hunted in of Canada became northern Canada’s first claims pertaining to that land were resolved. This the area for centuries were kept out of the park. national park, established to protect Wood has been an effective tool for forging strong rela- Aboriginal peoples were not involved when seven Bison from extinction. Unlike southern parks, Fort Temiscamingue tionships with Aboriginal peoples and protecting National Historic Site national parks were established in the early twen- it was acknowledged that Aboriginal peoples’ lands from development by third parties during of Canada tieth century, mostly in southern Canada. And traditional activities would not negatively land claim negotiations. © Parks Canada 6 7 Other federal departments recognize it as an Including the voices of First Nations, Inuit commemoration and presentation of Aboriginal innovative way to share information and seek and Métis peoples in the planning and manage- themes and encouraging Aboriginal employment input from Aboriginal peoples. ment of heritage areas is now a common practice throughout the organization. The Agency also supports the Aboriginal within Parks Canada. Advisory bodies range from The AAS is also the secretariat for the Chief Working Group (AWG), a national committee of informal structures that provide ad hoc advice, to Executive Officer’s 12-member Aboriginal employees who advise the Agency on all aspects ones that are set out in formal agreements such Consultative Committee (ACC). Established of Aboriginal employment. It also created the as cooperative management boards established in 2000 to create meaningful dialogue with Aboriginal Leadership Development Program through park establishment agreements. These Aboriginal leaders who have a direct association (ALDP), a national four-year program where bodies have equal Aboriginal and government with heritage places that Parks Canada admin- Aboriginal employees gather annually to learn representation; provide advice to the minister on isters, the committee meets three times a year skills ranging from management principles to Aboriginal Leadership Development Program participants, cultural matters and other issues of importance to to provide ongoing advice and guidance to the communications and community interaction Class of 2011: Shirley Oldfield, Heritage Presenter (Motherwell Aboriginal partners; provide input into park, site Agency. The committee provides open and frank Homestead NHS, Saskatchewan), Les Campbell, Patrolman based on Aboriginal values. The goal is to develop (Mt Revelstoke and Glacier NP, Alberta), Penny McIsaac, or national marine conservation area manage- dialogue between Parks Canada’s leadership and Interpretation (Gros Morne NP, Newfoundland and Labrador), a cadre of Aboriginal leaders within Parks Canada Katie Ellsworth, Resourse Conservation (St Lawrence Islands ment plans; and, operate by consensus. Aboriginal partners on a wide range of issues. — a knowledgeable, skilled network of individuals NP, Ontario), Leah Huber (Visitor Experieince, Elk Island NP, Parks Canada sees the need to develop a frame- Alberta), Christine Bentley, Patrolman (Gwaii Haanas NPR in a variety of functions and levels in the organiza- and Haida Heritage Site, British Columbia), Laurie Cherneski, work to engage Aboriginal peoples in planning Park Warden (Pukaskwa NP, Ontario), Laura Peterson, tion. The program’s fundamental goal is full-time, Cultural Resource Management Advisor (Wood Buffalo NP, and managing national heritage areas by means Northwest Territories), Derek Burton, Information Technology long-term retention of Aboriginal leaders in the of formal relationships with Aboriginal partners. (Riding Mountain NP, Manitoba), Tyrone Mulrooney, Resource Agency through skills development and personal Conservation Tech (Terra Nova NP, Newfoundland and This means Aboriginal peoples have an opportu- Labrador), Grant Sikkes, Visitor Experience (Jasper NP, Alberta) learning plans. nity to offer their perspectives when the manage- © Nicola Pritchett / Parks Canada In an effort to highlight Aboriginal peoples’ ment planning process begins – not at the end as and Parks Canada’s achievements, the Aboriginal part of broad public consultations. This promotes Affairs Secretariat has prepared this compen- the engagement of Aboriginal communities by dium to share some of our best practices in allowing their perspectives to influence and iden- working together to deliver Parks Canada’s pro- tify key issues, challenges and opportunities to be gram activities and strategic outcomes. This considered in management plans. Members of the Aboriginal Consultative Committee in document celebrates the many people who make In 1999, Parks Canada established the Aboriginal Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve. First row: Reg Sylliboy (AAS). Second row: Dwayne Blackbird (Kseekoowenin relationships work. It celebrates the exemplary Affairs Secretariat (AAS) to provide overall leader- Ojibway First Nation, Manitoba), Chief Vern Jacks (Tseycum First roles and values all of us can assume in our day ship with respect to building meaningful relation- Nation, British Columbia), Nathalie Gagnon (AAS), Elder Stewart King (Wasauksing First Nation, Ontario), Michel Boivin (Director, to day dealing with each other, as partners and ships with Aboriginal peoples. Reporting directly to Quebec Service Centre), Chief Jean-Charles Piétacho (Innu First Nation of Ekuanitshit, Quebec), Diane Strand (Champagne as people who share this land and who want to the Chief Executive Officer, the AAS specific priori- and Aishihik First Nations, Yukon), Alan Latourelle (CEO), Rita ensure its protection for future generations. We ties include supporting relationship building with Mestokosho (Innu First Nation of Ekuanitshit, Quebec), Peter Rudyck (Métis nation, Saskatchewan), Pam Ward (Metepenagiag hope these stories will inspire new ideas and lead Aboriginal partners, promoting economic devel- Mi’kmaq Nation, New Brunswick), Cristina Martinez (Field Unit Superintendent, Mingan Archipelago NPR, Quebec) to new partnering opportunities. opment and tourism opportunities, supporting © Mark Heibert

8 9 Healing and Reconciliation

At Jasper National Park of Canada, Aboriginal peo- ples had noticeably been absent from the landscape since the park’s creation in 1907. Not permitted to carry out a traditional lifestyle, they were forced to leave the park, bringing with them their stories, their cultural traditions and their intimate knowledge of the area. It has taken over a century for Parks Canada and Aboriginal peoples to come to terms with that

history of dispossession and to take steps to reconcile Shauna Strand with the past. For some, reconciliation has required (Champagne and Aishihik In the Yukon’s First Nation) and Elder formal ceremonies, sweat lodges, songs, offerings Lena Johnson (Kluane Kluane National Park Chapter 1 – Connecting With Aboriginal Partners First Nation) working on and prayers of forgiveness that have allowed both hide, Megan McConnell and Reserve of Canada, (Champagne and the Southern Tutchone the park and the communities to join together again. Aishihik First Nation) in In February 2008, Parks Canada CEO Alan historic sites such as Sahoyúé-§ehdacho National For others, renewed trust has developed from the background people were effectively 1 Latourelle confirmed the Agency’s desire to continue Historic Site of Canada were created in collabora- Jasper Aboriginal Forum created in a spirit of ©Champagne and pushed out when the Aishihik First Nations to strengthen relationships with Aboriginal peoples tion with Aboriginal communities who requested healing and reconciliation. The forum is helping to area was turned into a by developing a framework that engages Aboriginal that these lands be set aside for protection. This led reintegrate dialogue, sharing and gathering of all game sanctuary in 1943. communities in the planning and management of to the creation of a number of national protected area Indigenous peoples with past links to the park. While the hunting and trapping ban was lifted for national parks, national historic sites and national reserves where land claims are still being negotiated Aboriginal peoples in 1976, many stayed away out of marine conservation areas. Parks Canada has also and where Aboriginal involvement will help create fear of reprisal. It took until 1993 for the Champagne made a commitment to continue establishing formal the landscape. and Aishihik First Nations, and 2003 for the Kluane relationships with Aboriginal partners throughout First Nation, to be allowed to resume traditional I remember as a child how beauti- the organization. These relationships will represent harvesting. While signed agreements provide the ful, strong and refreshing it was, the a broad spectrum of collaborative structures as each legal framework for cultural reintegration, decades feeling of living beside the lake. My one is guided by the specific cultural and legal con- of alienation require additional efforts. Healing family knew how to travel the land 2 text of their community. Broken Connections is a multi-year project in any season and how to read the Recently, greater collaboration has helped less- organized with both of these First Nations to encour- weather to have a safe journey. For ened the alienation Aboriginal peoples often felt age reconnection to their traditionally used territo- the Anishinaabe, the land is where when the first parks or national historic sites were Healing Ceremony – Jasper National Park of Canada and ries through the participation of elders and youth in we grew up, where we experienced Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation. First Row - L-R : Theodore culture camps and science camps. It supported their created without their presence. New parks such as the Kyme, Bernice Bull, Ruth Mustus, Julian Kootenay, Phyllis a sense of belonging - it was our Mustus, Sherrill Meropoulis, Greg Fenton, Elisabeth Kootenay, Torngat Mountains National Park of Canada, new efforts to collect, stabilize and store their knowl- home. Although it is a national park, Mike Dillon. Second Row - L-R : Gladys Kyme, Percy Potts, marine conservation areas such as Gwaii Haanas Orlando Alexis, Arthur Bruno, Sophie Bruno, Tammy Many Grey edge about the park and use it to improve the park’s Pukaskwa is still a home to us’’. Horses, Kelton Mustus, Howard Mustus jr, Mariah Thunder, Don National Marine Conservation Area Reserve and Kootenay. Third Row - L-R : Howard Mustus sr, Gilbert Potts, management and ecological integrity. Having First — Collette Goodchild, Elder, Pic River First Nation Janet Adams. On Top: Lyndon Agina Haida Heritage Site of Canada, and new national Nation partners who are willing and keen to work © Greg Deagle / Parks Canada 10 11 enhanced the site’s programming since 2005 with with and support Kluane National Park and Reserve had already improved significantly after the several cultural events. A “living history” in Albert of Canada has resulted in unprecedented levels of Mi’kmaq Confederacy of PEI was formed in 2002 Caron’s home gives visitors a chance to hear Métis involvement and cooperation. as a Tribal Council for PEI’s two Mi’kmaq* First stories and learn some of the Michif language from Nations. MCPEI proposed to hire a co-managed In years to come we will look back on elders. The “Métis Women’s History of Resistance and co-funded project manager to advance coop- the early years of implementing our and Survival: Stories of Tourond’s coulee / Fish eration towards mutual goals. The manager, hired Land Claim Agreements and amid Creek and Batoche’’ is a community storytelling Members of the Nuu- in 2005, working from the MCPEI offices, has chah-nulth Working the struggles and growing pains, we sharing circle and record- Group on the steps of the played a pivotal role in building a positive, active will also smile upon the triumphs and ing that honours the for- Raj Anderson playing new Longhouse Exhibit relationship to ensure the proper management the fiddle at the Church Barbara Touchie, Ucluelet the foundations that were laid with gotten and untold stories of in Batoche National First Nations, Benson and presentation of land and sites with current or Historic Site of Canada Nookemis, Huu-ay-aht a sense of pride and achievement. Métis women and children. First Nations, Steve historical Mi’kmaq importance. © Parks Canada Tatoosh, Hupacasaht When co management of our lands First Nations, Barney is the ‘”norm”, when culture and tra- Williams Jr., Tla-o-qui-aht Sharing Aboriginal Stories First Nations, C. Anne ditional history is an essential and Robinson, Tseshaht and Cultures First Nations. integral part of land management, © Parks Canada / when our people have walked every In Saskatchewan, Batoche National Historic Site Crystal Bolduc part of this Park again, we will look of Canada, which includes remnants of a village, back at Healing Broken Connections farmland and the 1885 battleground, is consid- and be filled with the awesome ered the heart and soul of the Métis Nation and a the park. The working group has representatives power of Kluane because the most symbol of hope, renewal and reconnection for all from nine First Nations, along with the Nuu-chah- important parts of reconnecting with Métis people. However, the Métis had largely dis- nulth Language Group and the Nuu-chah-nulth our lands; the human element, the associated from Batoche after it became an historic Cultural Centre. By sharing family connections and relationships, the stewardship and site in 1923. Its federal administration seemed dis- stories, the group is ensuring their heritage will be the respect for our land and its living tant to the community. The Batoche National In Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada, presented for future generations. 5 creatures will have been champi- Historic Site and Gabriel Dumont Institute the Nuu-chah-nulth Working Group came As we work through difficult or sensi- 4 oned by projects like this.’’ — Chief and (GDI) Partnership now has staff collaborating about in September 2006 when the park reserve tive items, it only serves to strengthen Council of Kluane First Nation with the Métis Nation of Saskatchewan and GDI began a four-year project to reconstruct the 1948 our commitment to presenting our (a Saskatchewan organization assisting in Métis Wickaninnish Interpretive Centre. The centre has Nations in a manner that dignifies our Parks Canada and the Mi’kmaq communities of training, education and employment) to restore spectacular views of Wickaninnish Beach and the people through our joint endeavor.” Prince Edward Island have fostered closer ties since Pacific Ocean, but its static and dated exhibits no ties. Since 1996, they have worked together to hire — Ida Mills, Ditidaht Elder hiring a Manager of Joint Projects, Mi’kmaq unemployed or under-employed Métis to provide longer met visitor expectations or park objectives. Confederacy of Prince Edward Island them with training in heritage presentation and Through consultation with Aboriginal partners it At St Lawrence Islands National Park of 3 (MCPEI) – Parks Canada. Communications asset management. Staff and GDI Publishing have became evident that there was an opportunity to Canada, surveys clearly indicated that visitors share Nuu-chah-nulth culture and heritage, and wanted more information about its Aboriginal * There are multiple spellings of the word Mi’kmaq in English, depending on geographical location and type of orthography. However, all are considered to be of the same Nation. For the purpose of this publication, and to respect regional differences, we have kept the original spelling with which the build relationships with the First Nations linked to connections. But it was impractical for members community identifies.

12 13 of the Akwesasne nation to commute for three to In 1999, staff at Georgian Bay Islands National to the mountains as an Inuit homeland through four hours daily to be at the park. To establish a Park of Canada reached out to Elders for guidance the storytelling of Inuit companions and guides. permanent Haudenosaunee presence, staff col- on a planned project on Aboriginal commemora- A typical day at the Base Camp sees elders shar- laborated with the Kanienkehaka (Mohawks) of tion and gravestone restoration. What started as a ing their knowledge of the land with scientists, Akwesasne to create Eastern Ontario Voices simple project evolved into the Cultural Advisory park managers, tourists and youth. Operating 6 of Akwesasne. The co-managed video proj- Committee, formed in August 1999, now known as from late July through August, the camp provides ect has Akwesasne community members sharing the Cultural Advisory Circle, Georgian Bay accommodations, meals, guides, polar bear moni- 7 stories of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people, Islands National Park. Meeting quarterly, the tors and a staging area for trips into the park. The their culture and traditions, and their connec- group has been helpful with every aspect of the camp helps with the logistical challenges and costs tion to the park, including Aboriginal knowledge park’s development, cultural resource management of maintaining a meaningful Inuit presence in of animals, plants and black-ash baskets. The and integration of Aboriginal issues and knowledge. Members of the Cultural Advisory Circle. Front Row, L-R: Beausoleil First Nation Chief Roland Monague with Community the park as the nearest community is almost 100 compelling stories are available on interactive Circle Elders, grandparents and community mem- Eagle Staff, Jenn McCallum, Julia Montgomery, Melanie kilometres away. The Nunatsiavut Government, Desjardins, Field Unit Superintendent Kim St. Clair. Middle Row, screens at the park’s visitor centre and within bers represent the Beausoleil First Nation, Chippewas L-R: Hector Copegog, Mary Jane King, Gloria King, Sheryl Smith, the Makivik Corporation and the Cooperative Ontario Service Centre, Charles Leon King. Last row, L-R: Prabir the Akwesasne community and firmly places the of Georgina Island, Chippewas of Rama, Georgian Roy, Shaun McKenzie, Victoria Evans, Shawn Corbiere, Tim Management Board for the Torngat Mountains Haudenosaunee as a living culture in the viewers’ Bay Métis Council, Georgian Bay Native Friendship Sweeting, Brian Charles, GBINP Superintendent, Gary McMillan, National Park helped to make the project happen Scott Sutton. minds. The community of Akwesasne has also Centre, Moose Deer Point First Nation, Wahta and continue to support the base camp and been using the video to showcase their culture to Mohawk Territory, and Wasauksing First Nation. By © Parks Canada its operation. The research station completed various groups well beyond the original intent of sharing “The Story of Fairy Lake’’ and other teach- by the Nunatsiavut government will improve the project. ings for guided hikes, archaeological projects and Cultural Expressions on the Land services to researchers. heritage presentations, they are re-establishing the Cesi Mitchell, one of the landscape’s indigenous links. A day program for On the Labrador Peninsula, Gatherings in a participants of the Voices grade four Aboriginal youth and Aboriginal Youth Timeless Place: kANGIDLUASUk Base of Akwesasne project. 8 Day are held every year to support an archaeology Camp has created a unique opportunity since © Parks Canada project. Various other ceremonies such as feasts and 2006 to experience Inuit life. The Torngat pipe ceremonies to honour ancestors have also been Mountains National Park of Canada was cre- held by the circle members. ated with the consent of Northern Quebec Inuit and Labrador Inuit through their respective land All First Nations have a connection claim agreements and presented as the “Inuit’s gift to the earth, the air, the water and all to all Canadians.” To ensure new and better ways the creations that dwell here. We are of increasing Inuit presence in the park and to endowed with a responsibility to pro- support summer operational programs, the Inuit Inuit on the land in Torngat Mountain National Park of tect and maintain the environment and managed Base Camp located just outside the park’s Canada. L-R: Sarah Pasha Annanack, Molly Emudluk, Minnie the life forms that inhabit this earth for Unatweenuk, Susie Morgan, Jacko Merkuratsuk, Sarah southern boundary welcomes the young and old Unatweenuk, Tommy Unatweenuk seven generations.’’ — Chief Louise Hillier of Inuit families, along with researchers and visi- © Parks Canada and Band Council, Caldwell First Nation tors to explore the park through the lenses of both Inuit culture and science. Participants connect

14 15 Lessons learned I think the park will once again be home to Inuit and that our attachment to the 1. Seek Partnerships. Each partnership achieves area, felt by so many of us, will once more results and greater impact by pooling ideas, again be real, something we will expe- resources, insights and efforts than is possible by rience and pass on to our children.’’ working alone. Partnerships can also extend a proj- — Leroy Metcalfe ect’s outreach to more groups of people.

The Labrador Leadership Program – 2. Connect at Different Levels. It’s essential to Aboriginal Youth in National Parks and establish personal relationships with various mem- 9 bers of a community in addition to its leadership in National Historic Sites gives 19 to 30 year old Labrador Leadership Program Participants. L-R 1st row: Fred Members of the New Brunswick First Nations Advisory nd Inuit a chance to explore career and educational Butt, Sybilla Bennett, 2 row: Sara Rumbolt, Ashley Lawless, Committee: Terry Richardson (Pabineau First Nation), Blair order to build trust and mutual respect. Nicole Parsons, Andy Miller - Parks Victoria exchange staff. Pardy (Fundy National Park of Canada), Chief Joe Knockwood opportunities related to national parks and historic (Fort Folly First Nation), Yves Bossé (Atlantic Service Centre), 3. Be Realistic. Ensure goals and timelines are © Parks Canada Stuart Gilby (Legal counsel for Assembly of First Nations’ Chiefs sites. Participants learn about resource conserva- in New Brunswick Inc.), Larry Perley (Tobique First Nation), reasonable and take available human resources tion, heritage presentation, warden responsibilities Chief Stewart Paul (Tobique First Nation), Donna Augustine into account. Working with Aboriginal Knowledge Funding has been provided through Nunatukavut (Elsipogtog First Nation), Gordon LaBillois (Eel River Bar First and visitor services. A successful partnership with Nation), Danielle Richard (Kouchibouguac National Park of Holders, for example, requires significant consulta- (former Labrador Métis Nation), the Nunatsiavut Canada). Conservation Corps Newfoundland and Labrador tion with a community, which takes commitment, Government and the Grenfell Association (a founda- and the Quebec Labrador Foundation has led to © Parks Canada / Marie Katheleen Fernandes time and effort. tion that funds selected Labrador projects). a Green Team Program to increase work experi- 4. Incorporate Aboriginal World Views. The ences and opportunities for Aboriginal youth in Going forward relationship established between the Cultural Labrador. It gives youth the chance to develop lead- Advisory Circle and Georgian Bay Islands National ership skills in connection with the development The New Brunswick First Nations Advisory Pukaskwa National Park of Canada, for example, is nurtured by 10 Park of Canada of Torngat Mountains National Park of Canada Committee is the first of its kind in Atlantic the principles of the Seven Grandfather teach- © Parks Canada and the proposed Mealy Mountain National Park. Canada. The committee was formed in October ings. The Circle is seen as an example on how to 2010 with the Assembly of First Nations chiefs in develop mutually-beneficial relationships through- While Harry Haye looks New Brunswick, Kouchibouguac National Park of out Parks Canada. on, Jacko Merkuratsuk shows his son Jimmy Canada and Fundy National Park of Canada. Its 5. Be Patient. Allow enough time for relationships how to fish formation coincided with final consultations for to become established. Collaborative projects need © Parks Canada updating Fundy National Park’s management plan. adequate time to establish trust and create a solid Five representatives from 14 of the 15 Mi’gmag and foundation for working together, especially if ties Wolastoqiyik First Nation communities of New were severed or damaged in the past. A solid rela- Brunswick are on board, along with five Parks Canada tionship built over time not only helps avoid dif- representatives. The committee will ensure that the ferences that might arise but is usually the best interests of the Mi’gmag and Wolastoqiyik are con- resource for resolving them also. sidered in the management of all New Brunswick’s national parks and national historic sites.

16 17 6. Write Down Everything. Having a written and 10. Make History. Document all your projects signed agreement helps to resolve potential differ- from start to finish so there are photographs, tape ences. It also helps to maintain the relationship and recordings and reference notes for the benefit of its customary practices when leadership changes on future generations. the part of either party. 11. Have a Picnic. Holding gatherings on the land 7. Ask For Early Input. If you produce a video, an within a park removes both real and perceived bar- exhibit or a management plan, involve people at the riers associated with formal meetings and their beginning and show the work-in-progress to com- structures. Outdoor events also tend to attract munity members. After seeing how their contribu- more participants. tion can enhance the project, more people will be 12. Welcome and Involve Aboriginal Children willing to participate in the project. and Youth. In most Aboriginal communities, cul- 8. Get Legal Advice. Make sure that any written ture and stories are transmitted to children and agreements in no way affects land claims or other youth during community events. Be aware and open assertions of traditional rights. to Aboriginal children and youth taking part in activi- 9. Set Up Tent. In some places, such as remote parks ties, even some related to more formal processes. for example, culture and science camps provide the highest level of participation for the lowest cost. They are a proven way to reintegrate Aboriginal peoples, young and old, to traditionally used lands.

1 Sherrill Meropoulis, Aboriginal Liaison Officer, Jasper National Park of Canada, Tel: (780) 852-6154, E-mail: [email protected] 2 Pauline Wroot, Aboriginal Liaison, Kluane National Park and Reserve of Canada, Tel: (867) 634-2329, E-mail: [email protected] 3 Jesse Francis, Manager of Joint Projects, MCPEI – Parks Canada, Tel: (902) 436-5101, E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] 4 Ray Fidler, Site Manager, Batoche National Historic Site of Canada, Tel: (306) 423-6227, E-mail: [email protected] 5 Karen Haugen, A/First Nations Program Manager, Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada, Tel: (250) 726-3508, E-mail: [email protected] 6 Sophie Borcoman, Visitor Experience Manager, St Lawrence Islands National Park of Canada, Tel: (613) 923-5261 ext. 109, E-mail: [email protected] 7 Brian Charles, Aboriginal Liaison Officer, Georgian Bay Islands National Park of Canada, Tel: (705) 526-9804, Ext. 239, E-mail: [email protected] 8 Gary Baikie, Visitor Experience Manager, Torngats Mountains National Park of Canada, Tel: (709) 922 1290, E-mail: [email protected] 9 Gwaii Haanas National Maggie John, Aboriginal Affairs Co-ordinator, Gros Morne National Park of Canada, Tel: (709) 458-3597, E-mail: [email protected] Marine Conservation 10 Area Reserve and Haida Yves Bossé, Aboriginal Liaison Advisor, Atlantic Service Centre, Tel: (902) 426-5875, E-mail: [email protected] Heritage Site of Canada

© Parks Canada

18 19 discussions on varying techniques and cultural perspectives on appropriate intervention for conser- vation purposes. The emotional pain occasionally revealed in association with some past conservation attempts made everyone more aware of how projects should be approached. Since then, three subsequent forums have been held, the last two organised by Canadian Conservation Institute, further demon- strating the power of partnerships and bringing together the right people and organisations. Chapter 2 - Working Together to Protect The House Lake Cemetery Re-conditioning Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation representatives Henry Marcel and Morgan Voyageur (in forefront) documenting 2 Our Heritage Project at Wood Buffalo National Park of a gravesite Canada is an example of how a project can bring © Parks Canada together generations. This Dene ancestral cem- etery was in use up to around 1925, just before At What is Valued: A Forum for the conversations would always start with “wouldn’t it Sharing Our Knowledge the park’s creation. Members of the Athabasca discussion of conservation issues con- be nice if…’’ So, when Parks Canada and Aboriginal Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) were concerned Responding to calls for assistance can often turn into cerning First Nations totem poles,1 held in communities planned for this forum, it was decided about the poor state of the cemetery. They were also benefits for parks. The Medicinal Plants Trail Alert Bay, British Columbia, in 2004, a Stanford to have an equal number of Aboriginal representa- interested in locating all historic settlements and project in collaboration with Fort Folly First University representative pulled aside a forum tives and conservation professionals to prevent associated cemeteries in the area, especially while Nation3 was initiated after Fort Folly First Nation organizer. “I don’t think you know what you have museum specialists from dominating the conversa- there is still living memory of these places amongst asked Fundy National Park for help to design a done here,” she whispered. Fearing the worst, and tion. An environment of community members. The Athabasca Chipewyan medicinal plants walking trail with interpretive imagining that sensitivities had unwittingly been U’mista Cultural Centre trust and respect enabled First Nation’s proposal to document burial sites and panels on the community’s land. Discussions led to inflamed, the organizer asked her what she meant. pole storage shed all participants to engage historic settlements, and do maintenance work to working together on a panel design that could also “I have just had a 20-minute conversation with Beau © Canadian Conservation in intense and productive Institute / Michael restore the cemetery, emphasized Dene youth and be reproduced and adopted for a trail within Fundy Dick,” she enthused referring to the accomplished Harrington elder involvement. The ancestral stories that elders National Park of Canada. On the Acadian coast, Tsawatainuk First Nation carver. “To put that into shared as everyone worked together with park staff the Migmag Cedar Trail4 in Kouchibouguac perspective, that’s like having a personal interview to remove vegetation and identify gravesites cre- National Park of Canada is a blend of both Migmag with Vincent Van Gogh were he still alive!” ated a greater bond among all of the participants. values and knowledge and Parks Canada’s commit- Her awe underlines how putting together the The project removed some of the alienation the ment to protect and present natural and cultural right people in the right mix benefits everyone. The community felt by reconnecting young and old to heritage for all time. The project was done in collab- impetus for this forum came from a number of con- the park through historic preservation and oral his- oration with Elders from Elsipogtog First Nation. A versations, over a period of several years, with owners tory. It has also significantly expanded the park’s Migmag community member recorded in Migmag, and managers of national historic sites. When dis- awareness of the landscape’s past, which enriches French and English the audio components that are cussing the state of totem poles or wooden remains visitor experiences. accessible on four of the seven solar powered trail and various current wood conservation practices,

20 21 panels. A native artist provided the artwork on two hope for survival. Since staff of the Miawpukek First environment. Elders, students, hunters and trappers, of the trail panels. On October 5, 2005, more than Nation Natural Resources Department knew how as well as Parks Canada staff, took part in this 5-year 120 people from Elsipogtog First Nation, park staff to identify and locate the lichen, and staff at project. Focusing mostly on sea ice, the project docu- and representatives from surrounding communities Terra Nova National Park of Canada didn’t have mented a variety of ice conditions and gained expert came together to celebrate the official opening of the that expertise, they worked together to set up a advice from elders and hunters on approaches to Migmag Cedar Trail. “lichen locating blitz’’. The four-day expedition conservation, safety and management practices while found a total of eight specimens in the park and on the land. The project also included research into familiarized park staff with the endangered species Inuit and scientific knowledges of arctic animals such and its likely habitat. as the arctic fox, the red fox and the snow geese. It The Nunavut Ecological Theme Project – also created opportunities for Inuit youth to become Using Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (Knowledge) more knowledgeable and engaged in park activities, Elders participating in a workshop on access and 6 preservation of Ukkusiksalik National Park of Canada, in Management, Research and Monitoring which increases the chances of their future involve- North Pole River. L-R: Robert Tatty, Honore Aglukka, Pie is enabling Parks Canada to improve its monitor- ment as employees or volunteers. Sanertanut, Annie Tatty, Paul Sanertanut, David Tukturdjuk. ing and comprehension of remote national parks. In 2010, the members of the project were © Parks Canada / Micheline Manseau Nunavut national parks are vast landscapes where awarded the Chief Executive Officer Awards of learning, monitoring and reporting for ecological Excellence in the “Engaging Partners’’ category: integrity present a number “Your extraordinary contribution as an engag- Working Around Obstacles Recipients of the 2006 Chief Executive Officer’s Awards of of unique challenges. The ing partner through the Inuit Knowledge Project, Excellence for the Migmag Cedar Trail Project in the category of Miawpukek First Nation Traditional Knowledge Sharing and Engaging Partners. From L-R: Jacolyn Daniluck (Parks Canada), and Terra Nova National knowledge of local Inuit which promotes traditional knowledge and science, Partnership Development with Nakoda First Jennifer Stevens (Parks Canada), Alan Latourelle, CEO (Parks Park of Canada staff communities is filling your leadership and your Canada), Franklin Levi (Elsipogtog First Nation), Adela Levi do an assessment of Nations and Banff National Park of Canada (Elsipogtog First Nation) and Pierrette Robichaud (Parks Canada) possible locations of important gaps regarding commitment are greatly Jobie Panipakoochoo 7 Boreal Felt Lichen (L-R waiting at a seal hole. 2002-2010 shows the possibilities of true collabo- © Parks Canada Patrick Jeddore, Kirby the region’s ecology and valued and appreciated.’’ Workshop on the ecology ration even when there appears to be major obstacles Tulk, Ross Collier, Greg helping staff and research- — Alan Latourelle, CEO, of snow geese and arctic Jeddore, Craig Benoit, foxes, Bylot Island, in forming a partnership. The preparation of the Andy Joe). Parks Canada Nunavut. ers gain a better under- environmental assessment required for the Indian Sometimes it works the other way around. At © Parks Canada / standing of a changing © Parks Canada / Robin Tulk Days revival - one of Canada’s oldest documented Terra Nova National Park of Canada, the Micheline Manseau 5 Aboriginal festivals - made it clear that regardless of Erioderma Inventory Project has resulted where matters stood with treaty negotiations, there in Parks Canada benefitting from the expertise were numerous mutual benefits to prompt Parks that members of the Miawpukek First Nation have Canada and the Stoney Nakoda to work together. The developed in identifying rare Boreal Felt Lichen. Memorandum of Understanding signed as a result of Erioderma pedicellatum, commonly known as discussions firmed the commitment by all Chiefs and Boreal Felt Lichen, was at one time found in Norway, Council of Nakoda First Nations and Parks Canada Sweden and Atlantic Canada. However, it is now such to become better acquainted, to learn each other’s a rare species that it is believed Newfoundland may ways and to incorporate Aboriginal and scientific hold 99% of the world’s population and be its’ last knowledges in wildlife and landscape management.

22 23 Since then, members of the Nakoda First Nations into a Memorandum of Understanding with Tribal It is important to look at the spirituality and Parks Canada staff have shared many kilometres Chiefs Ventures Inc., representing six First Nations and culture of the bison. It was part of on horseback and nights spent under the stars near in the region. This resulted in the park providing North America culture for thousands campfires on backcountry trails to follow the paths 30 wood bison to be boarded on Whitefish Lake of years. It is only right that they come known to the Stoney Nakoda. More than a few pipe First Nation land with the understanding that as home’’. — Elder Elmer Ghostkeeper, Buffalo ceremonies, sweat lodges, cultural demonstrations, the herd grew, the offspring would be shared with Lake Métis Settlement family camps and social gatherings have happened, member communities. During the one-day work- resulting in a sharing of knowledge, sage advice and shop that was held, a staff member’s presentation direction on wildlife management and animal behav- covered the park’s history, best practices for bison iour, as well as long term historical perspective on the handling and disease management. The group An echo of the past landscape that forms Banff National Park of Canada. (Indian Days) blooms A request by local later travelled to the bison handling facility where Opportunities are now being sought to employ again during the public the bison transfer process was described in detail. portion of the Stoney Aboriginal communities Nakoda people at the park. Nakoda family camp to engage in specialized Response to the workshop was overwhelmingly 2010 on the old traditional Indian Grounds in Banff park activities led to the positive and there was a keen interest for other National Park of Canada Elk Island Park Bison such opportunities. © Parks Canada / Handling Workshop.8 Dennis Herman Since 1907, Elk Island National Park of Canada Wood Bison in Elk Island National Park of Canada

has played a major role in the conservation of © Parks Canada / John Warden both plains bison and wood bison as some of the world’s last plains bison were brought to the park and the species began its recovery from the brink Remaining Supportive of extinction. During the park’s history, Elk Island The Stock Assessment and Restoration Riding down Mosquito Creek in Banff National Park of has successfully provided a total of 855 wood bison, Canada. Back row, L-R: Lance Abraham, Charlie Abraham, of the Atlantic Salmon in the Richibucto 1014 plains bison, and 4633 elk to conservation Watson Kaquitts, Chief Clifford Poucette, Hank Snow, Avery River9 illustrates what can happen if everyone Abraham. Front row, L-R: Kyle Abraham, O’Riley Abraham, initiatives benefiting the species. Relocations Chad Kaquitts, Clifford Poucette Jr. Members of the Bison Handling Workshop. Front row, L-R: keeps an open mind. Elsipogtog First Nation has have been made in British Columbia, Alberta, Delinda Ryerson (Elk Island National Park of Canada), Caitlin © Parks Canada / Dennis Herman always disputed how the federal Department Saskatchewan, Ontario and the Yukon Territory. Elm (student). Middle row, L-R: Bruce Chisholm (Canadian Food Inspection Agency), Henry Gladue (Beaver Lake First of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) calculated fish Internationally, the Park has supported the relo- Nation), Horace Patenaude (Buffalo Lake Métis Settlement), Kelly Phillips (Canadian Food Inspection Agency), Norm Cool stocks in its decision to close the region’s fishery. cation of elk to Kentucky, Tennessee and North (Elk Island National Park of Canada), Leona Cryer (Whitefish As one of our Stoney Authors has Lake First Nation), Shelley Essaunce, NPFU, Elmer Ghostkeeper Initiating a complete reassessment by their own Carolina. In 2006, 30 wood bison were sent to stated “these mountains are our (Buffalo Lake Métis Settlement), Glean Auger (Buffalo Lake Métis trained Fishery Study Team in 2004, the commu- Russia, and in 2008, 54 were transferred to Alaska. Settlement), Archie Handel, (Elk Island National Park of Canada). sacred places”. We looked forward to Back row, L-R: Peter Tremblay (Beaver Lake First Nation), John nity approached Kouchibouguac National Park of In March of 2011, 30 more wood bison were trans- Ritchie (Kikino Métis Settlement), Bruce Arcan (Tribal Chiefs a new beginning with Banff National Venture Inc.) Canada for logistical and scientific assistance. For ferred to Lenskie Stolby Nature Park in the Republic Park.’’ — Hank Snow, Councillor for the Wesley three years, salmons were captured and studied Band Nakoda First Nations of Sakha, Russia. In 1992, Parks Canada entered 24 25 to measure the state of the health of the salmon exceeding 40,000, for unknown reasons the popu- Scaling Up Successes populations in the Richibucto River along with a lation is now fewer than 200 genetically distinct The same group is also part of a larger initiative that restoration scheme using Aboriginal knowledge wild salmon. Fort Folly First Nation has only 106 demonstrates the potential for expanding a proj- and scientific protocols. When assessment funds residents but the community has been of tremen- ect’s scope once a successful framework has been ran out, park management included the salmon dous help to Fundy National Park of Canada and established. The Parks Canada Atlantic Service project in its Action on the Ground program and Department of Fisheries and Oceans. They are a Centre is collaborating with various Aboriginal extended the project’s life until 2013. Management communities, federal departments and conserva- recognized the potential long-term benefits to tion agencies towards Ensuring the Future of future visitors of the salmon project’s collection of American Eel in Atlantic Canada.11 In addi- brood stock to restore the population. This project tion to being a vital indicator of a freshwater eco- also demonstrates that system’s health, eels — or Katew as they are known science and Aboriginal Staff from Elsipogtog by Aboriginal peoples — were used as an important knowledges are not First Nation and food source, medicinal ingredient and for ceremonial antagonistic but rather Kouchibouguac National Park of Canada are purposes. Today, Katew is also economically impor- Howard Augustine complementary and can catching brood stock coking an eel to be transferred to the tant as a fishery. First Nation partners are combin- both be used for conser- ©NSMDC / Nelson Cloud Miramichi Hatchery for ing Aboriginal knowledge and field data to inform vation efforts. spawning Joe Clair, Elsipogtog park management decisions about this species of © Parks Canada First Nation, Traditional member of the Recovery concern. Started in 2008 with Fundy National Ecological Knowledge Team that conducted Advisor for the project, Kalin Aucoin of the Park of Canada, Kouchibouguac National Park shows a traditional recovery experiments Fort Folly First Nation fishing ground on the and member of the Fort of Canada, and Cape Breton Highlands National Richibucto River using the best-known Folly Habitat Recovery Park of Canada, the project was expanded in 2010 technology for estab- Program holding an © Parks Canada IBoF salmon for release to include all seven national parks in Atlantic lishing and maintaining in the Pointe Wolfe River in Fundy National Canada. Uniting efforts and resources in a multi- living gene banks. The Park of Canada. Kalin told members of the park framework is increasing efficiencies in deter- program is also helping tag fish with acoustic or Team that this was mining the status of Katew in Atlantic Canada’s satellite telemetry to determine what happens to one of the best days of his life. national parks. the salmon in the ocean. Because of their cultural © Parks Canada / Nah?ą Dehé Traditional Harvesting and economic importance, the loss of the Atlantic B.Pavey Protocols12 at Nahanni National Park Reserve salmon would be devastating to the Mi’kmaq, the of Canada exemplifies how establishing a structure Local involvement can be pivotal in address- Wolastoqiyik and the Passamaquoddy peoples. and good rapport before concerns arise can facilitate ing ecological concerns. The Recovery of The project has created a synergy and an under- better and faster resolutions. When Nahanni Butte Endangered Species in Fundy National Park in standing between Aboriginal groups and Parks 10 community members noticed that not everyone Partnership with the Fort Folly First Nation Canada, resulting in a program that far exceeds who harvested plants and animals in the park was is urgently working to protect what remains of the what either group would be capable of doing on following appropriate Aboriginal cultural methods Inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon. Historically their own.

26 27 and showing the necessary respect to animals and how the harvesting expertise of an Aboriginal Wood Buffalo Park Staff, local Aboriginal elders and the lands and waters upon which they depend, they community can help to restore ecological bal- representatives, and science advisors from Alberta Environment, expressed their concerns through the Nah?ą Dehé ance. Excessive browsing by an overabundant deer World Wildlife Fund, Ducks Unlimited, Environment Canada, University of Alberta, Government of the Northwest Territories, Consensus Team. This co-operative management population was causing plants important to the of the Peace-Athabasca Delta Ecological Monitoring Program share stories and information during a field trip to Egg Lake. team set up for the park had been created in 2000 Kanienkehaka (Mohawks) of Akwesasne to almost with three Parks Canada members, four Dehcho disappear. Consultations with the Mohawk Council © Parks Canada First Nations representatives and two Nahanni Butte of Akwesasne and local residents led to support spokespeople. The team agreed to assist the com- for the Mohawk reducing the heard by a total of munity of Nahanni Butte in preparing a publication 59 deer over three years, with the meat being used to help spread the word about Aboriginal harvesting for the community’s traditional winter ceremony. As protocols. The workshops and pamphlet - Nah?ą a result, many rare plants are rebounding along with Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation and Rolling River First Nation Wildlife Technicians. Back row, L-R: Jamie Bone, Dehé K’éodíi – Taking Care of Nah?ą Dehé - created species that haven’t been seen in decades. Alvin Anderson, Lyndon Bone, Harry Bone, Bernard Bone, Ken in consultation with the Consensus Team, are based Establishing informal and formal cooperative Kingdon (Project Manager), William Bone, Ernest Blackbird (project officer, Parks Canada), Preston Gaywish, Kenny Pearce. on the Dene principles of sharing and respect and programs for wildlife management is often difficult Front row, L-R: Richard Bone, Tim Bone, Ryan Bone have made the protocols very clear to ensure people’s as there are few established forums to allow this © Boh Kubrakovich / Ark Productions safety, protect the park’s type of communication and consultation. In some ecology, respect wildlife Elder Elsie Marcellais of cases, it can also be a challenge for Aboriginal com- Consultation is usually the key to establishing delta lakes and wetlands are within the park bound- and maintain resources Nahanni Butte instructs munities to establish joint management goals and youth on preparation of a an effective force through a consensus-building aries. Within two years, the membership expanded to for future generations. Moose hide objectives between themselves and Parks Canada. approach. The Peace-Athabasca Delta Ecological include a total of 17 Aboriginal communities, conser- © Parks Canada / D. Tate In Riding Mountain National Park of Canada, the 15 Monitoring Program (PADEMP) initiated by vation groups and federal and provincial government First Nation Wildlife Council14 was created Wood Buffalo National Park of Canada started out agencies. They meet regularly and have developed a to help support communication and consultation with park staff meeting with representatives of all 11 consensus based approach to identifying goals and between 7 First Nations surrounding the park and of the park’s Aboriginal community partners in 2008 conducting work. The program and its working com- Parks Canada. It also encourages Aboriginal knowl- to gauge interest in monitoring one of the world’s mittees are accomplishing research much faster than edge transfer and capacity building within the 7 First largest freshwater deltas for signs of stress from Parks Canada could do alone. Nations and supports best practices in wildlife industrial development. The delta, which lies within population management. There are currently mul- the Mackenzie River watershed and is currently tiple wildlife management issues within the region, Welcoming Suggestions undergoing considerable industrial development, has including wildlife disease monitoring and manage- long been recognized as an extremely productive eco- The Investigation and Remediation of Stokes ment such as Ungulate TB transmission. Under system, supporting a diverse range of terrestrial and Point, Former Distant Early Warning (DEW) the leadership of the First Nation Wildlife Council, 16 aquatic species. It has been recognized as a wetland of Line Site shows how simply being approachable a historic herd reduction was done involving First Always Consulting international importance under the United Nations can result in environmental improvements. Ivvavik Nations from Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation National Park of Canada was formed in 1984 and The White-Tailed Deer Herd Reduction and RAMSAR designation and the delta contributed to and Rolling River First Nation. For the first time, has the distinction of being the first national park Sustainable Plant Harvest13 in St Lawrence the recognition of Wood Buffalo National Park of the herd reduction was done not via helicopter but created from a modern Aboriginal Land Claim. When Island National Park of Canada demonstrates Canada as a World Heritage Site since 80% of the through ground removal.

28 29 Parks Canada established the park, the landscape Elders was combined with scientific knowledge to 5. Create Synergy. Talking with various stakehold- had already been used extensively, an over the years help design the investigation and make sure that “no ers will likely generate broader interest, support and no detailed investigation of contaminants left behind stone was left unturned’’. 95% of the economic ben- participation and ultimately, results. was ever conducted. Past clean-up effort at Stokes efits from the clean-up went to Inuvialuit companies 6. Encourage Stewardship. Making people aware Point had always been piecemeal, making it unsafe and workforce through a competitive national ten- of their stake in a project forges their long-term con- for people and animals. The project was initiated fol- dering process. nection to it and its successful outcome. lowing concerns that were raised by Aboriginal resi- Appreciating the value of differing opinions 7. Bank On It. Investigate the possibilities of partici- dents of Aklavik, the Aklavik Community Corporation, is part of the approach towards the Aboriginal 17 pants leveraging different financial mechanisms to and the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation regarding Consultation on Fire Management Plan fund a co-operative effort. Be mindful that sharing the contamination brought on by abandoned old Fire management by Aboriginal peoples has a long The community of Aklavik celebrates the successful cleanup the cost of a project also means sharing the decisions. garage, warehouses, petroleum, oil and lubricant history North America. Aboriginal people’s cultural of legacy contamination at Stokes Point with a feast and drum dance held in January 2011. Drum dancers from the Aklavik storage facilities and other highly toxic contami- connection to the land and their practices of fire Drummers and Dancers: front row - Ally Gordon & Mary Gordon, 8. Know When To Let Go. Although Parks Canada nants such as PCBs. Parks Canada and the Inuvialuit management has shaped the landscape all across this back row - David James Gordon & Skylar Storr initiated the forum on pole conservation, the worked together to inves- continent. For decades, in Wood Buffalo National © Parks Canada / D. Ross Canadian Conservation Institute took charge of tigate the site and to Aklavik’s Andrew Park of Canada, Traditional Users of the park (hunt- organizing the last two events, dedicating financial Gordon Jr. looks out clean up contaminated across the Stokes Point ers and trappers) have been employed as fire fight- and human resources to their success. soil and debris, making cleanup worksite from ers. Aboriginal harvesters protect their interests Lessons Learned the bridge of the John Stokes Point healthier for Wurmlinger and park staff benefit from having employees who 1. Pay A Visit. You are more likely to develop a © Parks Canada / P. Flieg share their Aboriginal knowledge and values with rapport faster with people if you take the time to get respect to fire management. “Fire Control’’, as it to know people in their own environment, where was called in the park’s early years, has evolved they are more likely to be comfortable speaking with into the current Fire Management Program, the you and can show examples of what they mean. largest in Parks Canada in terms of resources 2. Take Your Time. Building meaningful relation- and operational activities. As the “interim’’ ships and trust cannot be rushed. Hurrying efforts or Fire Management Plan dates back to 1989 and creating false deadlines can delay success. decades of fire data has been accumulated, it is time to develop a new Fire Management Plan. 3. Keep An Open Mind. A notion that seems The consultations with 11 Aboriginal groups are unfounded might simply need time to be proven expected to generate significant discussion. It right or might just be the spark for discussing further is hoped they will give the park a better under- ideas. Two seemingly different viewpoints or cultural practices can come together in the spirit of respect wildlife and the continued subsistence of Inuvialuit. standing of the ecological, social and economic Nahanni National Park It made this project the largest contaminated site implications of letting an area burn as opposed to and a desire to understand each other, as seen in the Reserve of Canada cleanup project undertaken by the Agency. Local and suppressing flames. pole conservation workshop. ©Parks Canada Aboriginal knowledges were also important to this 4. Brainstorm. Many of the best projects start off by project; information gathered from eight Inuvialuit people saying, “Wouldn’t it be nice if…”

30 31

1 John McCormick, Senior Policy Advisor, Aboriginal Consultation, Aboriginal Affairs Secretariat, Tel: (819) 934-8365, E-mail: [email protected], or Greg Thomas, Cultural Resource Manager, Western and Northern Service Centre, Tel: (204) 983-6802, E-mail: [email protected] 2 Laura Peterson, Cultural Resource Management, Wood Buffalo National Park of Canada, Tel: (867) 872-7936, Take care of the land and E-mail: [email protected] the land will take care of us’’ 3 Nadine Gauvin, External Relations Manager, Fundy National Park of Canada, Tel: (506) 887-6393, E-mail: [email protected] — Words of Dehcho First Nations Elders 4 Victor Savoie, Heritage Presentation Coordinator, Kouchibouguac National Park of Canada, Tel: (506) 876-1263, E-mail: [email protected] 5 Kirby Tulk, Park Ecologist, Prince Edward Island National Park of Canada, Tel: (709) 533-3129, E-mail: [email protected] 6 Dr. Micheline Manseau, Ecosystem Scientist, Western and Northern Canada Service Centre, Tel: (204) 983-8885, E-mail: [email protected], or Gary Mouland, Resource Conservation Manager, Tel: (867) 975-4762, E-mail: [email protected]. Other publications from the Project are also available on the web under the “Publications” tab http://lecol-ck.ca/index.php?pid=48 and under the Inuit Knowledge/Literature and documents tab http://lecol-ck.ca/index.php?pid=126 7 Dennis Herman, Advisor, Banff, Yoho and Kootenay National Parks of Canada, Tel: (250) 347-6169, E-mail: [email protected] 8 Archie Handel, Resource Conservation and Public Safety, Elk Island National Park of Canada, Tel: (780) 992-2950, E-mail: [email protected] 9 Eric Tremblay, Ecosystem Scientist, Kouchibouguac National Park of Canada, Tel: (506) 876-2443, E-mail: [email protected] 10 Renee Wissink, Ecosystem Scientist, Fundy National Park of Canada, Tel: (506) 887-6098, E-mail: [email protected] 11 Yves Bossé, Aboriginal Liaison Advisor, Atlantic Service Centre, Tel: (902) 426-5875, E-mail: [email protected] 12 Douglas Tate, Conservation Biologist and Member of the Nah?ą Dehé Consensus Team, Nahanni National Park Reserve of Canada, Tel: (867) 695-3151, E-mail: [email protected] 13 Jeff Leggo, Superintendent, St Lawrence Island National Park of Canada, Tel: (613) 923-5261, E-mail: [email protected] 14 Mark Young, Manager, First Nations Program, Riding Mountain National Park of Canada, Tel: (204) 848-7134, E-mail: [email protected] 15 Stuart Macmillan, Resource Conservation Manager and Chair of the PADEMP Steering Committee, Wood Buffalo National Park of Canada, Tel: (867) 872-7938, E-mail: [email protected] 16 Nelson Perry, Ecosystem Scientist, Western Arctic Field Unit, Tel: (867) 777-8810, E-mail: [email protected], or John Snell, Contaminated Sites Specialist, Western and Northern Canada Service Centre, Tel: (403) 292-4469, E-mail: [email protected], Ed McLean, Consultation Advisor, Western and Northern Canada Service Centre, Tel: (204) 983-8918, E-mail: [email protected]. 17 Jeff Dixon, Resource Conservation Supervisor II, Wood Buffalo National Park of Canada, Tel: (867) 872-7964, E-mail: [email protected]

Gerald Antoine, former great chief of the First Nations of Dehcho, on the Nahanni river

© Frédéric Baril

32 33 culturally appropriate. In fact, quite a few of the Traditional Knowledge and Language Sector for words used in the Charter refer to concepts either review, comment and translation. not found in Aboriginal languages, or concepts that The Parks Canada Pictograph Project3 in cannot be translated into simple words. Translators the Lake Louise, Yoho and Banff national parks is soon realised that the Charter needed to be adapted helping to preserve messages literally fading from to Aboriginal languages. The printed and, on request, the landscape. High-resolution digital photography audio versions distributed to Aboriginal communi- is used to create a per- ties have helped establish a better understanding of manent record of these Pictograph site in shared values and the need to work together to pro- Twin Bays south along sacred First Nation sites. Kootenay Lake, B.C. tect and enhance heritage landscapes. Interviews with elders are © Parks Canada / Chapter 3 - Presenting Our Special The Ktunaxa translation done for the Kootenae Brad Himour Places Together House National Historic Site Interpretive Panels2 is building public appreciation for the First Nations heritage of this site as an important fur-trading post with the Ktunaxa Nation. The Creating Awareness Consultative Committee. Subsequent surveys with panels include a map showing the routes explored Through Languages Field Units identified languages to include. Working by fur-trader David Thompson and expand on the closely with Aboriginal communities, the Aboriginal Many Canadians would be surprised to learn that role of his First Nation guides. A message outline Affairs Secretariat then contracted local language more than 50 distinct Aboriginal languages exist in and the design ideas presented to Ktunaxa elders experts to translate the charter into more than Canada. Parks Canada is committed to working in for approval prompted several elders to share his- 24 languages. This was not an easy task as it became partnership with Aboriginal communities to convey torical knowledge. Before apparent that simple translation would not be the importance of Aboriginal languages and their the panels were made in inherent place in Canada’s national parks, national 2009, the content was Interpretative panels providing cultural context. Elders from the Piikani, at Kootenae House historic sites and marine conservation areas. Parks Canada Charter sent to the Ktunaxa Nation National Historic Site Stoney Nakoda (Chiniki), Kinbasket and Ktunaxa in Dakota Translation of the Parks Canada Charter © Parks Canada First Nation communities have been shown digitally into Aboriginal Languages1 acknowledges that © Parks Canada enhanced images of pictograph sites to comment on more than half of the land managed by Parks Canada their meaning and physical nature. The raw digital derives from land claim settlements made with images were enhanced using Dstretch software which Aboriginal groups who share an interest with Parks brings out pigment residues often invisible to the Canada to protect this natural and cultural heri- naked eye. Being invited to speak for their own cul- tage. Conveying the values and principles of Parks tural traditions encouraged the elders to participate Canada’s Charter in Aboriginal languages is a respect- in this project. Their insight complements record- ful way of promoting engagement of Aboriginal ings describing the digital images that will be part of peoples. Parks Canada initially discussed the proj- an inventory kept by Parks Canada and First Nation ect with the 12 Aboriginal leaders of its Aboriginal communities. Cultural resource specialists at Parks

34 35 Métis– that some of her life can still be compiled and the Board reaffirmed its practice of giving oral Canada not only seek to protect cultural heritage by from distant memories, oral traditions and some tradition due weight in its considerations. Guiding ensuring that they remain healthy and whole but also documentation. Her Dene and French-Canadian principles, including a methodological approach find ways of presenting and celebrating cultural his- upbringing enabled her to serve as intermediary for the use of oral history, were accepted in 2006. A tories. The project has given Parks Canada a better among the Dene, the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) new report was subsequently prepared on Catherine understanding of First Nation concerns regarding and the Oblate missionaries. Her candidacy as a Beaulieu that included oral accounts from the Fort site management and preservation. It is also foster- person of national historic significance is an exam- Providence area in the Northwest Territories, as well ing public appreciation for the sacredness of these ple of best practices when it comes to recognizing as additional primary and secondary research from sites and support for their preservation. individuals – notably women – who have largely HBC and Oblate documents, and early Oblate pub- A number of residents at Mallorytown Landing been overlooked by documented history. lished writings. Considering oral tradition when it is were upset after St. Lawrence Islands National The Board raised questions regarding the meth- relevant, useful and reliable, on a case-by-case basis, Park of Canada removed the beach to re-vegetate odology used to collect and evaluate the information acknowledges the fact that First Nations, Inuit, and the shoreline. The beach had been closed more often The Words That presented to them in 2002. It opted to consider a Métis histories are often not found in standard his- than open in the past years due to high coliform bac- Come Before All Else, resubmission after demographic reports and the pro- tory books. And oral histories – if properly collected teria count. To facilitate a new generation of experi- Mallorytown Landing, St Lawrence cess for documenting the oral history were reviewed – can be of tremendous value. ences at the landing, staff worked with Akwesasne National Park by the Cultural Communities Committee and sub- The Plaque Commemoration Ceremony and regional residents to create Words Before All © Parks Canada sequently by the Board. A supplementary report with the Historic Sites and Monument Else Rocks4 project. Ohenten Kariwatekekwen was tabled in 2005 on the subject of oral histories, Board of Canada: Abernaki War Chief, (The Words That Come Before All Else), also known 6 of respectful co-existence. The site also has panels Nescambouit has built public appreciation as the Thanksgiving Address, is at the core of the telling the stories of surrounding residents’ steward- and support for Aboriginal leaders. The Abernaki Haudenosaunee view of the universe. Each gather- ship contributions. The Akwesasne community has Valérie Therrien, community had asked the Board to pay tribute to ing begins with this greeting that acknowledges and External Relations been deeply moved by the inclusion of their language Manager, La Mauricie Nescambouit, an Abernaki chief revered for his gives thanks to all the elements of creation. Each National Park and on the rocks. Many people have said it makes them bravery, war-strategizing and negotiating skills meeting closes with similar words. Symbols repre- Réjean O’Bomsawin, feel welcome in their traditional territory. Counsellor, Conseil de in dealing with the French and the British. His senting the 18 elements were illustrated and carved la Nation des Abénakis d Odanak, during the dedication and perseverance helped to maintain onto rocks throughout the site at Mallorytown unveiling of the plaque the autonomy and integrity of Abernaki territory. Landing and assembled together with their corre- Oral History © Parks Canada A plaque unveiling organized with La Mauricie sponding symbols into a final carving on a rock of Oral history’s importance has been the driver in the National Park of Canada and the community contemplation jutting into the bay. The words are Preparation of the 2008 Submission Report took place during a powwow marking the 350th in Mohawk, English and French. Visitors search to the Historic Sites and Monuments Board anniversary of Odanak, Quebec, in June 2010. for the rocks with their 18 symbols, culminating of Canada on Catherine Beaulieu Bouvier Richard O’Bomsawin, chief of the Odanak Band in the complete thanksgiving address. An inter- 5 Lamoureux (ca. 1836-1918). Memories of the Council and Nicole O’Bomsawin, a community his- pretive panel entitled Instructions from Mother earliest Métis women from the Mackenzie Basin torian, gave a presentation about Nescambouit. A Earth accompanies the final carved rock. The panel have largely been lost. It is testimony to Catherine chant honouring the war chief ended the ceremony. describes the context for the thanksgiving address, Beaulieu’s significance to northern society – teachings from the natural world and the notion especially the Deh Cho First Nations and the

36 37 Reaching Students at School A teaching guide produced with education special- Committee, which consists of six Coast Salish First and the first of the numbered treaties in Western ists from Parks Canada, Environment Canada and Nations, and subsequently the Saanich Indian School Canada, Treaty No. 1, was signed a short distance The Calendar That Won’t Stay on the Wall!7 the Nova Scotia Department of Education suggested Board. With activities and length tailored to age north at Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site has broadened awareness about species at risk various activities for species awareness and recovery. groups, the program included stories, games, a large of Canada. The Forks was a place where Aboriginal within Aboriginal communities in Atlantic Canada. The distribution beyond Aboriginal communities in poster, a set of information cards and show-and-tell people seasonally camped, traded and gathered for at Designed for high-school students and their families, Atlantic Canada (including Labrador) and the Gaspé segments to introduce a featured animal or plant least 6,000 years and they have continued a spiritual, the calendar featured Aboriginal language in convey- Peninsula to all Atlantic Canada high schools broad- and its name in Hul’q’umi’num’ or SENĆOŦEN, historic and economic link with the site over time. ing some of the information concerning species rel- ened awareness and support. as well as elders or Parks Canada staff as guest The program draws thousands of First Nation evant to Aboriginal peoples within the region. It also In British Columbia, the Species at Risk in speakers. A closing activity focused on positive people who might not otherwise visit a site admin- contained significant dates regarding Aboriginal peo- 8 Schools Project has raised awareness of the actions students could take for species recovery in istered by Parks Canada. Many feel a special con- ples and events. Recipients appreciated its Aboriginal Species at Risk Act in two very important West their own community. A total of 2000 English and nection to the place where 6,500 to 8,000 recipients art. They also liked having the first edition based Coast First Nation languages: Hul’q’umi’num’ and 400 French posters were distributed in schools. Close can personally collect their $5.00 annuity. They are on the Mi’kmaq lunar cycle (March 2007-February SENĆOŦEN. The purpose was to encourage stu- to 2,500 students and teachers took part in these welcomed by opening ceremonies that include a 2008) and the second on the Inuit calendar (March dents to appreciate culturally significant animals and school programs. They are now aware of species that blessing by elders. A few days prior, Parks Canada 2009-February 2010). plants so they would act in ways to prevent them from are at risk and of the presence of the Hul’q’umi’num’ and Indian and Northern Affairs Canada staff pres- To ensure the calendar had the right elements, becoming extinct. The presentations were designed and the SENĆOŦEN peoples who have lived in this ent an information and training session to govern- its planning involved the region’s Aboriginal com- and delivered by Hul’q’umi’num’ and SENĆOŦEN area for a very long time. ment employees who will pay treaty, as well as to munities, Parks Canada’s Atlantic Service Centre speakers with an interpreter from Gulf Island local tenants and neighbours. A display provides the (Aboriginal Initiatives Section), and the Species- I liked the story of the Creator that National Park Reserve of opportunity to learn about the Aboriginal history of at-Risk Interdepartmental Committee of Atlantic Hul’q’umi’num’ Elder explained why First Nations treat Canada. Consultations for The Forks, treaty payments and the commitment Canada (Parks Canada, Environment Canada, Philomena Pagaduan nature like family. The presentation and Parks Canada program development were by Parks Canada to relate the story of Treaty No. 1. Fisheries and Oceans Interpreter Athena really taught me a lot about how I can Cover of the Species at George share stories held with the Hul’qumi’num Canada, and Indian and Risk Calendar, Based in the schools about help the environment.’’ — Alisha, Grade 7 on the Mi’kmaw Lunar threatened plants Treaty Group / Parks Northern Affairs Canada). Student, Bayside Middle School Cycle and animals. Canada Agency Consultative © Parks Canada © School District 79 Helping to Re-Connect

Treaty Payments and Education Program9 at the Forks National Historic Site of Canada provides an opportunity for Parks Canada to welcome First Nation people from communities in Manitoba and Northern Ontario to this historic site in Winnipeg to receive their treaty annuity. Treaties are impor- Setting up the tant to the history of Manitoba as well as to The Payment tables Forks National Historic Site of Canada. The Peguis © Parks Canada / Selkirk Agreement of 1817 was made at The Forks 38 39 York Factory National Historic Site of Canada, Cultural Centre.11 Plans were being made in Sometimes, the best of intentions take time to approach promotes a sense of ownership. The Maison located eight kilometres from the mouth of Hudson 2007 for re-capitalization of the Kluane National come to life. When Parks Canada created the Mingan de la culture innue d’Ekuanitshit will address the cul- Bay on Hayes River, was a Hudson Bay Company Park and Reserve of Canada visitor centre as the Archipelago National Park Reserve of Canada in tural needs of Innus in an intergenerational meeting (HBC) trading post at the centre of the fur trade for 1980 exhibits have deteriorated considerably and 1984, promises were made to the Innu community place while offering tourists a glimpse into the world 200 years. It was known as “Kichewaskahikun” or the the stories in the centre no longer reflect current of Ekuanitshit that a welcoming centre would be of the Innu of Ekuanitshit from yesterday to today. built in their community. Twenty-five years later, Great House by the Cree, many of whom lived and messages and management practices. A year later, The Innu community has such a the centre is finally becoming a reality. Inspired by worked there as tradesmen, tripmen and labourers. the Champagne & Aishihik First Nations invited strong connection to the islands. Aboriginal longhouses, the architectural concept When its massive Depot doors that had seen decades Parks Canada to re-locate the centre within the new But when you’re on the islands, you for the Construction of the Maison de la cul- of trade goods pass through were closed for the last Cultural Centre they were planning. The location will don’t see it. This cultural centre is a ture innue in Ekuanitshit12 was developed in time in 1957, the Cree who still lived there relocated be more visible to highway traffic, which positions way of showing that. This centre is spring 2009. It will be built at the edge of the com- to York Landing, Bird, Shamattawa and Churchill the park to attract more visitors. As a key tenant, for our children. And it is not just a munity of Ekuanitshit as a visitor centre, to pass on in northern Manitoba. In 2006, York Factory First Parks Canada is contributing towards the Cultural project or a building. It is a dream.’’ knowledge and promote the Innu language and the Nation and the Fox Lake Cree Nation (also York Centre through a 40-year pre-paid lease. Both the — Rita Mestokosho, Councillor, Conseil des Innus close ties that link the community of Ekuanitshit to Factory descendants) approached Parks Canada Champagne & Aishihik First Nations and the Kluane d’Ekuanitshit and member of Parks Canada’s the Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve of about organizing a biannual homecoming at York First Nation are working with Parks Canada on the Aboriginal Consultative Committee Factory National Historic Site of Canada. The York renewal of exhibits and audio-visual products for Canada. Members of the Ekuanitshit First Nation, Factory Heritage Gatherings10 in 2008 and 2010 the new visitor centre’s scheduled opening in the from youths to elders, have been involved since the Port au Choix National Historic Site of Canada’s gave Aboriginal partners an opportunity to recon- spring of 2012. Champagne & Aishihik First Nations project’s inception and will continue to do so. Elders rich Aboriginal heritage dates back more than 5000 nect with a place that has strong ties to their cultural organised a job fair for their citizens for the major were consulted about the centre’s location and local years. It commemorates, among others, an ancient heritage and established a setting for elders to pass construction to be done to ensure economic benefits Innu artists will create works of art that are already burial ground belonging to the Maritime Archaic along the connection to this important place to the for their communities. incorporated in the concept of the longhouse. This Tradition and a Palaeoeskimo living site dating back next generation of York Factory descendents - their 2000 years. Port au Choix consulted the province’s children and grandchildren. Parks Canada learned Aboriginal groups when it developed a Landscape about the historical operations of York Factory from Visitor Experience Plan.13 Representatives the oral histories and recollections of the elders who from Aboriginal groups and local stakeholders were returning to the site for the first time in years. attended two workshops and provided feedback in New interpretive signage focussing on the role of the person and in writing. This helped the site develop Cree at York Factory was added to the site. meaningful visitor experiences, and gave Aboriginal groups a greater appreciation for the site and an Welcoming Visitors Together opportunity to participate in how it’s presented and protected. The site’s “Landscape Visitor Experience Location will also be part of the success of the Building site for Members of the Conseil des Innus d’Ekuanitshit (left to Plan” was completed in October 2009. It presents Renewal & Re-location of the Kluane Champagne & Aishihik right): Joachim Selma, Entreprises Shanamas, Vincent Napish, Counsellor, Rita Mestokosho, Counsellor and member of Parks an array of engaging experiences to help visitors National Park & Reserve Visitor Centre to First Nations Cultural Centre Canada’s Aboriginal Consultative Committee, Jean-Charles make a personal connection to the site. During the the Champagne & Aishihik First Nations Piétacho, Chief, Isabelle Napess, Counsellor and Bernard © Parks Canada Lafontaine, Vice-Chief. © L.Boudreau / Conseil des Innus d’Ekuanitshit 40 41 Tseshaht oral tradition, the creation event of the story of the Tseshaht people and the cultural summer of 2010, fund from Canada’s Economic first Tseshaht man and woman took place on C’issaa history of the C’issaa. Now, visitors walk through Action Plan was used to complete infrastructure proj- (Benson Island). In spring 2009, Benson Island a bank of tall trees to discover a cedar walkway ects including: The Dorset Doorway, The Gathering was permanently closed to overnight campers to leading to a house post in a meadow. Circle, Landscape Sculptures, and The Phillip’s protect this culturally significant area. Pacific Rim Garden program Shelter. Together, Parks Canada It took so many people who were National Park Reserve of Canada and Tseshaht and Aboriginal groups developed a product that strong and never gave up. The things First Nation worked together to develop an inter- will help Canadians appreciate and understand the that have happened through the years, pretive display for the Benson Island Memorial rich Aboriginal heritage at Port au Choix National it is hard to believe, but we can’t give Project15 to tell the story of the area and acknowl- Historic Site of Canada and the need to protect it for up. There’s lots to do yet.” — Grand Chief edge its cultural and historical significance. This generations to come. Bert Mack, Toquaht Nation project would enhance visitors’ experience on Kwantlen First Nation Kwantlen Elders pinned performing a cleansing the island and help recognize the importance of ceremony at Fort colourful blankets on the Langley’s Visitor Centre the Tseshaht presence. The interpretive display Šxwimel staff—primar- included a carved House Post with a viewing plat- © Parks Canada / ily Aboriginal youth and Nancy Hildebrand form and two interpretive panels. Well-known elders—to symbolize them Tseshaht carver Gordon Dick carved the post from taking on the responsibil- a red cedar log that the Robinson family donated ity for the store on behalf of the nation. Kwantlen in honour of their relative Wilfred Robinson, youth will have the opportunity to learn about their a Tseshaht elder who was culture and how to run a business alongside their instrumental in archaeo- elders. Blankets were also presented to dignitar- Tseshaht members and logical digs conducted Panel depicting the story of the Anishinabe Clan System and ies including the local mayors and site managers, Pacific Rim National on Benson Island. The Park Reserve Public the Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers Sealskin Sculpture in appreciation of the honour of welcoming the Safety staff transporting panels, written in Nuu- the House Post from © Parks Canada On February 25, 2011, © Parks Canada Kwantlen at the site. the boat to the final chah-nulth, French and resting place a blanket ceremony, This is huge for the community. It’s our English, tell the creation drumming and a delicious salmon and bannock © Parks Canada / In an effort to better incorporate the Anishinabe first economic venture. We see it as Pete Clarkson banquet marked the birth of Šxwimel Gifts,14 (Algonquin) people and their story along the Rideau giving birth to a ‘baby’, and being able which means “store” in Halq’eméylem, at Fort Corridor and build stronger relationships with them, to nurture what this ‘baby’ will look Langley National Historic Site of Canada’s Visitor Rideau Canal National Historic Site of Canada like.” — Kwantlen spokesperson Brenda Fernie Centre. The new shop is managed by members of the is working with the Omàmiwininì Pimàdjwowin Kwantlen First Nation, located across a narrow chan- Cultural Centre to develop museum interpretive nel of the Fraser River from the site. In Fort Langley, Telling the Stories panels that share the story of the Anishinabe people, ties with the Kwantlen stretch back to the fort’s opera- their culture and religious beliefs. The Algonquin Benson Island, in Pacific Rim National Park tion between 1827 and the 1880s, when the Kwantlen Museum panel exhibits for the Rideau Reserve of Canada in the Broken Group islands were the key trading partners at this Hudson’s Canal National Historic Site of Canada and archipelago, was where the Tseshaht people lived Bay Company post. During the blanket ceremony, year-round for several millennia. According to 42 43 Omàmiwininì Pimàdjwowin Cultural Centre, after Mattie Mitchell, a Mi’kmaq hunter, guide and Living the Cultures Golden Lake Ontario16 will tell the story of the prospector, who was recognized in 2005 as a person Sometimes, bridging the gap between cultures only Anishinabe Clan System and the Teachings of the of national historic significance by the Historic Sites needs a sunny day and a chance to share a cultural Seven Grandfathers. These interpretive exhibits and Monuments Board of Canada. The Federation of experience. During Parks Day in July 2010, a dance will be displayed at the Rideau Canal Museum, Newfoundland Indians contributed the wages of two troupe of eight dancers and five drummers from Parks Canada Interpretive outreach trailer and at of its members to deliver on-site interpretation. The the Attikamekw First Nation were invited to offer the Omàmiwininì Pimàdjwowin Cultural Centre on canoe was presented to Gros Morne National Park a Presentation of a traditional Aboriginal the Pikwakanagan Algonquin Reserve. This project, of Canada on National Aboriginal Day 2007. dance for the 40th anniversary celebrations20 along with previous ones since 2007, helped change of La Mauricie National Park of Canada. Visitors the relationship with the Anishinabe people of received free admission to the park that day and Ontario from one of misunderstanding and mistrust Inuit artist Lena Onalik the dance troupe invited them to participate in the to one of mutual trust where Parks Canada is asked with Alan Latourelle, dances. Members of the dance troupe also explained by the Anishinabe to help facilitate relationships Parks Canada’s Chief Executive Officer the various dances and the origins of their regalia. between other federal and provincial departments. © Parks Canada In Manitoba, Treaty No. 1 was signed with the Contrary to popular belief, the Beothuk were not Anishnaabe and Muskego Cree (Saulteaux and the last Aboriginal people to inhabit Newfoundland. Swampy Cree) First Nations of southern Manitoba At the time of European contact, the Mi’kmaq ter- traditions and language alive while giving visitors to on August 3, 1871. It became the forerunner of ritory included Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, the park an appreciation and understanding of the the numbered treaties of Western Canada that and some parts of New Brunswick, Gaspé and south- rich history of the Mi’kmaq people. Mi’kmaq and opened the door for large-scale settlement by the ern Newfoundland. The Mi’kmaq Ocean going canoe Parks Canada staff provided on-site interpretation. Presentation ceremony, left to right: Billy Joe (Canoe Builder, Europeans. During the August long weekend, a two- provided the principle mode of travelling this vast Miawpukek First Nation), Sylverter Joe (Youth Canoe Builder, Projects and events at the park have encouraged local Miawpukek First Nation), Maggie John, Aboriginal Liaison day Commemoration of the Signing of Treaty territory. Today, some 10,000 people of Mi’kmaq Officer, Parks Canada, Chief Misel Joe, Miawpukek First people to explore their Aboriginal ancestry. No. 1, August 321 is held at Lower Fort Garry Nation and member of Parks Canada’s Aboriginal Consultative As part of the seven-week Port au Choix ancestry still live in Newfoundland: the Miawpukek Committee, Donny Benoit (Canoe Builder, Miawpukek 19 National Historic Site of Canada. To take advan- First Nation of Conne River is the only recognized First Nation) National Historic Site “Artist in Residence’’ tage of the August long weekend, Monday focuses reserve. Since Parks Canada and Miawpukek First © Parks Canada pilot project, accomplished Inuk artist, drummer on cultural activities including craft demonstrations, Nation both believe that the best way to present and throat singer Lena Onalik of Nunatsiavut traditional dancing, traditional singing and drum- Aboriginal history and culture is through first person greeted visitors and talked about the drum she ming, contemporary singing, dancing and musical interpretation and hands-on demonstrations, they Building on the success of this project, Chief Misel used and made a presentation that included sing- performances. August 3rd features ceremonies and a worked in partnership for the Construction of Joe from the Miawpukek First Nation and member of ing, drumming and throat singing. She also dem- series of guest lectures on treaties and their impact a Traditional Mi’kmaw Birch Bark Canoe17 Parks Canada’s Aboriginal Consultative Committee onstrated how to make earrings from porcupine in partnership with the Treaty Relations Commission in Gros Morne National Park of Canada. Three asked two other residents of his community to return quills and displayed them. Lena’s art and stories for Manitoba (TRCM). The days have led to increased Miawpukek First Nation residents, including a youth, to Gros Morne National Park of Canada for 14 weeks helped visitors connect to the national historic site visitation, improved knowledge of First Nations and spent six weeks in the park demonstrating how to for the Construction of the Mi’kmaw Caribou through a genuine, memorable experience and the importance and impact of Treaty No. 1 to First build the canoe using traditional tools, materials and Hide Canoe.18 He believed that this would help the presented Canada’s rich Aboriginal culture. Nations and non-First Nations beneficiaries. construction methods. The canoe was named Mattio Newfoundland Mi’kmaq keep their history, culture,

44 45 1 Lessons learned 6. Don’t Get Discouraged. Just because a project Reg Sylliboy, Analyst, Aboriginal Affairs Secretariat, Tel: (819) 953-6041, E-mail: [email protected] 2 does not initially meet with approval doesn’t mean it Dave Cairns, Manager, Aboriginal Relations, Lake Louise, Yoho and Kootenay Field Unit, Tel: (250) 343-6110, 1. Find the Right Opportunities. Researching E-mail: [email protected] won’t be approved once more people understand its 3 Aboriginal candidates for consideration by the Brad Himour, Senior Archaeologist, Western and Northern Service Centre, Tel: (403) 292-4471, E-mail: [email protected] importance or additional criteria is met. 4 Historic Sites and Monument Board of Canada, for Sophie Borcoman, Visitor Experience Manager, St Lawrence Islands National Park of Canada, Tel: (613) 923-5261 ext. 109 example, adds to the overall knowledge of the coun- 7. Build Trust – Build Projects. Once trust is built, E-mail: [email protected] 5 try’s history makers and their connection to a loca- time is needed for ideas to fully evolve including Marianne Stopp, Ethnohistorian, National Historic Sites Directorate, Tel: (819) 953-5656, E-mail: [email protected] 6 tion. Finding out about a site’s Aboriginal history many site visits and conversations during a span of Valérie Therrien, Manager of External Relations, La Mauricie National Park of Canada, Tel : (819) 536-2638, Ext. 224, can help you to come up with ideas to connect with a couple of years. In turn, working successfully on E-mail : [email protected] 7 its past. projects enhances relationships based on mutual Yves Bossé, Aboriginal Liaison Advisor, Atlantic Service Centre, Tel: (902) 426-5875, E-mail: [email protected] 8 trust and respect. Karla Point, First Nations Special Projects Officer, Gulf Island National Park Reserve of Canada, Tel: (250) 654-4073, 2. Ask for Ideas. Don’t be afraid to approach the E-mail: [email protected] 9 representatives of a community or association for 8. Be a Bridge Builder. Including Aboriginal Barb Ford, Visitor Experience Manager, The Forks National Historic Site of Canada and Riel House National Historic Site of Canada , suggestions regarding greater Aboriginal involve- employee in projects and meeting with communi- Tel: (204) 983-5988, E-mail: [email protected] and Jennifer Burnell, Events Coordinator, Tel: (204) 984-1596, ties help to build trust and deal with the commu- E-mail: [email protected] ment. Encourage others to suggest “I wish…” and “If 10 Mike Iwanowsky, Visitor Experience Manager, Wapusk National Park of Canada, Tel: (204) 675-8863; E-mail: [email protected] only…” scenarios to spark discussions. Consulting nities from their own cultural values. Recognizing 11 with all the identified key Aboriginal partners from and acting upon the strengths that each partner Laura Gorecki, Project Coordinator, Kluane National Park and Reserve of Canada, Tel: (867) 634-2329 Ext. 212, E-mail: [email protected] the outset will garner insight, expertise and consen- brings to the relationship builds further trust for 12 Michèle Boucher, Liaison Advisor, Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve of Canada, Tel :(418) 538-3331, poste 27, sus for a successful project. future successful collaborations. When contracting E-mail: [email protected] to develop a plan that has Aboriginal content, hire 13 3. Be Flexible. If key Aboriginal partners, such as the Millie Spence, Site-Supervisor, Port au Choix National Historic Site of Canada, Tel. (709) 861-3522 E-mail: [email protected] a contractor who has experience consulting with 14 elders within a community, are unavailable immedi- Melissa Banovich, Site & Visitor Experience Manager, Fort Langley National Historic Site of Canada, Tel : (604) 513-4776, Aboriginal groups. E-mail : [email protected] ately, propose a later date that works for everyone. 15 9. Share Stories. Provide opportunities for Aboriginal Karen Haugen, Acting First Nations Program Manager, Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada, Tel: (250) 726-3508, Look at softening a deadline if it results in a project E-mail: [email protected] being more inclusive and successful. partners to ensure their stories are reflected in public 16 Juan Sanchez, Product Development Officer, Rideau Canal National Historic Site of Canada, Tel: (613) 283 7199 x 212, programming. It demonstrates a commitment to 4. Identify Shared Values and Goals. Finding E-mail: [email protected] working with them and providing an opportunity to 17 mutual goals and values often leads to action plans of Maggie John, Aboriginal Affairs Coordinator, Western Newfoundland and Labarador Field Unit, Tel. (709) 458-3597, have them tell their stories outside the community. E-mail: [email protected] mutual interest. Establish clear objectives, purpose, 18 It can also help foster a better understanding of a Maggie John, Aboriginal Affairs Coordinator, Western Newfoundland and Labrador Field Unit, Tel. (709) 458-3597, and articulate expectations with Aboriginal part- region’s Aboriginal history. E-mail: [email protected] 19 ners to be able to wade through possible conflicting Millie Spence, Site-Supervisor, Port au Choix National Historic Site of Canada, Tel. (709) 861-3522, E-mail: [email protected] or agendas and priorities. 10. Acknowledge Successes. True success is the Maggie John, Aboriginal Affairs Co-ordinator, Western Newfoundland and Labrador Field Unit, Tel: (709) 458-3597 result of working with and learning from each other, E-mail: [email protected] 5. Think Outside the Box. Incorporate traditional 20 young and old. Valérie Therrien, External Relations Manager, La Mauricie National Park of Canada, Tel: (819) 536-2638 ext. 224, Aboriginal ways of viewing and interpreting the E-mail: [email protected] 21 world within mainstream types of communication, Ken Green, Visitor Experience Manager, Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site of Canada, Tel: (204) 785-6091 such as the Mi’kmaq lunar cycle and Inuit March-to- E-mail: [email protected] February year in a modern calendar.

46 47 to contribute, whether it’s knowledge of medici- nal plants in Atlantic Canada, expertise to harvest White-Tailed Deer to help restore ecological balance in Ontario, Inuit Knowledge that improves Parks Canada’s monitoring and understanding of vast and remote Nunavut parks amid a changing envi- ronment, or oral history that can contribute to the acknowledgment of the importance of an historic Aboriginal figure.

Base Camp at night Parks space are almost always situ- in Torngat Mountains forms including exhib- National Park of Canada Conclusion ated in a place that was special to the its, interpretive panels © Parks Canada / and hands-on experi- Aboriginal peoples and while learning Caitlyn Baikie in a classroom has its merits nothing ences. At the kANGID- Parks Canada values the unique partnerships it has Protecting our heritage can replace experiential learning in a LUASUk Base Camp in created with Aboriginal peoples in the last decades. place that is/was special to not just Torngat Mountains National Park of Canada on Aboriginal peoples are unique partners in the Working closely with these Aboriginal partners help Aboriginal people but, all the people the Labrador Peninsula and during the Port au protection of natural and cultural resources; us make better decisions on how to protect, present of Canada. To see Elders, Youth and Choix National Historic Site of Canada’s Artist in from ways to conserve totem poles in British and connect with our natural and cultural environ- those between interacting, learning Residence pilot project, visitors had a chance to Columbia and species of fish in Atlantic Canada to ments. Working in partnership with First Nations, and teaching side by side with Parks connect with the Inuit cultures through the sto- removing vegetation and Inuit and Métis peoples to manage national parks, left me an unforgettable image and ries the people shared. In York Factory National identifying gravesites in national historic sites and marine conservation hope for the future of our special Historic Site of Canada, the Cree are reconnecting Winter lights at Elk Island an ancestral cemetery areas to present Aboriginal cultures also greatly National Park of Canada places.’’ — Fred Johnstone, Northern Native with a place that has strong ties to their heritage in northern Alberta. enriches visitor experiences in our heritage places. © Parks Canada / Broadcasting Yukon and past, and in the Mingan Archipelago National Everyone has something Throughout the country, new relationships are Alan Dyer Park Reserve of Canada, a twenty-five year old being forged and old ones are being celebrated. dream of creating a welcome centre where young Cooperative management with Aboriginal peoples Enhancing education and and old can come together is finally coming true. has become a common practice within Parks Canada visitor experience This sharing helps keep First Nations, Inuit and and members of these committees work jointly with Métis cultures, traditions and languages alive while Presenting the cultures of Aboriginal peoples to us to make important decisions related to the plan- giving parks visitors an appreciation and under- some 22 million visitors to Canada’s national ning and operation of the park. These relationships standing of their rich history. Partnerships are parks, national historic sites and national marine lead us to greater collaboration and understand- rewarding and they allow us to share our collective conservation areas each year greatly enhances ing of our mutual interests, helping us to work knowledge, experience, strengths and resources. visitor experiences. Opportunities to share the sto- on specific projects that bring about reconciliation But the first step toward working together is to build ries and cultures of Aboriginal peoples take many and reconnection.

48 49 Métis sash. Batoche National Historic Site of Canada.

© Parks Canada relationships based on mutual respect and trust. That takes time, patience, flexibility and an open mind to new ideas and possibilities. Involving Aboriginal groups at the beginning of any process give all involved an opportunity to participate in how a site is presented and protected and how stories are told. Aboriginal peoples will feel more engaged with Parks Canada and the desire to be involved will continue to grow over time. Working successfully together helps strengthen relationships which, in turn, strengthen Parks Canada and its ability to preserve, protect and pres- ent its sites for Canadians and international visitors for generations to come.

50 51 213 ICELAND ISLANDE

GREENLAND | GROENLAND

204 National Park 205 Parc national 203 National Historic Site 212 Lieu historique national National Marine Conservation Area U. S. A. | É. - U. 199, 200, 201, 202 Aire marine nationale de conservation 211 206 YUKON 198

207

197 210 Whitehorse Iqaluit NORTHWEST TERRITORIES 208 196 TERRITOIRES DU NORD-OUEST NUNAVUT

Yellowknife

209 1

209

192 2 NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR TERRE-NEUVE ET LABRADOR C 4 BRITISH COLUMBIA 3 194 COLOMBIE-BRITANNIQUE 195 A 137 A 193 8 191 ALBERTA N D 9 136 A 5 10 7 St. John’s 11 175 174 SASKATCHEWAN 135 6 173 159 58 12 172 169, 170 157 171 155 MANITOBA Edmonton QUÉBEC 176 168 158 156 184 177 167 57 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 190 154 178 ÎLE-DU-PRINCE-ÉDOUARD Vancouver 166 185 179 Calgary 146, 13 15 186 163, 164, 165 16, 17, 18 153 147 45 188, 189 187 182 Saskatoon 59 44 14 Victoria 180, 183 162 47 46 181 61 19, 20 Seattle 145 55, 56 41, ONTARIO 60 48 42,43 161 151, 148 144 Charlottetown21, 22 Moncton 39, 40 160 152 49 NOVA SCOTIA Regina 138 50, 51 38 150 139 Fredericton 52 Halifax NOUVELLE-ÉCOSSE U 72 53 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 . S. 149 Winnipeg 54 37 A. 143 Québec 36 | É. 140, 141, 142 29 - U. 133 62 30 134 31 110 Thunder Bay Montréal 109 32, 33, 34, 35 ONTARIO QUÉBEC 72 132 123 111 131 Ottawa Québec 65 90 73 NEW BRUNSWICK 112, 108 106, 100, 66, 88, 89 63 130 NOUVEAU-BRUNSWICK 122 113, 107 101, 94, 95 84 67, 64 Ottawa 129 110 99 Boston 114, 102, 96 91 85 75 68, 125 124 Toronto 92 Montréal 127, 128 115, 103, 93 76, 77 69, Toronto 121 104 70, 116 97, 98 78, 79, 80 120 105 87 86 71 126 119 81 74 117 99 118 82, 83 Milwaukee Detroit New York 126 Chicago