Problems and Opportunities of Integrated Basin Management in Mountains
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Problems and opportunities of integrated basin management in mountains Carmen de Jong The Mountain Institute, University of Savoy France 5th World Water Forum Suggestions for possible contribution to RIOB session on “River Basin Management and Transboundary Cooperation” Problems and Opportunities of Integrated Basin Management in Mountains Organisers: Mountain Institut (Carmen de Jong) Gazi University (Ibrahim Gurer) and others Problems and Opportunities of Integrated Basin Management in Mountains AIMS • Awareness raising for climate and anthropogenic induced catchment problems in the Alps (moving away from perception of „whole“ catchment to „subcatchment“ scale) • Development of pan-alpine Stakeholder Interaction Forum (moving through local to national and alpine scale) • Monitoring and modelling, development of Early Warning System against Water Scarcity, suggestions for water management strategies Useful background experience for preparing session - Special Session “Water in Mountains” in September 2008 at WWC in Montpellier - Interreg Alpine Space project Alp-Water-Scarce (Water Management Strategies against Water Scarcity in the Alps) with 17 partners Interreg Alpine Space Alp-Water-Scarce Water management strategies against water scarcity in the Alps Water problems in mountains ? Projection des disponibilités en eau et des prélevements en fonction du temps Prélevement d’eau Point de conflit Disponibilité en eau changement climatique Temps Changing climatic pressures Zermatt in 1890 Lopé 1884 Artificial snow for nordic skiing Terre Sauvage 2008 Snow making is water intensive 4700 m3 / ha Changing anthropogenic pressures Zermatt, Petit Cervin: model Zermatt, Petit Cervin Plans for tourist platform and pressurised hotel (117 m in height, extension up to 4000m) Anthropogenic and climatological pressures on mountain catchments Will the upper anthropogenic limits be constrained by altitude, or not? de Jong et al 2008 Seasonal Water Consumption for Tourism 300 000 ) 3 200 000 100 000 drinking water (m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 month Les Chapelles Albertville St. Martin de Belleville Bourg St. Maurice de Jong et al 2008 a Spatial Water Consumption for Tourism 200 km2 1600 km2 - sub catchment of 200 km2 - main catchment of 1600 km2 - relative winter discharge of 10 L/s/km2 - relative winter discharge of 10 L/s/km2 - tourist density of 300 beds/km2 - tourist density of 190 beds/km2 The Arcs ski resort: construction of water reservoir for snow making Catchment of Pissevieille Snow water reservoir of Adret des Tuffes 6 Arc 2000 4 5 3 Arc 1800 1 2 Arc 1600 Bourg-Saint-Maurice de Jong & Barth 2008 Possible evolution of the hydrograph under the impact of artificial snow - 1 to -2 % - 3 to -5 % +20 to +30% Average monthly dicharge Average Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept natural discharge (L/s) possible evolution 1 possible evolution 2 possible evolution 3 de Jong & Barth 2008 3. Propositions pour la gestion intégrée de l’eau en montagne en soulignant le rôle des acteurs et les approches interdisciplinaires CONCLUSIONS - AlpWaterScarce will intensify long term, observational networks and integrate “soft” (or qualitative) stakeholder knowledge - integrate short term, in situ (but significant) water abstraction such as for snow production or tourism in monitoring and modelling approaches - develop adaptation and mitigation strategies (drought resistance crops) - create Early Warning Systems at sub-catchment scale, integrating economical and hydrological requirements - develop new mountain water regulations together with Alpine Convention CHALLENGE Help to develop an interdisciplinary and intersectorial problem consciousness and acceptance Périodes de conflits d’usage de l’eau Chamonix Mont Blanc (205 km2) /s) 3 Q (m hiver hiver Arthaz-Pont-Notre-Dame (1666 km2) Prélévements en eau pour : /s) 3 - tourisme Q (m - neige de culture - hydroéléctricité - agriculture Water balance Vernagt Glacier Parameters based on direct measurements Braun er al 2007 L’eau utilisée pour l’agriculture Réalisation : Pierre Paccard – données Agence de l‘Eau RMC, 2004 L’eau utilisée pour la production de neige Réalisation Pierre Paccard – Données Savoie Mont Blanc Tourisme & Agence de l‘Eau RMC, 2004 Pressure on mountain water resources by tourism Town permanent/ Max. drinking Ratio average tourist water in winter water population (m3) (m3)/ person Albertville 18 000 140 000 7.8 Les Chapelles 400 2 000 5 Bourg St. 6750 160 000 23.7/ Maurice 20 000 8 Glacier mass balance worldwide Dyurgerov & Meier 2006 Glacier retreat of Sonnblick Glacier Austria Böhm et al 2007 Annual mean Temperature (°C) -10 Bourg St.Maurice (900 m) Sonnblick 10 15 -5 0 5 Temperatures comparedfor high 1894 1899 latitudes andhigh altitudes 1904 1909 1914 1919 1924 1929 1934 1939 1944 (3100 m) Angmagssalik 65°36‘ N (52m) Year 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 a) 0,8 3 /s) 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 discharge0,2 (m Villards 0,1 0 0:00 12:00 0:00 rainfall 12:00naturalQ artificial Fig. 4 Precipitation, Pluieextreme0:00 flood of 12:00 of impacts of artificial snow melt0 :00(yello 12:00 Saint Pantaleon (4). 0 Débit naturel0:00 12:00 2 0:00 b) 12:00 4 ) 0:00 12:00 6 0:00 0,7 Débit artificiel 8 12:00 3 /s)0,6 0:00 10 rainfall (mm 0,5 0,4 0,3 Saint-Pantaléon discharge0,2 (m 0,1 0 12th June 2003 (blue line)0 :and00 reconstruction 12:00 w line) for the torrent a) Villards0: (5)00 and b) rainfall 12:00naturalQ artificial Pluie 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0 Débit naturel0:00 12:00 2 0:00 ) 12:00 4 0:00 12:00 6 0:00 8 Débit artificiel12:00 0:00 10 rainfall (mm.