Atlantic Salmon in Rivers of Belarus, 2005
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Lithuanian Synagogues: from the First Descriptions to Systematic Research
arts Article Lithuanian Synagogues: From the First Descriptions to Systematic Research Vilma Gradinskaite Independent scholar, 05224 Vilnius, Lithuania; [email protected] Received: 4 March 2020; Accepted: 15 May 2020; Published: 21 May 2020 Abstract: The article presents an analysis of the development stages of synagogue research methodology in Lithuania during the four major historical periods of the country—Lithuania in the Russian Empire (1795–1918), Vilnius Region in the interwar period and the independent Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940), the Soviet period (1940–1990), and the independent Republic of Lithuania restored in 1990. Each chapter of the article deals with the issues of synagogue research, heritage conservation and management, while the part about the restored independent Republic of Lithuania and modern days includes topical issues related to synagogue restoration, commemoration and putting them into operation. The study uses two different sources: archival materials and publications. Written sources and publications are reviewed in chronological order and start from the end of the 18th century. The study employs several research methods—the historical descriptive method, the comparative method and the analysis method. Keywords: Lithuania; synagogues; conservation; restoration; renovation; rebuilding; management; commemoration 1. Introduction The article presents several fields of study: (1) a review of the first descriptions of synagogues in Lithuania; (2) an analysis of the development stages of synagogue research methodology in Lithuania; and (3) a brief reference to synagogue restoration, renovation, rebuilding, commemoration and putting into operation—topics which are currently particularly live in Lithuania today. It is not possible to understand the existing trends in synagogue research in Lithuania without considering the country’s past—the times of the Russian Empire, the interwar period and the Soviet period. -
The Baltic Republics
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1994 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Antti Numminen, General Headquarters Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 6 THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1992 ISBN 951-25-0709-9 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1994: National Defence College All rights reserved Painatuskeskus Oy Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1994 Preface Until the end of the First World War, the Baltic region was understood as a geographical area comprising the coastal strip of the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Danzig to the Gulf of Finland. In the years between the two World Wars the concept became more political in nature: after Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania obtained their independence in 1918 the region gradually became understood as the geographical entity made up of these three republics. Although the Baltic region is geographically fairly homogeneous, each of the newly restored republics possesses unique geographical and strategic features. -
Lithuania Under the Sickle and Hammer
LITHUANIA UNDER THE SICKLE AND HAMMER By COL. JONAS PETRUITIS of the Lithuanian Army Published by THE LEAGUE FOR THE LIBERATION OF LITHUANIA Cleveland, Ohio Printed in the United States of America Biographical Sketch of Col. Jonas Petruitis At Rozalimas, a peaceful and fruitful village in the county of Panevezys, Lithuania, was born Jo nas Petruitis, in the year 1890. He received his earliest education in the primary school of Rad viliskis, then was transferred to the Saule Seminary in Kaunas and later graduated from the sixth class of the Gymnasium at Libau, Latvia. From his earliest schooldays he outshone all his comrades in his ardor for Lithuanian freedom and his sincere religious beliefs. In 1911, Jonas was called to military duty under the Czarist regime and was transported to the Caucasus where he served as a private in a regiment stationed on the Persian border. During this period there was an uprising in Persia and his regiment was sent there to crush t he movement. Later Jonas was sent to the officers training school at Tiflis, Georgia, where he gra duated and attained his first lieutena ncy in the summer of 1914. During the first World War Jonas participated in various battles on the Russian front, and for his bravery and alertness was pro J moted to the rank of Captain. During the Russian Revolution in 1917, Jonas organized a battalion comprised of Lithuanians who were serving in the Russian Army and he remained its leader until the battalion was demobilized. Notwithstanding all obstacles, Jonas survived the stormy Bolshevik Revol ution, and found his way back to his beloved Lithuania in 1918. -
Elaboration of Priority Components of the Transboundary Neman/Nemunas River Basin Management Plan (Key Findings)
Elaboration of Priority Components of the Transboundary Neman/Nemunas River Basin Management Plan (Key Findings) June 2018 Disclaimer: This report was prepared with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 3 1 OVERVIEW OF THE NEMAN RIVER BASIN ON THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS ............................... 5 1.1 General description of the Neman River basin on the territory of Belarus .......................... 5 1.2 Description of the hydrographic network ............................................................................. 9 1.3 General description of land runoff changes and projections with account of climate change........................................................................................................................................ 11 2 IDENTIFICATION (DELINEATION) AND TYPOLOGY OF SURFACE WATER BODIES IN THE NEMAN RIVER BASIN ON THE TERRITORY OF BELARUS ............................................................................. 12 3 IDENTIFICATION (DELINEATION) AND MAPPING OF GROUNDWATER BODIES IN THE NEMAN RIVER BASIN ................................................................................................................................... 16 4 IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF HEAVY IMPACT AND EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY ON SURFACE WATER BODIES -
Impact of Climate Change and Other Abiotic Environmental Factors on Aquatic Ecosystems
Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 2017/73/2 5 EDITORIAL Impact of Climate Change and Other Abiotic Environmental Factors on Aquatic Ecosystems Dr. Jūratė Kriaučiūnienė Lithuanian Energy Institute [email protected] Water ecosystems are very important for conservation impact on aquatic animal diversity and productivity, of biosphere variety and production. EU Water Frame- and carry out an integrated impact assessment accor- work Directive requires the Member States to imple- ding to the multi-annual data and climate scenarios. ment the necessary measures to improve and protect Three river basins (of the Neris, the Nevėžis and the the status of water bodies. Consequences of climate Minija) and the Curonian Lagoon have been chosen as change together with intensive use of natural reso- research objects. urces pose a threat to aquatic animal communities, During the project the following activities are planned: and in the future it will undoubtedly have even more development of the methodology for assessment of significant effect. As frequency of extreme climatic climate change impact on the state of aquatic ecosys- events increases, aquatic ecosystems will be forced tem; projection of changes of significant for aquatic to adapt to new stressful environmental conditions. ecosystem climatic indices in 21st century according There are many investigations dedicated to assess- to output data from different climate scenarios; as- ment of climate change impact on aquatic ecosystem sessment of change patterns and extremes of abio- -
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LIE TV V OS • • UDK 902/904(474.5) Li-227 Redaktorill kolegija: Doc. dr. Valdemaras Simenas (ats. redaktorius) (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, ViLnius) Dr. Anna Bitner-Wr6blewska (Valstybinis archeoLogijos muziejus VarSuvoje, Lenkija) Doc. dr. Rimantas lankauskas (Vilniaus ulliversitetas, Lietuva) Prof. dr. Eugenijus lovaisa (ViLniaus pedagoginis universitetas, Lietuva) Prof. dr. Vladimir Kulakov (Rusijos archeologijos institutas, Maskva) Prof. dr. Valter Lang (Tartu universitetas, Estija) Doc. dr. Algimantas Merkevicius (Vilniaus universitetas, Lietuva) Dr. Tomas Ostrauskas (sudarytojas) (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, ViLnius) Dr. Gintautas Rackevicius (Pili/{ tyrimo centras "Lietuvos pilys", ViLnius) Dr. Arms RadiQs (Latvijos nacionalinis istorijos muziejus, Ryga) Dr. Eugenijus Svetikas (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, ViLnius) Dr. Gediminas VaitkeviCius (Lietuvos istorijos instilulas, ViLnius) Dr. Vykintas Vaitkevicius (Klaipedos lIniversitelas, Lietuva) Doc. dr. Ilona VaskeviciUte (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, Vilnius) Dr. Gintautas Zabiela (Klaipedos universitetas, Lietuva) Dovile UrbanaviciUte (atsakinga sekreton':) (Lietuvos istorijos institutas, Vilnius) ISSN 0207-8694 © Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 2007 ISBN 978-9986-23-138-7 © Straipsni4 autoriai, 2007 )POKHH LlETUVOS ARCHEOLOGlJA. 2007. T. 31, p. 23-38. ISS 0207-8694 CULTU L IDENTIFICATION OF "TIlE CORDED • lOpHHK TERIALS" FROM BELORUSSIAN RIVER BASIN Hom HCTOPH- V ADZIM L. LAKIZA Results ofstudy ofheritage ofthe Corded Ware Culture in the Nemunas River basin are presented in the article. 2 groups ofsites are distinguished by the author: Bershty-Rusakovo group which formation was carried out on the basis of the local late Neolithic Neman culture under strong influence of alien components: "A-horizon" of the Corded Ware, Globular Amphorae, Single Grave, Rzucewo culture; Podgornaya group ofsites with features of the Middle Dnieper Culture. Keywords: The Late eolitthic, the Early Bronze Age, the Corded Ware Culture, the Neolithic emunas Culture, the Middle Dnieper Culture, the Trzciniec Culture. -
17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia
Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes. -
February 14Th 10.00 Sedov Vladimir Valentinovich (Moscow IA RAS
February 14th 10.00 Sedov Vladimir Valentinovich (Moscow IA RAS) Principal outcomes of the excavation of the church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche near Novgorod in 2016-2017: archeology and architecture The paper presents the main results of the extensive architectural and archaeological excavation of the stone church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche, built in 1103 by Prince Mstislav the Great and rebuilt in 1342-1343. This latter church, having survived in part, was conserved, and the current plans for the museumification of the 1103 church allowed for its complete excavation, which provided an opportunity to assess the architecture of this second oldest stone church building of Novgorod (the Sophia of Novgorod being the earliest). We now see this monument as a transitive point in local architectural history. Its large size, common type and architectural details firmly link it to the south Russian tradition of Kiev. At the same time, it stands at the very beginning of the Novgorod architectural tradition. The paper also covers some of the most vivid details of the monument and the traces of its rebuilding, as well as information on the pre- church layers unearthed during the excavation. Gippius Alexey Alexeevich (Moscow, HSE, ISS RAS), Mikheev Savva Mikhailovich (Moscow, ISS RAS) Complex of the Glagolitic graffiti of the church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche The paper discusses ten 12th- century Glagolitic graffiti, one of them being the longest old Russian Glagolitic text. The inscriptions are of interest both in terms of their content and of their paleography, which has allowed us to presume the existence of a specific Novgorod school of Glagolitic writing in the 11th and 12th centuries. -
The Baltics EU/Schengen Zone Baltic Tourist Map Traveling Between
The Baltics Development Fund Development EU/Schengen Zone Regional European European in your future your in g Investin n Unio European Lithuanian State Department of Tourism under the Ministry of Economy, 2019 Economy, of Ministry the under Tourism of Department State Lithuanian Tampere Investment and Development Agency of Latvia, of Agency Development and Investment Pori © Estonian Tourist Board / Enterprise Estonia, Enterprise / Board Tourist Estonian © FINL AND Vyborg Turku HELSINKI Estonia Latvia Lithuania Gulf of Finland St. Petersburg Estonia is just a little bigger than Denmark, Switzerland or the Latvia is best known for is Art Nouveau. The cultural and historic From Vilnius and its mysterious Baroque longing to Kaunas renowned Netherlands. Culturally, it is located at the crossroads of Northern, heritage of Latvian architecture spans many centuries, from authentic for its modernist buildings, from Trakai dating back to glorious Western and Eastern Europe. The first signs of human habitation in rural homesteads to unique samples of wooden architecture, to medieval Lithuania to the only port city Klaipėda and the Curonian TALLINN Novgorod Estonia trace back for nearly 10,000 years, which means Estonians luxurious palaces and manors, churches, and impressive Art Nouveau Spit – every place of Lithuania stands out for its unique way of Orebro STOCKHOLM Lake Peipus have been living continuously in one area for a longer period than buildings. Capital city Riga alone is home to over 700 buildings built in rendering the colorful nature and history of the country. Rivers and lakes of pure spring waters, forests of countless shades of green, many other nations in Europe. -
Geography and Economy of the Kaliningrad Region: Limitations and Prospects of Development Sebentsov, Alexander B.; Zotova, Maria V
www.ssoar.info Geography and economy of the Kaliningrad region: limitations and prospects of development Sebentsov, Alexander B.; Zotova, Maria V. Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Sebentsov, A. B., & Zotova, M. V. (2013). Geography and economy of the Kaliningrad region: limitations and prospects of development. Baltic Region, 4, 81-94. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2013-4-8 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Free Digital Peer Publishing Licence This document is made available under a Free Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-51241-9 Being an axclave, the Kaliningrad re- GEOGRAPHY AND ECONOMY gion has been drawing attention of many OF THE KALININGRAD researchers in different fields. Yet the pros- pects for cooperation between the region REGION: and neighbouring communities in Poland and Lithuania, which once constituted an LIMITATIONS integrated social, economic and political AND PROSPECTS space, remain unclear. Media analysts and scholars alike tend to view the Kaliningrad OF DEVELOPMENT region as “double periphery”, since it is ex- cluded from major modernisation processes both in the European integration zone and in the Russian Federation. However, a de- A. Sebentsov* tailed study involving polyscale socioeco- * nomic indices, expert interviews, and sur- M. Zotova veys run contrary to this viewpoint. -
Lithuania Guidebook
LITHUANIA PREFACE What a tiny drop of amber is my country, a transparent golden crystal by the sea. -S. Neris Lithuania, a small and beautiful country on the coast of the Baltic Sea, has often inspired artists. From poets to amber jewelers, painters to musicians, and composers to basketball champions — Lithuania has them all. Ancient legends and modern ideas coexist in this green and vibrant land. Lithuania is strategically located as the eastern boundary of the European Union with the Commonwealth of Independent States. It sits astride both sea and land routes connecting North to South and East to West. The uniqueness of its location is revealed in the variety of architecture, history, art, folk tales, local crafts, and even the restaurants of the capital city, Vilnius. Lithuania was the last European country to embrace Roman Catholicism and has one of the oldest living languages on earth. Foreign and local investment is modernizing the face of the country, but the diverse cultural life still includes folk song festivals, outdoor markets, and mid- summer celebrations as well as opera, ballet and drama. This blend of traditional with a strong desire to become part of the new community of nations in Europe makes Lithuania a truly vibrant and exciting place to live. Occasionally contradictory, Lithuania is always interesting. You will sense the history around you and see history in the making as you enjoy a stay in this unique and unforgettable country. AREA, GEOGRAPHY, AND CLIMATE Lithuania, covering an area of 26,173 square miles, is the largest of the three Baltic States, slightly larger than West Virginia. -
Thb Battic Commerce of Thb West Russian and I,Ithuanian
THB BATTICCOMMERCE OF THB WESTRUSSIAN AND I,ITHUANIANCITIES DURING THB MIDDTEAGBS byGEoRcE VeRNADSKy (NE\I/ HAVgN, CONN., U.S.A.) I THE GEOCRAPHICALAND EARLYHISTORICAL BACKGROUND The geographicalbackground of the presentstudy centuriescanal,s were dug to join these various river is formedby the south-easternBaltic, i.e., the combined basinsin order to promote commercebetween the Battic basinsof the riversVistula (especially its easternpart), and both the Black Seaand the CaspianSea. Since there Niemen,Dvina, Narova and Neva. were practicallyno canalsin theseregions in the Middle Owing to the poor conditionof the overlandroutes Ages, the usual way to ship the goods from one river in EasternEurope in the MidclleAges, the importance basin to anotherwas to send them overland.Sometimes of rivers as commercialhighways at that time cannot small boats, including their loads, were put on wheels, be over-estimated.It was chietly up the rivers that the and taken to their destinationin this manner. In other goodsbrought from the poris of the westernBaltic and cases boats were unloaded in the upper reachesof a from Flanders to the ports of the south-easternBaltic river, their freights carried on carts to the upper rvaters could be re-shipped inland to the Russian and Lithu- of the next river, and there re-loadedon boats. aniantrading cities, situated as thesewere on the banks Owing to the fact that in the Middle Ages the of the upper reachesof the rivers of the south-eastern virgin lorests of norih-western Russia and Lithu,ania Baltic basin. Commercialintercourse did not come to were but slightly touched by the axe, the water-level in an end in these regions, however.