Holocaust - the Jewish Persecution in Concentration Camp : Case Study in Auschwitz

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HOLOCAUST - THE JEWISH PERSECUTION IN CONCENTRATION CAMP : CASE STUDY IN AUSCHWITZ

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By Miss Rawipa Sredaowduan

An Independent Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Program in Historical Studies Department of History Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2012 Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University

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51205208 : MAJOR : (HISTORICAL STUDIES) KEYWORDS : HOLOCAUST/CONCENTRATION CAMP/AUSCHWITZ RAWIPA SREDAOWDUAN : HOLOCAUST - THE JEWISH PERSECUTION IN CONCENTRATION CAMP : A CASE STUDY IN AUSCHWITZ . INDEPENDENT STUDY ADVISOR : PROF. SANCHAI SUWANGBUTRA. 163 pp.

This research aims to study the impact of Germany’s defeat in World War I on Adolf Hitler and the rise of the Nazi Party. Having come to power in 1933, Hitler began the policy of persecution of the Jews. Concentration camps were generally set up in remote areas and a strict security was observed. During World War II, มconcentration and extermination camps were built. ำนกั หอส ุดกลาง Auschwitz was the largest ส concentration camps. The study concentrated on life in the Auschwitz and medical experiments, the escapes and resistance in the camp. When World War II was over, approximately six million Jews were terminated. The mass murder or genocide Jews became known to the world. The word holocaust then was used to denote great massacres or refer to the Nazi genocide of Jews. After 1945 holocaust became a major topic widely studied and observed by scholars and writers.

Department of History Graduate School, Silpakorn University Student's signature ...... Academic Year 2012 Independent Study Advisor's signature ......

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‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´ °Šž¦³Á—Èœž®µš{ ¸É«¹„¬µ กั หอสมุดกล „µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›สำ»r (Genocide)น Áž}œÁ®˜»„µ¦–r‡ªµ¤¦า»œÂ¦Ššง ¸É¦oµ¥Â¦Šš¸É­»—Äœž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r °Š¤œ»¬¥µ˜·Ž¹ÉŠ¤µ‹µ„„µ¦„¦³š ε °Š¤œ»¬¥rŽ¹ÉŠ„¦³šÎµ˜n°„´œ Á¦ºÉ°Š¦µª °Š„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»rÁž}œ ž¦³Á—Èœš¸Éŗo¦´‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹‹µ„‡œš´ÉªÃ¨„®¨´Š­·Êœ­»—­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 2 °´œÁž}œŸ¨­ºÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ £µ¡ ¨³Á¦ºÉ°Š¦µª‡ªµ¤Ã®—¦oµ¥˜nµŠ Ç š¸Éµª¥·ªÅ—o¦´ÄœnªŠ„n°œÂ¨³Äœ¦³®ªnµŠ­Š‡¦µ¤‹µ„„µ¦ „¦³šÎµ °Š¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸Áž}œš¸É¦´¦¼o„´œ°¥nµŠ„ªoµŠ ªµŠ¤µ„ ¹Êœ Á¦ºÉ°Š¦µª‡ªµ¤¦»œÂ¦Š—´Š„¨nµª­nŠŸ¨˜n° ‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„šµŠ—oµœ¤œ»¬¥›¦¦¤˜n°Ÿ¼oš¸Éŗo¦´š¦µ ¨³šÎµÄ®o„µ¦„ªµ—¨oµŠÁ nœ‰nµµª¥·ª ®¦º°š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ „´œªnµ ñ臰­˜r (Holocaust) Ž¹ÉŠ®¤µ¥™¹Š „µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r ŗo¦´‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹°¥nµŠ¤µ„ š´ÊŠÄœ ª—ªŠª·µ„µ¦ ­™µ´œšµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š ¨³°Š‡r„¦¦³®ªnµŠž¦³Áš« Ĝ‡.«. 1951 °Š‡r„µ¦­®ž¦³µµ˜·Å—oÄ®o‡Îµœ·¥µ¤‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥ °Š„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»rªnµ “Áž}œ„µ¦„¦³šÎµš¸ÉšÎµ ¹Êœ ×¥¤¸‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³šÎµ¨µ¥¨oµŠ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ ®¦º°š´ÊŠ®¤— °Š„¨»n¤œµ˜· ÁºÊ°µ˜· ®¦º°µ˜·¡´œ›»r ®¦º°«µ­œµÄ— Ç”1 ˜nĜnªŠš«ª¦¦¬š¸É 1940 ™¹Š š«ª¦¦¬ 1980 ñ臰­˜rĜ‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥ °Š „µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r‹³‹Îµ„´— °Á ˜ÁŒ¡µ³„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥¨oµŠµª¥·ª °ŠœµŽ¸Äœ­¤´¥­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É ­°ŠÁšnµœ´Êœ °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤Äœš«ª¦¦¬ 1990 ŗo¤¸„µ¦Á¡·É¤¦·š‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥ °Š„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r Ä®o‡¦°‡¨»¤™¹ŠÁ¦ºÉ°Š„µ¦Á¤º°Š—oª¥ Á¤ºÉ°°—°¨r¢ ±·˜Á¨°¦r Ÿ¼oœÎµ¡¦¦‡Â¦ŠŠµœ­´Š‡¤œ·¥¤Â®nŠµ˜·Á¥°¦¤´œ(National Socialist German Workers’ Party – NSDAP) ®¦º°¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸ (Nazi Party) „oµª ¹Êœ¤µ¤¸°Îµœµ‹šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š ĜÁ—º°œ¤„¦µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1933 ±·˜Á¨°¦rÁ¦·É¤œÃ¥µ¥„ε‹´—µª¥·ª˜µ¤Âœª‡ªµ¤‡·—š¸ÉŗoÁ­œ°ÅªoĜ

1 ž¦³‹´„¬r „o°Š„¸¦˜·, “„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r,” ‡ªµ¤¦»œÂ¦Š Žn°œ/®µ­´Š‡¤Åš¥, ´¥ª´•œr ­™µ°µœ´œšr ¦¦–µ›·„µ¦ („¦»ŠÁš¡² : ¤˜·œ, 2553), 42 . 1

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®œ´Š­º°Å¤œr‡´¤¡¢m (Mein Kampf)Ž¹ÉŠÅ—oºÉ°ªnµÁž}œ‡¼n¤º°„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š °Š¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸ ¦³®ªnµŠ ‡.«. 1933 – 1939 ¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ª°¥nµŠ‡n°¥Áž}œ‡n°¥Åž ¤¸„µ¦°°„„‘®¤µ¥Á¡ºÉ° ‹Îµ„´—­·š›· °Šµª¥·ªÄœšµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š Á«¦¬“„·‹Â¨³­´Š‡¤Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ š¸É­Îµ‡´Å—o„n „‘®¤µ¥œ¼Á¦¤Á·¦r„ (Nuremburg Laws) ­°ŠŒ´Äœ‡.«.1935 Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸ÁœºÊ°®µÁ¡·„™°œ­·š›·‡ªµ¤ Áž}œ¡¨Á¤º°Š °Šµª¥·ª ¨³Ážd—šµŠÄ®o¤¸„µ¦ ´Å¨nµª¥·ª®¦º°µªÁ¥°¦¤´œÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ª°°„ ‹µ„»¤œÁ¡ºÉ°Ä®oÁž}œ¡ºÊœš¸Éž¨°—¥·ª2 ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ„‘®¤µ¥¥¹—š¦´¡¥r­·œµª¥·ª¤µÁž}œ °Š¦´“ ®¦º°„µ¦´Š‡´µªÁ¥°¦¤´œÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ªÄ®o­ª¤Á‡¦ºÉ°ŠÂ˜nŠ„µ¥š¸É¦³»‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¥·ªœ´Éœ‡º° „µ¦˜·——µªÁ—ª·—­¸Á®¨º°Šš¸É°„Á­ºÊ°Áž}œ˜oœ œÃ¥µ¥˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ª—´Š„¨nµª¤¸­nªœšÎµÄ®oµª¥·ª š¸É¤¸“µœ³Á¦·É¤°¡¥¡°°„‹µ„Á¥°¦¤œ¸ š´ÊŠœÎµÅž­¼nÁ®˜»„µ¦–r‡ºœ„¦³‹„˜„(Kristallnacht)Ĝ‡.«. กั หอสมุดกล 3 1938 Ž¹ÉŠœ´Áž}œž’·´˜·„µ¦Â¦„ °Š„µ¦„ªµ—¨สำน oµŠµª¥·ª°¥nµŠÁžาง}œ¦¼ž›¦¦¤ ˜n°¤µÁ¤ºÉ°Á¥°¦¤œ ¸¤¸‡ªµ¤Á o¤Â Ȋ¤µ„ ¹Êœ ±·˜Á¨°¦rÁ¦·É¤šoµšµ¥ž¦³Áš«¡´œ›¤·˜¦˜³ª´œ˜„ —oª¥„µ¦¨³Á¤·— o°˜„¨ŠÄœ­œ›·­´µÂª¦rŽµ¥ (Treaty of Versailles) —oª¥„µ¦Ÿœª„°°­Á˜¦¸¥ Á oµ„´Á¥°¦¤œ¸ (Anschluss)ĜÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«.1938 ¨³Á oµ¥¹—‡¦°Š—·œÂ—œÃ±¸Á¤¸¥ (Bohemia)¨³Ã¤Á¦Áª¸¥(Moravia) °ŠÁ„ĭ誳Á„¸¥ÄœÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤‡.«.1939 °´Š„§¬Â¨³ ¦´ÉŠÁ«­Ž¹ÉŠ¥´ŠÅ¤n¡¦o°¤š¸É‹³„n°­Š‡¦µ¤ ¡¥µ¥µ¤—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥Ã°œ°n°œ˜n°Á¥°¦¤œ¸ ±·˜Á¨°¦r‹¹ŠÁ®Èœªnµž¦³Áš«˜³ª´œ˜„°n°œÂ°Â¨³œÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦˜´—­·œÄ‹„n°­Š‡¦µ¤ ĜÁ—º°œ„´œ¥µ¥œ ‡.«.1939 Á¥°¦¤œ¸»„ˤ˜¸ÃžÂ¨œ—rŽ¹ÉŠÁž}œœªœœÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦Á„·—­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 2 Ĝže˜n°¤µ Á¥°¦¤´œ„ȝ»„Á—œ¤µ¦r„ œ°¦rÁª¥r ±°¨Â¨œ—r Á¨Á¥¸¥¤ ¨´„ÁŽ¤Á·¦r„ ¨³ ¦´ÉŠÁ«­ ‹œšoµ¥š¸É­»—¥»Ã¦žÄœ£µ‡¡ºÊœšª¸ž„Ș„°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o°Îµœµ‹ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸ ¨³¤¸°´Š„§¬Á¡¸¥Šž¦³Áš«Á—¸¥ª Ášnµœ´Êœš¸ÉÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Å¤n­µ¤µ¦™¥¹—‡¦°ŠÅ—o ĜÁ—º°œ¤·™»œµ¥œ ‡.«. 1941 Á¥°¦¤´œÅ—o»„­®£µ¡ÃŽÁª¸¥˜ ¨³¥»Ã¦ž˜³ª´œ°°„ ­Š‡¦µ¤‹¹Š ¥µ¥ °Á ˜Åžš´Éª¥»Ã¦ž ´¥œ³ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸ÄœnªŠÂ¦„ °Š ­Š‡¦µ¤œ°„‹µ„‹³šÎµÄ®oÁ¥°¦¤´œÅ—o—·œÂ—œš¸É¥¹—‡¦°ŠÁ¡·É¤¤µ„ ¹ÊœÂ¨oª ¥´Š­nŠŸ¨Ä®oµª¥·ªš¸É°¥¼n £µ¥Ä˜ož„‡¦°Š °ŠœµŽ¸¤¸‹ÎµœªœÁ¡·É¤¤µ„ ¹Êœ—oª¥Ánœ„´œ ±·˜Á¨°¦rŽ¹ÉŠ˜o°Š„µ¦šÎµÄ®o¥»Ã¦žÁž}œ—·œÂ—œ š¸Éž¨°—¥·ª ‹¹ŠÁ¦·É¤—εÁœ·œ¤µ˜¦„µ¦„ªµ—¨oµŠµª¥·ªš´ÊŠÄœÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Â¨³Äœ—·œÂ—œš¸É¥¹—‡¦°Šš´ÊŠ „ε®œ—ǦŠ„µ¦°¡¥¡µª¥·ª°°„œ°„¥»Ã¦ž „µ¦„ε®œ—Á ˜„´„¦·Áª–µª¥·ª Ž¹ÉŠÁ¦¸¥„„´œš´ÉªÅžªnµ Á„˜Ã˜ (ghetto) Á¡ºÉ°ÄoÁž}œ­™µœš¸É„´„„´œÂ¨³‡ª‡»¤µª¥·ª ¨³¤¸„µ¦­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ ¹Êœ°¸„®¨µ¥

2 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, "„µ¦Â„ož{®µµª¥·ª‡¦´ÊŠ­»—šoµ¥ : œÃ¥µ¥„ªµ—¨oµŠ¥·ªš´Éª¥»Ã¦ž," ªµ¦­µ¦ ¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ 34, 4 (˜»¨µ‡¤-›´œªµ‡¤ 2552) : 719. 3­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦. “‡ºœ„¦³‹„˜„-ž’·´˜·„µ¦Â¦„ °Š„µ¦„ªµ—¨¨oµŠ¥·ª.” ªµ¦­µ¦ ¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ 33, 3 („¦„‘µ‡¤-„´œ¥µ¥œ 2551) : 64.

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®nŠÃ—¥ÁŒ¡µ³š¸ÉÞ¨œ—r œ°„‹µ„‡nµ¥„´„„´œÂ¨oªšµŠ¦™Å¢„ÈÁž}œ°¸„­·ÉŠ®œ¹ÉŠš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´ Á¡¦µ³ Áž}œÁ­oœšµŠš¸ÉčoÁºÉ°¤˜n°Äœ„µ¦°¡¥¡ œ­nŠœ´„Ú¬®¦º°Á¨¥Åž¥´Š‡nµ¥˜nµŠÇ —´Š‹³Á®ÈœÅ—oªnµ‡nµ¥ „´„„´œ­nªœÄ®n‹³˜´ÊŠ°¥¼nĄ¨o„´šµŠ¦™Å¢š´ÊŠ­·Êœ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¥´Š¤¸„µ¦­´Š®µ¦®¤¼nµª¥·ª ¥·žŽ¸ ¨³ ¡ª„‡°¤¤·ªœ·­˜r —oª¥„µ¦¥·Šš·ÊŠÃ—¥®œnª¥­´Š®µ¦¡·Á«¬ (Mobile Killing Squad : Einsatzgruppen) ­ºÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‹Îµœªœµª¥·ªš¸ÉÁ¡·É¤¤µ„ ¹Êœ ¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸Å—o‡·—®µª·›¸Äœ„µ¦­´Š®µ¦š¸É¤¸ ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡ Á¡ºÉ°‹³­´Š®µ¦Ä®oŗo‹Îµœªœ¤µ„¨³Áž}œÅž°¥nµŠ¦ª—Á¦Èª—oª¥ „p­¡·¬‹¹ŠÅ—o™¼„œÎµ¤µÄo Ĝ„µ¦­´Š®µ¦ ª·›¸„µ¦­´Š®µ¦‹³Äo„µ¦¦¤Â„p­Äœ¦™Å¢ „µ¦Äo¦™¦¦š»„¨ÎµÁ¨¸¥Šµª¥·ª°°„‹µ„š¸É¡´„ ¨oª¦¤Â„p­Äœ¦™Â„p­ (gas van) ®¦º°œÎµÅž­´Š®µ¦®¤¼nĜ‡nµ¥„´„„´œš¸É¤¸®o°Š¦¤Â„p­Ã—¥‡nµ¥Á¨r¤Ãœ (Chelmno) Áž}œ‡nµ¥Â¦„š¸Éŗo¤¸„µ¦‹กั ´—­¦หoµŠÂ¨³š—¨°Š­อสมุดก´Š®µ¦®¤ล ¼n—oª¥Â„p­¡·¬Ã—¥Á¦·É¤—εÁœ·œ„µ¦Äœ Á—º°œ›´œªµ‡¤‡.«.1941 ส¨³ÄœÁª¨µ˜ำน n°¤µ ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ®¨´„°า¸„ง 5 ‡nµ¥Å—oÁžd——εÁœ·œ„µ¦ ŗo„n ‡nµ¥ Á°µª·šŽr (Auschwitz) ¨³‡nµ¥Á¨ÁŽ„ (Belzec) Ážd——εÁœ·œ„µ¦ÄœÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤‡.«.1942 ‡nµ¥ Ν·Á°¦r (Sobibor) Á—º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ‡.«.1942 ‡nµ¥Á˜¦¨·Š„µ (Treblinka) Á—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤‡.«.1942 ¨³‡nµ¥¤µ—µÁœ„ (Majdanek) Á—º°œ˜»¨µ‡¤‡.«.1942 Ž¹ÉŠ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÁ®¨nµœ¸Êŗo„¨µ¥Áž}œ­™µœš¸Éš¸É¤¸ šµš­Îµ‡´š¸É­»—Äœ„µ¦­´Š®µ¦®¤¼nµª¥·ª Ÿ¼o«¹„¬µ­œÄ‹š¸É‹³«¹„¬µÃ±Ã¨‡°­˜rĜ¤»¤¤°ŠšµŠž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³„µ¦Á nœ‰nµ µª¥·ªÂ¨³„µ¦—ε¦Š¸ª·˜ °Šµª¥·ªÄœ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÃ—¥ÁŒ¡µ³‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr Áž}œ‡nµ¥š¸É¤¸ºÉ°Á­¸¥ŠÁž}œš¸É¦¼o‹´„ °ŠŸ¼o‡œš´ÉªÃ¨„ ¨³Áž}œ­´¨´„¬–r °Š„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»rš¸Éoµ¥ š¸É­»—ÄœnªŠ­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 2 š´ÊŠÁž}œ˜oœÂ °Š‡nµ¥­´Š®µ¦°ºÉœÇÁž}œ‡nµ¥š¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤Ž´Žo°œ ¨o°¤¦°—oª¥¡ºÊœš¸É°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤ œµ—Ä®n ¨³‡nµ¥¥n°¥°¸„ 47 ®nŠ4 ‡nµ¥®¨´„­Îµ‡´ 3 ‡nµ¥Å—o„n ‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 1 Ž¹ÉŠÄoÁž}œ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠ„µ¦¦·®µ¦‹´—„µ¦‡nµ¥ ‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 2 ®¦º°‡nµ¥Á°¦rÁ‡Áœµ (Birkenau) ­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÁ¡ºÉ°ÄoÁž}œ‡nµ¥­´Š®µ¦Ã—¥ÁŒ¡µ³µª¥·ª ¨³‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 3 ®¦º°‡nµ¥Ã¤Ãœ ª·šŽr (Monowitz) Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‡nµ¥Â¦ŠŠµœ Ÿ¼oš¸ÉÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜‹µ„‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr¤¸‹Îµœªœž¦³¤µ–„ªnµ 1.2 ¨oµœ ‡œ ×¥ž¦³¤µ– 1.1¨oµœ‡œÁž}œ¥·ª5 ‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrŗo¦´„µ¦ž¨—ž¨n°¥‹µ„„°Š„ε¨´Š °Š­®£µ¡ ÎÁª¸¥˜Äœª´œš¸É 27 ¤„¦µ‡¤ ‡.«.1945 š´ÉªÃ¨„Å—o™º°Á°µª´œœ¸ÊÁž}œª´œ­µ„¨¦³¨¹„™¹Š„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠ ÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r (International Holocaust Remembrance Day)¨³Á¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 27 ¤„¦µ‡¤Äœ‡.«.2005 Ž¹ÉŠ

4 Auschwitz Museum, Auschwitz Sub-Camps, accessed April 15, 2011, available From http://simplethinking.com/home/subcamp.stm 5 Michael Berenbaum, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust, (New York : Macmillan Publishing, 1996), 77.

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ššªœª¦¦–„¦¦¤ กั หอสมุดกล „µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡ส´œ›ำ»rÁžน}œž¦³Á—Èœš¸É¤¸„µ¦«¹„¬µ°¥nµŠ˜าn°Áœง ºÉ°Š ˜n„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡oœ‡ªoµÁ¦ºÉ°Š¦µª °Š ñ臰­˜rš¸ÉÁž }œ£µ¬µÅš¥¤ ¸œo°¥¤µ„ ‡º° Šµœª·‹´¥ °Š¦°Š«µ­˜¦µ‹µ¦¥r —¦. °œŠ‡rœµ™ Á™„·Šª·š¥r Á¦ºÉ°Šª¦¦–‡—¸ž¦´‹³„¬r¡¥µœ ( Literature of Witness) Ž¹ÉŠÁœoœ«¹„¬µŠµœÁ ¸¥œ °Š­˜¦¸š¸É ¦°—¸ª·˜‹µ„Á®˜»„µ¦–rš¸ÉÁ„·— ¹Êœ Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ¡¥µœ¦¼oÁ®ÈœÁ®˜»„µ¦–r ×¥«¹„¬µšž¦³¡´œ›rĜ¦¼žÂ °Š ´œš¹„‡ªµ¤š¦Š‹Îµ ¨³ŠµœÁ ¸¥œ °ŠœµŠ­µª¡¦¦–¡Šµ ‹»¯µœœšr Á¦ºÉ°Šª¦¦–„¦¦¤‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡³œ›»r µª¥·ª (Jewish Holocaust Literature) «¹„¬µ­µÁ®˜» °Š„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»rµª¥·ª˜´ÊŠÂ˜n­¤´¥Ã¦¤´œ ‹œ­¤´¥ °Š±·˜Á¨°¦r ¨³ª·Á‡¦µ³®rª¦¦–„¦¦¤ÄœÂŠnš¸É­—Š™¹Š„µ¦¨³Á¤·—­·š›·¤œ»¬¥œ ŠµœÁ ¸¥œ š´ÊŠ­°Š·Êœ­³šo°œÁ¦ºÉ°Š¦µª‡ªµ¤¦»œÂ¦Šš¸ÉÁ„·— ¹Êœ˜n°¸ª·˜¤œ»¬¥r ¨³„µ¦¨³Á¤·—­·š›·¤œ»¬¥œ ­Îµ®¦´„µ¦«¹„¬µ„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»rĜ‡nµ¥„´„„´œœ´Êœ Ÿ¼o«¹„¬µÅ—o«¹„¬µ¦ª¦ª¤‹µ„š‡ªµ¤Â¨³ ®œ´Š­º°š´ÊŠ£µ¬µÅš¥Â¨³£µ¬µ°´Š„§¬š¸ÉÁ„¸É¥ª o°ŠŽ¹ÉŠ­µ¤µ¦™ÂnŠ°°„Áž}œ„¨»n¤Å—o—´Šœ¸Ê

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McDonough, Rank. The Holocaust. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. „¨nµª™¹Š Á¦ºÉ°Š¦µª °ŠÃ±Ã¨‡°­˜rš¸ÉÁ„·— ¹Êœ ¨³°›·µ¥™¹Š­µÁ®˜» °Š„µ¦­´Š®µ¦®¤¼n ¨³Ÿ¨„¦³š®¨´Š Á®˜»„µ¦–r­·Êœ­»—¨Š McKale, Donald M. Hitler’s Shadow War : The Holocaust and World War II. New York : Taylor Trade Publishing, 2006.ªnµ—oª¥Âœª‡·—Á„¸É¥ª„´­Š‡¦µ¤ÁºÊ°µ˜· ¨³°·š›·¡¨ šµŠ‡ªµ¤‡·— ¨³„µ¦„¦³šÎµ °Š±·˜Á¨°¦rš´ÊŠnªŠ„n°œ ¨³®¨´Š­Š‡¦µ¤

Brustein, William I. Roots of Hate : Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2003 œÎµÁ­œ°™¹Š­µÁ®˜» °Š‡ªµ¤‡·—˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ªÄœ

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¥»Ã¦ž„n°œ„µ¦Á„·— ¹Êœ °ŠÃ±Ã¨‡°­˜r Ž¹ÉŠÅ—o„n ‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°šµŠ«µ­œµ ÁºÊ°µ˜· Á«¦¬“„·‹Â¨³ „µ¦Á¤º°Š Niewyk, Donald L.The Holocaust : Problems in European Civilization. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003. œÎµÁ­œ°Âœª‡·—Äœ„µ¦˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ª˜¨°—­¤´¥„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š °Š±·˜Á¨°¦r ¦Š„¦³˜»oœš¸ÉœÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦­´Š®µ¦ ¨³ž{®µš¸ÉÁ„·—‹µ„„µ¦˜n°˜oµœ °Šµª¥·ª Engel, David. The Holocaust : The Third Reich and the Jews. London : Longman, 2000. °›·µ¥‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¤µ °Š¥·ªÄœ¥»Ã¦ž ‡ªµ¤‡·— °Š±·˜Á¨°¦r¨³µªÁ¥°¦¤´œš¸É¤¸˜n°¥·ª „µ¦ —εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥Á®˜»„µ¦–r¨³¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥— °Š„µ¦„ªµ—¨oµŠµª¥·ªÄœ¥»Ã¦ž Goldhagen, Daniel Johah.กั Hitler’sหอส willingมุด executionersกล : Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York : สAlfredำน A. Knopf, 1996. °›·µ¥ªnµ‡œÁ¥°¦¤าง ´œ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„¤¸šµšÄœ„µ¦ ­´Š®µ¦µª¥·ª Á¡¦µ³¡ª„Á µ¤ ¸‡ªµ¤‡·—˜n°˜oµœÂ¨³¦´ŠÁ„¸¥‹µª¥·ª ¨³ÁºÉ°ªnµ®œšµŠš¸ÉšÎµÄ®o­´Š‡¤ Á¥°¦¤´œ­Š­» ¨³¦»nŠÁ¦º°Š‡º°„µ¦„ε‹´—µª¥·ªÄ®o®¤—Åž‹µ„­´Š‡¤ ¨³­¦»žªnµš¸É ñ臰­˜r Á„·— ¹ÊœÅ¤nčnÁ¡¦µ³±·˜Á¨°¦r¨³¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸¨oµŠ­¤°Š‡œÁ¥°¦¤´œÄ®oÁ„¨¸¥—´Šµª¥·ªÅ—o­ÎµÁ¦È‹ ˜nÁž}œ Á¡¦µ³‡œÁ¥°¦¤´œ¤¸°»—¤„µ¦–rÁ„¨¸¥—´Šµª¥·ª {Š¦µ„¨¹„¤µÂ˜n°—¸˜ Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. New York : Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990. ¦ª¦ª¤Â¨³°›·µ¥‡Îµ«´¡šrÁ„¸É¥ª„´Ã±Ã¨‡°­˜rš´ÊŠ»‡‡¨ ­™µœš¸É ¨³Á®˜»„µ¦–r­Îµ‡´ ×¥ Á¦¸¥Š¨Îµ—´˜´ª°´„¬¦ A-Z Á¡ºÉ°‡ªµ¤­³—ª„Äœ„µ¦‡oœ‡ªoµ Marrus, Michael R. The Holocaust in History. London : Universty Press of New England, 1987. œÎµÁ­œ°Âœª‡·—˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ª °Š±·˜Á¨°¦r ‹œœÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦„„ε®œ—œÃ¥µ¥„µ¦ „ªµ—¨oµŠµª¥·ªš´ÊŠÄœÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Â¨³¥»Ã¦ž ­£µ¡‡ªµ¤Áž}œ°¥¼n¨³Ÿ¨š¸Éµª¥·ªÅ—o¦´‹µ„„µ¦—εÁœ·œ œÃ¥µ¥—´Š„¨nµª ¨³„µ¦­·Êœ­»— °ŠÃ±Ã¨‡°­˜r Bauer, Yehuda. A History of Holocaust. Danbury : Franklin Watts, 1982.Ä®o‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´ „´Ã±Ã¨‡°­˜rĜ“µœ³š¸ÉÁž}œÁ®˜»„µ¦–r­Îµ‡´š¸É­nŠŸ¨˜n°„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠšµŠ‡ªµ¤‡·—Äœ ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­¤´¥Ä®¤n „¨nµª™¹Š£¼¤·®¨´ŠšµŠž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r °Šµª¥·ª ¨³‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Š¡ª„ Á µ„´»‡‡¨š¸ÉŤnŗo¤¸ÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ªš´ÉªÃ¨„ œª‡·—Äœ„µ¦˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ª˜´ÊŠÂ˜n­¤´¥Ã¦µ– ­¤´¥„¨µŠ ¨³­¤´¥Ä®¤n °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤®œ´Š­º°Å—oÄ®o‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´ÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š¦µª °ŠÃ±Ã¨‡°­˜r×¥„ε®œ— ¦³¥³Áª¨µÅªoš¸É‡.«. 1933 – 1945 ¨³Ä®o‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´˜n°Ÿ¨„¦³šš¸É˜µ¤¤µ®¨´ŠÁ®˜»„µ¦–rŗo­·Êœ­»— ¨Š

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Robinson, Jacob Et al. Holocaust. Jerusalem : Keter Publishing House Ltd, 1974. œÎµÁ­œ°Á®˜»„µ¦–r °ŠÃ±Ã¨‡°­˜r ­£µ¡ °Š‡nµ¥„´„„´œÂ¨³‡nµ¥­´Š®µ¦ „µ¦—ε¦Š¸ª·˜ °ŠÁ®¥ºÉ° „µ¦ nª¥Á®¨º° ¨³Ÿ¨„¦³šš¸É˜n¨³ iµ¥Å—o¦´®¨´ŠÁ®˜»„µ¦–r­·Êœ­»—¨Š

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Gigliotti, Simone and Berel Lang. The Holocaust : A Reader. Oxford : Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2005.œÎµÁ­œ°Âœª‡·—˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ª „µ¦„¸—„´œµª¥·ª°°„‹µ„¥»Ã¦ž ¨³Á¥°¦¤´œ „µ¦—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥ °Š¦´“Á„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦­¦กั หอoµŠ‡ªµ¤¦·­»สมุดกš›ล·Í °ŠÁºÊ°µ˜· š¸É„¨µ¥¤µÁž}œ˜oœÂ °Šœµ Ž¸Äœ„µ¦Â„oÅ ž{®µ‡¦ส´ÊŠ­ำ»—šนoµ¥ Áœoœ„µ¦˜n°˜oµœµª¥า·ªšง ¸ÉÁž}œ‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°š¸É¤¸¤µœµœÂ¨oªÄœ ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r¥»Ã¦ž ˜ n¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸šÎµÄ®oÁ®ÈœÅ—o°¥nµŠ´—Á‹œš´ÊŠÁ¦ºÉ°Š °ŠÂœª‡·— ¨³ª·›¸„µ¦ž’·´˜· œÎµÁ­œ°™¹Š¡´•œµ„µ¦„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r „µ¦—ε¦Š¸ª·˜£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥‹µ„‡Îµ°„Á¨nµ °ŠÁ®¥ºÉ° Ÿ¼o¦°—¸ª·˜Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ„µ¦­³šo°œ£µ¡„µ¦šµ¦»–„¦¦¤Å—o´—Á‹œ ¹Êœ Dwork, Deborah and Robert Jan van Pelt. Holocaust : A History. New York : W.W. Norton & Company, 2002. ÁœoœÁ¦ºÉ°Š °Š‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ªš¸ÉÁ„·— ¹Êœ¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦Á„·— ñ臰­˜r Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸­nªœÁ„¸É¥ª o°Š„´„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r ­™µœ„µ¦–r£µ¥Äœ¥»Ã¦ž šnµš¸š¸É¤¸˜n°µª¥·ª ¨³ÂŸœ„µ¦˜nµŠÇ °ŠœµŽ¸š¸Éŗo¤¸„µ¦œÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦„ε‹´—µª¥·ª Benz, Wolfgang. Translated by Jane Sydenham – Kwiot. The Holocaust : A German Historian Examines the Genocide. London : Profele Books, 2000. Ä®o¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—Á„¸É¥ª„´ œª‡·—š¸ÉÁ„¸É¥ª„´µª¥·ª °ŠÁ¥°¦¤´œ „µ¦„ε®œ—¤µ˜¦„µ¦ ¨³„µ¦—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥„µ¦‹´—„µ¦ µª¥·ª °ŠÁ¥°¦¤´œ Ofer, Dalia and Lenore J. Weitzman. Women in the Holocaust. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1998. Ä®o¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—ÄœÁ¦ºÉ°ŠÁ„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥ ñ臰­˜r„´Ÿ¼o®·Š µª¥·ª ¨³„¨nµª™¹Š­£µ¡¸ª·˜‡ªµ¤Áž}œ°¥¼n °ŠŸ¼o®·Šµª¥·ªÄœ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ Yahil, Leni. The Holocaust the Fate of European Jewry,1932-1945. New York : Oxford, 1990. Áœoœ™¹Š„µ¦¡´•œµš¸É®¨µ„®¨µ¥ °ŠÃ±Ã¨‡°­˜r ×¥„µ¦ÂnŠ¦³¥³Áª¨µ °ŠÁ®˜»„µ¦–r °°„Áž}œ 3 nªŠ nªŠÂ¦„Á¦·É¤‹µ„‡.«. 1933 Ž¹ÉŠœ´Áž}œžeš¸É±·˜Á¨°¦r„oµª ¹Êœ­¼n°Îµœµ‹‹œ™¹Š‡.«. 1939 nªŠš¸É­°Š‡¦°‡¨»¤¦³¥³Áª¨µ °Š­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 2 – 1941 ¨³nªŠ­»—šoµ¥‡º° ‡.«. 1941 ‹œ ­·Êœ­»—­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É­°Š 2 nªŠÁª¨µÂ¦„ ®œ´Š­º°Å—o¦¦¥µ¥ nŠÂ¥„Á®˜»„µ¦–r ¦ª¤™¹Š­¦»ž o°ÁšÈ‹‹¦·ŠÁ„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦„¦³šÎµ °ŠµªÁ¥°¦¤´œš¸É¤¸˜n°µª¥·ª ®¨´Š‡.«. 1941 ŗo°›·µ¥™¹Š„µ¦

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Á˜¦¸¥¤„µ¦ „µ¦ž’·´˜·Šµœ°¥nµŠÁž}œ¦³Äœ„µ¦­´Š®µ¦ Ž¹ÉŠÁ®˜»„µ¦–rš¸ÉÁ„·— ¹ÊœÄœnªŠœ¸Êŗo—εÁœ·œÅž °¥nµŠ¦ª—Á¦Èª š´ÊŠ„µ¦„¦³šÎµ ¨³ž’·„·¦·¥µ °Šš´ÊŠ­°Š iµ¥‡º°Á¥°¦¤´œ ¨³µª¥·ª ®œ´Š­º°Å—o¡¥µ¥µ¤ Áœoœ¡ºÊœ“µœ ¨³‹ÎµÂœ„¨´„¬–³ °ŠÁ®˜»„µ¦–r×¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥nµŠ¥·ÉŠ„µ¦Ä®o¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—Á¡ºÉ°¸ÊÄ®oÁ®Èœ™¹Š ­™µœ„µ¦–r×¥„ªoµŠ Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust : A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. New York : Henry Holt and Company, 1985. Ä®o¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—£¼¤·®¨´Šš´ÉªÅž °Š Á¥°¦¤´œÄœ­¤´¥œµŽ¸ ×¥Á¦·É¤˜´ÊŠÂ˜n±·˜Á¨°¦r„oµª ¹Êœ¤µ¤¸°Îµœµ‹ „µ¦—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥Á„¸É¥ª„´µª¥·ª ¨³¤µ˜¦„µ¦„ªµ—¨oµŠµª¥·ª œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¥´Š¤¸„µ¦¦ª¦ª¤‡Îµ°„Á¨nµ °ŠŸ¼o¦°—¸ª·˜‹µ„Á®˜»„µ¦–r „µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»rµª¥·ªÅªo°¸„—oª¥กั หอสมุดกล Fleming, Gerald.ส Hitlerำน and the Final Solutionา. Londonง : Hamish Hamilton, 1984. œÎµÁ­œ°Âœª‡·—¨³ª ·›¸ „µ¦—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥ °Š±·˜Á¨°¦r˜n°µª¥·ª ¦¼žÂÂ¨³ª·›¸„µ¦˜nµŠÇš¸ÉčoĜ „µ¦„ªµ—¨oµŠµª¥·ª Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The War Against the Jews 1933-1945. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975. œÎµÁ­œ°‡œ¥·ªÄœš´«œ‡˜· °Š±·˜Á¨°¦r ‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ªÄœ Á¥°¦¤œ¸ œÃ¥µ¥‹Îµ„´—­·š›·µª¥·ª „µ¦—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥˜nµŠž¦³Áš« „µ¦šÎµ­Š‡¦µ¤ ¨³¤µ˜¦„µ¦ „ªµ—¨oµŠµª¥·ªÄœ¥»Ã¦ž Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution : The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe 1939 – 1945. New York : A. S. Barnes & Company, Inc, 1961. œÎµÁ­œ°Á„¸É¥ª„´œÃ¥µ¥ ˜nµŠ Ç Á„¸É¥ª„´µª¥·ª °ŠÁ¥°¦¤´œ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n„n°œ ‡.«. 1939 ‹œ™¹Š‡.«.1945 ¨³¥´Š¤¸„µ¦„¨nµª™¹Š„µ¦ —εÁœ·œÃ¥µ¥„µ¦Â„oÅ ž{®µ‡¦´ÊŠ­»—šoµ¥Äœž¦³Áš«˜nµŠ Ç š¸ÉœµŽ¸¥¹—‡¦°Š

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Caplan, Jane and Nikolaus Wachsmann. Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany. London : Routledge, 2010.œ´„ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­¤´¥Ä®¤nŗo¦ª¦ª¤Á„¸É¥ª„´Á¦ºÉ°Š‡nµ¥„´„„´œ °ŠœµŽ¸ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³ Ž¹ÉŠÂ˜n¨³š‹³¤¸‹»—Á—nœ °Š˜´ªÁ°ŠŸnµœ„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r¨³˜¸‡ªµ¤ Áœoœ¥ÊεĜ­nªœš¸É­Îµ‡´ Ánœ ¡´•œµ„µ¦ °Š‡nµ¥„´„„´œ »‡‡¨š¸É¤¸šµš£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥ ­£µ¡¸ª·˜Â¨³­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤ Áž}œ˜oœ Steinbacher, Sybille. Auschwitz : A History. London : Penguin Books, 2005. °›·µ¥™¹Š ¦„Á¦·É¤ °Š„µ¦„n°˜´ÊŠ‡nµ¥ ‹œ„¦³š´ÉŠ¤¸„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š‹µ„‡nµ¥Â¦ŠŠµœÅž­¼n‡nµ¥­´Š®µ¦°´œÁž}œŸ¨

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¤µ‹µ„„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠœÃ¥µ¥ °Š¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¥´Š„¨nµª™¹Š ªœ„µ¦—εÁœ·œŠµœ˜nµŠ Ç š¸É čoĜ„µ¦­´Š®µ¦£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥ ¨³‡ªµ¤¡¥µ¥µ¤Äœ„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥®¨´„“µœÄœnªŠ­Š‡¦µ¤Ä„¨o­·Êœ­»— United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Historical Atlas of the Holocaust. N.Y. : Macmillan Publishing, 1996. Ä®o¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—Á„¸É¥ª„´¨´„¬–³Ã—¥š´ÉªÅž °Š‡nµ¥„´„„´œÄœnªŠ ¦³¥³Áª¨µ °ŠÃ±Ã¨‡°­˜rš¸É­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÄœ¥»Ã¦ž£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦¥¹—‡¦°Š °ŠœµŽ¸ ×¥¤¸ÂŸœš¸É¦¼ž£µ¡ ž¦³„° ­—Šš¸É˜´ÊŠ°¥nµŠ´—Á‹œ šÎµÄ®oÁ®Èœ£µ¡Å—o´—Á‹œ¤µ„ ¹Êœ Kogon, Eugen Et al. Nazi Mass Murder : A Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas. New Heaven : Yale University Press. 1993. Ä®o‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´„´Á°„­µ¦š¸É‹³˜o°Š¤¸ ‡ªµ¤™¼„˜o°ŠÂ¤nœ¥Îµš´ÊŠÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š °Š­™µœšกั หอ¸É ª´สœšม¸É ‹ÎµœªœŸุดกล¼oÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜š¸É™¼„­´Š®µ¦Ã—¥Â„p­¡·¬ Arad, Yitzhak. Belzec,สำน Sobibor, Treblinka : Theา Operationง Reinhard Death Camps. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1987. œÎµÁ­œ°Á„¸É¥ª„´‡nµ¥Á¨ÁŽ„ Ν·Á°¦r Á˜¦¨·Š„µ ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n„µ¦—εÁœ·œ„µ¦„n°­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥ šµŠ¦™Å¢ ­£µ¡¸ª·˜‡ªµ¤Áž}œ°¥¼n °Šµª¥·ª£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥ ¨³„µ¦ ˜n°˜oµœ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ®¨®œ¸ °Šµª¥·ª Pawelczynska, Anna. Values and Violence in Auschwitz. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1979. ™nµ¥š°—Á¦ºÉ°Š¦µª °Š‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrš¸É­³šo°œÁ¦ºÉ°Š¦µªš¸ÉÁ„·— ¹ÊœÄœÂŠn¤»¤š¸É oµ¥ ¨³Å¤n°µ‹®¨¸„Á¨¸É¥ŠÅ—o ¨³Áž}œÁ¦ºÉ°Šš¸É¤¸„µ¦¦´¦¼o„´œ°¥nµŠ„ªoµŠ ªµŠ ¨³ÄoÁ®˜»„µ¦–r ­Îµ‡´šµŠž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦rœ¸ÊÁž}œšÁ¦¸¥œ­³šo°œ™¹Šž{‹‹»´œÃ—¥Ÿ¼oÁ ¸¥œÁ®ÈœªnµÅ—o¤¸‡ªµ¤¡¥µ¥µ¤š¸É‹³ Áž¨¸É¥œ¥»Ã¦žÄ®oÁž}œ—·œÂ—œÂ®nŠ‡ªµ¤­Š ¨³˜¦³®œ´„™¹Š‡»–‡nµÄœ‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¤œ»¬¥r

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Johnson, Eric A. What We Knew: Terror, Mass Murder, and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany: An Oral History. Cambridge : Mass Basic Books, 2005. ¦ª¦ª¤š­´¤£µ¬–r‹µ„ Ÿ¼o‡œš¸É¤¸ž¦³­„µ¦–r°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š °ŠœµŽ¸ ץnŠ„µ¦–r­´¤£µ¬–r°°„Áž}œ„¨»n¤Ánœ µª¥·ªš¸É°¡¥¡‹µ„Á¥°¦¤´œ µª¥·ªš¸É™¼„Áœ¦Áš« ®¦º°Ÿ¼oš¸ÉŤnŗo¤¸ÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ªÁ„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠ ÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r Ž¹ÉŠŸ¨‹µ„„µ¦­´¤£µ¬–rŗo­³šo°œÄ®สoÁ®มȜ™ด¹Š„µ¦Äo¸ª·˜ž¦³‹Îµª´œ£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š °Š œµŽ¸ ำนกั หอ ุ กลาง Engelking, Barbara. ส Holocaust and Memory. London : Leicester University Press, 2001. °›·µ¥™¹Šž¦³­„µ¦–rĜnªŠ­Š‡¦µ¤š¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œ¦³®ªnµŠµªÃž¨Â¨³µª¥·ªš´ÊŠÄœÁ„˜Ã˜ ¨³‡nµ¥„´„„´œ „µ¦—ε¦Š¸ª·˜ÄœÂ˜n¨³ª´œ š´ÊŠœ¸ÊŸ¼oÁ ¸¥œ¥´ŠÅ—o­—Š‡ªµ¤‡·—Á®Èœ­nªœ˜´ªÁ„¸É¥ª„´Ã±Ã¨ ‡°­šr ¡¦o°¤š´ÊŠ¦ª¦ª¤š­´¤£µ¬–r‹µ„Ÿ¼o‡œš¸ÉÁ‡¥Ÿnµœž¦³­„µ¦–r°´œÁ¨ª¦oµ¥œ´Êœ Berenbaum, Michael. Witness to the Holocaust. N.Y: Harper Collins Publishers, 1997. œÎµÁ­œ°¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—š¸ÉÁŒ¡µ³Á‹µ³‹Š š´ÊŠ‹µ„Á°„­µ¦ ­¤»—´œš¹„ ‹—®¤µ¥ ®¦º°Â¤o˜n‡ÎµÄ®o„µ¦ °Š Ÿ¼o¦°—¸ª·˜ Á„¸É¥ª„´¡´•œµ„µ¦ °ŠÃ±Ã¨‡°­˜r Gilbert, Martin. The Boys : The Untold Story of 732 Young Concentration Camp Survivors. New York : Henry Holt and Company, 1996. ¦ª¦ª¤‡Îµ°„Á¨nµ °ŠÁ—È„µ¥Â¨³ Á—È„®·Šµª¥·ªŸ¼o¦°—¸ª·˜ ×¥‹³¤¸„µ¦„¨nµª™¹Š­£µ¡¸ª·˜‡ªµ¤Áž}œ°¥¼n °ŠÁ—È„ Ç £µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ Steinhoff, Johannes Voice from the Third Reich. Washington D.C : Regnery Gateway, 1989. ¦ª¦ª¤‡Îµ°„Á¨nµ °ŠµªÁ¥°¦¤´œ Ÿ¼o¤¸­nªœ¦nª¤Äœ­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É­°Š Rotchild, Sylvia. Voices from the Holocaust. New York : Nal Books, 1981. ¦ª¦ª¤ š­´¤£µ¬–r °Šµª¥·ªÄœž¦³Áš«˜nµŠ Ç Ž¹ÉŠÁŸ·®œoµ„´¤µ˜¦„µ¦„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»rµª¥·ª °Š œµŽ¸ÂnŠ¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—°°„Áž}œ­µ¤˜°œ ‡º° nªŠ¸ª·˜„n°œ„µ¦Á„·—œÃ¥µ¥‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r ­£µ¡¸ª·˜ ‡ªµ¤Áž}œ°¥¼nĜnªŠ„µ¦—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r ¨³¸ª·˜£µ¥®¨´Š„µ¦­·Êœ­»—œÃ¥µ¥‰nµ¨oµŠ ÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r ×¥­nªœ¤µ„»‡‡¨˜nµŠ Ç Á®¨nµœ¸Ê‹³°¡¥¡Åž°¥¼nĜž¦³Áš«­®¦´“°Á¤¦·„µ Levi, Primo. Survival in Auschwitz. translated by Stuart Woolf. New York : Collier Books, 1966. ¦¦¥µ¥™¹ŠÁ®˜»„µ¦–r˜´ÊŠÂ˜n™¼„‹´­nŠ˜´ªÁ oµ­¼n‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrĜ‡.«.1943 Á¦·É¤˜´ÊŠÂ˜n­£µ¡

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ĜnªŠž¨µ¥­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 1 –³š¸ÉÁ¥°¦¤œ¸„ε¨´Š˜„Áž}œ iµ¥Á¡¨¸É¥Š¡¨ÊεĜ„µ¦¦ œµ¥¡¨Á°¦· ¨¼Á—œ—°¦r¢ (Erich กั Ludendorf)หอสม Ž¹ÉุดŠ˜¦³®œกลา´„´—Á‹œªnµÁ¥°¦¤œ¸‹³Áž}œ iµ¥¡nµ¥Â¡o ­Š‡¦µ¤Â¨³ iµ¥­´¤¡´œ›¤ ส·˜¦‹³Á‡¨ำน ºÉ°œ„ε¨´ŠÁ oµ­¼nÁ¥°¦¤œ¸ Ž¹ÉŠ°µ‹œง εŞ­¼n„µ¦Á„·—‹¨µ‹¨£µ¥Äœ‹¹Š Á­œ°Ä®o¦´“µ¨Ážd—„µ¦Á‹¦‹µ­Š« ¹„„´ iµ¥­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦Á¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 29 „´œ¥µ¥œ ‡.«. 1918 ¨³Ä®o ž’·¦¼ž„µ¦Á¤º°ŠÁž}œ¦³„¬´˜¦·¥r£µ¥Ä˜o¦´“›¦¦¤œ¼ Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o¦´“µ¨»—Ä®¤nÁž}œš¸É¥°¤¦´ °Š iµ¥ ­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦ ńÁŽ°¦rª·¨Á¨¸¥¤š¸É 2 (William II 1888-1918) „Èš¦ŠÁ®Èœ—oª¥„´„µ¦‹³Á‹¦‹µ­Š«¹„ ¤´šš¸°´­ °¦rŽÂ¦rÁ„°¦r (Matthias Erzberger) Ÿ¼oœÎµže„Žoµ¥ °Š¡¦¦‡ÁŽœÁ˜°¦r(Centre Party)6 ‹¹ŠÁ®ÈœÁž}œÃ°„µ­¦ª¦ª¤Á­¸¥Š oµŠ¤µ„Äœ­£µÅ¦‡r˜µ„ Ž¹ÉŠž¦³„°—oª¥¡¦¦‡ÁŽœÁ˜°¦r ¡¦¦‡­´Š‡¤ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥Á¥°¦¤´œ®¦º°Á°­¡¸—¸ (German Social Democratic Party-SPD) ¨³¡¦¦‡ ž¦³µœÁ¥°¦¤´œ (German people’s Party)7 Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ªž’·¦¼žšµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š ¨³Ä®oÁžd—„µ¦Á‹¦‹µ ­´œ˜·£µ¡Ã—¥ž¦µ«‹µ„„µ¦¥¹—‡¦°Š—·œÂ—œÂ¨³‡nµž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤

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9 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, œµŽ¸­¤´¥Åª¤µ¦r („¦»ŠÁš¡² : «´„—·Ã­£µ„µ¦¡·¤¡r, 2551), 31. 10 Ibid, 32.

16

°°„‹µ„˜ÎµÂ®œnŠÄœª´œÁ—¸¥ª„´œš¸ÉÅ°­rÁœ°¦r‹´—˜´ÊŠ¦´“µ¨»—Ä®¤n „¦³Â­„µ¦ž’·ª´˜·„È ¥µ¥˜´ªÅžš¸É ÇèÂ¨³¦´œ­rª·„ „µ¦ž’·ª´˜·¦´“µªµÁ¦¸¥Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ¦´“Ä®n¨³­Îµ‡´ °Š‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Á¥°¦¤´œÁž}œ‹»—®´ªÁ¨¸Ê¥ª®´ª˜n° °Š„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠšµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š °Š‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Á¥°¦¤´œÁ¡¦µ³¤¸­nªœšÎµÄ®o¦µªŠ«rñÁ±œŽ°¨Á¨·¦rœ (Hohenzollern) ®nŠ‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Á¥°¦¤´œ˜o°Š­·Êœ­»—°Îµœµ‹¨Š Ÿ¨­ÎµÁ¦È‹ °Š iµ¥ž’·ª´˜·šÎµÄ®o„¨»n¤ „µ¦Á¤º°Š˜nµŠ Ç Äœ„¦»ŠÁ°¦r¨·œ®ªµ—ª·˜„¨³¡¥µ¥µ¤„——´œÁ‹oµµ¥¤´„ŽrÄ®o„¦µš¼¨Å„ÁŽ°¦r ª·¨Á¨¸¥¤š¸É 2 Ä®o­¨³¦µ¥r –³Á—¸¥ª„´œ„¨»n¤­´Š‡¤œ·¥¤Á­¸¥Š oµŠ¤µ„Äœ­£µÅ¦‡r˜µ„„È¥ºÉœ o° Á¦¸¥„¦o°Š˜n°Á‹oµµ¥¤´„ŽrÄ®ož¦´‡–³¦´“µ¨Ã—¥Â˜nŠ˜´ÊŠ¦´“¤œ˜¦¸‹µ„¡¦¦‡š¸É¤¸Á­¸¥Š oµŠ¤µ„ ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³¡¦¦‡­´Š‡¤ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥Á¥°¦¤กั หอ´œส Ä®มo¤¸ุดÁ­¦ก¸£µ¡Äœ„µ¦ล »¤œ»¤Â¨³Ä®ońÁŽ°¦rª·¨Á¨¸¥¤š¸É 2 ¨³¤„»‘¦µ„»¤µ¦­¨³¦µ¥สำนr¨³­·š›·Äœ„µ¦­º¦µ­¤า´˜·ง£µ¥Äœª´œš¸É 8 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ ¦´“µ¨ ¥°¤¦´ o°Á¦¸¥„¦o°Šš ¸ÉÁ­œ°¥„Áª oœž¦³Á—Èœ„µ¦­¨³¦µ¥rÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Å„ÁŽ°¦r¥´Š‡Š¨´ŠÁ¨¡¦³š´¥ Ÿ¼oœÎµ‡œ­Îµ‡´ °Š¡¦¦‡­´Š‡¤ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥Á¥°¦¤´œÂ¨³¡¦¦‡ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥°·­¦³ ‹Îµœªœ 5 ‡œ Ž¹ÉŠ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ¢¦¸—¦· Á°Â¦rš (Friedrich Ebert) ¨³¢d¨·žžm ōÁ—°¦r¤´œœr(Philip Scheidemann) ŗo„——´œÁ‹oµµ¥¤´„ŽrÄ®o¨µ°°„ץ‹oŠÄ®oš¦µªnµ„°Šš´¡­œ´­œ»œ¡ª„Á µÂ¨³˜o°Š„µ¦¦´“µ¨ ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥»—Ä®¤n£µ¥Ä˜o¦´“›¦¦¤œ¼ Á‹oµµ¥¤´„Žr‹¹ŠÅ¤n¤¸šµŠÁ¨º°„°ºÉœÄ—°¸„œ°„‹µ„¨µ°°„¨³ ¥»‡–³¦´“µ¨Â¨³ž¦³„µ«„µ¦­¨³¦µ´¨¨´Š„r °ŠÅ„ÁŽ°¦rª·¨Á¨¸¥¤š¸É 2 ץŤn¦°„µ¦˜´—­·œ ¡¦³š´¥ °Š¡¦³°Š‡rĜª´œš¸É 9 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ š´ÊŠÂ˜nŠ˜´ÊŠÁ°Â¦ršÁž}œœµ¥„¦´“¤œ˜¦¸‡œÄ®¤nŽ¹ÉŠÁž}œ„µ¦ „¦³šÎµš¸É ´—˜n°¦´“›¦¦¤œ¼ Ĝª´œÁ—¸¥ª„´œœ´Êœ Á°Â¦rš„ÈÁ‹¦‹µ®µ¦º°„´‹°¤¡¨ª·¨Á±¨r¤ Á„¦°Áœ°¦r(Wilhelm Groener) Ÿ¼o´µ„µ¦š®µ¦­¼Š­»—Ž¹ÉŠ­º°Îµœµ‹˜n°‹µ„œµ¥¡¨¨¼Á—œ—°¦r¢ Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o­œ´­œ»œ°Îµœµ‹ °Š ¦´“µ¨Ä®¤n „µ¦®µ¦º°—´Š„¨nµªÅ—oœÎµÅž­¼n o°˜„¨ŠÁ°Â¦rš-Á„¦°Áœ°¦r(Ebert-Groener agreement) ×¥š®µ¦‹³­œ´­œ»œ¦´“µ¨Â¨³‡ª‡»¤¦´„¬µ‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¦³Á¸¥Á¦¸¥¦o°¥šµŠ­´Š‡¤ ¦´“µ¨„È‹³ ˜n°˜oµœÂœªšµŠž’·ª´˜·°¨Áª·‡Â¨³Ä®o„°Šš´¡¤¸°Îµœµ‹Á—È— µ— ĜnªŠÁª¨µÁ—¸¥ª„´œ ­®£µ¡ ¦ŠŠµœ„Ț凪µ¤˜„¨Š„´­£µ„¦¦¤„¦Ã—¥¥°¤¦´ °Á ˜°Îµœµ‹ °Š­£µ„¦¦¤„¦˜µ¤„‘®¤µ¥ ¨³‡Ê垦³„´œ„µ¦šÎµŠµœª´œ¨³ 8 ´ÉªÃ¤Š ­£µ„¦¦¤„¦„È­´µ‹³Å¤nš¦ŠÂŽŠœÃ¥µ¥˜¨µ—Á­¦¸ ¨³„¦¦¤­·š›·Íš¦´¡¥r­·œ­nªœ»‡‡¨ o°˜„¨Š—´Š„¨nµªšÎµÄ®o„¨»n¤„µ¦Á¤º°Šže„Žoµ¥Ã‹¤˜¸¦´“µ¨°¥nµŠ ¦»œÂ¦Š „µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠšµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š—´Š„¨nµª­nŠŸ¨Ä®ońÁŽ°¦rª·¨Á¨¸¥¤š¸É 2 š¸Éž¦³š´š¸ÉÁ¤º°Š­žµ ž¦³Áš«Á¨Á¥¸¥¤ š¦Š˜o°Šž¦³„µ«­¨³¦µ­¤´˜·Äœª´œš¸É 10 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ Á¡¦µ³‹°¤¡¨±·œÁ—œ¼¦r„

17

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11 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦ ¨³°œ´œ˜r´¥ Á¨µ®³¡´œ›», š¦¦ž–³ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r¥»Ã¦žÄœ‡¦·­˜r«˜ª¦¦¬š¸É 20 („¦»ŠÁš¡² : «´„—·Ã­£µ„µ¦¡·¤¡r, 2551), 31. 12 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, œµŽ¸­¤´¥Åª¤µ¦r, 35.

18

¨oµŠ ®¨´Š„µ¦ž¦µž¦µ¤°¸„ 3 ª´œ˜n°¤µ ¦´“µ¨ÁŒ¡µ³„µ¨„È‹´—Ä®o¤¸„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠ­£µ¦nµŠ¦´“›¦¦¤œ¼ ¹ÊœÁ¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 19 ¤„¦µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1919 ץčo¦³„µ¦¤¸Ÿ¼ošœ˜µ¤­´—­nªœ Ÿ¨„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠž¦µ„’ªnµ Ťn¤¸¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°ŠÄ—„»¤Á­¸¥Š oµŠ¤µ„Å—o°¥nµŠÁ—È— µ— ¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°ŠÄ®nš¸Éŗo‡³ÂœœÁ­¸¥Š¤µ„ š¸É­»—ž¦³„°—oª¥¡¦¦‡­´Š‡¤ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥Á¥°¦¤´œ ¡¦¦‡ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥Á¥°¦¤´œ ¨³¡¦¦‡ÁŽœ Á˜°¦r ­nªœš¸ÉÁ®¨º°Áž}œ °Š¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°Š°ºÉœ Ç ˜n°¤µÄœª´œš¸É 11 „»¤£µ¡´œ›r ¢¦¸—¦· Á°Â¦ršÅ—o¦´ Á¨º°„Áž}œž¦³›µœµ›·—¸‡œÂ¦„ °Š­µ›µ¦–¦´“Á¥°¦¤œ¸—oª¥‡³ÂœœÁ­¸¥Š 277 ‹µ„ 379 ¨³Á µ ˜nŠ˜´ÊŠÅÁ—°¦r¤´œœrÁž}œœµ¥„¦´“¤œ˜¦¸ ōÁ—°¦r¤´œœrŗo‹´—˜´ÊŠ¦´“µ¨Ÿ­¤¦nª¤„´¡¦¦‡Á°­¡¸—¸ ¡¦¦‡ÁŽœÁ˜°¦r¨³¡¦¦‡ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥Á¥°¦¤´œÂ¨³ŠµœÁ¦nŠ—nªœÁŒ¡µ³®œoµ °Š¦´“µ¨‡º°„µ¦¦nµŠ ¦´“›¦¦¤œ¼ ˜n°¤µÄœž¨µ¥Á—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤กั หอส ‡.ม«. 1919ุดก ­¤µล ·„­£µÅ¦‡r˜µ„­nªœÄ®n„È°°„Á­¸¥Š ¦´¦°Š¦nµŠ¦´“›¦¦¤œ¼—oª¥‡³ÂœœÁ­สำน ¸¥Š 262 ˜n° 75 Á­¸¥Š ×¥Á°Â¦าง ršÁž}œž¦³›µœµ›·—¸´Éª‡¦µª Á°Â¦rš¨Šœµ¤ž¦³„µ«Ä® o¦´“›¦¦¤œ¼¤¸Ÿ¨´Š‡´ÄoÁ¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 14 ­·Š®µ‡¤ ¨³°¸„­´ž—µ®r˜n°¤µ Á µ„È­µµœ˜œÁ oµ¦´˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ˜µ¤ o°´Š‡´ °Š¦´“›¦¦¤œ¼

­œ›·­´µÂª¦rŽµ¥ (Treaty of Versailles)

Á¤ºÉ°Á¥°¦¤œ¸¥°¤Â¡o¨³¨Šœµ¤­Š«¹„„´ iµ¥­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦Á¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 11 ¡«‹·„µ¥œ ‡.«. 1918 ž¦³Áš«¡´œ›¤·˜¦Å—o‹´—ž¦³»¤š¸É„¦»Šžµ¦¸­Á¡ºÉ°¡·‹µ¦–µÁ¦ºÉ°Š„µ¦šÎµ­œ›·­´µ­´œ˜·£µ¡ Á¥°¦¤œ¸‹¹Š™¼„´Š‡´Ä®o¨Šœµ¤Äœ­œ›·­´µÂª¦rŽµ¥ Á¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 28 ¤·™»œµ¥œ ‡.«. 1919 ­œ›·­´µ ª¦rŽµ¥„ε®œ—Ä®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Áž}œž¦³Áš«Â¡o­Š‡¦µ¤ ˜o°Š­¼Á­¸¥—·œÂ—œÄœ¥»Ã¦ž Á°­Ã˜Áœ¸¥ ¨´˜Áª¸¥ ¨³¨·š´ªÁœ¸¥ Ž¹ÉŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Å—o‹µ„¦´­ÁŽ¸¥˜µ¤­œ›·­´µÁ¦­˜r-¨·˜°¢­‡r (Brest-Litovsk) 13‡.«. 1918 ŗoÁž}œž¦³Áš«Á°„¦µ °°­Á˜¦¸¥™¼„®oµ¤¦ª¤Á oµ„´Á¥°¦¤œ¸ Á¥°¦¤œ¸¥´ŠÁ­¸¥°µ–µœ·‡¤š´ÊŠ®¤—Äœ °¢¦·„µÄ®oÁž}œ—·œÂ—œÄœ°µ–´˜· °Š­´œœ·µ˜µ˜·Â¨³™¼„¥¹—„µ¦¨Šš»œœ°„ž¦³Áš«š´ÊŠ®¤— š´ÊŠ ˜o°Š­n°Š¤°„°ŠÁ¦º°­·œ‡oµµŠ­nªœÂ¨³˜n°Á¦º°Ä®o„n iµ¥­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦Äœ°´˜¦µže¨³ 2 ­œ˜´œ ˜·—˜n°„´œ 5 že Á¥°¦¤œ¸¥´Š™¼„¨—„ε¨´Š°µª»›š»„¦¼žÂÂ¨³¤¸š®µ¦ž¦³‹Îµ„µ¦Å—oŤnÁ„·œ 100,000 ‡œ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠš®µ¦Á¦º°ž¦³¤µ– 15,000 ‡œ ˜o°Š¥»Á®¨nµÁ­œµ›·„µ¦š®µ¦ ®oµ¤„µ¦Á„–”rš®µ¦ ®oµ¤ ‡¦°‡¦°Š¦™™´Š ¦™®»o¤Á„¦µ³ „p­¡·¬ Á¦º°—εœÊε Á‡¦ºÉ°Š·œ¦Â¨³Ä®o¤¸Á¦º°¦Å—oÁ¡¸¥Š 6 ¨Îµ ‡ªoœŽµ¦rŽ¹ÉŠÁž}œÁ ˜°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤™nµœ®·œ˜o°Š°¥¼nĘo„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š °Š­´œœ·µ˜µ˜·Áž}œÁª¨µ 15 že

13 —¼Á¡È¦¸ ­»¤·˜¦ ¨³Á¡È«¦¸ —»p„, “Brest-Litovsk, treaty of (3 March 1918): ­œ›·­´µÁ¦­˜r- ¨·˜°¢­‡r (3 ¤¸œµ‡¤ ¡.«.2461),” ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž °´„¬¦ A-B 1 (2547) : 259- 260.

19

¨³®¨´Š‹µ„œ´Êœ‹³Ä®o¤¸„µ¦¨Šž¦³µ¤˜· {~ŠŽoµ¥ °ŠÂ¤nœÊεŦœr˜o°ŠÁž}œÁ ˜ž¨°—š®µ¦Â¨³Á ˜¨»n¤ ¤nœÊεŦœrš´ÊŠ®¤—°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦‡ª‡»¤ °Š„°Šš®µ¦­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦¦ª¤ 15 žeœ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê Á¥°¦¤œ¸Ž¹ÉŠ ¤¸‡ªµ¤Ÿ·—Äœ“µœ³Ÿ¼o„n°­Š‡¦µ¤˜o°ŠÎµ¦³‡nµž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤Áž}œ‡nµÁ­¸¥®µ¥Ä®o„n iµ¥­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦ Ž¹ÉŠ¥´ŠÅ¤n„ε®œ—Áª¨µÂ¨³‹ÎµœªœÁŠ·œ—Á¥š¸Éœnœ°œ ­ºÉ°¤ª¨œÁ¥°¦¤´œ˜nµŠ¡µ—®´ª nµª„µ¦¨Šœµ¤¥°¤Â¡o¨³ª·¡µ„¬rˤ˜¸ÁŠºÉ°œÅ °´œ¦»œÂ¦Š °Š ­œ›·­´µÂª¦rŽµ¥ ÁŠºÉ°œÅ š¸É¦»œÂ¦ŠÂ¨³Å¤nÁž}œ›¦¦¤ °Š­œ›·­´µ™¼„ª·¡µ„¬rˤ˜¸°¥nµŠ®œ´„ ‹µ„¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°Š˜nµŠ Ç Â¨³ nµª¨º°Á¦ºÉ°Š “„µ¦¨°ÂšŠ oµŠ®¨´Š” „È¡¦n„¦³‹µ¥Åžš´Éª Á¥°¦¤œ¸Ž¹ÉŠ Ťn¤¸šµŠÁ¨º°„°ºÉœÄ—°¸„˜o°Š¥°¤¨Šœµ¤Äœš¸É­»—Á¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 28 ¤·™»œµ¥œ ‡.«. 1919 ōÁ—°¦r¤´œœr œµ¥„¦´“¤œ˜¦¸Ž¹ÉŠ˜n°˜oµœ­œ›·­´µÂª¦กั หอrŽµ¥‹สม¹Š¨µ°°„ุดก ¨³„ล »­˜µ¢ ÁµÁ°°¦r(Gustav Bauer) Á oµ —ε¦Š˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ­ºÂšœ „µ¦¥°¤¦สำน´„µ¦ “­´ÉŠŠ„µ¦” ‹µ„ª¦าrŽµ¥Â¨³„µ¦¥°¤¦ง ´‡ªµ¤Ÿ·—Äœ“µœ³Ÿ¼o „n°­Š‡¦µ¤ °Š¦´“µ¨ ‹¹ŠÁžd—ð„µ­Ä®o„¨»n¤„µ¦Á¤º°Š iµ¥ ªµÃ‹¤˜¸‡–³¦´“µ¨°¥nµŠ¦»œÂ¦ŠªnµÁž}œ “°µµ„¦Á—º°œ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ” ¨³„°Šš´¡„È¦³¡º°Á¦ºÉ°Š„µ¦¨°ÂšŠ oµŠ®¨´ŠÃ—¥¸ÊœÎµªnµ œ´„„µ¦Á¤º°ŠÂ¨³ iµ¥­´Š‡¤œ·¥¤š¦¥«˜n°ž¦³Áš«µ˜· „¦³Â­„µ¦˜n°˜oµœ­œ›·­´µÂª¦rŽµ¥‹¹Š ¥µ¥˜´ª°¥nµŠ¦ª—Á¦ÈªÅžš´ÉªÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Â¨³„µ¦Á¦¸¥„¦o°ŠÄ®o¤¸„µ¦Â„oÅ ­œ›·­´µÂª¦rŽµ¥Å—o„¨µ¥Áž}œ ž¦³Á—Èœ®¨´„šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Šš¸É¤¸­nªœ´Éœš°œ‡ªµ¤¤´Éœ‡Š °Š­µ›µ¦–¦´“Ū¤µ¦rš¸ÉÁ¡·ÉŠ‹´—˜´ÊŠ ¹Êœ

„’‡´¡¡r (Kapp Putsch) ‡.«. 1920

„µ¦¨—„ε¨´Š°µª»›Â¨³„µ¦‡ª‡»¤„ε¨´Šš®µ¦ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸˜µ¤ÁŠºÉ°œÅ °Š­œ›·­´µÂª¦r Žµ¥Å—o­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤ »nœÁ‡º°ŠÄ®o„nœµ¥š®µ¦¦³—´­¼Š‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ ‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹š¸É ¥µ¥˜´ªÅžš´ÉªšÎµ Ä®oê¨r¢„´Š ‡´¡¡r (Wolfgang Kapp) ­¤µ·„­£µÅ¦‡rŽ˜µ„¨³Ÿ¼oœÎµ‡œ®œ¹ÉŠ °Š¡¦¦‡žd˜»£¼¤· (Fatherland Party)¦nª¤¤º°¤º°„´œµ¥¡¨Á°¦·‡ ¨¼Á—œ—°¦r¢ ªµŠÂŸœÃ‡nœ°Îµœµ‹ °Š¦´“µ¨ ĜÁ—º°œ ˜»¨µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1919 ‡´¡¡r‹´—˜´ÊŠ­¤µ‡¤Â®nŠµ˜· (National Association) ¹ÊœÁ¡ºÉ°Áž}œ®œnª¥Šµœ„¨µŠ ˜·—˜n°Â¨³ž¦³­µœŠµœ„´œ´„„µ¦Á¤º°Š iµ¥ ªµ ¨³œµ¥š®µ¦¦³—´­¼ŠÁ¡ºÉ°¦nª¤„´œ®µ¨¼nšµŠ¥¹— °Îµœµ‹ Á¤ºÉ°¦´“µ¨ °Šž¦³›µœµ›·—¸Á°Â¦ršÁ¦·É¤—εÁœ·œ„µ¦¥»„°Š„ε¨´Š°·­¦³ ¨³ž¨—š®µ¦ ž¦³‹Îµ„µ¦„°Šš´¡¨Š˜µ¤ÁŠºÉ°œÅ °Š­œ›·­´µÂª¦rŽµ¥ „°Š„ε¨´Š°·­¦³‹Îµœªœ 2 ®œnª¥ÄœÁ ˜ „¦»ŠÁ°¦r¨·œŽ¹ÉŠ¤¸¦o°¥Á°„±¦r¤´œœr Á°„Žr±µ¦r—šr (Herrmann Erhardt) Áž}œŸ¼o´µ˜o°Š™¼„¥»¨Š—oª¥ Á°„Žr±µ¦r—šrŽ¹ÉŠ¤¸šµš­Îµ‡´Äœ„µ¦ž¦µž¦µ¤¡ª„‡°¤¤·ªœ·­˜rĜ‡ªoœµªµÁ¦¸¥‹¹ŠÅ¤n¡°Ä‹

20

‡´¡¡r¨³¨¹ššrª·šŽr14 Á®ÈœÁž}œÃ°„µ­š¸É‹³Äo­™µœ„µ¦–ršµŠ­´Š‡¤Á„¸É¥ª„´ž{®µ„µ¦ªnµŠŠµœÂ¨³ ‡ªµ¤ »nœÁ‡º°Š °ŠÁ®¨nµš®µ¦—´Š„¨nµª¥¹—°Îµœµ‹ 15 Ÿœ¥¹—°Îµœµ‹‡º°„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œ„ε¨´Šš®µ¦Á oµ„¦»ŠÁ°¦r¨·œÁ¡ºÉ°¸´Š‡´Ä®o¦´“µ¨¨µ°°„¨³ ‹´—˜´ÊŠ¦³°ÁŸ—È‹„µ¦š®µ¦ ¹Êœž„‡¦°Šž¦³Áš«Ã—¥‡´¡¡rÁž}œœµ¥„¦´“¤œ˜¦¸ Ĝª´œš¸É 10 ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1920 ¨¹ššrª·šŽr‹¹ŠÁ‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ªÁ¦¸¥„¦o°ŠÄ®o¦´“µ¨¥»˜·„µ¦—εÁœ·œ„µ¦¨—„ε¨´Šš®µ¦ ¨³Á¦¸¥„¦o°Š Ä®ož¦³›µœµ›·—¸Â¨³‡–³¦´“µ¨¨µ°°„ ¦´“µ¨­´ÉŠž¨—¨¹ššrª·šŽr¨³Ä®o‹´„»¤Á µ ץĜnªŠš¸É „°Š„ε¨´Š°·­¦³Á—·œš´¡Á oµ­¼n„¦»ŠÁ°¦r¨·œ ž¦³›µœµ›·—¸Á°Â¦rš„Èŗo­´ÉŠÄ®oœµ¥¡¨±´œ­r ¢°œ Á‡ (Hans von Seeckt) Áž}œŸ¼o´µ„µ¦ž¦µž¦µ¤„°Š„ε¨´Š°·­¦³ °Š iµ¥„’ ˜n¸‡šrž’·Á­›°oµŠ Á®˜»Ÿ¨ªnµš®µ¦Å¤n‰nµ„´œÁ°Š „µ¦ž’กั ·Á­›—หอ´Š„¨สnµªšมุดεĮกo¦´“µ¨Å¤ล n¤¸šµŠÁ¨º°„¨³˜o°Š®¨®œ¸Åž¥´Š Á¤º°ŠÁ—¦­Á—·œ (Dresden)ส ¨³Á¤ำนº°Š­˜»ššr„µ¦rš (Stuttgart) า˜µ¤¨ง ε—´ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ iµ¥„’ n¤ ¼nªnµ‹³ ˜·—˜µ¤‹´„»¤Â¨³„ªµ—¨ oµŠ ¨¹ššrª·šŽrž¦³„µ«‹´—˜´ÊŠ¦´“µ¨»—Ä®¤n ¹ÊœÃ—¥¤¸‡´¡¡rÁž}œž¦³›µœµ›·—¸ °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤¦´“µ¨ °Š‡´¡¡r°¥¼nĜ°Îµœµ‹Á¡¸¥Š´Éª¦³¥³Áª¨µ°´œ­´ÊœÁ¡¦µ³„n°œš¸É iµ¥¦´“µ¨ ‹³®¨®œ¸°°„‹µ„„¦»ŠÁ°¦r¨·œœ´Êœ ž¦³›µœµ›·—¸Á°Â¦šr ¨³¦´“¤œ˜¦¸µŠ‡œÁ¦¸¥„¦o°ŠÄ®o „¦¦¤„¦˜n°˜oµœ iµ¥„’—oª¥„µ¦ž¦³šoªŠœ´—®¥»—Šµœš´ÉªÅž „µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª®¥»—Šµœ °Š„¦¦¤„¦ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ oµ¦µ„µ¦ž¦³‹Îµ­nŠŸ¨Ä®o„¦»ŠÁ°¦r¨·œž¦³­ž{®µÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ µ—‡¨œœÊε Å¢¢jµ „p­ ¨³„µ¦‡¤œµ‡¤ œ­nŠ®¥»—³Š´„ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ„µ¦ž’·´˜·Šµœ˜nµŠ Ç ®¥»—œ·ÉŠ „µ¦œ´—®¥»—ŠµœÅ—o ¥µ¥˜´ª Şš´Éªž¦³Áš« ž¦³Áš«˜nµŠ Ç ž’·Á­›š¸É‹³¦´¦°Š­™µœ£µ¡ °Š¦´“µ¨‡´¡¡šr ®¨´Š„µ¦¥¹—°Îµœµ‹ Á¡¸¥Š 4 ª´œ ‡´¡¡r¨³¨¹ššrª·šŽrŽ¹ÉŠ µ—ž¦³­„µ¦–r„µ¦¦·®µ¦„Ș¦³®œ´„ªnµ¡ª„Á µÅ¤n¤¸°Îµœµ‹Äœ „µ¦ž„‡¦°Š»‡‡¨š´ÊŠ­°Š‹¹Š¡¥µ¥µ¤®¨®œ¸Â˜nž¦³­‡ªµ¤¨o¤Á®¨ªÂ¨³™¼„‹´Äœš¸É­»— „’‡´¡¡r ¸ÊÄ®oÁ®ÈœšµšÂ¨³‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´ °Š„°Šš´¡ÄœšµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š Á¡¦µ³¦´“µ¨¥´ŠÅ¤nÁ o¤Â Ȋ¡°š¸É‹³ ‡ª‡»¤„°Šš´¡Å—oÁ—È— µ— ¨³‡ªµ¤¤´Éœ‡Š °Š­µ›µ¦–¦´“Ū¤µ¦r˜o°Š°µ«´¥„ε¨´Š °Š„°Šš´¡ ˜nŸ¨­Îµ‡´ °Š„’‡º°ÄœÂ‡ªoœ µªµÁ¦¸¥ „¨»n¤„µ¦Á¤º°Š iµ¥ ªµ¤¸šµšÂ¨³°Îµœµ‹¤µ„ ¹Êœ‹œ ¦´“µ¨˜o°ŠÁ¦nŠÄ®o¤¸„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠš´ÉªÅž‡¦´ÊŠÂ¦„˜µ¤¦´“›¦¦¤œ¼ ¹ÊœÄœÁ—º°œ¤·™»œµ¥œ Ž¹ÉŠŸ¨„µ¦ Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠÂ¤o¡¦¦‡Á°­¡¸—¸‹³¥´Š‡ŠÅ—oÁ­¸¥Š oµŠ¤µ„Äœ­£µÅ¦‡rŽ˜µ„ ˜n„ÈÁ­¸¥š¸Éœ´ÉŠÅž™¹Š¦o°¥¨³ 16 ¨³ ¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°Š iµ¥ ªµÂ¨³ iµ¥Žoµ¥„Ȥ¸Ã°„µ­Å—o¦´Á¨º°„Á oµ­¼n­£µŽ¹ÉŠ¸ÊÄ®oÁ®Èœ‡ªµ¤Áž¦µ³µŠ °Š

14 ª´¨Áš°¦r ¢°œ ¨¹ššrª·Žr (Walter von Lüttwitz) Ÿ¼o´µ„µ¦„°Šš´¡Á¥°¦¤´œž¦³‹Îµ {~Š˜³ª´œ°°„ °Š ¤nœÊεÁ°¨Á ¨³Ÿ¼o‡ª‡»¤„ε¨´Šš®µ¦š¸ÉÁ¤º°Š±´œÃœÁª°¦r Ž„ÃŽœ¸Â¨³š¼¦·œÁ‹¸¥ ×¥‡´¡¡r˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®o¨¹ššrª·ŽrÁž}œ „œœÎµÄœ„µ¦¥¹—°Îµœµ‹ 15 —¼­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, “Kapp Putsch : „’‡´¡¡r,” ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜µ¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž H – K 4(2546) : 285 – 288.

21

¦´“µ¨Åª¤µ¦r ¦´“µ¨Ÿ­¤š¸É‹´—˜´ÊŠ ¹Êœ®¨´Š„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠ‹¹Šž¦³„°—oª¥¡¦¦‡­µ¥„¨µŠ ¨³¡¦¦‡ iµ¥ ªµÁž}œ®¨´„ ‡º° ¡¦¦‡ÁŽœÁ˜°¦r ¡¦¦‡ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥Á¥°¦¤´œ ¨³¡¦¦‡ž¦³µœÁ¥°¦¤´œ ×¥¤¸ ‡°œ­˜´œ˜·œ Á¢Á¦œ´‡ (Konstantin Fehrenbach) ‹µ„¡¦¦‡ÁŽœÁ˜°¦rÁž}œœµ¥„¦´“¤œ˜¦¸

ª·„§˜„µ¦–rÁ«¦¬“„·‹Â¨³„µ¦Á¤º°Š ‡.«.1920 – 1921

¤o¦´“µ¨ °ŠÁ¢Á¦œµ‡‹³‡ª‡»¤­™µœ„µ¦–ršµŠ­´Š‡¤ ¨³„µ¦Á¤º°ŠÅªoŗo ˜nž{®µ Á«¦¬“„·‹š¸É¦»¤Á¦oµÂ¨³®œ¸Ê­·œ­Š‡¦µ¤„ȚεĮo¦´“µ¨ µ—Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡ „µ¦„n°‹¨µ‹¨Â¨³„µ¦ Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª °Š iµ¥˜n°˜oµœ­µ›µ¦–¦´“¥´Š‡ŠÁ„·— ¹ÊœÃ—¥ÁŒ¡µ³ÄœÂ‡ªoœµªµÁ¦¸¥ ĜÁ—º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ ‡.«. 1921 ‡–³„¦¦¤µ›·„µ¦ นกัiµ¥ž’ห·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤ °Š อสมุดกลาiµ¥­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦„ε®œ—‹ÎµœªœÁŠ·œ‡nµ ž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤š¸ÉÁ¥°¦¤œ ส¸˜oำ°Š‹nµ¥Áž}œÁŠ·œ 132 ¡´œ¨oµœ¤µ¦r‡š°Šง ¨³Ä®o‹nµ¥Áž}œ¦µ¥že ®¦º°‹³‹nµ¥ Áž}œ™nµœ®·œÂ¨³Á®¨ Ȅ„Èŗo ˜n˜o°Š„´œÁŠ·œ¦µ¥Å—o‹µ„£µ¬¸ µÁ oµ¦o°¥¨³ 25 Á¡ºÉ°Îµ¦³‡nµ ž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤—oª¥Â¨³˜o°Š°°„¡´œ›´˜¦ 4,000 ¡´œ¨oµœž°œ—rÄ®o„n¡´œ›¤·˜¦¥¹—Áž}œ ®¨´„ž¦³„´œ ¨³®µ„Ťn­µ¤µ¦™Îµ¦³£µ¥ÄœÁª¨µš¸É„ε®œ— iµ¥­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦ n¤ ¼nªnµ‹³Á oµ¥¹—‡ªoœ ¦¼®r Ž¹ÉŠÁžœÁ ˜°} »˜­µ®„¦¦¤œ {~ŠÂ¤nœÊεŦœr Á¥°¦¤œ¸Ž¹ÉŠÅ¤n­µ¤µ¦™®µÁŠ·œ¤µÎµ¦³Å—o¤µ„‹¹Š®µšµŠ °°„—oª¥„µ¦¡·¤¡r›œ´˜¦°¥nµŠ¤®µ«µ¨Á¡ºÉ°Â¨„Áž¨¸É¥œ„´š°Š‡ÎµÂ¨³ÁŠ·œ˜nµŠµ˜·­„»¨˜nµŠ Ç Ž¹ÉŠ œÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦Á„·—£µª³ÁŠ·œÁ¢j°°¥nµŠ®œ´„ ‡nµÁŠ·œ¤µ¦r‡¨—¨Š°¥nµŠ¦ª—Á¦Èª °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤Á¥°¦¤œ¸„È ­µ¤µ¦™Îµ¦³ÁŠ·œŠª—¦„Å—o˜µ¤„ε®œ— ˜n‡nµÁŠ·œ¤µ¦r‡š¸É¨—¨Š°¥nµŠ¦ª—Á¦Èª„ȚεĮo iµ¥ ­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦¥°¤Ÿn°œž¦œ„µ¦Îµ¦³ÁŠ·œÄ®o„nÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Ã—¥„µ¦šÎµ o°˜„¨Šª·­µÁ—œ (Wiesbaden Agreement)ĜÁ—º°œ˜»¨µ‡¤ ץĮo‹nµ¥‡nµž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤Áž}œ­·ÉŠ °Š ˜nÁ«¦¬“„·‹ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸š¸É ˜„˜É娊°¥nµŠ˜n°ÁœºÉ°ŠšÎµÄ®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Å¤n­µ¤µ¦™¦´£µ¦³‹nµ¥‡nµž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤Å—o˜µ¤Ážjµ®¤µ¥ –³Á—¸¥ª„´œ ¦´ÉŠÁ«­˜o°Š„µ¦Å—oÁŠ·œ—čo¤µ„š¸É­»—„ȝ¸Ä®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Îµ¦³ÁŠ·œ­—šœ­·ÉŠ °Š®¦º° ­·œ‡oµ £µª³¸‡´Êœ—´Š„¨nµªšÎµÄ®oÁ¢Á¦œµ‡˜¦³®œ´„ªnµÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Å¤n­µ¤µ¦™ž’·´˜·˜µ¤ o°Á¦¸¥„¦o°Š °Šž¦³Áš«­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦Å—o‹¹Š˜´—­·œÄ‹¨µ°°„ Ã¥ÁŽ¢ Áª¸¥¦rš (Josepf Wirth) ‹µ„¡¦¦‡ÁŽœÁ˜°¦rŗo—ε¦Š˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ­ºÂšœÁ¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 10 ¡§¬£µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1921 Á µž¦´‡–³¦´“µ¨Ã—¥Ážd—ð„µ­Ä®o¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°Š iµ¥Žoµ¥Á oµ¦nª¤Äœ‡–³ ¦´“µ¨Ž¹ÉŠ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ¡¦¦‡Á°­¡¸—¸Â¨³¡¦¦‡ž¦³µ›·Å˜¥Á¥°¦¤´œ—oª¥ Áª¸¥š¦r—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥š¸É‹³ ¦nª¤¤º°Á˜È¤š¸É„´ iµ¥­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o¦¦¨» o°˜„¨Šš¸É„ε®œ—Ūo ×¥‡µ—®ª´ŠªnµÁ¤ºÉ°Á¥°¦¤œ¸Å—o ¡¥µ¥µ¤°¥nµŠÁ˜È¤š¸ÉĜ„µ¦Îµ¦³‡nµž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤ ˜n®µ„¨o¤Á®¨ªž¦³Áš«­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦‹³Á oµÄ‹ ­™µœ„µ¦–r¨³¥°¤Ÿn°œž¦œÄ®o¤¸„µ¦Â„oÅ o°˜„¨ŠÅ—o œÃ¥µ¥ °Š¦´“µ¨Á¦¸¥„„´œ˜n°¤µªnµ œÃ¥µ¥„µ¦šÎµÄ®o¦¦¨» o°˜„¨Š (Fulfillment)ŗo¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ°¥nµŠ¤µ„‹µ„ª´¨Áš°¦r ¦µÁšÁœµ

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(Walter Rathenau) ¦´“¤œ˜¦¸ªnµ„µ¦„¦³š¦ªŠ˜nµŠž¦³Áš« ¦µÁšÁœµ‹¹Š­œ´­œ»œ„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª °Š „¨»n¤œ´„›»¦„·‹°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤Á¥°¦¤´œš¸É˜o°Š„µ¦˜·—˜n°Â¨³¢gœ¢¼„µ¦‡oµ„´­®£µ¡ÃŽÁª¸¥˜Å—oĜ‡.«. 1921 ¨³„¨µŠ‡.«.1922 „¦³š¦ªŠ„µ¦˜nµŠž¦³Áš«Å—o˜·—˜n°ž¦³­µœŠµœÄ®o¤¸„µ¦Á‹¦‹µ¦nª¤¤º°„´œ š´ÉªÅžšµŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹Â¨³„µ¦‡oµ®¨µ¥‡¦´ÊŠ¦³®ªnµŠ„¨»n¤Ÿ¼ošœ„µ¦‡oµÁ¥°¦¤´œ„´ÃŽÁª¸¥˜ ‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º° šµŠ„µ¦‡oµ¦³®ªnµŠ­°Šž¦³Áš«š¸ÉÁ¦·É¤˜oœÄœ„¨µŠ‡.«. 1921 ¥´ŠœÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦Á‹¦‹µ¦nª¤¤º°¨´šµŠš®µ¦ —oª¥16 ˜n°¤µÄœÁ—º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ ‡.«. 1922 Á¥°¦¤œ¸„´­®£µ¡ÃŽÁª¸¥˜„ȨŠœµ¤¦nª¤¤º°„´œÄœ ­œ›·­´µ¦µž{¨Ã¨ (Treaty of Rapallo)17 ­œ›·­´µ¦µž{¨Ã¨Å¤nÁ¡¸¥ŠšÎµÄ®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Â¨³ÃŽÁª¸¥˜ ®¨»—¡oœ‹µ„£µª³š¸É™¼„Â¥„Ä®oחÁ—¸É¥ªÁšnµœ´ÊœÂ˜n¥´ŠšÎµÄ®o‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Šš´ÊŠ­°Šž¦³Áš«š¸É µ— ¨Š˜´ÊŠÂ˜nž¨µ¥‡.«. 1918 ¢gœ‡ºœš´ÊŠšÎµÄ®o‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršµŠ„µ¦‡oµÂ¨³„µ¦š®µ¦¡´•œµÂ¨³„oµª®œoµ กั หอส18มุดกล ¤µ„ ¹ÊœÁž}œ„µ¦¦´¦°Š°¥สnµŠÁžำน}œšµŠ„µ¦°¸„‡¦´ÊŠ าง °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ iµ¥š¸É˜n°˜oµœ¦´“µ¨Ã—¥ÁŒ¡µ³„¨»n¤®´ª¦»œÂ¦Š iµ¥ ªµª·‹µ¦–rˤ˜¸¦µÁšÁœµ ¨³­œ›·­´µ¦µž{¨Ã¨°¥nµŠ¤µ„Á¡¦µ³Á®Èœªnµ„µ¦¥°¤¦´‡ªµ¤‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°„´­®£µ¡ÃŽÁª¸¥˜ Áž}œ„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥Ã°„µ­š¸É‹³Á‹¦‹µ˜„¨Š iµ¥­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦ ®¨´Š„µ¦¨Šœµ¤Äœ­œ›·­´µ¦µž{¨Ã¨Å—o 6 ­´ž—µ®r ¦µÁšÁœµŽ¹ÉŠ™¼„„¨nµª®µÁž}œ¥·ªš¸ÉŒ„Œª¥ž¦³Ã¥œr‹µ„„µ¦ž’·ª´˜·‡.«. 1918 ­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤¤´ÉŠ‡´ÉŠ Ä®o„n˜œÁ°Š„È™¼„¨°­´Š®µ¦Ã—¥­¤µ·„„¨»n¤µ˜·œ·¥¤ ªµ‹´—Ž¹ÉŠÁ‡¥¨°­´Š®µ¦Â°¦rŽÂ¦rÁ„°¦r°—¸˜ ¦´“¤œ˜¦¸ªnµ„µ¦„¦³š¦ªŠ„µ¦‡¨´ŠÄœ‡.«. 1921 ¦´“µ¨˜°Ã˜o—oª¥„µ¦°°„„‘®¤µ¥Á¡ºÉ°ž„žj°Š ­µ›µ¦–¦´“ (Law to Defend the Republic) ‹µ„„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤—oª¥ª·›¸„µ¦¦»œÂ¦Š °Š iµ¥ ªµ ץĮo °Îµœµ‹Á—È— µ—„n˜Îµ¦ª‹Äœ„µ¦¦´„¬µ‡ªµ¤­ŠÄœ­´Š‡¤ ¨³¤¸„µ¦‹´—˜´ÊŠ«µ¨¡·Á«¬ ¹ÊœÁ¡ºÉ°¡·‹µ¦–µ ‡—¸Á„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦„n°„µ¦¦oµ¥Ã—¥ÁŒ¡µ³ –³Á—¸¥ª„´œ„¦³Â­‡ªµ¤‡·—˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ª„È„n°˜´ª ¹ÊœÁ¡¦µ³ Á¦·É¤¤¸®¨´„“µœªnµ¡ª„¥·ªÃ—¥ÁŒ¡µ³»‡‡¨´ÊœœÎµÄœ­´Š‡¤š¸É¤¸ÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ª¤¸­nªœšÎµÄ®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸ž¦µ´¥ Ĝ­Š‡¦µ¤ ž{®µÁŠ·œÁ¢j°š¸É¦»œÂ¦Š ¥µ¥˜´ª„ªoµŠ ¹Êœ Ĝž¨µ¥‡.«. 1922 ¦´“µ¨Á¥°¦¤œ¸ °Ÿn°œŸ´œ

16 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, œµŽ¸­¤´¥Åª¤µ¦r, 51. 17 ­œ›·­´µ¦µž{¨Ã¨„ε®œ—Ä®oš´ÊŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Â¨³­®£µ¡ÃŽÁª¸¥˜¥„Á¨·„®œ¸Ê­·œÂ¨³ o°Á¦¸¥„¦o°Š‹µ„ ­Š‡¦µ¤ š´ÊŠšµŠ„µ¦š®µ¦Â¨³¡¨Á¦º°œš¸É¤¸˜n°„´œ ¨³˜„¨Š¦n¤¤º°„´œ°¥nµŠÄ„¨o·—šµŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹Â¨³„µ¦‡oµ ¤¸„µ¦ ˜„¨ŠÂ¨„Áž¨¸É¥œŸ¼ošœšµŠ„µ¦š¼˜Â¨³„µ¦‹´—˜´ÊŠ­™µœ„Š­»¨Äœ—·œÂ—œ °Š„´œÂ¨³„´œ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ„µ¦®µ¦º°¦nª¤„´œ š»„‡¦´ÊŠÄœ„µ¦˜„¨Š­Îµ‡´Ç¦³®ªnµŠž¦³Áš« š´ÊŠ­°Š¥°¤¦´­£µ¡„µ¦Áž}œž¦³Áš«š¸Éŗo¦´„µ¦°œ»Á‡¦µ³®r¥·ÉŠ ¦³®ªnµŠ„´œ —¼ °œ´œ˜r´¥ Á¨µ®³¡´œ›» ¨³­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, ¦´­ÁŽ¸¥­¤´¥Žµ¦r¨³­´Š‡¤œ·¥¤, („¦»ŠÁš¡² : «´„—·Ã­£µ „µ¦¡·¤¡r, 2548), 332 – 335.. 18 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, Á¨œ·œ„´„µ¦­¦oµŠ¦´“­´Š‡¤œ·¥¤ÃŽÁª¸¥˜ („¦»ŠÁš¡² : «´„—·Ã­£µ„µ¦¡·¤¡r, 2533), 232 – 235.

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Áª¨µÎµ¦³‡nµž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤Â˜n ¦´ÉŠÁ«­Å¤n¥°¤Â¨³ n¤ ¼n‹³Äo¤µ˜¦„µ¦¦»œÂ¦Š˜n°Á¥°¦¤œ¸ ž{®µ Á«¦¬“„·‹Â¨³„µ¦ÁŠ·œš¸ÉŤn­µ¤µ¦™Â„oŠŗo¥´ŠšÎµÄ®o¡¦¦‡Á°­¡¸—¸™°œ˜´ª°°„‹µ„¦´“µ¨Ÿ­¤Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸ ­nªœšÎµÄ®oœµ¥„¦´“¤œ˜¦¸Áª¸¥¦šr¨µ°°„Äœª´œš¸É 14 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ ‡.«.1922 ª·¨Á±¨r¤ ‡¼Ãœ (Wilhelm Cuno)œ´„„µ¦Á¤º°Š° ·­¦³Ž¹ÉŠÅ—oºÉ°ªnµÁž}œŸ¼o­œ´­œ»œŸ¨ž¦³Ã¥œr °Šœ´„›»¦„·‹°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤ ¹Êœ —ε¦Š˜ÎµÂ®œnŠœµ¥„¦´“¤œ˜¦¸Â¨³Å—ož¦³„µ«ªnµÁ¥°¦¤œ¸­µ¤µ¦™‹nµ¥‡nµž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤š¸É‹³Å¤n šÎµ¨µ¥‡nµÁŠ·œ¤µ¦r‡Â¨³Á«¦¬“„·‹ °Šž¦³Áš«Å—oÁ¡¸¥Š 20 ¡´œ¨oµœ¤µ¦r‡Ášnµœ´Êœ

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19 —¼­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦ “National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – NSDAP) ; Nazi Party : ¡¦¦‡Â¦ŠŠµœ­´Š‡¤œ·¥¤Â®nŠµ˜·Á¥°¦¤´œ, ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸” ­µ¦µœ»„¦¦¤ ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž °´„¬¦ L-O 5 (2551) : 599 – 609.

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ĜnªŠš¸É¤¸„µ¦‹´—„µ¦»¤œ»¤Â¨³ž¦³»¤¡¦¦‡ ¨³Áž}œ®œnª¥¡·š´„¬r±·˜Á¨°¦r ×¥Á¦¸¥„ºÉ°ªnµ ®œnª¥¡µ¥» ®¦º°®œnª¥Á°­Á° ( Stromtroper ; SA – Sturmabteilung) Ž¹ÉŠÄœÁª¨µ˜n°¤µ¤¸šµš­Îµ‡´ Ĝ„µ¦­œ´­œ»œÄ®o±·˜Á¨°¦r ¹Êœ­¼n°Îµœµ‹ ˜n°¤µ±·˜Á¨°¦rÄ®o­¤µ·„¡¦¦‡Á¦¸¥„ºÉ°Á µÄœœµ¤¡¦¦‡œµ Ž¸ªnµ ¢g°Á¦°¦r (Führer) ĜnªŠ¦³®ªnµŠ‡.«. 1921 – 1923 ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸ž¦³­‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹Äœ„µ¦ÁŸ¥Â¡¦n°»—¤„µ¦–r ¡¦¦‡Â¨³ ¥µ¥“µœ°Îµœµ‹ °Š¡¦¦‡°°„Åž°¥nµŠ„ªoµŠ ªµŠÄœÂ‡ªoœµªµÁ¦¸¥ ×¥¦´“µ¨ iµ¥ ªµ °ŠµªµÁ¦¸¥Ä®o„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ ˜n°¤µÁ¤ºÉ°Á„·—ª·„§˜„µ¦–ršµŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹ÄœÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œŸ¨‹µ„„µ¦ š¸É ¦´ÉŠÁ«­­nŠ„ε¨´Šš®µ¦Á oµ¥¹—‡ªoœ¦¼®r ±·˜Á¨°¦rÁ®ÈœªnµÁ®˜»„µ¦–r—´Š„¨nµªÁž}œÃ°„µ­­Îµ‡´ °Š„µ¦ ¥¹—°Îµœµ‹ Á¤ºÉ°„µ¦œ´—®¥»—Šµœ °Š„¦¦¤„¦ÄœÂ‡ªั หอสมุดกลoœ¦¼®r¨³„µ¦ž¦³„µ«Š—Îµ¦³‡nµ ž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤šÎµÄ®o­™µœ„µ¦–สำนกršµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°ŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹Â¨³­าง´Š‡¤Á¨ª¦oµ¥¤µ„ ¹Êœ Á„·—„µ¦‹¨µ‹¨ ˜µ¤Á¤º°Š˜nµŠ Ç ¦ª¤š ´ÊŠ£µª³ÁŠ ·œÁ¢j°Â¨³‡œ˜„Šµœš´Éªž¦³Áš« ±·˜Á¨°¦r¨³„¨»n¤Ÿ¼oœÎµ iµ¥ ªµ °Š¦´“ µªµÁ¦¸¥‹¹ŠªµŠÂŸœÃ‡nœ°Îµœµ‹¦´“µ¨ ץčoÁ¤º°Š¤·ªœ·„Áž}œ‹»—Á¦·É¤˜oœ °Š„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ªÁ¡¦µ³Äœ Áª¨µœ´Êœ¦´“µ¨µªµÁ¦¸¥Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸„»­šµ¢ ¦·šÁš°¦r ¢°œ ‡µ¦r Áž}œŸ¼oœÎµ„Șo°Š„µ¦Ã‡nœ°Îµœµ‹¦´“µ¨š¸É„¦»Š Á°¦r¨·œ—oª¥ Ÿœ¥¹—°Îµœµ‹ °Š¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸‹¹ŠœÎµÅž­¼nÁ®˜»„µ¦–rš¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ„’æŠÁ¸¥¦r¦³®ªnµŠª´œš¸É 8-9 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ ‡.«. 1923 Ÿœ¥¹—°Îµœµ‹„ε®œ—ŪoĜª´œš¸É 8 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ œ´ÊœœÎµšµŠ­´Š‡¤Â¨³„µ¦Á¤º°Š °Šµ ªµÁ¦¸¥‹Îµœªœ¤µ„‹³»¤œ»¤„´œš¸ÉæŠÁ¸¥¦rÁº°¦rÁ„°¦rÁ¦µ Á‡¨Á¨°¦r ¢{Š‡Îµž¦µ«´¥ °Š„»­šµ¢ ¢°œ ‡µ¦r „°Š„ε¨´Š¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸„ªnµ 600 ‡œÁ oµžd—¨o°¤Ã¦ŠÁ¸¥¦r¨³Ãœo¤œoµªÄ®o‡µ¦r¨³˜´ªž¦³„´œ‡œ ­Îµ‡´Ä®o¦nª¤¤º°¥¹—°Îµœµ‹Á¤ºÉ°Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„Á®¨nµŸ¼o¤¸°Îµœµ‹ °ŠµªµÁ¦¸¥Â¨oª Ĝª´œš¸É 9 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ„È‹³Á‡¨ºÉ°œ„°Š„ε¨´ŠÁ oµ„¦»ŠÁ°¦r¨·œ „µ¦¥¹—°Îµœµ‹Áž}œÅž˜µ¤ÂŸœš¸ÉªµŠÅªo ˜nÁ¤ºÉ°Á®¨nµ ˜´ªž¦³„´œÅ—o¦´„µ¦ž¨n°¥˜´ª¡ª„Á µ„ÈÁž¨¸É¥œ‡ªµ¤‡·—¨³¦ª¤„ε¨´Š˜n°˜oµœ±·˜Á¨°¦r š´ÊŠ¥´ŠÂ‹oŠ nµª Á¦ºÉ°Š„µ¦¥¹—°Îµœµ‹Â„n­ºÉ°¤ª¨œšÎµÄ®o„°Šš´¡Å—o¦´‡Îµ­´ÉŠÄ®oÁ oµž¦µž¦µ¤Ÿ¼o„n°„’°¥nµŠÁ—È— µ— „œœÎµ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸­nªœÄ®n™¼„‹´ ­nªœ±·˜Á¨°¦r¤o‹³®¨®œ¸ÅžÅ—o˜n„È™¼„‹´Äœ°¸„ 2 ª´œ˜n°¤µ ¤o„’æŠÁ¸¥¦r‹³¨o¤Á®¨ªÁ¡¦µ³Å¤nŗo¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„„°Šš´¡ ˜Îµ¦ª‹ ¨³„¨»n¤„µ¦Á¤º°Š ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ¤ª¨œš´ÉªÅž ˜nŸ¨­Îµ‡´‡º°ºÉ° °Š±·˜Á¨°¦r¨³¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Á¦·É¤Áž}œš¸É¦¼o‹´„¨³¥°¤¦´„´œ ¤µ„ ¹Êœš´ÊŠÄ®ošÁ¦¸¥œÂ„n±·˜Á¨°¦rĜ„µ¦¥¹—°Îµœµ‹šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š‡¦´ÊŠ˜n°Åž20 ±·˜Á¨°¦r™¼„œÎµ˜´ª ¹Êœ ¡·‹µ¦–‡—¸š¸É«µ¨ž¦³µœš¸ÉÁ¤º°Š¤·ªœ·„ «µ¨˜´—­·œž¦´ÁŠ·œÁ µ 200 ¤µ¦r‡š°Š‡ÎµÂ¨³˜o°ŠÃš¬‹Îµ‡»„

20 —¼ ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦,“Beer Hall Putsch; Munich Putsch : „’æŠÁ¸¥¦r, „’š¸ÉÁ¤º°Š¤·ªœ·„,” ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž °´„¬¦ A-B 1 (2547) : 148-151.

27

5 že š¸É‡»„¨´œ—r­Á·¦r„ ±·˜Á¨°¦r™¼„®oµ¤šÎµ„·‹„¦¦¤šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°ŠÄœš¸É­µ›µ¦–³‹œ™¹Š‡.«. 1928 ˜n°¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤°¸„ 9 Á—º°œ˜n°¤µÁ µ„Èŗo¦´œ·¦Ãš¬„¦¦¤

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–³‹Îµ‡»„±·˜Á¨°¦rŗoÁ ¸¥œ®œ´Š­º°Å¤œr‡´¤¡¢mš¸ÉŗoºÉ°ªnµÁž}œ‡´¤£¸¦ršµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š °Šµª Á¥°¦¤´œ ¨³Áž}œ‡¼n¤º°ÂœªœÃ¥µ¥ °Š¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸ Á µ¤´„čoÁª¨µ­nªœÄ®n°nµœ®œ´Š­º°Äœ®o°Š­¤»— ‡»„Á„¸É¥ª„´ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r¨³„µ¦Á¤º°Š ®œ´Š­º°š¸É¤¸°·š›·¡¨šµŠ‡ªµ¤‡·— °ŠÁ µ¤µ„‡º° ®œ´Š­º° °´˜¸ªž¦³ª´˜· °ŠÁ±œ¦¸É ¢°¦r— (Henry Ford)ส œ´„°ม»˜­µ®„¦¦¤¦™¥œ˜ด rµªÁ¥°¦¤´œÁ¦ºÉ°Š My Life and Work ¨³ The Internationalำ Jewนกั ×¥®œหอ´Š­º°Á¨n¤®¨ุ ´กŠÅ—ลo¤¸„µ¦°างoµŠªnµ¡ª„¥·ª‡‡·—ªµŠÂŸœš¸É‹³¥¹— ‡¦°ŠÃ¨„ ¨³Âœª‡ ·—„µ¦˜ ส n°˜oµœ¨´š›·‡°¤¤·ªœ·­˜r œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê±·˜Á¨°¦r¥´ŠÅ—o°nµœ The Protocols of the Elders of Zion Ž¹ÉŠ„¨nµª™¹ŠÂŸœ¥¹—‡¦°ŠÃ¨„ °Šµª¥·ª °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ ®¨´Š­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 1 ¤o‹³¤¸„µ¦¡·­¼‹œrªnµ The Protocols Áž}œÁ°„­µ¦š¸ÉÄ®o¦oµ¥µª¥·ª ˜n iµ¥š¸ÉÁ„¨¸¥—´Šµª¥·ª¥´ŠÁºÉ°¤´Éœ ªnµÁž}œÁ¦ºÉ°Š‹¦·Š ±·˜Á¨°¦rÁ®Èœªnµ„µ¦ª·¡µ„¬rª·‹µ¦–r„¨´šÎµÄ®o The Protocols ¤¸‡ªµ¤œnµÁºÉ°™º°¤µ„ ¹Êœ ¨³‡ªµ¤¨o¤Á®¨ª °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸ ž{®µÁŠ·œÁ¢j° „µ¦ªnµŠŠµœÂ¨³°ºÉœÇ¨oªœÁ„¸É¥ª¡´œ„´ÂŸœ¦oµ¥ °Š µª¥·ª21 ±·˜Á¨°¦rÁºÉ°ªnµµª¥·ª¤¸­nªœšÎµ¨µ¥Á¥°¦¤´œ—oª¥„µ¦ ‹oªŠÂšŠ oµŠ®¨´ŠŽ¹ÉŠšÎµÄ®o‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡r š¸É 2˜o°Š¡·œµ«¨Š œª‡·—®¨´„ĜŤœr‡´¤¡¢mªnµ—oª¥Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁºÊ°µ˜· ‡ªµ¤¦·­»š›·Í¨³‡ªµ¤Á®œº°„ªnµ °ŠÁºÊ° µ˜· ×¥±·˜Á¨°¦rŗo¸Ê‹Šªnµ ÁºÊ°µ˜·‡º°­·ÉŠnŠ¸Êš¸É­Îµ‡´ °Š„µ¦—ε¦Š°¥¼n¨³°›·µ¥‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r °Š¤œ»¬¥r µª°µ¦¥´œ (Aryans) ¨³µª¥·ªœ´ÊœÁž}œ«´˜¦¼„´œ¤µ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n˜oœ ž{®µÁ„¸É¥ª„´Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁºÊ°µ˜· ŤnŗoÁ¡¸¥Šž{®µ °Šž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r脘n¦ª¤Åž™¹Šª´•œ›¦¦¤š´ÊŠ®¤— °Š¤œ»¬¥r—oª¥ ±·˜Á¨°¦rÁºÉ° ªnµ¤¸Á¡¸¥Š­µ¥Á¨º°—Á¡¸¥Š°¥nµŠÁ—¸¥ªÁšnµœ´Êœš¸É‹³°¥¼n‡Ššœ™µª¦Å¤nªnµ¤œ»¬¥rœ´Êœ‹³Á o¤Â Ȋ®¦º°°n°œÂ° ‹µ„ž¦³­„µ¦–r¨³‡ªµ¤š¦Š‹Îµ˜nµŠÇš¸Éŗo¦´¤µ šÎµÄ®o±·˜Á¨°¦r¤°Šªnµž{®µ˜nµŠÇ¤µ„¤µ¥š¸É Á„·— ¹Êœš»„ª´œœ¸Ê ¤¸Á¡¸¥ŠÁ¦ºÉ°Š °ŠÁºÊ°µ˜·Ášnµœ´Êœš¸Éŗo¦´„µ¦‡»o¤‡¦°Š‹µ„µ˜· Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ„µ¦¸ÊÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ ž{®µœ¸Ê¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´Äœ“µœ³š¸ÉÁž}œÁ®˜»ž{‹‹´¥ °Š„µ¦Á„·— ¹ÊœÂ¨³Á­ºÉ°¤¨Š °Š°µ¦¥›¦¦¤¤œ»¬¥r „µ¦šÎµ‡ªµ¤Á oµÄ‹Á„¸É¥ª„´ž{®µ °Šµª¥·ª (Jewish Problem) ‹¹ŠÁž}œ­·ÉŠ‹ÎµÁž}œš¸É˜o°ŠšÎµ„n°œ„µ¦šÎµ ‡ªµ¤Á oµÄ‹ž{®µÁ¦ºÉ°ŠÁºÊ°µ˜· (Racial Problem) „µ¦¢gœ¢¼ž¦³Áš«Á¥°¦¤œ¸‹³Å¤n¦¦¨»Ÿ¨­ÎµÁ¦È‹™oµ ž¦µ«‹µ„‡ªµ¤¦¼oÁ„¸É¥ª„´ž{®µµª¥·ª°¥nµŠ´—‹oŠ —´Šœ´Êœž{®µµª¥·ª‹¹Š˜o°Š™¼„„ε‹´—Åž œµ˜·

21 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦. “ Ťœr‡´¤¡¢m (Mein Kampf) ®œ´Š­º°˜o°Š®oµ¤Â®nŠ‡¦·­˜r«˜ª¦¦¬š¸É 20 ,” ªµ¦­µ¦ ¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ 31,1 (¤„¦µ‡¤-¤¸œµ‡¤ 2549) : 171-172.

28

°µ¦¥´œœ´ÊœÁž}œŸ¼o­¦oµŠÂ¨³¡´•œµª´•œ›¦¦¤ —´Šœ´Êœš´ÊŠ°µ¦¥›¦¦¤Â¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤ °Š¤œ»¬¥r‹¹ŠÁž}œ­·ÉŠ š¸ÉŤn°µ‹Â¥„°°„‹µ„µª°µ¦¥´œÅ—o ×¥›¦¦¤µ˜· ×¥­µ¥Á¨º°— šÎµÄ®oµª°µ¦¥´œÁž}œŸ¼oš¸Éŗo¦´„µ¦ Á¨º°„­¦¦Ä®ož„‡¦°ŠÃ¨„ „µ¦‡Š°¥¼n °Šª´•œ›¦¦¤‹¹Š ¹Êœ°¥¼n„´„µ¦¦´„¬µÂ¨³‡»o¤‡¦°Š‹µ„µª °µ¦¥´œ­µ¥Á¨º°—¦·­»š›·ÍÁšnµœ´Êœ —´ŠÁnœš¸É±·˜Á¨°¦rŗo„¨nµªÅªoªnµ “ Á¦µ˜o°Š˜n°­¼oÁ¡ºÉ°ž„žj°ŠÁºÊ°µ˜· ¨´ž¦´µœ ¨´„µ¦‡ŠÅªoŽ¹ÉŠ­µ¥Á¨º°—¦·­»š›·Í °Š¡ª„Á¦µ Á¡ºÉ°Á­¦¸£µ¡Â¨´°·­¦£µ¡ °Šžd˜»£¼¤· ž¦´µœ °ŠÁ¦µ˜o°ŠÁ˜·Ã˜°¥nµŠ¤¸‡»–£µ¡ Á¡ºÉ°šÎµ£µ¦„·‹š¸É¡¦´Á‹oµÅ—o„ε®œ—¤µ ”22 ‹µ„‡Îµ¡¼— —´Š„¨nµªÂ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ±·˜Á¨°¦r¤¸‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦š¸É‹³­Šªœ­´Š‡¤ °ŠÁºÊ°µ˜·¦·­»š›·ÍŪo „µ¦¤¸ ­´¤¡´œ›r„´µ˜·°ºÉœÇ‹³šÎµÄ®oÁºÊ°µ˜·°µ¦¥´œÁ­ºÉ°¤Ãš¦¤¨Š ¦´“˜o°Š„ε®œ—Ä®oÁºÊ°µ˜·Áž}œ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠ °Š¸ª·˜ ¨³Å¤n‹ÎµÁž}œš¸É‹³˜o°Š°Îµœª¥‡ªµ¤­³—ª„Ä®หอสมุดกo„´¡ª„¥ล ·ª®¦º°¡ª„œ°„„‘®¤µ¥ Ž¹ÉŠ£µ¦„·‹ Á®¨nµœ¸Êž¦³µœµªÁ¥°¦¤´สœ˜ำนo°Š¦กั nª¤„´œ­¦oµŠ ¹Êœ าง ­Îµ®¦´±·˜Á¨°¦ r¨oªµª°µ¦¥´œ‡º°˜´ªÂšœ‡ªµ¤­¤¼¦–r °Š¤œ»¬¥r Ĝ –³š¸Éµª¥·ª Áž}œ«¼œ¥r¦ª¤ °Š‡ªµ¤´Éª¦oµ¥ Á µ„¨nµª°oµŠ™¹Š‡ªµ¤´ÉªoµÁ¨ªš¦µ¤ °Šµª¥·ªªnµÁž}œ­·ÉŠš¸É¤¸°¥¼nĜ ­µ¥Á¨º°— Ž¹ÉŠž¦µ„’Ä®oÁ®ÈœÁž}œ®¨´„“µœšµŠ—oµœ„µ¥£µ¡ ‹·˜Ä‹ ¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤ ¨³‡ªµ¤´Éª¦oµ¥ Á®¨nµœ¸Êŗo‡n°¥Çš¦„Ž¹¤Á oµ­¼n­´Š‡¤Á¥°¦¤´œ­¤´¥Ä®¤n µª¥·ªÁž¦¸¥Á­¤º°œ­·ÉŠž’·„¼¨Â¨³ÁºÊ°Ã¦‡š¸É Áž}œ¡µ®³œÎµÃ¦‡¦oµ¥Á oµ­¼n­µ¥Á¨º°—°ºÉœÇ ±·˜Á¨°¦r„¨nµª®µµª¥·ªÃ—¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥nµŠ¥·ÉŠÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š °Š‡ªµ¤ Á­ºÉ°¤š¦µ¤šµŠÁ¡« ¨³„¨nµªÃš¬ªnµÁž}œ˜oœÁ®˜»š¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁ„·—懎·¢d¨·­ (syphilis) µª¥·ªÁž}œÁ®¤º°œ ž¦­·˜š¸ÉšÎµÄ®oÁºÊ°µ˜·°µ¦¥´œ˜o°ŠÂž—Ážg°œ Áž¦¸¥Á­¤º°œŸ¸—¼—Á¨º°—šµŠ„µ¦ÁŠ·œÂ¨³Á«¦¬“„·‹ ±·˜ Á¨°¦rÁºÉ°ªnµµª¥·ªœ´Êœ‡º°¡ª„š¸ÉŤn¤¸£µ¬µÂ¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤Áž}œ °Š˜œÁ°Š —´Šœ´Êœ¡ª„Á µ‹¹Š˜o°Š —¼—„¨ºœÁ°µ‹µ„ª´•œ›¦¦¤°ºÉœ ¨³šoµ¥š¸É­»—„È‹³™¼„šÎµ¨µ¥Åž Ťœr‡´¤¡¢m‹¹ŠÁž}œ¤»¤¤°Šš¸É„¨nµª™¹Š ‡ªµ¤ ´—Â¥oŠ¦³®ªnµŠµª°µ¦¥´œ„´µª¥·ª ­Îµ®¦´±·˜Á¨°¦r¨oªÁ µÁºÉ°ªnµµª¥·ªÁž}œ­µÁ®˜» °Š‡ªµ¤ ´Éª¦oµ¥ ‡ªµ¤Á‡¦µ³®r¦oµ¥ ¨³Ã«„œµ’„¦¦¤š´ÊŠ®¤—23

nªŠ„µ¦¢œ¢g ¨³„µ¦¤¼ ¸Á­™¸¥¦£µ¡ ‡.«. 1924-1929

¤oÁ˜¦ÁŽ¤´œœr‹³—ε¦Š˜ÎµÂ®œnŠœµ¥„¦´“¤œ˜¦¸Á¡¸¥Š´ÉªÁª¨µ°´œ­´Êœ ˜nœªšµŠ„µ¦¦·®µ¦ ž¦³Áš«š¸É¥°¤¦´­£µª³‡ªµ¤Áž}œ‹¦·Š °Šž{®µ„µ¦Á¤º°ŠÂ¨³Á«¦¬“„·‹Ã—¥¡¥µ¥µ¤Â„oÅ Ä®o˜¦Š „´ž{®µ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ„µ¦ž¦´œÃ¥µ¥„µ¦˜nµŠž¦³Áš«—oª¥„µ¦¦nª¤¤º°„´ž¦³Áš«˜³ª´œ˜„¤µ„ ¹Êœ

22Lucy S. Dawidowicz.,The War Against the Jews 1933-1945, (New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975), 18. 23 Lucy S. Dawidowicz.,The War Against the Jews 1933-1945, 18

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24 Ÿœ—°­r Áž}œÂŸœ„µ¦nª¥Á®¨º°Á¥°¦¤œ¸¦³®ªnµŠ‡.«.1924-1929 °Šž¦³Áš«­´¤¡´œ›¤·˜¦ Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o Á¥°¦¤œ¸Ž¹ÉŠž¦µ´¥Äœ­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 1 ­µ¤µ¦™Â„ož{®µÁ«¦¬“„·‹˜„˜Éε „µ¦Îµ¦³®œ¸Ê­·œÂ¨³‡nµ ž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤Ä®oŗoš´œ„ε®œ—Áª¨µ (—¼ °œ´œ˜r´¥ Á¨µ®³¡´œ›r, “Dawes Plan 1924 : Ÿœ—°­r ¡.«. 2467 ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž °´„¬¦ C-D 2 (2544) : 249-251.)

30

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25 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, œµŽ¸Äœ­¤´¥Åª¤µ¦r, 95. 26 Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œ, 96.

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27 —¼ ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, “Locarno, Treaties of; Locarno Pacts : ­œ›·­´µÃ¨‡µ¦rÜ; „˜·„µ­´µÃ¨‡µ¦r Ü (¡.«.2468) ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž °´„¬¦L-O 5 (2551) : 189-192. 28 Áž}œŸ¼o´µ„µ¦®œnª¥Á°­Á°­ Ÿ¼o´µ„µ¦š®µ¦ ¨³­¤µ·„¦³—´­¼Š °Š¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸ —ε¦Š˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ ®´ª®œoµ˜Îµ¦ª‹Á¥°¦¤´œÂ¨³¦´“¤œ˜¦¸¤®µ—Åš¥ œ´˜´ÊŠÂ˜n ‡.«. 1943 ±·¤¤rÁ¨°¦r‡ª‡»¤˜Îµ¦ª‹Â¨³„°Š„ε¨´Š ‡ªµ¤¤´Éœ‡Šš´ÊŠ®¤— ¦ª¤š´ÊŠÁ„­˜µÃž (˜Îµ¦ª‹¨´ °Š¦´“) ¨³£µ¥®¨´ŠÁž}œŸ¼o´µ„µ¦„°Šš´¡„ε¨´Šš—šœ

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„µ¦¦·®µ¦ °Š®œnª¥Á°­Á°­Ä®o¤¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡¤µ„ ¹Êœ‹œ®œnª¥Á°­Á°­¤¸šµš­Îµ‡´¤µ„ ¹ÊœÄœ „µ¦Á­¦·¤­¦oµŠ°Îµœµ‹ °Š¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸ –³Á—¸¥ª„´œ„Ȥ¸„µ¦‹´—˜´ÊŠ®œnª¥¥»ªœ±·˜Á¨°¦r ¹ÊœÄœÁ—º°œ „¦„‘µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1926 ץĮoÁž}œ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ °Š®œnª¥Á°­Á°­ Ĝ‡.«.1927 ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Á˜¦¸¥¤‹´—»¤œ»¤Ä®n¡¦¦‡°¥nµŠÁžd—ÁŸ¥Â¨³Áž}œšµŠ„µ¦‡¦´ÊŠÂ¦„š¸É Á¤º°Šœ¼Á¦¤Á·¦r„ Á¡ºÉ°Â­—Š¡¨´Š¡¦¦‡Â¨³ž¦³µ­´¤¡´œ›rœÃ¥µ¥ ×¥ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡r­Îµ‡´‡º°„µ¦ ¸ÊœÎµ‡ªµ¤‡·—Ä®o„n­¤µ·„¡¦¦‡Â¨³ž¦³µœµªÁ¥°¦¤´œÁ¦ºÉ°Š„µ¦­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤¦·­»š›·Í °ŠÁºÊ°µ˜· ¨³Ážd—˜´ª¡¦¦‡Ä®oÁž}œš¸É¥°¤¦´Â¨³¦¼o‹´„¤µ„ ¹ÊœÄœ®¤¼nœ´Êœ„¨µŠ Á¡ºÉ°Á˜¦¸¥¤„µ¦Äœ„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠš¸É ŗo„ε®œ— ¹Êœ„¨µŠ‡.«.1928 Ĝ„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠš´ÉªÅž¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°Š˜nµŠÇŗošÎµ„µ¦®µÁ­¸¥Š„´œ°¥nµŠ Á o¤Â Ȋ ˜n„µ¦š¸É¦´“µ¨‡n°œ oµŠ¤กั ¸Á­ห™¸¥¦£µ¡Â¨³Á«¦¬“„อสมุดกล·‹š¸É¤´Éœ‡Š ¹ÊœšÎµÄ®o„µ¦®µÁ­¸¥Š °Š¡¦¦‡ iµ¥ ªµÃ—¥ÁŒ¡µ³¡¦¦‡œµŽสำ¸Å¤นnž¦³­‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹¤µ„œ´„ าŸ¨„µ¦Á¨ง º°„˜´ÊŠ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Å—oÁ­¸¥ŠÁ¡¸¥Š 12 œ´ÉŠ ®¦º°¦o°¥¨³ 3 °ŠŸ¼o°°„Á­¸¥ŠÁ¨º°„˜´ÊŠÁšnµœ´Êœ ±¦r¤´œœr ¤¹¨Á¨°¦r (Hermann Müller) Ÿ¼oœÎµ ¡¦¦‡­´Š‡¤ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥Á¥°¦¤´œŽ¹ÉŠÁ‡¥—ε¦Š˜ÎµÂ®œnŠœµ¥„¦´“¤œ˜¦¸Äœ‡.«. 1920 ‹¹ŠÁž}œ œµ¥„¦´“¤œ˜¦¸°¸„‡¦´ÊŠ Á µ‹´—˜´ÊŠ¦´“µ¨Ÿ­¤Ž¹ÉŠ­nªœÄ®nÁž}œ¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°Š iµ¥Žoµ¥ Á˜¦ÁŽ¤´œœr ¥´Š‡Š¦nª¤Äœ‡–³¦´“µ¨Ÿ­¤»—œ¸Ê—oª¥Ã—¥—ε¦Š˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ¦´“¤œ˜¦¸ªnµ„µ¦„¦³š¦ªŠ„µ¦˜nµŠž¦³Áš« —´ŠÁ—·¤ ®¨´Š„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠŸnµœÅžÅ¤nœµœœ´„ ĜÁ—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1928 ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Å—o‹´—˜´ÊŠ æŠÁ¦¸¥œœ´„¡¼— (speakers school) šµŠÅž¦¬–¸¥r ¹ÊœÃ—¥¤¸ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡r®¨´„‡º°„µ¦ f„ ¨³­¦oµŠ ­¤µ·„¡¦¦‡š´ÉªÅžÄ®oÁž}œœ´„¡¼—¨³Ä®o­¤µ·„¡¦¦‡š¸Éŗo¦´„µ¦°¦¤Á—·œšµŠÅž¥´ŠÁ¤º°Š®¨ªŠ °ŠÁ ˜š¸ÉĄ¨o„´£¼¤·¨ÎµÁœµÁ¡ºÉ°‹³Å—o¤¸Ã°„µ­Å—o¢{Š„µ¦ž¦µ«¦´¥ °Šœ´„¡¼—Á ˜ (Gau-speaker) ®¦º° Ÿ¼oœÎµ¡¦¦‡¦³—´µ˜· ±·˜Á¨°¦r­œ´­œ»œÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œœ´„¡¼—°¥nµŠ¤µ„ ¨³­œ´­œ»œÄ®oŸ¼oœÎµ¡¦¦‡ ¦³—´ ˜nµŠ Ç Á oµÁ¦¸¥œ ˜n°¤µÃ¦ŠÁ¦¸¥œœ´„¡¼—„ÈÁžd—­°œ°¥nµŠÁž}œšµŠ„µ¦Á¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 6 ¡§¬£µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1929 œ°„‹µ„„µ¦ f„°¦¤„µ¦Áž}œœ´„¡¼—¨oª ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸¥´ŠÁ¦·É¤Äo­·ÉŠ¡·¤¡rÄ®oÁ®Èœž¦³Ã¥œr—oª¥ ×¥¤¸„µ¦‹´—šÎµœ·˜¥­µ¦£µ¡¦µ¥­´ž—µ®r The Illustrierter Beobachter (Illustrated Observer) °°„ ÁŸ¥Â¡¦nĜÁ—º°œ˜»¨µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1928 œ·˜¥­µ¦£µ¡¦µ¥­´ž—µ®rŒ´œ¸Ê‹³œÎµÁ­œ°Á¦ºÉ°Š˜nµŠ Ç Á„¸É¥ª„´ œÃ¥µ¥Â¨³„·‹„¦¦¤ °Š¡¦¦‡ °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤„µ¦—εÁœ·œŠµœÄœ¦³¥³Â¦„¥´ŠÅ¤n¦µ¦ºÉœÁšnµš¸É‡ª¦ Á¡¦µ³¡¦¦‡¤¸ž{®µÁ¦ºÉ°Š„µ¦ÁŠ·œ ˜n®¨´Š˜oœ‡.«. 1933 Áž}œ˜oœ¤µ Šµœž¦³µ­´¤¡´œ›r¨³Ã‰¬–µ ªœÁºÉ° °Š¡¦¦‡Äœ¦¼ž­ºÉ°¤ª¨œ˜nµŠ Ç „Ȥ¸ž¦³­·š›·£µ¡Â¨³ž¦³­‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹°¥nµŠ¤µ„ ˜n°¤µ Ĝª´œš¸É 16 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸„Èŗo¤¸„µ¦‹´—„µ¦»¤œ»¤ ¹Êœ ×¥±·˜Á¨°¦rŗož¦µ«¦´¥Áœoœž¦³Á—Èœ

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30 Áž}œÃ‡¦Š„µ¦š¸É‹´—˜´ÊŠ ¹ÊœÄœ‡.«.1929 Á¡ºÉ°‹´—„µ¦„´®œ¸Ê­·œ‡nµž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤®¨´Š­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠ š¸É1 ¨³ž¦³„µ«Äošœš¸ÉŸœ„µ¦—°­rĜ‡.«.1930 ®¨´Š‹µ„Á®ÈœªnµÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Å¤n°µ‹Â„¦´£µ¦³‡nµ ž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤¤®µ«µ¨Å—oÁ¤ºÉ°Áª¨µŸnµœÅž „ε®œ—Ä®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸˜o°ŠÎµ¦³®œ¸ÊÁž}œž¦³‹Îµš»„žeže¨³ 473 ¨oµœ —°¨¨µ¦r­®¦´“ ‹µ„‡nµž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤š´ÊŠ®¤—­µ¤­nªœÅ—onŠ°°„Áž}œ­nªœš¸É˜o°Š‹nµ¥Ä®o‡¦‹Îµœªœ°¥nµŠÅ¤n¤¸ ÁŠºÉ°œÅ ¨³°¸„­°Š­nªœš¸ÉÁ®¨º°Áž}œ­nªœš¸É­µ¤µ¦™Ÿn°œÎµ¦³˜n°Åž°¸„Å—o

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31 —¼ ­¤¦ œ·˜·š´–”rž¦³£µ­, ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­®¦´“°Á¤¦·„µ ‡.«.1865-1945 : ¥»‡®¨´Š­Š‡¦µ¤„¨µŠÁ¤º°Š ™¹Š­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É­°Š, ¡·¤¡r‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 2 („¦»ŠÁš¡ : ­Îµœ´„¡·¤¡r¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r, 2548 ), 279-293.

35

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„µ¦¨µ°°„ °Š¤¹¨Á¨°¦rÁžd—šµŠÄ®oűœr¦· ¦º°œ·Š (Heinrich Brünning) ®´ª®œoµ¡¦¦‡ÁŽœ Á˜°¦rŽ¹ÉŠÁ¸É¥ªµšµŠ„µ¦‡¨´ŠÅ—o¦´Â˜nŠ˜´ÊŠÁž}œœµ¥„¦´“¤œ˜¦¸Á¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 28 ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1930 ¦ºœœ·ŠÁºÉ°¤´Éœªnµª·„§˜Á«¦¬“„·‹­µ¤µ¦™Â„oŠŗo—oª¥„µ¦¨—£µª³ÁŠ·œÁ¢j° ¨³‡ª‡»¤Á«¦¬“„·‹ °¥nµŠÁ o¤Šª—Ž¹ÉŠ¦ª¤™¹Š„µ¦˜´—¦µ¥‹นกั nµ¥ °Š¦หอส´“Äœ„µ¦‡มุดก»o¤‡¦°Š‡œªลา nµŠŠµœ Á µÁ­œ°Ä®o¨—ÁŠ·œÁ—º°œ oµ¦µ„µ¦¨Š¦o°¥¨³ 20 ¨³˜สำ´—ǦŠ„µ¦­µ›µ¦–³˜nµŠ Ç °Š¦ง´“ š´ÊŠ„——´œœµ¥‹oµŠÂ¨³œ´„›»¦„·‹Ä®o ¨—‡nµ‹oµŠÂ¦ŠŠµœ¨Š¦ o°¥¨³ 10 Á µªµŠÃ¥µ¥„µ¦Â„ož{®µÁ«¦¬“„·‹—oª¥ª·›¸„µ¦Á„ȝ£µ¬¸Á¡·É¤Â¨³˜´— Šž¦³¤µ– ˜n¦º°œ·Š„Ș¦³®œ´„ªnµœÃ¥µ¥Â„oÁ«¦¬“„·‹—´Š„¨nµª‹³Å¤nŗo¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ‹µ„ „¨»n¤„µ¦Á¤º°Š­´Š‡¤œ·¥¤ °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤œÃ¥µ¥Á«¦¬„·‹ °Š¦´“µ¨—oª¥„µ¦Äo¤µ˜¦„µ¦¦´—Á Ȥ ´— ¨³‹´—Šž¦³¤µ–­¤—»¨Å¤nŸnµœ‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ°‹µ„­£µÅ¦‡rŽ˜µ„ ¦º°œ·Š‹¹ŠÁ­œ°Ä®o ž¦³›µœµ›·—¸±·œÁ—œ¼¦r„čo°Îµœµ‹˜µ¤¤µ˜¦µ 48 °Š¦´“›¦¦¤œ¼Åª¤µ¦rž¦³„µ«Äo„§¬‘¸„µ Œ»„ÁŒ·œ Á¡ºÉ°ž„‡¦°Šž¦³Áš«Â¨³Ÿ¨´„—´œœÃ¥µ¥Á«¦¬“„·‹Ä®o¦¦¨»Ÿ¨—oª¥ o°°oµŠªnµ¦´“µ¨ °ŠÁ µ ¦´Ÿ·—°˜n°ž¦³Áš«µ˜·Å¤nčn­£µÅ¦‡rŽ˜µ„ „µ¦ž¦³„µ«Äo¤µ˜¦µ 48 —´Š„¨nµªœ´ªnµÁž}œ„µ¦ Á¦·É¤˜oœ„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š °Š¦³¦´“µ¨ž¦³›µœµ›·—¸ ¨³„µ¦Äo°Îµœµ‹ÁŸ—È‹„µ¦Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸­nªœšÎµ¨µ¥ ‡ªµ¤¤´Éœ‡Š °Š­µ›µ¦–¦´“Ū¤µ¦r ­£µÅ¦‡rŽ˜µ„ž¦³–µ¤„µ¦Äo¤µ˜¦µ 48 ¨³¨Š¤˜·Å¤nŪoªµŠÄ‹ ¦´“µ¨Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸´¥œ³°¥nµŠŒ·ªÁŒ¸¥— ¦º°œ·Š‹¹Š °Ä®ož¦³›µœµ›·—¸¥»­£µ ¨³„ε®œ—„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠ Ä®¤nĜÁ—º°œ„´œ¥µ¥œ ‡.«. 1930 32 „µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠÁ„·— ¹Êœ –³š¸É¦¦¥µ„µ«šµŠ­´Š‡¤°¥¼nĜ£µª³­·Êœ®ª´ŠÂ¨³®—®¼n Á¡¦µ³ž{®µ ¸‡´ÊœšµŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹Â¨³„µ¦Á¤º°Š ¤o„µ¦™°œ„ε¨´Šš®µ¦ °Š ¦´ÉŠÁ«­‹µ„Á ˜Å¦œr¨œ—r¨³ ¦µ¥Šµœ nµªš¸Éž¦³›µœµ›·—¸Á±°¦rÁ·¦r˜ ±¼Áª°¦r(Herbert Hoover) ®nŠ­®¦´“°Á¤¦·„µÁ­œ°„µ¦¡´„®œ¸Ê ‡nµž’·„¦¦¤­Š‡¦µ¤Â¨³®œ¸Ê­·œ­Š‡¦µ¤Ä®o„nÁ¥°¦¤œ¸œnµ‹³Áž}œ nµª— ¸­Îµ®¦´¦´“µ¨Â˜n„ÈŤnŗošÎµ Ä®o¦¦¥µ„µ«šµŠ­´Š‡¤—¸ ¹Êœ ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Ž¹ÉŠž¦´Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ„µ¦—εÁœ·œŠµœ °Š¡¦¦‡˜´ÊŠÂ˜n‡.«. 1925 ¨³¤¸šÁ¦¸¥œ„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠÄœ‡.«. 1928 ŗoÄ®o‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´„´„µ¦®µÁ­¸¥ŠÁ¨º°„˜´ÊŠš»„ ´Êœ˜°œ°¥nµŠ ¨³Á°¸¥— ±·˜Â¨°¦r¨³Á®¨nµÂ„œœÎµœµŽ¸˜nµŠž¦µ«¦´¥Äœž¦³Á—ÈœÁ¦ºÉ°Šš¸Éž¦³µœ­œÄ‹Â¨³Áœoœ„µ¦

32 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, œµŽ¸­¤´¥Åª¤µ¦r, 132.

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35 —¼ ­¤Ä‹ šæ‹œr›¸¦³¦´˜r “Gleichschaltung (C0-ordination) : ń¨‡rµ¨š»Š ” ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž Á¨n¤ 3 °´„¬¦ E-G. („¦»ŠÁš¡² : ¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ , 2543 ), 379-381.

46

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36 Á„­˜µÃž (Geheime Staats Polizei) Ž¹ÉŠ®¤µ¥™¹Š ˜Îµ¦ª‹¨´Áž}œ®œnª¥Šµœ°·­¦³ °Š¦´“šÎµ®œoµš¸É‡Êε‹»œ ¨´š›·œµŽ¸ ¡·š´„¬r¨³Á­¦·¤°Îµœµ‹Ÿ¼oœÎµ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸ ¨³„ε‹´— iµ¥˜¦Š oµ¤¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸ÄœÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Â¨³—·œÂ—œš¸É°¥¼n £µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦‡¦°‡¦°Š °ŠÁ¥°¦¤´œ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ¦´Ÿ·—°˜n°„µ¦­´Š®µ¦µª¥·ªš´Éª¥»Ã¦ž (—¼ ­¤Ä‹ šæ‹œr›¸¦³¦´˜r, “Gestapo : Á„­˜µÃž,” ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž °´„¬¦ E-G 3 (2543) : 362-363 )

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­´œ˜³žµžµ„´¦´“µ¨ ®¦º°„Š„°¦r—µ (Concordat) ‡.«. 193337 ­µ¦³­Îµ‡´‡º°«µ­œ‹´„¦¤¸Á­¦¸£µ¡ šµŠ«µ­œµ°¥nµŠÁ˜È¤š¸É¨³«µ­œ­¤´˜·Å—o¦´‡ªµ¤‡»o¤‡¦°Š‹µ„¦´“ ¡¦³¦³—´·°¢˜o°Šž’·µ–˜œ ‹Š¦´„£´„—¸˜n°‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡r ­´œ˜³žµžµ‹³Â˜nŠ˜´ÊŠ¡¦³¦³—´·°Â¨³°µ¦r·°Å—o £µ¥®¨´Š‹µ„„µ¦®µ¦º°„´¦´“µ¨Á¥°¦¤´œ ¨³¡¦³®oµ¤¥»nŠÁ„¸É¥ª„´„·‹„¦¦¤šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š „Š„°¦r—µ‡.«. 1933 œ´Áž}œ´¥œ³šµŠ„µ¦š¼˜ °Š¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Á¡¦µ³µªÁ¥°¦¤´œÂ¨³œµœµž¦³Áš« Á®Èœªnµ­Îµœ´„ªµ˜·„´œ¥°¤¦´¦³°œµŽ¸Ž¹ÉŠ­nŠŸ¨Ä®o¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸Á¦·É¤Áž}œš¸É¥°¤¦´¤µ„ ¹ÊœÄœ¥»Ã¦ž „µ¦¥»˜´ª °Š¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°Š˜nµŠ Ç ¥´ŠšÎµÄ®o¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸„¨µ¥Áž}œ¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°ŠÁ—¸¥ªš¸É¤¸°Îµœµ‹šµŠ „µ¦Á¤º°Š ¨³Äœª´œš¸É 14 „¦„‘µ‡¤ ±·˜Á¨°¦r„ε®œ—Ä®o¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Áž}œ¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°Š®¨´„š¸É° ›¦¦¤Á¡¸¥Š¡¦¦‡Á—¸¥ªÄœÁ¥°¦¤´œÂ¨³®oµ¤‹´—˜´ÊŠ¡¦¦‡„µ¦Á¤º°Š°ºÉœÄ— ¹Êœ°¸„ šµŠ—oµœ­´Š‡¤œ´ÊœÅ„¨‡rµ¨š»ŠÁ¦·É¤‡»„‡µ¤µª¥·ªŽ¹ÉŠÄœnªŠÂ¦„ Ç š¸É¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Å—o°Îµœµ‹ šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š ®œnª¥Á°­Á°‹³¤¸šµš­Îµ‡´Äœ„µ¦„n°„ªœšÎµ¦oµ¥µª¥·ªÂ¨³­¦oµŠ„¦³Â­˜n°˜oµœ µª¥·ª‹œÄœ¦³¥³Áª¨µ°´œ­´ÊœÂœª‡·—˜n°˜oµœ¥·ªÁ¦·É¤„¨µ¥Áž}œ®¨´„„µ¦Â®nŠ¦´“ Ĝª´œš¸É 1 Á¤¬µ¥œ ‡.«. 1933 ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ª°¥nµŠÁžd—ÁŸ¥—oª¥„µ¦¦–¦Š‡r‡ªÉ坵˜¦¦oµœ‡oµÂ¨³›»¦„·‹ °Š µª¥·ª¦ª¤š´ÊŠ˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ªš¸É¤¸°µ¸¡Â¡š¥r¨³œ´„„‘®¤µ¥—oª¥ ®œnª¥Á°­Á°‹³ ªµŠ„´ÊœšµŠÁ oµ ¦oµœ‡oµµª¥·ªÂ¨³¼žjµ¥Á¦¸¥„¦o°ŠÄ®ož¦³µœš¸ÉŸnµœÅž¤µž„žj°Š˜œÁ°Š—oª¥„µ¦®oµ¤ŽºÊ° ­·œ‡oµ °Šµª¥·ª °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤„µ¦‡ªÉ坵˜¦¦oµœ‡oµµª¥·ª‡¦´ÊŠœ¸Ê¤¸š´ÊŠŸ¼oš¸ÉÁ®Èœ—oª¥Â¨³ š¸É‡´—‡oµœŽ¹ÉŠ­ºÉ°¤ª¨œ˜nµŠž¦³Áš«Å—o¦µ¥Šµœ nµª„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª °Š iµ¥š¸É˜n°˜oµœ„µ¦‡ªÉ坵˜¦ °¥nµŠ¨³Á°¸¥—‹œ¤¸­nªœšÎµÄ®o„µ¦‡ªÉ坵˜˜o°Š­·Êœ­»—¨ŠÄœª´œš¸É 3 Á¤¬µ¥œ °¸„­¸Éª´œ˜n°¤µ¤¸ „µ¦°°„„‘®¤µ¥¢gœ¢¼ oµ¦µ„µ¦ª·µ¸¡Á¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 7 Á¤¬µ¥œŽ¹ÉŠ„ε®œ—ªnµµª¥·ª®¦º°‡¦°‡¦´ªš¸É¤¸ ˜µ®¦º°¥µ¥‡œÄ—‡œ®œ¹ÉŠÁž}œ¥·ª„ÈÄ®o™º°ªnµ»‡‡¨œ´ÊœÁž}œµª¥·ª—oª¥ „‘®¤µ¥Œ´œ¸ÊšÎµÄ®oµª¥·ª ¨³Ÿ¼oš¸É˜n°˜oµœœµŽ¸Ž¹ÉŠ¦´¦µ„µ¦˜nµŠ™¼„Ũn°°„Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„¥„ÁªoœµªÁ¥°¦¤´œÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ªš¸ÉÁ‡¥ Á oµ¦nª¤¦Äœ­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„š¸É¥´Š‡Š­µ¤µ¦™šÎµŠµœ˜n°Åž°¸„¦³¥³®œ¹ÉŠ ¤o°Š‡r„¦˜nµŠ Ç ­nªœÄ®n °Š ¡¨Á¤º°ŠÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ª‹³Å¤n˜¦³®œ´„™¹Š‡ªµ¤Á¨ª¦oµ¥ °Š­™µœ„µ¦–r˜nµŠ Ç š¸ÉÁ„·— ¹ÊœÂ¨³¥´Š‡ŠÂœ³œÎµ

37 Áž}œ‡ªµ¤˜„¨Š¦³®ªµŠ­´œ˜³žµžµ„´¦´“µ¨ ‡.«. 1933 ‡º° ‡ªµ¤žµ¦³œ¸ž¦³œ°¤¦³®ªnµŠ ­´œ˜³žµžµ¡´­š¸É 11 „´¦´“µ¨¡¦¦‡Â¦ŠŠµœ­´Š‡¤œ·¥¤Â®nŠµ˜·Á¥°¦¤´œ ®¦º°¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸ Á¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 20 „¦„‘µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1933 ˜n‡ªµ¤˜„¨Šœ¸ÊŤn¦¦¨»Ÿ¨ÄœšµŠž’·´˜· Á¡¦µ³¤µ˜¦„µ¦¸‡´Êœš¸É¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸œÎµ¤µÄoĜÁª¨µ˜n°¤µš´ÊŠ „´‡¦·­˜‹¤ ´„¦œ·„µ¥Ã¦ ´œ‡µš°¨·„ ¨³‡¦·­˜‹´„Þ¦Á˜­Â˜œšrĜÁ¥°¦¤œ¸¨³Á¤·—‡ªµ¤˜„¨Šœ¸Ê (—¼ ­¤Ä‹ šæ‹œr›¸¦³¦´˜r, “Concordat 1933: ‡ªµ¤˜„¨Š¦³ª®µŠ­´œ˜³žµžµ„´¦´“µ¨ ¡.«. 2476 ” ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž °´„¬¦ C-D 2 (2543 ) :171 – 172.)

48

µª¥·ªÄ®o°—„¨´ÊœÂ¨³¥¹—¤´ÉœÄœ„‘¦³Á¸¥ °Š­´Š‡¤ ˜nµª¥·ª‹Îµœªœ37,000 ‡œ„ÈÁ¦·É¤°¡¥¡°°„ œ°„ž¦³Áš« ń¨‡rµ¨š»Š¥´Š™¼„œÎµ¤µž¦³¥»„˜rčo„´š»„°Š‡r„¦ª·µ¸¡ ®œnª¥ŠµœÂ¨³¤¦¤Ã—¥»‡‡¨ Ĝš»„­µ µª·µ¸¡˜o°Š­´Š„´—Âœª¦nª¤®¦º°­™µ´œš¸É¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸„ε®œ— ¤¸„µ¦¥„Á¨·„°Š‡r„¦®¦º° ­™µ´œ°µ¸¡Á—·¤ ×¥´Š‡´Ä®o¡¨Á¤º°ŠÁ oµ­´Š„´—Äœ°Š‡r„µ¦˜nµŠ Ç š¸É¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸‹´—˜´ÊŠ ¹Êœš´ÊŠ˜o°ŠÄ®o ‡Îµž’·µ–‹Š¦´„£´„—¸˜n°¢g°Á¦°¦r »‡‡¨š¸É˜n°˜oµœ‹³™¼„„¨´ÉœÂ„¨oŠ‡»„‡µ¤Â¨³„¸—„´œšµŠ­´Š‡¤Ž¹ÉŠ ­nŠŸ¨Ä®ož{µœ´ÊœœÎµ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„˜o°Š¨¸Ê£´¥Åž˜nµŠž¦³Áš«Ã—¥ÁŒ¡µ³Á¤ºÉ°œµŽ¸‹´—˜´ÊŠ„¨»n¤˜n°­¼oÁ¡ºÉ° ª´•œ›¦¦¤Á¥°¦¤´œ (Battle group for German Culture) ¹Êœ¤¸„µ¦‹´„»¤„ªµ—¨oµŠž{µœ «·¨ždœœ´„Á ¸¥œš¸É˜n°˜oµœœµŽ¸ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠšÎµ¨µ¥Ÿ¨Šµœ˜nŠ Ç Å¤nªnµ‹³Áž}œ®œ´Š­º° £µ¡Á ¸¥œ —œ˜¦¸ ¨³ °ºÉœ Ç Ž¹ÉŠ™º°ªnµÁ­ºÉ°¤š¦µ¤Â¨³Å¤nÁž}œÁ¥°¦¤´œ (un-german) ®¨´ŠÁ—º°œ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ‡.«. 1933 Áž}œ˜oœ¤µŠµœ«·¨žª´•œ›¦¦¤š´ÊŠ®¤—˜o°Š˜°­œ°ŠÂ¨³¦´Äo¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Â¨³°¥¼nĘ o „µ¦‡ª‡»¤ °Š®°ª´•œ›¦¦¤Â®nŠÅ¦‡r (Reich Chamber of Culture) ž{µœš»„‡œ™¼„´Š‡´Ä®o Á oµÁž}œ­¤µ·„ š´ÊŠœ¸ÊĜnªŠÁª¨µÁ—¸¥ª„´œ ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸¥´ŠÁ oµ‡ª‡»¤­™µœ¸ª·š¥»„¦³‹µ¥Á­¸¥ŠÂ¨³ ˜¦ª‹˜¦µ­ºÉ°­·ÉŠ¡·¤¡rš»„¦³—´°¥nµŠÁ o¤Šª— š´ÊŠ­´ÉŠžd—®œ´Š­º°¡·¤¡r‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ ¤¦¤®¦º°­Ã¤­¦ ˜nµŠ Ç š¸ÉÁ‡¥Áž}œ«¼œ¥r¦ª¤ °Š„·‹„¦¦¤Â¨³‡ªµ¤­µ¤´‡‡¸ °ŠŸ¼o‡œ˜µ¤Á¤º°ŠÂ¨³®¤¼noµœ„Èš¥°¥¥»˜´ª ¨Š ­·š›·Á­¦¸£µ¡ °Šž{‹Á‹„œ˜¨°—‹œ¦µ„“µœ °Š­™µ´œšµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š ­´Š‡¤ ¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Äœ¦³°Á„nµ‹¹Š™¼„n°œšÎµ¨µ¥¨Š ń¨rµ‡š»ŠÄœÁª¨µ°´œ­´Êœ‹¹ŠÁž}œ¦³š¸É Ȋ„¦nŠ Ž¹ÉŠ‡Êε‹»œ°Îµœµ‹ °Š¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Åªo°¥nµŠ¤´Éœ‡Š38 Ĝž¨µ¥Á—º°œ­·Š®µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1933 ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Å—o‹´—„µ¦ž¦³»¤Ä®nž¦³‹Îµže‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 5 ¹ÊœÄœ š¸Éž¦³»¤±·˜Á¨°¦rŗo„¨nµª­»œš¦¡‹œrš¸ÉÁ¦oµÄ‹Ã‹¤˜¸«´˜¦¼ °Š¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Â¨³Ä®o­´µš¸É‹³­¦oµŠ ž¦³µ‡¤ÁºÊ°µ˜· (radical community) š¸É®¨°¤¦ª¤ž¦³µµ˜·Á oµ—oª¥„´œ˜¨°—‹œÁ­œ°„µ¦¢gœ¢¼ µ˜· ¹ÊœÄ®¤n—oª¥„µ¦Áœoœ‡»–‡nµ °Š­™µ´œ‡¦°‡¦´ªÂ¨³®¨´„‹¦·¥›¦¦¤‡¦·­Á˜¸¥œ ‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹ °Š ž¦³µ‡¤—´Š„¨nµªšÎµÄ®o±·˜Á¨°¦r¤´ÉœÄ‹¤µ„ ¹ÊœªnµµªÁ¥°¦¤´œ­nªœÄ®n‹³­œ´­œ»œÁ µÂ¨³ ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸ ĜÁ—º°œ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ˜n°¤µ±·˜Á¨°¦r‹¹Š‹´—Ä®o¤¸„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠÂ¨³„µ¦¨Šž¦³µ¤˜·ªnµµª Á¥°¦¤´œÁ®Èœ°„´„µ¦š¸ÉÁ¥°¦¤œ¸™°œ˜´ª‹µ„„µ¦ž¦³»¤¨—„ε¨´Š°µª»›š¸Éœ‡¦Á‹œ¸ªµÂ¨³¨µ°°„‹µ„ °Š‡r„µ¦­´œœ·µ˜·µ˜· Ĝ‡.«.1933®¦º°Å¤n Ÿ¨„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠž¦µ„‘ªnµ¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œÁ¡¸¥Š¡¦¦‡ Á—¸¥ªš¸É¤¸Ÿ¼ošœ¨Š­¤´‡Äœ„µ¦Á¨º°„˜´ÊŠÅ—o¦´´¥œ³°¥nµŠ µ—¨°¥ ±·˜Á¨°¦r˜¸‡ªµ¤ªnµ´¥œ³‡¦´ÊŠœ¸Êªnµ µªÁ¥°¦¤´œ­œ´­œ»œÁ µÁž}œŸ¼oœÎµž¦³Áš«

38 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, œµŽ¸­¤´¥Åª¤µ¦r, 171-178.

49

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50

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Ĝ‡.«.1933 ž¦³¤µ–ªnµ¤¸µª¥·ª°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜÁ¥°¦¤´œ„ªnµ 560,000 ‡œŽ¹ÉŠ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ 0.9 °Š‹Îµœªœž¦³µ„¦š´ÊŠ®¤— °Šž¦³Áš«40 2 Ĝ 3 °Š¡¨Á¤º°Šµª¥·ªš´ÊŠ®¤—°µ«´¥°¥¼n˜µ¤Á¤º°Š Ä®nÇ Ánœ Á°¦r¨·œ ×¥¦ª¤„´œÁž}œ»¤œ µª¥·ª­nªœÄ®n‹³ž¦³„°°µ¸¡Áž}œnµŠ e¤º° šÎµ›»¦„·‹„µ¦‡oµ œµ—Á¨È„ ®¦º°‹´—­¦¦­·œ‡oµÂ¨³¦·„µ¦Ä®o„´µªœµšo°Š™·Éœ „¨»n¤š¸É¤¸“µœ³¤´ÉŠ‡´ÉŠ‹³ °µ«´¥°¥¼nšµŠ˜³ª´œ˜„ ­nªœš¸É¥µ„‹œ°µ«´¥°¥¼nšµŠ˜³ª´œ°°„ °ŠÁ¤º°Š µª¥·ª‹ÎµœªœÅ¤nœo°¥¤¸°µ¸¡ Á„¸É¥ª o°Š„´šµŠ„µ¦ÁŠ·œ „µ¦Áž}œœµ¥®œoµ ¨³„µ¦‡oµ ¡ª„Á µÅ—oÁ oµ¤µ¤¸°·š›·¡¨šµŠ„µ¦‡oµÄœ—oµœ ˜nµŠÇ Ánœ °»˜­µ®„¦¦¤Ã¨®³®œ´„ „µ¦Á oµ¤µ¤¸­nªœÂnŠ˜¨µ—„µ¦‡oµ›´¡º „µ¦Á oµ¤µ¤¸šµšÄœ °»˜­µ®„¦¦¤Á‡¦ºÉ°ŠÄoÅ¢¢jµ ¨³°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤­·ÉŠš° „µ¦Á oµ¤µ¤¸°·š›·¡¨šµŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹ „µ¦ÁŠ·œÂ¨³

40 Leni Yahil, The Holocaust the Fate of European Jewry (New Y0rk.: Oxford University Press, 1990), 16.

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„µ¦Ÿ¼„ µ—„µ¦‡oµ °Šµª¥·ª šÎµÄ®o‡œÁ¥°¦¤´œ¤°Šªnµµª¥·ª¤»nŠÂ˜n‹³®µŸ¨ž¦³Ã¥œrÄ®o„´˜œÁ°Š šÎµÄ®o‡œÁ¥°¦¤´œÅ¤n¡°Ä‹Â¨³¦´ŠÁ„¸¥‹µª¥·ª¤µ„ ¹Êœ ±·˜Á¨°¦rÁ¤ºÉ°¤¸°Îµœµ‹šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°ŠÁ µ‹¹Š¤»nŠ®ª´Š‹³šÎµ¨µ¥°·š›·¡¨ °Šµª¥·ªÄœ­´Š‡¤Â¨³ Â¥„µªÁ¥°¦¤´œÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ª°°„‹µ„¡¨Á¤º°ŠµªÁ¥°¦¤´œ œª‡ªµ¤‡·——´Š„¨nµªšÎµÄ®o¤¸„µ¦Ÿ¨´„—´œ „µ¦°°„„‘®¤µ¥šÎµ®¤ ´œ(Sterilisation Law) ×¥¤¸‹»—ž¦³­Š‡rš¸É‹³­¦oµŠµ˜·š¸É Ȋ¦Šž¦µ«‹µ„ 懚µŠ¡´œ›»„¦¦¤˜nµŠÇ ÁœºÊ°®µ °Š„‘®¤µ¥ªnµ—oª¥„µ¦šÎµ®¤´œ¡¨Á¤º°Šµ¥®·Šš¸Éžiª¥ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¡´œ›»„¦¦¤ —oª¥Ã¦‡ž¦³­µš ®¼®œª„ ˜µ°— ‹·˜®¨°œ ¦nµŠ„µ¥Å¤n­¤ž¦³„° ¦³ž¦³­µšŸ·—ž„˜·Â¨³°ºÉœÇ „‘®¤µ¥Œ´œ¸Ê¤¸Ÿ¨´Š‡´Äo˜´ÊŠÂ˜nª´œš¸É 5 ¤„¦µ‡¤ ‡.«.1934 Áž}œ ˜oœÅž ®¨´Š°°„„‘®¤µ¥šÎµ®¤´œÂ¨oª¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸¥´Š‹´—˜´ÊŠ­™µ´œš¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ «µ¨­» £µ¡—oµœ ¡´œ›»„¦¦¤ (Hereditary Health Court) Á¡ºÉ°šÎµ®œoµš¸É¡·‹µ¦–µ˜´—­·œ»‡‡¨š¸É‹³˜o°Š™¼„šÎµ®¤´œ „‘®¤µ¥šÎµ®¤´œ‹¹ŠÁž}œ‹»—Á¦·É¤˜oœ °Š„µ¦ªµŠœÃ¥µ¥‡´—Á¨º°„­µ¥¡´œ›»rž¦³µ„¦ °Š¡¦¦‡œµŽ¸ Á¡ºÉ°„ε‹´—¤¨£µª³šµŠÁºÊ°µ˜· (racial pollution)41 ĜnªŠÁª¨µÁ—¸¥ª„´œ¤¸„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ªÄœªŠ¦µ„µ¦Á¡ºÉ°Â¥„Â¥³Á‹oµ®œoµš¸É¦´“š¸ÉŤnčnÁºÊ°µ˜· °µ¦¥´œ°°„‹µ„¡¨Á¤º°ŠÁ·Ê°­µ¥°µ¦¥´œ ¨³„µ¦¦–¦Š‡r­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤¦·­»š›·Í °ŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r°µ¦¥´œ ªœ„µ¦˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ª (Anti-Semitism)42 Ž¹ÉŠ„n°˜´ª ¹Êœ°¥nµŠ¦ª—Á¦Èª‹¹ŠÁ‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª°¥nµŠ®œ´„

41 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦. “ ‡ºœ„¦³‹„˜„ - ž’·´˜·„µ¦Â¦„ °Š„µ¦„ªµ—¨oµŠ¥·ª”. ªµ¦­µ¦¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ 33.3(„¦„‘µ‡¤-„´œ¥µ¥œ 2551), 64-65. 42 ­´œœ·¬“µœªnµ„µ¦¦–¦Š‡r˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ª čoÁž}œ‡¦´ÊŠÂ¦„Äœže ‡.«.1860 ×¥¤°¦·šŽr Å˜œrÅœÁ—°¦r (Moritz Steinschneider) µª°°­Á˜¦¸¥ÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ªÄœª¨¸ “antisemitic prejudices” Å˜œrÅœÁ—°¦rčoª¨¸œ¸ÊĜ„µ¦ ¦¦¥µ¥‡ªµ¤‡·— °ŠÁ°·¦rœÁœ­˜r Á¦œ´œ (Ernest Renan) œ´„‡·—¨³œ´„Á ¸¥œµª ¦´ÉŠÁ«­ š¸É„¨nµª™¹Š­µÁ®˜»š¸Éªnµ “œ ÁŽ¤·˜·„ ”¤¸¨´„¬–³˜É優nµ “œ°µ¦¥´œ” ‡ªµ¤‡·—š¸ÉÁ„¸É¥ª„´µ˜·¡´œ›»r¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤ ŗo¡¦n®¨µ¥Åžš´Éª¥»Ã¦žÄœ ‡¦¹ÉŠ®¨´Š °Š‡¦·­˜r«˜ª¦¦¬š¸É 19 ×¥ÁŒ¡µ³Á¤ºÉ°œ´„ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦rµ˜·œ·¥¤µªž¦´­ÁŽ¸¥Å±œr¦·‡ ¢°œ Ś¦šr­Á‡° (Heinrich von Treitschke) ÁŸ¥Â¡¦nž¦´µ„µ¦—¼™¼„µ˜·¡´œ› »r°¥nµŠ„ªoµŠ ªµŠ ­Îµ®¦´Åš¦šr­Á‡°Â¨oª‡Îµªnµ “ÁŽ ¤·˜·„” „ȇº°‡Îµš¸É‡nÁ ¸¥œ˜nµŠ°°„ޘn‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥„ȇº° ‡œ¥·ª œ´ÉœÁ°Š Ĝže ‡.«. 1873 œ´„®œ´Š­º°¡·¤¡rµªÁ¥°¦¤´œ ª·¨Á±¨r¤ ¤µ¦¦r (Wilhelm Marr) ¡·¤¡r‹»¨­µ¦ºÉ° Der Sieg des Judenthums über das Germanenthum :Vom nicht confessionellen Standpunkt aus betrachtet š¸ÉÁž}œ„µ¦Â­—Š‡ªµ¤Áž}œž’·ž{„¬r˜n°‡œ¥·ªÄœ“µœ³„¨»n¤œ ®¦º° ‡ªµ¤Áž}œž’·ž{„¬r˜n°‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¥·ª ®¦º°‡ªµ¤Áž}œž’·ž{„¬r˜n°ž¦´µ °Š‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¥·ª š¸É¤µ¦¦rÁ®ÈœªnµÁž}œ­·ÉŠš¸Éš¦„ Ž¹¤Á oµ¤µÄœª´•œ›¦¦¤Á¥°¦¤´œÄœ‹»¨­µ¦Œ´˜n°¤µ The Way to Victory of the Germanic Spirit over the Jewish Spirit š¸É¡·¤¡rĜže ‡.«. 1880 ¤µ¦¦r ¥µ¥‡ªµ¤‡·—Á¡·É¤ ¹Êœ ¨³‹»¨­µ¦„¨µ¥¤µÁž}œš¸Éœ·¥¤„´œ°¥nµŠÂ¡¦n®¨µ¥ Ĝže Á—¸¥ª„´œ¤µ¦¦r„È„n°˜´ÊŠ “„¨»n¤­´œœ·µ˜˜n°˜oµœÁŽ¤·˜·„” (Antisemiten-Liga) Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ°Š‡r„µ¦Á¥°¦¤´œ°Š‡r„µ¦Â¦„š¸É¤¸

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Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o¦´“„ε®œ—¤µ˜¦„µ¦˜nµŠ Ç Á¡ºÉ°­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤¦·­»š›·ÍšµŠÁºÊ°µ˜·Ä®oÁ o¤Â Ȋ¤µ„ ¹Êœ ˜¨°—nªŠ ‡.«.1933 ¤¸„µ¦°°„„‘®¤µ¥ 42 Œ´˜´—­·š›·ÍšµŠ­´Š‡¤—oµœ˜nµŠ Ç °Š¡¨Á¤º°ŠÁ¥°¦¤´œÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ª „‘®¤µ¥Â¨³¤µ˜¦„µ¦˜nµŠ Ç š¸É˜n°˜oµœšÎµÄ®oµª¥·ª‹Îµœªœ®œ¹ÉŠÁ¦˜·É¤¤¸ž’·„·¦·¥µ˜°Ã o¤µ˜¦„µ¦˜nµŠ Ç °Š¦´“ œÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦‹´—˜´ÊŠ°Š‡r„¦Ÿ¼ošœ¡¨Á¤º°ŠÁ¥°¦¤´œÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ªÂ®nŠÅ¦‡r (Reich Representation of German Jew) ¹ÊœÁ¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 17 „´œ¥µ¥œ ‡.«. 1933 Á¡ºÉ°ž„žj°Š­·š›·‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¡¨Á¤º°Š °Šµª¥·ª ÁºÊ°­µ¥Á¥°¦¤´œ Ĝ –³š¸É¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸Å—o‹´—˜´ÊŠ®°ª´•œ›¦¦¤Â®nŠÅ¦‡r Ĝ‡ªµ¤—¼Â¨„„´ °ŠÃ‹ÁŽ¢ Á„·Á·¨­r ¦´“¤œ˜¦¸ªnµ„µ¦„¦³š¦ªŠ£¼¤·ž{µ­µ›µ¦–œÂ¨³„µ¦Ã‰¬–µž¦³µ­´¤¡´œ›r Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸ ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡rÁ¡ºÉ°„¸—„´œµª¥·ª°°„‹µ„›»¦„·‹´œÁš·Šš»„ œŠ Á„·Á·¨Å—oÄ®oÁ®˜»Ÿ¨ªnµµª¥·ªÅ¤n¤¸ ‡ªµ¤Á®¤µ³­¤š¸É‹³—¼Â¨ª´•œ›¦¦¤°´œ¤¸‡nµ °ŠµªÁ¥°¦¤´œ43 µª¥·ªÅ—o˜°Ã˜o—oª¥„µ¦‹´—˜´ÊŠ ­¤µ‡¤ª´•œ›¦¦¤µª¥·ª ¹Êœ (Jewish Cultural Association) Á¡ºÉ°ªnµ‹oµŠ«·¨ždœµª¥·ªÂ¨³Ä®o„µ¦ ­œ´­œ»œŸ¼oÁ oµ¤µª¥·ª—oª¥ (­¤µ‡¤œ¸Ê™¼„žd—˜´ª¨ŠÄœ‡.«.1941) ˜n¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸„ÈÁ¡·„ÁŒ¥˜n°„µ¦ Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª °Šµª¥·ª µª¥·ªš¸É¤¸“µœ³®ªµ—ª·˜„˜n°°œµ‡˜ °Š˜´ªÁ°Š‹¹ŠÁ¦·É¤°¡¥¡°°„œ°„ ž¦³Áš«

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ĜÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1935 ±·˜Á¨°¦r¨³¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸Á¦·É¤œÃ¥µ¥˜n°˜oµœ„·‹„µ¦šµŠ­´Š‡¤ °Šµª¥·ª°¥nµŠÁž}œšµŠ„µ¦—oª¥„µ¦­´ÉŠ‡ªÉ坵˜¦›»¦„·‹ °Šµª¥·ªÂ¨³Äoª·›¸„µ¦¦»œÂ¦Š˜n°µª¥·ªš¸É ˜n°˜oµœ ¤¸ž¦³„µ«®oµ¤µª¥·ªÁ oµ¤£µ¡¥œ˜¦r ¨³‡¦ ¨³˜´—­·š›·Í„µ¦Äo­™µœš¸É­µ›µ¦–³ ¨³ ‡»„‡µ¤­ºÉ°­·ÉŠ¡·¤¡r˜nµŠ Ç °Šµª¥·ª ¤¸„µ¦žd—ž¦³„µ«Ã‹¤˜¸˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ªÃ—¥š´ÉªÅž Ánœ Ťn¤¸ ¦·„µ¦­Îµ®¦´µª¥·ª (No Jews Served), ¥·ªÂ¨³­»œ´ Ťn°œ»µ˜Ä®oÁ oµ (Jews and Dogs not Admitted), µª¥·ª‡º°‡ªµ¤Ã‡¦oµ¥ °Š¡ª„Á¦µ (The Jews are our misfortune) Áž}œ˜oœÄœÁ—º°œ „´œ¥µ¥œ žeÁ—¸¥ª„´œœ´Êœ ¤¸„µ¦Ÿ¨´„—´œ¦nµŠ„‘®¤µ¥œ¼Á¦¤Á·¦r„ 2 Œ´ Œ´Â¦„Áž}œ¦nµŠ„‘®¤µ¥ªnµ —oª¥‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¡¨Á¤º°Š (Reich Citizenship Laws) ¤¸ 3 ¤µ˜¦µ ÁœºÊ°®µ„‘®¤µ¥Á¡·„™°œ­·š›·‡ªµ¤ Áž}œ¡¨Á¤º°Šš¸É­¤¼¦–r °Šµª¥·ªŽ¹ÉŠ™¼„„ε®œ—Ä®o„¨µ¥Áž}œ¡¨Á¤º°Š´Êœš¸É­°Š µªÁ¥°¦¤´œš¸É¤¸ÁºÊ° ­µ¥°µ¦¥´œÁšnµœ´Êœ‡º°¡¨Á¤º°Š °Š‹´„¦ª¦¦—· ¨³‹³Å—o¦´­·š›·˜nµŠ Ç šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š—oª¥ Œ´š¸É­°Š „‘®¤µ¥Œ´š¸É­°Šªnµ—oª¥„µ¦ž„žj°Š­µ¥Á¨º°— ¨³Á„¸¥¦˜·£¼¤·Á¥°¦¤´œ (Law for the Protection of

‹»—ž¦³­Š‡rĜ„µ¦˜n°˜oµœ­·ÉŠš¸É„¨»n¤Á®ÈœªnµÁž}œ°´œ˜¦µ¥˜n°ž¦³Áš«Á¥°¦¤œ¸Â¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤Á¥°¦¤´œš¸É¤µ‹µ„µª¥·ª ¨³°·š›·¡¨ °Šµª¥·ªÂ¨³­œ´­œ»œÃ‡¦Š„µ¦Ã¥„¥oµ¥ž¦³µ„¦—oª¥„ε¨´Š°°„‹µ„Á¥°¦¤œ¸ 43 Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Holocaust : A History, (New York : W.W. Norton and Company, 2002 ), 83.

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German Blood and German Honor) ¤¸¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—Äœ„µ¦„¦³˜»oœÄ®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤Á oµÄ‹Äœ­µ¥Á¨º°— Á¥°¦¤´œ¦·­»š›·Í°¥nµŠ¨¹„Ž¹ÊŠÁž}œ­·ÉŠÂ¦„š¸É‡ª¦„¦³šÎµ„n°œ Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o‡œÁ¥°¦¤´œ¥´Š‡Š—ε¦Š°¥¼n˜n°Åž ¨³ Áž}œÂ¦Š´œ—µ¨Ä‹š¸ÉœnªÂœnÁ¡ºÉ°Ä®oµ˜·Á¥°¦¤´œ‡Š°¥¼n˜¨°—Åž Á¡¦µ³Œ³œ´Êœ‹¹Š®oµ¤„µ¦Â˜nŠŠµœ ¦³®ªnµŠµª¥·ª„´µªÁ¥°¦¤´œ „µ¦‹—š³Á¸¥œ­¤¦­š¸ÉÁ„·— ¹Êœœ°„ž¦³Áš«Ä®o™º°Áž}œÃ¤‰³ ¦ª¤Åž ™¹Š®oµ¤„µ¦¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›ršµŠÁ¡«¦³®ªnµŠ„´œ ®oµ¤µª¥·ªªnµ‹oµŠ­˜¦¸µªÁ¥°¦¤´œš¸É°µ¥»˜É優nµ 45že šÎµŠµœÄœoµœ ®oµ¤µª¥·ªÄo›Šµ˜·Á¥°¦¤´œ44 ˜n°¤µª´œš¸É 14 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ„Ȥ¸„µ¦ž¦³„µ«Äo ¡¦³¦µ´´˜·¨¼„‡¦¹ÉŠ Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o‡Îµ‹Îµ„´—‡ªµ¤ °Š ‡Îµªnµ¨¼„‡¦¹ÉŠ (Mix Blood : Mischlinge) ‡º°»‡‡¨Ä—„Șµ¤š¸É¤¸ž¼i ¥nµ ˜µ ®¦º°¥µ¥ 2 ‡œ ¹ÊœÅžÁž}œ¥·ªÄ®o™º°Áž}œ¨¼„‡¦¹ÉŠš¸É˜o°Š™¼„„ε‹´— ®µ„»‡‡¨Ä—¤¸ž¼i ¥nµ ˜µ ®¦º°¥µ¥Áž}œ¥·ªÁ¡¸¥Š 1 ‡œÁšnµœ´Êœ„È‹³Å¤n™¼„„ªµ—¨oµŠ „‘®¤µ¥œ¼Á¦¤Á·¦r„š´ÊŠ­°ŠŒ´Å¤nÁ¡¸¥ŠÂ¥„µª¥·ª°°„‹µ„µªÁ¥°¦¤´œš´ÊŠšµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š „‘®¤µ¥Â¨³­´Š‡¤Ášnµœ´Êœ ˜n¥´ŠÁžd—šµŠÄ®o¦´“µ¨—εÁœ·œ„µ¦ ´Å¨nµª¥·ª°°„‹µ„»¤œš¸ÉÁ‡¥°¥¼n °µ«´¥Ä®oÁž}œ¡ºÊœš¸Éž¨°—¥·ª°¸„—oª¥ „µ¦ ´Å¨n—´Š„¨nµªœ´Áž}œ¤µ˜¦„µ¦Â¦„ °Š„µ¦Â„ož{®µ¥·ª45 °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ Ĝ„µ¦—εÁœ·œ„µ¦˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ªšµŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹œ´Êœ ‹³‡n°¥Áž}œ‡n°¥ÅžÄœnªŠÂ¦„ Á¡¦µ³¥´¨¤µ¦r ´‡šr( Hjalmar Schacht )¦´“¤œ˜¦¸ªnµ„µ¦„¦³š¦ªŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹˜¦³®œ´„™¹Š ­£µ¡Á«¦¬“„·‹ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤´œÃ—¥ÁŒ¡µ³°¥nµŠ¥·ÉŠž{®µ°´˜¦µ„µ¦ªnµŠŠµœ Á µ‹¹ŠÄ®ož¦´œÃ¥µ¥ Á«¦¬“„·‹Ä®oÁ®¤µ³­¤Ã—¥­œ´­œ»œÄ®o¤¸„µ¦‹oµŠŠµœÄœÃ‡¦Š„µ¦­µ›µ¦–¼žÃ£‡ œµ—Ä®n˜nµŠÇ °Š¦´“ Á¡ºÉ°¦¦Ášµž{®µ„µ¦ªnµŠŠµœ œÃ¥µ¥—´Š„¨nµªÅ—oÁ¦·É¤¤µ˜´ÊŠÂ˜nž¨µ¥‡.«.1932 Á µ¥´ŠÂœ³œÎµÃ‡¦Š„µ¦š¸ÉºÉ°ªnµ ŸœÄ®¤n (New Plan) Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‡ªµ¤¡¥µ¥µ¤š¸É‹³Ä®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸­µ¤µ¦™ ¡¹ÉŠ˜œÁ°ŠÅ—ošµŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹ ×¥¦´“µ¨Á oµ‡ª‡»¤Á¦ºÉ°Š„µ¦Â¨„Áž¨¸É¥œÁŠ·œ˜¦µ˜nµŠž¦³Áš« ¨³„ε®œ—ž¦·¤µ–„µ¦œÎµÁ oµ­·œ‡oµš»„ž¦³Á£š š´ÊŠ¡¥µ¥µ¤šÎµ o°˜„¨Ššª·£µ‡„´ž¦³Áš«˜nµŠÇ Ĝ šª¸ž°Á¤¦·„µÄ˜o¨³¥»Ã¦ž ץĮo­·œÁºÉ°Â„n˜nµŠž¦³Áš«—oª¥„µ¦Îµ¦³Áž}œÁŠ·œ¤µ¦r‡Á¡ºÉ°ŽºÊ°­·œ‡oµ Á¥°¦¤´œÂ¨³„µ¦¨Šš»œšµŠ„µ¦‡oµ Á¥°¦¤œ¸„È‹³ÄoÁŠ·œ¤µ¦r‡—´Š„¨nµªŽºÊ°ª´˜™»—·‹µ„˜nµŠž¦³Áš« –³Á—¸¥ª„´œ´‡šrŤnÁ®Èœ—oª¥„´­·ÉŠš¸É¦´“µ¨„¦³šÎµ˜n°µª¥·ªŽ¹ÉŠÁ µÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ "„·‹„¦¦¤Ÿ·—„‘®¤µ¥" Á¡¦µ³¦·¬´š®¦º°›»¦„·‹ œµ—Ä®n °Šµª¥·ª¥´Š‡Š¤¸‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´˜n°¦³Á«¦¬“„·‹ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸ Ĝ‡.«.1936 „µ¦‡»„‡µ¤µª¥·ªŸn°œž¦œ¨ŠÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Á¥°¦¤œ¸„ε¨´ŠÁž}œÁ‹oµ£µ¡‹´—„µ¦  nŠ ´œÃ°¨·¤žd„Äœ„¦»ŠÁ°¦r¨·œÄœ‡.«. 1936 ¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸˜o°Š„µ¦­¦oµŠ£µ¡¨´„¬–rš¸É—¸ °Šž¦³Áš« ‹¹ŠŸn°œž¦œ‡ªµ¤Á o¤Šª—Äœ„µ¦‡»„‡µ¤µª¥·ª¨Š ¤¸„µ¦¨—žjµ¥Â¨³Á‡¦ºÉ°Š®¤µ¥š¸É‡»„‡µ¤µª¥·ª°°„

44 Yehuda Bauer, A History of Holocaust ( Danbury : Franklin Watts, 1982),102 – 103. 45 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦ “„µ¦Â„ož|®µµª¥·ª‡¦´ÊŠ­»—šoµ¥ : œÃ¥µ¥„ªµ—¨oµŠµª¥·ªš´Éª¥»Ã¦ž,” ªµ¦­µ¦ ¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ, 34.4 (˜»¨µ‡¤-›´œªµ‡¤ 2552) : 719.

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š´Éªž¦³Áš« ®oµ¤­ºÉ°¤ª¨œÁ­œ° nµªµª¥·ª®¦º°Á¦ºÉ°Šš¸É‹³„n°Ä®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤­Š­´¥Å—46o ˜n®¨´Š„¸¯µÃ°¨·¤žd„­·Êœ­»—¨Š¤µ˜¦„µ¦ ´Å¨nµª¥·ª„ÈÁ¦·É¤˜oœ ¹Êœ°¸„‡¦´ÊŠ ž¦³¤µ–ªnµ‡.«.1936-1938 µªÁ¥°¦¤´œÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ª‹Îµœªœ„ªnµ 30,000 ‡œÁ—·œšµŠ°°„œ°„ž¦³Áš« µª¥·ªš¸É¥´Š‡Š°¥¼nĜž¦³Áš« ‹³™¼„¸´Š‡´Ä®o°°„‹µ„ŠµœÂ¨³®oµ¤¤¸„·‹„¦¦¤šµŠ­´Š‡¤ 47 ĜnªŠš¸ÉÁž}œÁ‹oµ£µ¡‹´—„¸¯µÃ°¨·¤žd„œ´Êœ Á¥°¦¤œ¸„ÈÁ‡¨ºÉ°œ„ε¨´ŠÁ oµ­¼nŦœr¨œ—r¨³ ­µ¤µ¦™¥¹—‡¦°ŠÅ—o­ÎµÁ¦È‹ „µ¦„¦³šÎµ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸œ´Áž}œ„µ¦¨³Á¤·— o°˜„¨ŠÄœ­œ›·­´µÃ¨‡µ¦r ܇.«.1925 ¨³¥´ŠšÎµÄ®o o°˜„¨ŠÄœ­œ›·­´µÂª¦rŽµ¥Áž}œÃ¤‰³ œ°„‹µ„œ´Êœ ­Š‡¦µ¤„¨µŠÁ¤º°Š­Ážœš¸Éž³š» ¹ÊœÄœÁ—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1936 Á¥°¦¤œ¸Å—o¦nª¤¤º°„´°·˜µ¨¸ nª¥Á®¨º°œµ¥¡¨ ¢¦µœŽ·­Ã„ ¢¦´ŠÃ„ (Francisco Franco ) Ÿ¼oœÎµ„¨»n¤µ˜·œ·¥¤š¸É˜o°Š„µ¦Ã‡nœ¨o¤ °Îµœµ‹­µ›µ¦–¦´“ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥­Ážœ ­Š‡¦µ¤Äœ‡¦´ÊŠœ¸ÊšÎµÄ®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Å—oš—¨°Š°µª»›Â¨³Áš‡œ·‡ Ä®¤nÇĜ„µ¦¦ š´ÊŠ„µ¦Äo¦™™´Š Á‡¦ºÉ°Š·œ ¨³žgœÄ®n ĜÁ—º°œ­·Š®µ‡¤‡.«.1936 ±·˜Á¨°¦r¥´ŠÅ—o ‹´—šÎµÂŸœÁ«¦¬“„·‹š¸É‹³­œ´­œ»œÁ¦ºÉ°Š„µ¦˜·—°µª»›Ž¹ÉŠÁ¦¸¥„„„´œªnµ Ÿœ­¸Éže (Four Year Plan) Ÿœ­¸ÉžeÁœoœ„µ¦Á¡·É¤Ÿ¨Ÿ¨·˜šµŠÁ„¬˜¦„¦¦¤ „µ¦‡ª‡»¤„µ¦­nŠ°°„¨³œÎµÁ oµ Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o­°—‡¨o°Š „´¥»š›„µ¦šµŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹ „µ¦¡¹ÉŠ˜œÁ°Š—oµœª´˜™»—· ¨³Ã—¥ÁŒ¡µ³„µ¦¡´•œµª´­—»­´ŠÁ‡¦µ³®r Ÿœ­¸Éže¤¸Ážjµ®¤µ¥š¸É‹³Ä®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸¡¹ÉŠ˜œÁ°ŠÅ—ošµŠÁ«¦¬“„·‹ ¨³¤»nŠ„ε¨´Š„µ¦Ÿ¨·˜š´ÊŠ®¤—Äœ„µ¦ ˜·—°µª»›Â¨³Á­¦·¤„ε¨´Š¦ Á„°¦·ŠÁž}œŸ¼o¤¸°Îµœµ‹Á˜È¤Äœ„µ¦—εÁœ·œ„µ¦Ä®oŸœ­¸Éže¦¦¨»Ÿ¨48 ĜÁ—º°œ˜»¨µ‡¤˜n°¤µ Á¥°¦¤œ¸Â¨³°·˜µ¨¸Å—o¨Šœµ¤¦nª¤„´œÁ¡ºÉ°Á­¦·¤­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r°´œÄ„¨o·— Ĝ„˜·„µ­´µ­´œ˜·£µ¡Â„œÃ¦¤-Á°¦r¨·œ (Rome-Berlin Axis)Ĝ„µ¦‹³‹´—¦³Á¸¥Ä®¤nĜ¥»Ã¦ž ¨³ÄœÁ—º°œ¡§«‹·„µ¥œÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Å—o¨Šœµ¤¦nª¤„´¸Éž»iœÄœ„˜·„µ­´µ˜n°˜oµœÃ‡¤·œÁš·¦rœ (Anti-Comintern Pact) Á¡ºÉ°˜n°˜oµœ„µ¦ ¥µ¥°·š›·¡¨ °Š¨´š›·‡°¤¤·ªœ·­˜r ¨³°·˜µ¨¸Å—oÁ oµ¦nª¤ „˜·„µ­´µ˜n°˜oµœÃ‡¤·œÁš·¦rœÄœÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«.1937 Ž¹ÉŠšÎµÄ®o„œ¦nª¤Ã¦¤-Á°¦r¨·œ ¥µ¥˜´ª Áž}œÂ„œ¦nª¤Ã¦¤-Á°¦r¨·œ-ØÁ„¸¥ª (Rome-Berlin- Tokyo Axis) £µ¥Ä˜oŸœ­¸Éže±·˜Á¨°¦rÁºÉ°ªnµ„µ¦Â„ož{®µÁ«¦¬“„·‹ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤´œ‡º°„µ¦ ¥µ¥—·œÂ—œÅž šµŠ˜³ª´œ°°„ Á¡¦µ³œ°„‹µ„‹³Å—oš¦´¡¥µ„¦°´œ°»—¤­¤¼¦–r¤µÁ¨¸Ê¥Š—¼ž¦³µœÄœž¦³Áš«Â¨oª

46 —¼ ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, “𨷤žd„ ‡.«.1936 : „¸¯µÂ®nŠ­ª´­—·„³,” ªµ¦­µ¦¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ 34 : 1 (¤„¦µ‡¤-¤¸œµ‡¤ ) : 88-104. 47 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦ ¨³°œ´œ˜r´¥ Á¨µ®³¡´œ›», š¦¦ž–³ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r¥»Ã¦žÄœ‡¦·­˜r«˜ª¦¦¬š¸É 20, 147. 48 Jackson J. Spielvogel, Hitler and Nazi Germany A History (New Jersy : Prestiee Hall, 2001), 94-96.

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¥´ŠÅ—o—·œÂ—œš¸É‹³¦³µ¥¡¨Á¤º°Šš¸É„ε¨´Š¨oœž¦³Áš«Åž˜´ÊŠ¦„¦µ„Äœ—·œÂ—œÁ®¨nµœ´Êœ—oª¥ ˜n°¤µ±·˜Á¨°¦rªµŠÂŸœš¸É‹³Ÿœª„°°­Á˜¦¸¥Â¨³Á oµ¦»„¦µœÁ„ĭ誳Á„¸¥ ¨³ž¦³­‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹ °¥nµŠŠ—Šµ¤Á¤ºÉ°­µ¤µ¦™Ÿœª„°°­Á˜¦¸¥Á oµ„´Á¥°¦¤œ¸ (Anchluss) ŗoĜª´œš¸É 12 ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1938 °¸„ 1 že˜n°¤µ„ÈŸœª„—·œÂ—œÃ±¸Á¤¸¥Â¨³Ã¤¦µÁª¸¥ °ŠÁ„ĭ誵Á„¸¥Á oµ„´Á¥°¦¤œ¸ „µ¦Ÿœª„—·œÂ—œ—´Š„¨nµªšÎµÄ®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸¤¸¡¨Á¤º°Šµª¥·ªÁ¡·É¤ ¹Êœ„ªnµ 250,000 ‡œ Ĝª´œš¸É 17 ­·Š®µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1938 ¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸Å—o°°„„‘®¤µ¥š¸É¤¸ºÉ°ªnµ The Law Regarding Changes of family Name and Given Name Ž¹ÉŠ„ε®œ—ªnµ˜´ÊŠÂ˜nª´œš¸É 1 ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1939 Ä®oµ¥µª¥·ªš»„‡œÄoºÉ°ªnµ “°·­¦µÁ°¨ ” (Israel) ¨³Ÿ¼o®·ŠÄ®oºÉ°ªnµ “Žµ¦nµ” (Sarah) ĜÁ—º°œ ˜»¨µ‡¤Å—o¤¸„µ¦ž¦³„µ«¥„Á¨·„®œ´Š­º°Á—·œšµŠ °Šµª¥·ªÂ¨³„µ¦‹³Á—·œšµŠ°°„œ°„ž¦³Áš«Å—o„È ˜o°ŠÅ—o¦´®œ´Š­º°Á—·œšµŠŒ´Ä®¤nš¸É°°„×¥¦´“¨³˜o°ŠÁ—·œšµŠ°°„£µ¥Äœ 2 ­´ž—µ®r

‡ºœ„¦³‹„˜„ (Night of Broken Glass)49

Á¤ºÉ°±·˜Á¨°¦r¤¸‡Îµ­´ÉŠÄ®o»‡‡¨š¸É¤¸ÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ª°¡¥¡°°„‹µ„Á¥°¦¤´œ µª¥·ª­nªœÄ®n¤»nŠ®œoµ °¡¥¡Á oµÅžÄœÃžÂ¨œ—r ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ĜÞ¨œ—r¤¸µª¥·ª°µ«´¥°¥¼nÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ ˜nÞ¨œ—rŤn ­µ¤µ¦™¦°Š¦´‹Îµœªœ °Šµª¥·ªÅ—o®¤—œÎµÅž­¼n‡ªµ¤ª»nœªµ¥¦·Áª–µ¥Â—œš´ÊŠ®¤—š¸É˜·—„´ Á¥°¦¤œ¸ nµªÁ¦ºÉ°Š¦µª °ŠŸ¼o°¡¥¡¦·Áª–µ¥Â—œš¸É°¥¼nĜ£µª³­´­œÂ¨³Å¦o‡ªµ¤®ª´ŠÂ¡¦n„¦³‹µ¥ Ş™¹Š„¦»Šžµ¦¸­šÎµÄ®o±¦rÁŽ·¨ „¦¹œŽž{œ (Harschel Grynspan) Á—È„®œ»n¤µªÃž¨ÁºÊ°­µ¥¥·ª ª´¥ 17 že ¦¼o­¹„Ťn¡°Ä‹Â¨³Ã„¦›Â‡oœÁ¡¦µ³‡¦°‡¦´ª °ŠÁ µ™¼„ ´Å¨n°°„‹µ„Á¥°¦¤´œÂ¨³˜·—°¥¼n ¦·Áª–µ¥Â—œ Á µ‹¹ŠÅžÁ¦¸¥„¦o°Š °‡ªµ¤Áž}œ›¦¦¤š¸É­™µœÁ°„°´‡¦¦µš¼˜Á¥°¦¤´œž¦³‹Îµ „¦»Šžµ¦¸­Â˜nŤnÁž}œŸ¨ šÎµÄ®oÁ µ´œ—µ¨Ãš­³Â¨³¨oµŠÂ‡oœÄ®o‡¦°‡¦´ª‹œœÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦­´Š®µ¦ œµ¥Â°œ­rš ¢°œ ¦µš (Ernst von Rath) Á¨ µœ»„µ¦¨Îµ—´š¸É­µ¤ °Š­™µœš¼˜Á¥°¦¤´œ Á®˜»„µ¦–r—´Š„¨nµª¤¸„µ¦˜¸¡·¤¡r¨ŠÄœ®œ´Š­º°¡·¤¡r °ŠœµŽ¸Ã—¥¸ÊœÎµªnµ¥·ªÅ—ož¦³„µ«­Š‡¦µ¤„´ Á¥°¦¤´œÂ¨³Å—oœÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ªš¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ªnµ “‡ºœ„¦³‹„˜„” ¦³®ªnµŠª´œš¸É 9-10 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ ‡.«. 1938 Á„·Á·¨­rŗoŒª¥Ã°„µ­‹µ„„µ¦Á­¸¥¸ª·˜ °Š¢°œ ¦µšž¨»„ž{~œµªÁ¥°¦¤´œÄ®oÁ„¨¸¥—´ŠÂ¨³ ˜n°˜oµœµª¥·ª°¥nµŠ¦»œÂ¦Š ­¤µ·„®œnª¥Á°­Á°­ Á°­Á°Â¨³µªÁ¥°¦¤´œ®´ª¦»œÂ¦ŠÅ—o˜¦³Áªœ šÎµ¨µ¥š»„¦³‹„ ªoµŠžµ„o°œ®·œÄ­n„¦³‹„®œoµ˜nµŠoµœn°Š ¦oµœ‡oµ °Šµª¥·ª š´ÊŠ¥´ŠšÎµ¦oµ¥š»˜¸

49 —¼ ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦. “ ‡ºœ„¦³‹„˜„ – ž’·´˜·„µ¦Â¦„ °Š„µ¦„ªµ—¨oµŠ¥·ª,” ªµ¦­µ¦ ¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ 33.3 („¦„‘µ‡¤-„´œ¥µ¥œ 2551), 64-73.

57

µª¥·ª œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¤¸„µ¦¨°ªµŠÁ¡¨·ŠÃ­™r °Š¥·ª ¨³¥¹—Á°µš¦´¡¥r­·œ¤¸‡nµ¤µÁž}œ °Š˜œ ˜¨°— ‡ºœª´œš¸É 9 ˜n°ÁœºÉ°Š™¹Šª´œš¸É 10 Á„·—Ţ٤oš´Éª¦·Áª–š¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥ °Šµª¥·ª Á®˜»„µ¦–rĜ‡¦´ÊŠœ¸ÊŗošÎµ Ä®o›»¦„·‹ °Šµª¥·ªÅ—o¦´‡ªµ¤Á­¸¥®µ¥¤µ„„ªnµ 7,500 ®nŠ Ý­™r¥·ª™¼„ÁŸµšÎµ¨µ¥ 191 ®nŠÂ¨³°¸„ 76 ®nŠ™¼„šÎµ¨µ¥¨Š°¥nµŠ¦µ‡µ oµœÁ¦º°œÁ­¸¥®µ¥‹µ„Á¡¨·ŠÅ®¤o 171 ®nŠ µª¥·ª‹ÎµœªœÁ„º° 100 ‡œ™¼„­´Š®µ¦Â¨³¤¸µª¥·ªµ—Á‹È¤µ„„ªnµ 1,000 ‡œÂ¨³™¼„‹´„»¤Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ„ªnµ 20,000 ‡œ50 µª¥·ª‹Îµœªœ„ªnµ‡¦¹ÉŠš¸É™¼„‹´™¼„­nŠÅž¥´Š‡nµ¥¼Á‡œª´¨—r (Buchenwald) ‡nµ¥—µÁ‡µ (Dachau) ¨³Ž´‡ ÁŽœÁ±µÁŽ·œ(Sachsenhausen) „µ¦­´Š®µ¦µª¥·ªÄœª´œš¸É 9 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ ‡.«. 1938 ™º°Áž}œ “‹»—‹ °Š„µ¦Á¦·É¤˜oœ” (The end of the beginning) ¨³Á®˜»„µ¦–rš¸ÉÁ„·— ¹ÊœÄœª´œš¸É 10 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ ‡.«. 1938 ™º°Áž}œ “‹»—Á¦·É¤˜oœ °Š‹»—‹” (The beginning of the end ) Ž¹ÉŠÁ®˜»„µ¦–rœ¸Êœ´Áž}œ„oµªÂ¦„ °Š „µ¦­´Š®µ¦®¤¼nµª¥·ªÄœÁª¨µ˜n°¤µ51

£µ¡š¸É 2 „µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥¦oµœ‡oµ °Šµª¥·ªÄœÁ®˜»„µ¦–r‡ºœ„¦³‹„˜„ š¸É¤µ : Night of Broken Glass, accessed 20 February 2013, available from http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ holoprelude/kristallnacht.html

50 Gerald Reitlinger , The Final Solution : The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe. ( New York : Barnes&Company, 1961),13 -14. 51 Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt, Holocaust : A History ,102.

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„µ¦»„Þ¨œ—r¨³‹»—Á¦·É¤˜oœ °Š­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É2

Á¤ºÉ°Á¥°¦¤œ¸ªµŠÂŸœ‹³„n°­Š‡¦µ¤Â¨³Å¤n˜o°Š„µ¦Ážd—«¹„­°ŠÂœª¦ Á¥°¦¤œ¸Å—oÁ‹¦‹µšÎµ o°˜„¨Š„´­®£µ¡ÃŽÁª¸¥˜Â¨³œÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦¨Šœµ¤Äœ„˜·„µ­´µÅ¤n¦»„¦µœ„´œ¦³®ªnµŠœµŽ¸ - ÎÁª¸¥˜ (Nazi – Soviet Non- Aggression Pact)52 Ĝª´œš¸É 23 ­·Š®µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1939 ®¦º°š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„„´œªnµ „˜·„µ­´µ¦·Áœš¦°¡ – ä蘰¢ (Ribbentrop – Molotov) Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸ o°˜„¨Š¨´Äœ„µ¦ÂnŠ Þ¨œ—r ×¥­®£µ¡ÃŽÁª¸¥˜Å—o‡¦°‡¦°Š—·œÂ—œ­nªœÄ®n °ŠÃžÂ¨œ—r˜³ª´œ°°„ ¨³Á¥°¦¤´œ ‹³Å—o—·œÂ—œ­nªœš¸ÉÁ®¨º°š´ÊŠ®¤— o°˜„¨Š—´Š„¨nµªœ´Áž}œ„µ¦ÂnŠÃžÂ¨œ—r‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 4 Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œž{‹‹´¥ ­Îµ‡´š¸ÉœÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦Á„·—­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 2 š´ÊŠœ¸ÊÁ¡¦µ³±·˜Á¨°¦rÁ¦¸¥„¦o°Š­·š›·„µ¦‡¦°‡¦°ŠŒœªœ Þ¨œ—r Á¥°¦¤œ¸»„Þ¨œ—rĜª´œš¸É 1 „´œ¥µ¥œ ‡.«. 1939 ¨³­µ¤µ¦™¥¹—‡¦°ŠÃžÂ¨œ—rŗoÁ¡¸¥Š 3 ­´ž—µ®r ª´œÂ¦„ °Š„µ¦Á oµ¦»„¦µœµª¥·ªÅ—o¦nª¤¦Á‡¸¥Š oµŠš®µ¦µªÃžÂ¨œ—r˜µ¤Âœªµ¥Â—œ ĜÁª¨µ˜n°¤µ­¤¦£¼¤·¦„È ¥µ¥Åž¥´Š¦° Ç „¦»Šª°¦rŽ° ¨³š¸ÉÁ¤º°Šœ¸Ê¡¨Á¤º°Š„ªnµ®œ¹ÉŠ®¤ºÉœ‡œ Á­¸¥¸ª·˜‹µ„„µ¦š·ÊŠ¦³Á·—°¥nµŠ®œ´„ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸ Ĝª´œš¸É 2 „´œ¥µ¥œ Á¤º°ŠÄœÃžÂ¨œ—r˜³ª´œ˜„®¨µ¥Â®nŠ™¼„š·ÊŠ¦³Á·—‹œ¡·œµ« Ĝª´œ °µš·˜¥rš¸É 3 „´œ¥µ¥œ °´Š„§¬Â¨³ ¦´ÉŠÁ«­„Èŗož¦³„µ«­Š‡¦µ¤„´Á¥°¦¤œ¸ ˜n„È¥´ŠÅ¤n¤¸œÃ¥µ¥š¸Éœn ´—Äœ„µ¦¥´¥´ÊŠ„µ¦„¦³šÎµ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸ ­nŠŸ¨šÎµÄ®o„°Šš´¡Á¥°¦¤´œ­µ¤µ¦™Á oµ¦»„¦µœÃžÂ¨œ—rŗo °¥nµŠ¦ª—Á¦Èª Ĝ¦³¥³Áª¨µÁ¡¸¥Š 1 ´ÉªÃ¤Š °Š„µ¦¥¹—‡¦°Š Á¥°¦¤œ¸—εÁœ·œ„µ¦„ªµ—¨oµŠµªÃž¨ÁºÊ° ­µ¥¥·ªÃ—¥®œnª¥Á°­Á°­¡·Á«¬‹³ž’·´˜·„µ¦­´Š®µ¦µª¥·ªš¸É¡Á®Èœ Ĝª´œš¸É 4 „´œ¥µ¥œ µª¥·ª‹Îµœªœœ´¡´œ˜nµŠ¡µ„´œ®¨®œ¸°°„‹µ„Á¤º°Š Piotrkow ×¥¡ª„Á µÁºÉ°ªnµ¡ª„Á µ‹³ ž¨°—£´¥®µ„°¥¼nń¨‹µ„Á¤º°Š Piotrkow ˜n„¦³œ´ÊœÁ®˜»„µ¦–r„¨´Å¤nÁž}œÅž°¥nµŠš¸É¡ª„Á µ‡µ—®ª´Š Ūo Á¡¦µ³Á¥°¦¤œ¸„Èŗoš·ÊŠ¦³Á·—ˤ˜¸®œ´„™¹Š­°Š‡¦´ÊŠ ¨³¥´ŠÄoÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š·œÄœ„µ¦‡oœ®µŸ¼o®¨®œ¸ —oª¥ Ĝ –³š¸ÉĜÁ¤º°Š Czestochowa Ž¹ÉŠ°¥¼nŤn®nµŠ‹µ„Á¤º°Š Piotrkow µª¥·ª‹Îµœªœ 180 ‡œÅ—o™¼„ ¥·Š Á®˜»„µ¦–rš¸ÉÁ„·— ¹ÊœÄœÁ¤º°Šœ¸Ê™¼„Á¦¸¥„ªnµ “Bloody Monday” 53

52 —¼ ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦ “Nazi-soviet Pact; German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact; Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact : (1939) : „˜·„µ­´µœµŽ¸-ÎÁª¸¥˜,„˜·„µ­´µÅ¤n¦»„¦µœ„´œ¦³®ªnµŠÁ¥°¦¤´œ-ÎÁª¸¥˜,„˜·„µ­´µ¦·Áœ š¦°¡-ä蘰¢ (¡.«.2482), ” ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž °´„¬¦ L-O 5 (2551 ) : 609- 614. 53 Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust : the Jewish Tragedy, (Glasgow : William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd, 1986), 87.

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®¦º°­·ÉŠ °Šš¸Éµª¥·ªÄ®o„µ¦œ´™º°šÎµ‡ªµ¤­³°µ—¦nµŠ„µ¥54 Áž}œ˜oœ ­nªœÄœ„¦»Šª°¦rŽ°„Ȥ¸„µ¦š·ÊŠ ¦³Á·—šµŠ°µ„µ«Äœ­nªœš¸ÉÁž}œÁ ˜š¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥ °Šµª¥·ª ˜n°¤µÁ¤ºÉ°„µ¦˜n°­¼oĄ¨o‹³­·Êœ­»—¨Š µª¥·ª š¸É¦°—¸ª·˜˜nµŠ¡µ„´œ°¡¥¡Åž¥´ŠÃžÂ¨œ—r˜³ª´œ°°„ ĜÁ¥Èœ °Šª´œš¸É 30 ­·Š®µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1939 Á¤º°ŠÁ°µª·šŽr(Oswiecim) ™¼„»„ˤ˜¸ ×¥„°Š„ε¨´Šš¸É 14 £µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦œÎµ °Šœµ¥¡¨ª·¨Á±¨r¤ ¨·­˜r (Wilhelm List) Ÿ¼o´µ„µ¦„°Š„ε¨´Š ˜³ª´œ°°„ÁŒ¸¥ŠÄ˜o Ĝª´œÂ¦„ °Š„µ¦Ã‹¤˜¸š®µ¦Á¥°¦¤´œÅ—o˜´—­·œÄ‹š¸É‹³ÄoÁ¤º°ŠÁ°µª·šŽrÁž}œ‹»— ¥»š›«µ­˜¦r­Îµ‡´Äœ„µ¦ªµŠ¦³šµŠ¦™Å¢ ¨³ÄoÁž}œš¸É˜´ÊŠ °Š®œnª¥„°Š¡´œš®µ¦¤oµš¸É 6 °Š Þ¨œ—r (The 6th Polish Cavalry Battalion) Ĝª´œÁ—¸¥ª„´œš®µ¦ÃžÂ¨œ—rŗo¨³š·ÊŠÁ¤º°ŠÁ°µª·šŽr ¨³¥oµ¥“µœš´¡Åž¥´ŠÁ¤º°Š‡¦µÃ‡ªŽ¹ÉŠ°¥¼n®nµŠ°°„ÅžšµŠ˜³ª´œ°°„ 60 „·Ã¨Á¤˜¦Ž¹ÉŠž¦³µœ ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„˜nµŠ¡µ„´œ®¨®œ¸°°„ÅžÁnœ„´œ Ĝª´œš¸É 1 „´œ¥µ¥œ ž¦³µœš¸ÉÁ—·œšµŠ°°„‹µ„Á¤º°Š ¤¸‹ÎµœªœÁ¡·É¤¤µ„ ¹ÊœŽ¹ÉŠÃ—¥­nªœÄ®n¨oª‹³Áž}œµª¥·ª ×¥¤»nŠ®œoµÁ oµ­¼nÁ¤º°Š‡¦µÃ‡ª –³Á—¸¥ª„´œ ®œnª¥¦³ª´Š®¨´Š„°Šš´¡Á¥°¦¤´œ„ε¨´Š¤»nŠ®œoµÁ—·œšµŠÁ oµ­¼nÁ°µª·šŽr ĜnªŠš¸É­™µœ„µ¦–r °Š „°Šš´¡Á¥°¦¤´œ„ε¨´ŠÅ—oÁž¦¸¥°¥¼nœ´Êœ ±·¤Á¨°¦rŗoÚ¦Á¨ ‡Îµ­´ÉŠ—nªœÄ®o‹´—˜´ÊŠ„°Š„ε¨´Šš®µ¦ ¹ÊœÄœ Á¥Èœª´œš¸É 3 „´œ¥µ¥œ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Á„·—„µ¦˜n°­¼o¨³˜n°˜oµœ°¥nµŠ®œ´„‹µ„µªÃž¨ÄœÁ ˜¡ºÊœš¸É °»˜­µ®„¦¦¤ °Š° ´žÁž°¦rŎ¨¸ÁŽ¸¥ (Upper Silesia) ­nªœš¸ÉÁ¤º°ŠÁ°µª·šŽrœ´Êœš®µ¦Ãž¨Å—o¡¥µ¥µ¤ šÎµ¨µ¥Á­oœšµŠ‡¤œµ‡¤ œ­nŠ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤´œ ×¥„µ¦¦³Á·—­³¡µœ oµ¤Â¤nœÊεΨµ (Sola) Ž¹ÉŠ™º°Áž}œ Á­oœšµŠ­Îµ‡´š¸É­»—Äœ„µ¦Á oµÁ¤º°Š š®µ¦Á¥°¦¤´œ­¦oµŠ­³¡µœ oµ¤Â¤nœÊεčoÞk³®œ»œÂ¨³­µ¤µ¦™ Á oµ¥¹—Á¤º°ŠÅ—oĜª´œš¸É 4 „´œ¥µ¥œ ‡.«. 1939 ®¨´Š‹µ„œ´Êœ®œ¹ÉŠ­´ž—µ®r‹´˜»¦´­„µ¦‡oµ °ŠÁ¤º°Š™¼„ Á¦¸¥„ºÉ°Ä®¤nªnµ Adolf – Hitler –Plantz ¨³Á¤º°Š Oswiecim ŗo™¼„Áž¨¸É¥œÁž}œ Auschwitz ˜µ¤ £µ¬µÁ¥°¦¤´œ ¤o‹³¥¹—‡¦°ŠÁ¤º°ŠÁ°µª·šŽrŗo ˜n®¨µ¥­´ž—µ®rŸnµœÅž„È¥´ŠÅ¤n¤¸‡ªµ¤´—Á‹œªnµ‹³ ¦ª¤Á¤º°ŠÁ°µª·šŽrÁ oµ„´Â‡ªoœ°´žÁž°¦rŎ¨¸ÁŽ¸¥®¦º°Å¤n ®¦º°Ä®o‡Š°¥¼nÁž}œÁ ˜„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š °Š ‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡r ®¦º°Ä®o°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š °Š General Government55 Á¤ºÉ°¥´ŠÅ¤n¤¸„ε®œ—šµŠ

54 Gilbert, The Holocaust : the Jewish Tragedy, 91. 55 General Government Áž}œ¡ºÊœš¸É °ŠÃžÂ¨œ—rš¸É°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š °ŠœµŽ¸Á¥°¦¤´œÄœnªŠ ­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 1 Ĝ‡.«. 1939 ™¹Š˜oœ‡.«. 1945 ×¥¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸Å—o„ε®œ—Ä®o—·œÂ—œÄœ°µ–´˜·Â¥„°°„¤µ ž„‡¦°ŠÁ°ŠÄœ“µœ³Â‡ªoœ®œ¹ÉŠ °Š‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡rš¸É 3 ­nªœÄ®n‹³°¥¼nšµŠ˜°œ„¨µŠÂ¨³˜°œÄ˜o °ŠÃžÂ¨œ—r ¦ª¤™¹ŠÁ¤º°ŠÄ®n Ç Ánœ ª°¦rŽ° ¨³‡¦µÃ‡ª ¨¼¨·œ

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®¨´Š‹µ„¥¹—‡¦°ŠÃžÂ¨œ—rŗoÁž}œŸ¨­ÎµÁ¦È‹ ¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸Å—očoÁ¤º°Š¨¼¨·œ (Lublin) Áž}œ¡ºÊœš¸É ­Îµ®¦´š—¨°ŠÃ‡¦Š„µ¦°´œ®¨µ„®¨µ¥ Ž¹ÉŠ®œ¹ÉŠÄœœ´Êœ„ȇº°„µ¦„ε®œ—¡ºÊœš¸ÉÁž}œÁ ˜­ŠªœÅªoÁ¡ºÉ° Áž}œš¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥ °Šµª¥·ª°¡¥¡ ¨³Â¦ŠŠµœµª¥·ª ×¥°¡¥¡µªÁ¥°¦¤´œš¸É°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜÁ¤º°Š —´Š„¨nµª„¨´ž¦³Áš«Á¡ºÉ°Áž}œ„µ¦Á˜¦¸¥¤¡ºÊœš¸É¦°Š¦´µª¥·ª ¦ª¤Åž™¹ŠµªÃž¨ ¨³µª¥·žŽ¸ µª¥·ª ­nªœ¤µ„š¸É°¡¥¡¤µ¥´ŠÁ¤º°Š¨¼¨·œ‹³¤µ‹µ„„¦»ŠÁª¸¥œœµ —·œÂ—œÃ±¸Á¤¸¥ ¨³Ã¤¦µÁª¸¥ °ŠÁ„ ĭ誵Á„¸¥ ‡ªµ¤‡·—Á„¸É¥ª„´Á ˜­Šªœ—´Š„¨nµªÅ¤nčn‡ªµ¤‡·—Ä®¤nš´ÊŠ®¤— ×¥Á®˜»Ÿ¨š¸ÉÁ¨º°„Á¤º°Š ¨¼¨·œ Á¡¦µ³Á¥°¦¤œ¸ÁºÉ°ªnµ«¼œ¥r¦ª¤ °Š°Îµœµ‹µª¥·ª ¨³˜oœ„εÁœ·—µ˜·¡´œ›»r °Š¡ª„¥·ª°¥¼nĜ Á¤º°Š—´Š„¨nµª ŠµœÁ ¸¥œ The Jew on the Eastern Border Ž¹ÉŠ™¼„œÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦Ã‰¬–µªœÁºÉ° °Š œµŽ¸ °Š Hermann E. Seifert „Ȧ³»ªnµÁ¤º°Š¨¼¨·œ‡º°˜oœ„εÁœ·—®nŠ¡¨´Š¸ª·˜°´œ¥·ÉŠÄ®nÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´ ®¨nŠ »¤š¦´¡¥rš¸ÉŤn°µ‹‹Îµ„´—Å—o °Šµª¥·ªŽ¹ÉŠ‹³®¨´ÉŠÅ®¨Åž¥´Š­nªœ˜nµŠ Ç °ŠÃ¨„ Áž}œ‹»—Á¦·É¤˜oœ °Š„µ¦„εÁœ·—°¸„‡¦´ÊŠ °Šµª¥·ª ¨¼¨·œ‹¹Š™¼„¦´„¬µÄ®o—ε¦Š°¥¼nĜ­´µ°´œ¤´Éœ‡Š °Šµª¥·ª Á¤ºÉ° Á¤º°Š¤¸„µ¦ÁºÉ°¤Ã¥Š„´¥·ª —´Šœ´Êœµª¥·ª‡ª¦„¨´Åž¥´Š‹»—„εÁœ·— °Š˜œ56

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56 Leni Yahil, The Holocaust : The Fate of European Jewry, (New yprk : oxford University, 1990),160. 62

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ĜnªŠ¦³®ªnµŠÁª¨µš¸É¥´ŠÅ¤nŗo¤¸„µ¦¨Š¤˜·Á„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦Â„ož{®µµª¥·ªªnµ‹³Áž}œÅžÄœ š·«šµŠÄ—¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸Å—o˜´ÊŠÁ„˜Ã˜ ¹ÊœÁ¡ºÉ°ÄoÁž}œ«¼œ¥r„´„„´œ´Éª‡¦µª Á„˜Ã˜Â®nŠÂ¦„­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÄœ Á—º°œ˜»¨µ‡¤ ‡.«.1939 š¸ÉÁ¤º°Š Piotrkow ˜n°¤µ Á„˜Ã˜™¼„‹´—Ä®oÁž}œ‹»—°Îµœª¥‡ªµ¤­³—ª„š¸É‹³Äo Ĝ„µ¦¦ª¦ª¤Â¦ŠŠµœš¸É­Îµ‡´Á¡ºÉ°„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥¨oµŠ Á„˜Ã˜œ´ÊœÅ¤nŗo¤¸°¥¼nš»„Á¤º°Š ˜n‹³¤¸˜µ¤ ¥»š›«µ­˜¦rš¸É‹³¤¸„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œ¥oµ¥µª¥·ª‹µ„®¤¼noµœ ®¦º°Á¤º°ŠÁ¨È„ Ç Åž¥´ŠÁ¤º°Šš¸É¤¸ œµ—Ä®n„ªnµ Á„˜Ã˜‹Îµœªœœ´¦o°¥™¼„‹´— ¹ÊœÄœ¥»Ã¦žš¸É°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦¥¹—‡¦°Š °ŠœµŽ¸ Á„˜Ã˜š¸É™¼„­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÄœ ­¤´¥ °ŠœµŽ¸œ´ÊœÅ—o™¼„Ä®o‡Îµ‹Îµ„´—‡ªµ¤‹µ„œ´„Ú¬ªnµ “Áž}œ‡»„š¸ÉŦo®¨´Š‡µ (a prison without a roof)”58Ĝ„µ¦­¦oµŠÁ„˜Ã˜‡¦´ÊŠÂ¦„¤¸‹»—ž¦³­Š‡rÁ¡ºÉ°Ã——Á—¸É¥ª ¨³Â¥„µª¥·ª°°„‹µ„µªÃž¨

57 Á„˜Ã˜ Áž}œ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ °ŠÁ¤º°ŠÄoÁž}œš¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥ °Šœ„¨»n¤œo°¥˜nµŠÇ Á¦·É¤Äo‡¦´ÊŠÂ¦„Äœ‡.«.1516 Á¡ºÉ° čoÁž}œÁ ˜š¸É°¥¼n°µ«´¥ °Šµª¥·ªÄœÁ¤º°ŠÁªœ·­ Ĝ¦³®ªnµŠ­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 2 ¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸­¦oµŠÁ„˜Ã˜ ¹ÊœÁ¡ºÉ° „´„„´œµª¥·ªµŠ‡¦´ÊŠ¦ª¤™¹Šµª¥·žŽ¸—oª¥ Áž}œÁ ˜¡ºÊœš¸Éžd—°¥¼nĜ¥»Ã¦ž˜³ª´œ°°„ ­µ¤µ¦™ÂnŠ°°„Áž}œ­µ¤ ž¦³Á£š ž¦³Á£šÂ¦„Á„˜Ã˜žd— ­nªœÄ®n˜´ÊŠ°¥¼nĜÞ¨œ—r¨³­®£µ¡ÃŽÁª¸¥˜£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦¥¹—‡¦°Š °ŠœµŽ¸ Á„˜Ã˜Á®¨nµœ¸Ê™¼„¨o°¤—oª¥„ε¡Š°·“®¦º°¦´Êª¨ª—®œµ¤Ž¹ÉŠµª¥·ªÅ¤nŗo¦´°œ»µ˜Ä®o°°„œ°„¡ºÊœš¸É®µ„ iµ gœ šµŠ„µ¦Á¥°¦¤´œ‹³­´Š®µ¦š´œš¸ Á„˜Ã˜ °ŠœµŽ¸­nªœÄ®nÁž}œž¦³Á£šœ ¸Ê ž¦³Á£šš¸É­°ŠÁ„˜Ã˜Ážd— Ťn¤¸„ε¡Š®¦º° ¦´Êª¨o°¤ ­nªœÄ®n­¦oµŠÄœnªŠ˜oœ °Š­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É­°Š ¤¸ o°‹Îµ„´—°¥nµŠÁ‡¦nŠ‡¦´—Äœ„µ¦Á oµÂ¨³°°„ ž¦³Á£š ­»—šoµ¥Á„˜Ã˜„ε‹´—®¦º°šÎµ¨µ¥ ¤¸ ¹ÊœÄœnªŠž¨µ¥ °Š„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»r Á¡¸¥Š­°Š™¹Š®„­´ž—µ®rÁšnµœ´Êœ Á„˜Ã˜ Á®¨nµœ¸Ê™¼„žd—Ÿœ¹„°¥nµŠÂœnœ®œµ µª¥·ªš¸É™¼„‡»¤ ´ŠÄœÁ„˜Ã˜Á®¨nµœ¸Ê¦°™¼„Áœ¦Áš«®¦º°™¼„­´Š®µ¦Ã—š®µ¦Á¥°¦¤´œ ץĜª´œš¸É 21 ¤·™»œµ¥œ ‡.«.1943 ¤¸‡Îµ­´ÉŠÄ®o„ªµ—¨oµŠÁ„˜Ã˜š´ÊŠ®¤—Äœ¥»Ã¦ž˜³ª´œ°°„ ¨³°¡¥¡µª¥·ª š´ÊŠ®¤—Åž¥´Š‡nµ¥„´„„´œ

58 Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, The Ghettos of the Holocaust, accessed 17 June 2012, available form , http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/index.html.

64

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¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸¤¸‡Îµ­´ÉŠÄ®oŸ¼oš¸ÉŤnčnµª¥·ª°¡¥¡°°„‹µ„¦·Áª–¡ºÊœš¸Éš¸Éŗo„ε®œ—Áž}œÁ ˜Á„˜ Ø ¨³Ä®oŞ°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜ¡ºÊœš¸Éš¸É„ε®œ—Ūo µª¥·ª‹³¥oµ¥Á oµÅž¥´Š­™µœš¸Éš¸É™¼„˜´ÊŠÁž}œÁ„˜Ã˜Âšœ µª¥·ª˜o°Š°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜ¡ºÊœš¸Éš¸É‹Îµ„´—×¥‡¦°‡¦´ª­µ¤™¹Š­¸É‡¦°‡¦´ª˜o°Š°¥¼nĜ¡ºÊœš¸Éš¸É¡°Á®¤µ³ Á¡¸¥Š‡¦°‡¦´ªÁ—¸¥ªÂ¨³œÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦Á„·—懦³µ—ÄœÁª¨µ˜n°¤µ ¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸¥´Š¡¥µ¥µ¤Ãœo¤œoµªÄ®o »‡‡¨š¸É¤·Änµª¥·ªÄ®o¥°¤¦´ªnµÁ„˜Ã˜Áž}œ­·ÉŠ‹ÎµÁž}œÄœ„µ¦ž„žj°Š¡ª„Á µ‹µ„µª¥·ª Á¡¦µ³µª¥·ª ‡º°¡µ®³œÎµÃ¦‡ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¥´Š¤¸„µ¦„¨nµª®µµª¥·ªªnµÁž}œŸ¼oš¸ÉÄ®o‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°„´«´˜¦¼ —´Šœ´Êœµª¥·ª ‹¹Š‡ª¦‹³™¼„‹Îµ„´—Ä®o°¥¼n£µ¥ÄœÁ„˜Ã˜60 Á„˜Ã˜Â®nŠš¸É­°Š™¼„­¦oµŠ ¹Êœš¸ÉÁ¤º°ŠÃ¨—Žr (Lodz) Ĝ‡.«. 1939 Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠ °Š°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤ 藎rÁ„˜Ã˜ ¨³ª°¦rŽ°Á„˜Ã˜Áž}œÁ„˜Ã˜š¸É¤¸ºÉ°Á­¸¥ŠÄœ „µ¦˜n°­¼oÁ¡ºÉ°‡ªµ¤°¥¼n¦°—¨³˜n°˜oµœœµŽ¸Á¥°¦¤´œ Ž¹ÉŠ„´„„´œµª¥·ª„ªnµ 500,000 ‡œ µª¥·ªš¸É°—˜µ¥ ¨³Á­¸¥¸ª·˜Á¡¦µ³Ã¦‡£´¥ÄœÁ„˜Ã˜š´ÊŠ­°ŠÂ®nŠœ´˜´ÊŠÂ˜nÁ—º°œ¤·™ »œµ¥œ‡.«. 1941 Áž}œ˜oœ¤µÃ—¥ ÁŒ¨¸É¥¤¸‹Îµœªœ 2,000 ‡œ ¨³ 800 ‡œ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ 61

–³Á—¸¥ª„´œÁ ˜„´„„´œÄœÁ¤º°Š¨¼¨·œ˜o°Šž¦³­„´ž{®µ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‡ªµ¤ ´—Â¥oŠ„´œ ¦³®ªnµŠŸ¼o¦·®µ¦Äœ„µ¦„ε®œ—œÃ¥µ¥„µ¦‹´—„µ¦ž{®µµª¥·ª ˜nšoµ¥š¸É­»—Å—o o°­¦»žªnµ‹³­¦oµŠ ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÂ¦ŠŠµœ­Îµ®¦´µª¥·ª ¹Êœ Ž¹ÉŠ£µ¥®¨´Š‡º°‡nµ¥­´Š®µ¦µª¥·ªÃ—¥ Odilo Globocnik ®´ª®œoµ

59 Philip Friedman, Road to Extinction : Essays on the Holocaust, edited by Ada Jane Friendman (New York : Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980), 60.

60 Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, The Ghettos of the Holocaust, accessed 17 June 2012, available form , http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/index.html.

61 ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, “ Final Solution (Endlosug) : „µ¦ž{®µµª¥·ª‡¦´ÊŠ­»—šoµ¥, ¤µ˜¦„µ¦­»—šoµ¥” ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž °´„¬¦ E – G 3 (2543) : 137.

65

®œnª¥Á°­Á°­Â¨³˜Îµ¦ª‹ÄœÁ¤º°Š¨¼¨·œÅ—o¦´‡ªµ¤ÅªoªµŠÄ‹Ä®o—εÁœ·œ„µ¦„ªµ—¨oµŠµª¥·ªÄœ‡nµ¥ „´„„´œÄœÁ¤º°Š¨¼¨·œ62

£µ¡š¸É 3 „µ¦Äo¸ª·˜ÄœÁ„˜Ã˜ °Šµª¥·ª š¸É¤µ : Michael Radford’s Journal, Jewish Ghetto, accessed 20 February 2013, available from http://michaelradfordsjournal.blogspot.com/2013/01/finals-research-jewish-ghettos.html

£µ¡š¸É 4 ª°¦rŽ°Á„˜Ã˜ š¸É¤µ : Wikipedia Encyclopedia, Warsaw Ghetto ,accessed 20 February 2013, available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto

62 Philip Friedman, Road to Extinction : Essays on the Holocaust, 34 – 36.

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63 Barbara Distel, “Dachau,” Encyclopedia of Holocaust : A- D, edited by Israel Gutman (N.Y. : Macmiillan Publishing Company 1990) : 342.

67

¤µ„ ¹Êœ®¨´Š‹µ„‡ºœ„¦³‹„˜„Äœ‡.«. 1938 ž¦³µœµª¥·ª‹Îµœªœœ´®¤ºÉœ‡œš´Éªš´ÊŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸™¼„ ‹´„»¤Â¨³­nŠÅž„´„ ´Šš¸É‡nµ¥—µÁ‡µ ˜nµª¥·ª‡œÄ—š¸É­—Š‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦‹³Á—·œšµŠ°°„œ°„ ž¦³Áš«‹³Å—o¦´„µ¦ž¨n°¥˜´ª ˜n°¤µÁ¤ºÉ°¤¸„µ¦„ε‹´—µª¥·ª°¥nµŠÁž}œ¦³Äœ‡.«. 1942 µª¥·ªÄœ ‡nµ¥—µÁ‡µ ¨³‡nµ¥°ºÉœÇ Ĝ‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡r‹³™¼„­nŠÅž¥´Š‡nµ¥­´Š®µ¦ÄœÃžÂ¨œ—r ‡nµ¥—µÁ‡µÁž}œ‡nµ¥š¸É Ťn¤¸„µ¦­´Š®µ¦®¤¼n—oª¥Â„p­¡·¬ ˜n¤¸„µ¦š—¨°ŠšµŠ„µ¦Â¡š¥rÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´œ„´‡nµ¥„´„„´œ°ºÉœ °ŠœµŽ¸64 ‡nµ¥Ž´‡ÁŽœÁ±µÁŽ·œ ‡nµ¥˜´ÊŠ°¥¼nĄ¨o„´„¦»ŠÁ°¦r¨·œ Á¦·É¤„n°­¦oµŠÄœÁ—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1936 ×¥¤¸ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡rĜ„µ¦­¦oµŠÁ¡ºÉ°ÄoĜ£µª³­Š‡¦µ¤ ¨³®¨´Š‹µ„Á®˜»„µ¦–r‡ºœ„¦³‹„˜„ µª¥·ª‹Îµœªœ 1,800 ‡œ™¼„­nŠ˜´ª¤µš¸Éœ¸É ¨³Äœ‹Îµœªœœ¸Ê¤¸ 450 ‡œ™¼„­´Š®µ¦Äœš´œš¸š¸É¤µ™¹Š‡nµ¥ ‡nµ¥Ž´‡ÁŽœÁ±µÁŽ·œ¤¸œ´„Ú¬ž¦³¤µ– 200,000 ‡œÁ¤ºÉ°­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É­°ŠÅ—oÁ¦·É¤ ¹Êœ ­£µ¡„µ¦–r £µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥„ÈÁ¨ª¦oµ¥¨Š Ĝ‡.«. 1939 ¤¸œ´„Ú¬Á­¸¥¸ª·˜ 800 ‡œ ¨³Á¡·É¤ ¹Êœ™¹Š 4,000 ‡œÄœ‡.«. 1940 œ´„Ú¬­nªœÄ®nĜ‡nµ¥‹³™¼„­nŠ˜´ª¤µ‹µ„ž¦³Áš«ÃžÂ¨œ—r ˜n°¤µÁ—º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ ‡.«. 1941 ŗo¤¸„µ¦­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥¦·ªµ¦ °Š‡nµ¥Ž´‡ÁŽœÁ±µÁŽ·œ ¹ÊœÁ¡ºÉ°ÄoÁž}œš¸É¡´„­Îµ®¦´œ´„Ú¬­£µ¡„µ¦–r £µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥¦·ªµ¦Á®¨nµœ¸ÊŤn‡n°¥¤¸‡ªµ¤¦»œÂ¦Š œ´„Ú¬š¸É™¼„­nŠ˜´ª¤µ¥´Š‡nµ¥¦·ªµ¦¤´„¤¸Ã°„µ­¦°— ¸ª·˜š¸É¤µ„„ªnµœ´„Ú¬‡nµ¥®¨´„65 Á—º°œ­·Š®µ‡¤‡.«. 1941 ®œnª¥Á°­Á°­Å—oÁ¦·É¤„µ¦­´Š®µ¦®¤¼n œ´„Ú¬—oª¥„µ¦¥·Š ĜÁ—º°œ˜n°¤µÁ¨¥­Š‡¦µ¤µªÃŽÁª¸¥˜ž¦³¤µ– 13,000-18,000 ‡œ™¼„­nŠ˜´ª¤µ ­´Š®µ¦¥´Š‡nµ¥Â®nŠœ¸Ê ‡nµ¥Ž´‡ÁŽœÁ±µÁŽ·œÅ—o¤¸„µ¦­¦oµŠ®o°Š¦¤Â„p­ ¨³¨µœÁŸµ«¡Äœ‡.«. 1943 ‡nµ¥„´„„´œš¸É­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÄœ‡.«. 1936 – 1942 Áž}œnªŠ °Š„µ¦Á˜¦¸¥¤˜´ªÁ oµ­¼n­Š‡¦µ¤ ¨³nªŠ¦³¥³Áª¨µ ¥µ¥˜´ª °Š‡nµ¥„´„„´œ®¨´Š‹µ„„µ¦Á„·—­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É­°Š ¹Êœ Á¥°¦¤œ¸ ­µ¤µ¦™Á oµ¥¹—‡¦°Š—·œÂ—œÄœ¥»Ã¦žÅ—oÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ œ´„Ú¬š¸É°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š„ÈÁ¡·É¤ ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ ¹ÊœšÎµÄ®o˜o°Š­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÁ¡·É¤ ¹Êœ ¨³Ä®o ¥µ¥Á‡¦º° nµ¥ °Š‡nµ¥„´„„´œÅž¥´Š¥»Ã¦ž ˜³ª´œ°°„ ‹œÄœÁª¨µ°´œ¦ª—Á¦Èª‡nµ¥„´„„´œ„¨µ¥Áž}œ­™µœš¸ÉÁ¡ºÉ°Äo­´Š®µ¦Ážjµ®¤µ¥š¸ÉÁž}œ«´˜¦¼œµŽ¸ °¥nµŠÂšo‹¦·Š ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ­Îµ‡´š¸É­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÄœnªŠœ¸Ê Ánœ ‡nµ¥¼Á‡œª´¨—r ‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr ¨³‡nµ¥Á¨r¤Ãœ Áž}œ˜oœ66

64 Barbara Distel, “Dachau,” Encyclopedia of Holocaust : A- D, 342. 65 Falk Pingel, “Sachsenhausen” Encyclopedia of Holocaust : S-Z, edited by Israel Gutman (N.Y. : Macmiillan Publishing Company 1990) : 1321. 66 Pingel, “Concentration Camps” Encyclopedia of Holocaust : A - D, edited by Israel Gutman Gutman (N.Y. : Macmiillan Publishing Company 1990) : 310.

68

‡nµ¥¼Á‡œª´¨—r Áž}œ®œ¹ÉŠÄœ‡nµ¥„´„„´œš¸É¤¸ œµ—Ä®nš¸É­»—ÄœÁ¥°¦¤œ¸ ¤¸‡nµ¥¦·ªµ¦ 130 ‡nµ¥ ˜´ÊŠ°¥¼nšµŠ˜°œÁ®œº° °Šž¦³Áš« ­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÄœª´œš¸É 16 „¦„‘µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1937 œ´„Ú¬„¨»n¤Â¦„š¸É™¼„­nŠ ˜´ª¤µ¥´Š‡nµ¥¤¸‹Îµœªœ 149 ‡œ ­nªœÄ®nÁž}œ¡ª„°µµ„¦Â¨³Ÿ¼oš¸É™¼„‹´—oª¥Á®˜»Ÿ¨šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š ‡nµ¥¼Á‡œª´¨—r™¼„nŠ°°„Áž}œ 3 ­nªœ ­nªœÂ¦„Á¦¸¥„ªnµ “Large Camp” ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Ú¬š¸É¤¸˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ ®¦º°“µœ³šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°Š “Small Camp” ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Ú¬š´ÉªÅž ¨³ “Tent Camp” ­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÁ¡ºÉ° Á˜¦¸¥¤¦°Š¦´œ´„Ú¬µªÃž¨®¨´Š‹µ„š¸ÉÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Á oµ¦»„¦µœÄœ‡.«. 1939 œ°„Á®œº°‹µ„š´ÊŠ­µ¤­nªœ ¨oª‡nµ¥¼Á‡œª´¨—r¥´Šž¦³„°Åž—oª¥ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ¦·®µ¦‡nµ¥ 抜°œ °Š®œnª¥Á°­Á°­ ¨³ 把µœ°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥ ×¥¤¸ ‡µ¦r¨ ‡° (Karl Koch ‡.«. 1937 – 1941) ¨³Á±°¦r¤´œœr ¢d­Á˜°¦r (Hermann Pister 1942-1945) Áž}œŸ¼o´µ„µ¦‡nµ¥ Á—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤ ‡.«.1938 ¤¸‹Îµœªœ œ´„ڬĜ‡nµ¥ 7,723 ‡œ ¨³˜n°¤µÄœÁ—º°œ„´œ¥µ¥œÁ¡·É¤ ¹Êœ°¸„ 2,200 ‡œ ×¥¡¨Á¤º°Šµª¥·ªš¸É ŗo¦´„µ¦¦ª¤‹µ„°°­Á˜¦¸¥Á oµ„´Á¥°¦¤œ¸™¼„­nŠ¤µ„´„ ´Šš¸Éœ¸É œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê®¨´ŠÁ®˜»„µ¦–r‡ºœ„¦³‹„ ˜„„Ȥ¸µª¥·ª™¼„‹´„»¤Â¨³­nŠ˜´ª¤µ¥´Š‡nµ¥¼Á‡œª´¨—rœ´®¤ºÉœ‡œ ‡nµ¥¼Á‡œª´¨—r‹¹Š¤¸œ´„Ú¬ ¤µ„„ªnµ18,000 ‡œ67 œ´„Ú¬µª¥·ªÄœ‡nµ¥¼Á‡œª´¨—rŗo¦´„µ¦ž’·´˜·°¥nµŠšµ¦»– ¡ª„Á µ˜o°ŠšÎµŠµœ 14-15 ´ÉªÃ¤Š˜n°ª´œ ¨³˜o°Š°—šœ˜n°­£µ¡‡ªµ¤Áž}œ°¥¼nš¸ÉÁ¨ª¦oµ¥Â¨³„µ¦¨ŠÃš¬š¸Éoµ¥ ‹œœÎµÅž­¼n„µ¦˜n°˜oµœ ¹Êœ£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥ œ´„Ú¬š¸ÉÁž}œ­¤µ·„¡¦¦‡‡°¤¤·ªœ·­˜rÁ¥°¦¤´œÄœ‡nµ¥Áž}œ Ÿ¼oœÎµ ˜n°¤µÁ¤ºÉ°Á„·—­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 2 ¹Êœ œ´„Ú¬šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°ŠÅ—o®¨´ÉŠÅ®¨Á oµ­¼n‡nµ¥¼Á‡œª´¨—r Áž}œ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„ ‹µ„®¨µ¥ž¦³Áš«š¸ÉÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Å—oÁ oµ¥¹—‡¦°Š šÎµÄ®o„¨»n¤˜n°˜oµœÅ—o„n°˜´ªÁ¡·É¤¤µ„ ¹Êœ ץnŠ„¨»n¤˜µ¤­´µ˜·Äœ‡.«. 1943 ŗoÁ„·—„µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ªÄ˜o—·œ ¹Êœ Ž¹ÉŠ„ Ȧª¤Åž™¹Šµª¥·ª—oª¥ ×¥¤¸ºÉ°ªnµ International Underground Committee „µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ªÄœ‡nµ¥¼Á‡œª´¨—rœ´Êœ‡n°œ oµŠ ž¦³­‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹ ­¤µ·„„¨»n¤­µ¤µ¦™¨´„¨°œÎµ°µª»› ¨³—·œžgœÁ oµ¤µ£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥Å—68o ‡nµ¥Á¨r¤Ãœ ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ‡nµ¥Â¦„ °ŠœµŽ¸š¸Éčo„p­¡·¬Äœ„µ¦­´Š®µ¦®¤¼n ¨³Áž}œ‡nµ¥Â¦„š¸É šÎµ„µ¦­´Š®µ¦®¤¼n£µ¥Ä˜o¤µ˜¦„µ¦„µ¦Â„oÅ ž{®µµª¥·ª‡¦´ÊŠ­»—šoµ¥ ­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÄœª´œš¸É 7 ›´œªµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1941 ¨³™¼„„ε®œ—Ä®oÁž}œ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠ„µ¦„ε‹´—µª¥·ªÄœÃ¨—ŽrÁ„˜Ã˜ ¨³Â‡ªoœª°Áš°Á„µ (Warthegau) š´ÊŠ®¤— ˜´ÊŠ°¥¼nš¸É®¤¼noµœÄœÁ¨r¤Ãœ ®nµŠ‹µ„Á¤º°ŠÃ¨—ŽrŞšµŠš·«˜³ª´œ˜„ ž¦³¤µ– 75 „·Ã¨Á¤˜¦ ‡nµ¥™¼„­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÁž}œ 2 ­nªœ ­nªœÂ¦„°¥¼nĜ Schloss Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œÁ ˜¡¦³¦µª´ŠÁ„nµ£µ¥Äœ ®¤¼noµœÄoÁž}œ­™µœš¸É¦´¦°Š «¼œ¥r„¨µŠ„µ¦­´Š®µ¦ ¨³Áž}œš¸É¡´„°µ«´¥ °ŠÁ‹oµ®œoµš¸É—¼Â¨‡nµ¥ ­nªœ

67 Yehoshua R. Buchler, “Buchenwald,” Encyclopedia of Holocaust : A- D, edited by Israel Gutman (N.Y. : Macmiillan Publishing Company, 1990) : 254. 68 Ibid, 2556.

69

š¸É­°Š˜´ÊŠ°¥¼nĜ Waldlage °¥¼n˜·—„´žiµÄoÁž}œ­™µœš¸É­Îµ®¦´ {Š ¨³ÁŸµ«¡ Ĝ˜oœÁ—º°œ›´œªµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1941 ¤¸„µ¦œÎµ¦™Â„p­ 3 ‡´œ¤µÄoĜ‡nµ¥ —oµœÄœ¦™žd—­œ·š—oª¥ž¦³˜¼­°Š´Êœ £µ¥œ°„¤¸ ¨´„¬–³‡¨oµ¥„´¦™ œÁ¢°¦rœ·Á‹°¦rš´ÉªÅž ¤¸ œµ—„ªoµŠ 2.2 Á¤˜¦ ¥µª4-5 Á¤˜¦ ¨³­¼Š 2 Á¤˜¦ ­µ¤µ¦™¦¦‹»‡œÅ—o 50 -70 ‡œÅ—oĜ˜n¨³‡´œ °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ ĜÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1943 Á¤ºÉ°µª¥·ªš´ÊŠ®¤—Ĝ‡ªoœª°Áš°Á„µ™¼„„ε‹´—¨Š ¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸Å—ož¦³„µ«¥„Á¨·„‡nµ¥Â®nŠœ¸Ê ¨³Á‹oµ®œoµš¸É‡nµ¥™¼„­nŠ˜´ªÅž¥´Š¥¼Ã„­¨µÁª¸¥ ˜n°¤µÄœÁ—º°œ Á¤¬µ¥œ ‡.«. 1944 ŗo¤¸ÂŸœ„µ¦š¸É‹³„ªµ—¨oµŠÃ¨—ŽrÁ„˜Ã˜ ¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸‹¹Š˜´—­·œÄ‹š¸É‹³Ážd—čo‡nµ¥ Á¨r¤Ãœ°¸„‡¦´ÊŠ Á‹oµ®œoµš¸Éš¸É™¼„­nŠ˜´ªÅž¥´Š¥¼Ã„­¨µÁª¸¥™¼„Á¦¸¥„˜´ª„¨´¤µÁ¡ºÉ°‹»—ž¦³­Š‡rœ¸Ê Ĝª´œš¸É 23 ¤·™»œµ¥œ ‡.«. 1944 ŗoÁ¦·É¤„µ¦ œ­nŠµª¥·ª‹µ„è—ŽrÁ„˜Ã˜¤µ¥´Š‡nµ¥Á¨r¤Ãœ Ž¹ÉŠ¦³„µ¦ ­´Š®µ¦Äœ‡nµ¥¥´Š‡ŠÁ—·¤š»„°¥nµŠ „¨µŠÁ—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤„Èŗo¤¸„µ¦ œ­nŠµª¥·ª‹µ„Á„˜Ã˜Åž¥´Š‡nµ¥ Á°µª·šŽr69

‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 1 (Auschwitz I)

˜oœ‡.«. 1940 ±·¤Á¨°¦rŗoÄ®o‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹Á¤º°ŠÁ°µª·šŽr ¨³Å—o¤¸‡Îµ­´ÉŠÄ®oÁ‹oµ®œoµš¸É®œnª¥ Á°­Á°­°°„­Îµ¦ª‹¡ºÊœš¸Éš´ÊŠ®¤—˜µ¤Âœªµ¥Â—œ ­Îµ®¦´„n°­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÂ®nŠÄ®¤n Á°¦·‡ ¢°œ Á—¤ µ ÁŽÁ¨­„¸ (Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski) ®´ª®œoµ­Îµœ´„ŠµœÄ®nÁ°­Á°­ž¦³‹Îµ£¼¤·£µ‡ ˜³ª´œ°°„ÁŒ¸¥ŠÄ˜oŗoÁ­œ°‡nµ¥ Sachsenganger š¸É¤¸°¥¼n„n°œÂ¨oªªnµ¤¸‡ªµ¤Á®¤µ³­¤ Ĝ –³š¸É Á‹oµ®œoµš¸ÉÁ°­Á°­°µª»Ã­‡œ°ºÉœ„Ȥ¸‡ÎµÂœ³œÎµš¸É˜„˜nµŠ„´œ°°„Åž Á‹oµ®œoµš¸ÉÁ°­Á°­Ÿ¼oÁ¸É¥ªµÁ°Š„È ¤¸‡ªµ¤„´Šª¨˜n°„µ¦„ε®œ—­™µœš¸É„n°­¦oµŠÄœÁ¤º°ŠÁ°µª·šŽrÁnœ„´œ Á¡¦µ³­·ÉŠ„n°­¦oµŠÂ¨³‡nµ¥ š®µ¦Å—oÎµ¦»—Ÿ»¡´Š ¡ºÊœš¸É¦·Áª–×¥¦°„ÈÁŒ°³ÂŒ³‹µ„œÊ坜Ÿ·ª—·œÂ¨³ž¨´„˜¤ Ž¹ÉŠ°µ‹šÎµÄ®o Á‹Èžiª¥‹µ„Å o¤µ¨µÁ¦¸¥ ¨³¥´Š¤¸ž{®µÁ„¸É¥ª„´œÊ坵—µ¨°¸„—oª¥ °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤šµŠÁ°¦r¨·œÅ—o¤¸„µ¦ ­nŠ‡–³„¦¦¤µ›·„µ¦Á oµ¤µ˜¦ª‹­°¡ºÊœš¸É°¥nµŠ¨³Á°¸¥—°¸„‡¦´ÊŠ„n°œš¸É‹³¤¸„µ¦˜´—­·œÄ‹„n°­¦oµŠÄœ Á—º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ ‡.«. 1940 Á‹oµ®œoµš¸Éš¸É¤¸­nªœ—¼Â¨¦´Ÿ·—°Á„¸É¥ª„´‡nµ¥„´„„´œÅ—oÁ¨ÈŠÁ®Èœ Ÿ¨ž¦³Ã¥œrš¸É‹³Å—o¦´‹µ„„µ¦­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥ÄœÁ¤º°ŠÁ°µª·šŽr „¨nµª‡º° ¤¸‡ªµ¤Á®¤µ³­¤Äœ„µ¦ÄoÁž}œ ‹»—ÁºÉ°¤˜n°¦³„µ¦ œ­nŠ ­µ¤µ¦Á—·œšµŠÁ oµ™¹Šš»„­nªœ °Š¥»Ã¦žÅ—oץŤn¥µ„ ¨³Á¤º°Š

69 Shmuel Krakowski, “Chelmno” Encyclopedia of the Holocaust : A- D, edited by Israel Gutman (N.Y. : Macmiillan Publishing Company, 1990) : 286.

70

Á°µª·šŽrÁ°Š„Ȥ¸­£µ¡£¼¤·ž¦³Áš«Â¨³£¼¤·°µ„µ«š¸ÉŤnÁ°ºÊ°°Îµœª¥˜n°„µ¦°¥¼n°µ«´¥ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¸®œ°ŠœÊε °¥¼nÁž}œ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„šÎµÄ®oŗo¦´Ÿ¨„¦³š‹µ„„µ¦Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨Š °Š‡ªµ¤ºÊœ°¥¼nÁ­¤° ¨³¥·ÉŠÁ¨ª¦oµ¥ ¨ŠÁ¤ºÉ°Á oµ­¼n§—¼®œµª —´Šœ´Êœ‹¹Š­µ¤µ¦™Äož¦³Ã¥œr‹µ„›¦¦¤µ˜·Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o¦¦¨»ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡rĜ„µ¦ šÎµ¨µ¥¨oµŠ¤œ»¬¥rŗo°¸„ž¦³„µ¦®œ¹ÉŠ70

—oª¥Á®˜»Ÿ¨—´Š„¨nµª‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr‹¹ŠÅ—o™¼„­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÄœª´œš¸É 27 Á¤¬µ¥œ ‡.«. 1940 ‡nµ¥Á°µ ª·šŽr‹¹ŠÁž}œ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÂ®nŠš¸É 7 °Š¦´“µ¨œµŽ¸ ×¥¤¸¦¼—°¨r¢ ñ­ (Rudolf Höss ‡.«. 1901 – 1947) Á oµ¦´˜ÎµÂ®œnŠÁž}œŸ¼o´µ„µ¦‡nµ¥Äœª´œš¸É 4 ¡§¬£µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1940 ¨³Á µ¥´ŠÁž}œŸ¼o¦·Á¦·É¤‡Îµ ª´ š¸Éªnµ “„µ¦šÎµŠµœœÎµ¤µŽ¹ÉŠ°·­¦£µ¡” (Arbeit Macht Frei : Work Makes You Free) Ž¹ÉŠž¦µ„’°¥¼n Á®œº°ž¦³˜¼šµŠÁ oµ‡nµ¥ ­Îµ®¦´œ´„ڬ¨oª‡Îµ ª´—´Š„¨nµªÁž}œÁ¡¸¥Š„µ¦Á­¸¥—­¸ Á¡¦µ³„µ¦šÎµŠµœ Ĝ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ °ŠœµŽ¸¤¸‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥™¹Š„µ¦™¼„čoÁ¡ºÉ°Â­ªŠ®µŸ¨ž¦³Ã¥œr„µ¦„n°„ªœ „µ¦™¼„šÎµ¦oµ¥ Á‰¸É¥œ˜¸ ¨³‡ªµ¤˜µ¥71

ñ­Äœ“µœ³Ÿ¼o´µ„µ¦¤¸®œoµš¸É¦´Ÿ·—°ÄœÁ¦ºÉ°Š‡ªµ¤ž¨°—£´¥£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥ Á µ‹¹ŠÁž}œ ®´ª®œoµ °Š®œnª¥¦´„¬µ‡ªµ¤ž¨°—£´¥Á°­Á°­—oª¥ ¨³¤¸°Îµœµ‹Äœ„µ¦‹´—„µ¦Á¦ºÉ°Š¦µª˜nµŠ Ç š¸É Á„·— ¹Êœ£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥š´ÊŠ®¤— „µ¦¦·®µ¦Šµœ °Š»‡¨µ„¦£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥™¼„nŠ°°„Áž}œ 6 Ÿœ„ž¦³„° Ş—oª¥ Ÿœ„¦„ ‡º° ­Îµœ´„ŠµœŸ¼o´µ„µ¦‡nµ¥ —εÁœ·œŠµœÃ—¥Ÿ¼onª¥®¦º°œµ¥š®µ¦‡œ­œ·š °ŠŸ¼o ´µ„µ¦ ¤¸®œoµš¸É¦´Ÿ·—°„µ¦šÎµŠµœ °ŠÁ‹oµ®œoµš¸É®œnª¥Á°­Á°­ ˜·—˜n°­ºÉ°­µ¦Â¨³Á˜¦¸¥¤°µª»› Ä®o„´„°Šš´¡ Ÿœ„š¸É­°Š Áž}œÂŸœ„„µ¦Á¤º°Š­Îµ®¦´˜´ªÂšœ °ŠÁ‹oµ®œoµš¸ÉÁ„­˜µÃž ˜Îµ¦ª‹¨´ ¨³‡¦¸Ãž (Kripo) ˜Îµ¦ª‹ž¦µ°µµ„¦¦¤š¸É°¥¼n£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦´Š‡´´µ °ŠÁ„­˜µ ޚo°Š™·Éœ ®¦º° ¹Êœ˜¦Š˜n°­Îµœ´„Šµœ„¨µŠ‡ªµ¤¤´Éœ‡ŠÂ®nŠ‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡r „n°˜´ÊŠ ¹ÊœÄœnªŠÁ¦·É¤˜oœ °Š­Š‡¦µ¤šÎµ®œoµš¸ÉĜ„µ¦­°™µ¤ ®¦º°Å˜n­ªœœ´„Ú¬ Ÿœ„š¸É­µ¤ Áž}œš¸É¦ª¤„µ¦—εÁœ·œŠµœ °Š®œnª¥Šµœ‡»o¤„´œ°µ¦´„ µ šÎµ®œoµš¸É‡»o¤‡¦°ŠÁ‹oµ®œoµš¸É¦³—´­¼Š£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥ Ÿœ„šÉ­¸É¸ „°Š °Îµœª¥„µ¦ Ÿœ„š¸É®oµ œµ¥Â¡š¥r¨³»‡¨µ„¦šµŠ„µ¦Â¡š¥r ¨³ÂŸœ„­»—šoµ¥ «¼œ¥r f„°¦¤Â¨³

70 Yahil, The Holocaust : The Fate of European Jewry, 364. 71 Sybille Steinbacher, Auschwitz : A History (New York : The Penguin Group, 2005), 26.

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72 Sybille Steinbacher, Auschwitz :A History ,27.

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Ĝª´œš¸É 14 ¤·™»œµ¥œ ‡.«. 1940 ‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrÁžd—šÎµ„µ¦Äœ“µœ³‡nµ¥„´„„´œ®¦º°‡nµ¥š¸Éčo Ĝ„µ¦ œ­nŠœ´„Ú¬ (Transit Camp) œ´„Ú¬š¸ÉÁ—·œšµŠÁ oµ¤µ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„‹³™¼„nŠ„¨»n¤ ×¥„µ¦‹´Â¥„°°„Áž}œ„¨»n¤Á¨È„ Ç Â¨³œÎµ¤µ¦ª¤„´œÄ®¤n°¸„‡¦´ÊŠ®œ¹ÉŠ ®¨´Š‹µ„œ´Êœ‹¹ŠšÎµ„µ¦ œ­nŠ œ´„ڬŞ¥´Š‡nµ¥„´„„´œ°ºÉœ Ç ®¨´Š‹µ„œ´ÊœÅ¤nœµœ‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrŗo„¨µ¥¤µÁž}œ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÂ™µª¦ Ĝª´œž¦³„µ«‹´—˜´ÊŠ¤¸œ´„Ú¬µªÃž¨‹Îµœªœ 728 ‡œ™¼„­nŠ¤µ¥´Š‡nµ¥ Ž¹ÉŠ­nªœÄ®nÁž}œÁ—È„œ´„Á¦¸¥œ ¨³š®µ¦ „µ¦ œ­nŠœ´„Ú¬‡¦´ÊŠÄ®nÁ„·— ¹ÊœÄœÁ—º°œ­·Š®µ‡¤ ¨³„´œ¥µ¥œ ‡.«. 1940 œ´„Ú¬‹µ„ „¦»Šª°¦rŽ°‹Îµœªœ 1,666 ‡œ ¨³ 1,705 ‡œ ™¼„­nŠ˜´ª¤µ¥´Š‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr Ž¹ÉŠÁ„º°š´ÊŠ®¤—™¼„čoŞ Ĝ„µ¦„n°­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥73 ˜n°¤µž¦³µ„¦‹Îµœªœ¤µ„™¼„­nŠ˜´ª¤µ­´Š®µ¦Äœ‡nµ¥Á°µrª·šŽr ˜nĜ¦³¥³Â¦„œ´Êœ‡nµ¥„È¥´ŠÅ¤nŗoÁž}œ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠÄœ„µ¦­´Š®µ¦ ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡r¦„ °Š„µ¦Ážd—čo‡nµ¥ Á¡ºÉ°Åªo­Îµ®¦´„´„ ´Šœ´„Ú¬šµŠ„µ¦Á¤º°ŠµªÃžÂ¨œ—r —´Šœ´Êœœ´„Ú¬­nªœÄ®n£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥‹¹ŠÅ¤nčn µª¥·ª‹œ„¦³š´ÉŠ„¨µŠ‡.«. 1942 ¤¸œ´„Ú¬µª¥·ªÁ¡·É¤¤µ„ ¹ÊœÂ¨³­nªœÄ®nÁž}œœ´„Ú¬šµŠ „µ¦Á¤º°Š ˜n„È¥´Šœ´ªnµ‹Îµœªœµª¥·ª¥´Š¤¸œo°¥¤µ„®µ„Áš¸¥„´‹Îµœªœœ´„Ú¬°ºÉœÄœ‡nµ¥ ¨³ ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ÄœnªŠ¦³¥³Áª¨µ—´Š„¨nµª¥´ŠÅ¤n¤¸®¨´„Á„–”rĜ„µ¦­´Š®µ¦œ´„Ú¬°¥nµŠÁž}œ¦³ „µ¦Á­¸¥¸ª·˜ °Šœ´„Ú¬­nªœÄ®n‹¹Š¤¸­µÁ®˜»¤µ‹µ„‡ªµ¤°—®¥µ„®·ªÃ®¥ „µ¦šÎµŠµœš¸É¤µ„Á„·œÅž „µ¦™¼„Á‰¸É¥œ˜¸šÎµ¦oµ¥ „µ¦™¼„‹´Â ªœ‡° ¨³„µ¦™¼„¥·Š

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74Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctor: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide ( New York :, Basic Book Inc, Publisher, 1986), 153. 75 Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz translated by Stuart Woolf (New York : Collier-Macmillan Ltd. 1996), 23.

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76 Steinbacher, Auschwitz :A History, 34 – 36.

75

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¤oªnµ„µ¦¨ŠÃš¬‹³¦»œÂ¦Š ˜nœ´„ڬĜ‡nµ¥„È¥´Š‡µ—®ª´Šªnµ‹³Å—o¦´‡ªµ¤nª¥Á®¨º°‹µ„ ¡¨Á¤º°ŠµªÃž¨‹µ„„µ¦™¼„ªnµ‹oµŠÄ®oޭ妪‹ šÎµ¦´Šª´— ¨³¦·®µ¦‹´—„µ¦Â®¨nŠœÊε ¡ª„Á µ®ª´Šªnµ ¡¨Á¤º°ŠÁ®¨nµœ´Êœ‹³Ä®o œ¤ž{Š ¥µ¦´„¬µÃ¦‡ ÁŠ·œ Á­ºÊ°Ÿoµ ¨³®œ´Š­º°¡·¤¡r œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¤¸ „µ¦¨´„¨°œÎµ o°‡ªµ¤®¦º°‹—®¤µ¥Á oµÅžÄœ‡nµ¥°¥nµŠ¨´ Ç ‹Îµœªœ¤µ„—oª¥ Ž¹ÉŠ™¹ŠÂ¤o®œnª¥Á°­ Á°­‹³œnµ„¨´ª ˜n„È¥´‹ Š¤¸„µ¦ ´—˜´ÊŠÂ¨³¡´•œµ°Š‡r„¦˜n°˜oµœ£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥Ã—¥Ÿ¼oš¸ÉÄ®o„µ¦­œ´­œ»œÁž}œ „¨»n¤Â¦„ ‡º° œ´„Ú¬š¸ÉÁž}œœ´„­´Š‡¤œ·¥¤Â¨³µ˜·œ·¥¤ Ž¹ÉŠ¦nª¤„´œÄœ„µ¦‹´—˜´ÊŠ°Š‡r„¦Ä®o¤¸Á°„£µ¡ Ĝ˜oœ‡.«. 1942 „µ¦Á‡¨ºÉ°œÅ®ª˜n°˜oµœ£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥ÂnŠ°°„Áž}œ®¨µ¥„¨»n¤ÁºÊ°µ˜·Â¨³«µ­œµ ×¥­nªœ¤µ„Ÿ¼oœÎµ‡º° œ´„Ú¬š¸ÉÁž}œœ´„­´Š‡¤œ·¥¤Â¨³‡°¤¤·ªœ·­˜r ­nªœœ´„Ú¬µª ¦´ÉŠÁ«­ µª¥¼Ã„­¨µÁª¸¥ µª°°­Á˜¦¸¥ µª¦´­ÁŽ¸¥ µªÁ‡ ¨³µª¥·ª‹³¤¸„¨»n¤ °Š˜œÁ°ŠÄœ‡nµ¥Â˜nĜŤnoµ

77 Steinbacher, Auschwitz : A History, 36 – 37.

76

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œ´˜´ÊŠÂ˜n¤¸„µ¦Á¦·É¤˜oœ„µ¦—εÁœ·œÃ‡¦Š„µ¦ÄœÃžÂ¨œ—r ±·¤Á¨°¦rÁ°ŠÅ—oÁ¦nŠ—εÁœ·œ„µ¦˜µ¤ Ÿœ„µ¦šµŠÁºÊ°µ˜· ¨³Á µ¥´ŠÁž}œŸ¼o‡ª‡»¤ÂŸœŠµœÄœ„µ¦Â¨„Áž¨¸É¥œž¦³µ„¦ ¨³„µ¦Áœ¦Áš« µª¥·ª ×¥‡µ—®ª´ŠªnµÄœnªŠ§—¼¦o°œ ‡.«. 1940 µª¥·ª‹Îµœªœ¤µ„‹³™¼„°¡¥¡Åž¥´Š—·œÂ—œÃ¡oœ š³Á¨ Ž¹ÉŠÂœª‡ªµ¤‡·—œ¸ÊœÎµÅž­¼nŸœ„µ¦š¸ÉÁ¦¸¥„ªnµÂŸœ„µ¦¤µ—µ„´­„µ¦r ×¥¤¸‹»—ž¦³­Š‡rš¸É‹³ Áœ¦Áš«µª¥·ªÄœ¥»Ã¦žÅž¥´Š®¤¼nÁ„µ³šµŠ˜³ª´œ°°„ °ŠÂ°¢¦·„µ ץĜ‡.«. 1938 ‡µ¦r¨ °—°¨r¢ Å°r¤´œœr(Karl Adolf Eichman) ®´ª®œoµ­Îµœ´„Šµœ°¡¥¡µª¥·ªÅ—o¦´‡Îµ­´ÉŠÄ®o¨°Š¡·‹µ–µ™¹Š œª‡·——´Š„¨nµª Á¤ºÉ° ¦´ÉŠÁ«­¡nµ¥Â¡o˜n°Á¥°¦¤œ¸Äœ¥»š›„µ¦š ¸É ¦´ÉŠÁ«­ (Battle of France)79 ĜÁ—º°œ ¤·™»œµ¥œ‡.«.1940 ¦´“µ¨ ¦´ÉŠÁ«­¥°¤Ä®o ¦´ÉŠÁ«­˜°œÁ®œº°„¦»Šžµ¦¸­ ¦ª¤š´ÊŠ—·œÂ—œ˜¨°— µ¥Â—œ ¦´ÉŠÁ«­„´Á¨Á¥¸¥¤ ­ª·˜ÁŽ°¦r¨œ—r ¨³¤®µ­¤»š¦Â°˜Â¨œ˜·„š´ÊŠ®¤—°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦¥¹— ‡¦°Š °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸ ´¥œ³˜n° ¦´ÉŠÁ«­šÎµÄ®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸œÎµÃ‡¦Š„µ¦„µ¦‹´—˜´ÊŠ™·Éœ“µœµª¥·ªÄœÂ°¢¦·„µ ®¦º°ÂŸœ„µ¦¤µ—µ„´­„µ¦r¤µ¡·‹µ¦–µššªœ°¸„‡¦´ÊŠ®œ¹ÉŠ ­Îµœ´„Šµœ„¨µŠ‡ªµ¤¤´Éœ‡ŠÂ®nŠ‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡r‹¹ŠÅ—oÁ¦·É¤˜oœš¸É‹³ªµŠÂŸœŠµœ—´Š„¨nµª ץŗo¦´‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ°‹µ„±·˜Á¨°¦rÁ—º°œ­·Š®µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1940 Å°r¤´œœrŗoÁ­œ°´œš¹„‡ªµ¤š¦Š‹Îµ ‹Îµœªœ 14 ®œoµ°›·µ¥™¹ŠÁ„µ³Â¨³Á­œ°‡ªµ¤‡·—Á®ÈœÄœ„µ¦°¡¥¡µª¥·ª‹Îµœªœ 4 ¨oµœ‡œ°°„‹µ„ ‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡r Á¡ºÉ°Åž˜´ÊŠ™·Éœ“µœ¥´ŠÁ„µ³¤µ—µ„´­„µ¦r ×¥µª¥·ªÁ®¨nµœ´Êœ˜o°ŠÅž°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜÁ„˜Ã˜

78 Steinbacher, Auschwitz : A History, 39-40. 79 Áž}œ„µ¦¦˜µ¤ÂŸœ»„‹¼nˤ­µ¥¢jµÂ¨ °ŠÁ¥°¦¤œ¸Á oµÅžÄœ—·œÂ—œ °Š ¦´ÉŠÁ«­ „°Šš´¡ Á¥°¦¤´œ¤¸´¥œ³°¥nµŠ¦ª—Á¦Èª ­µ¤µ¦™¥¹—‡¦°Š—·œÂ—œ­nªœÄ®n °Šž¦³Áš« ¦´ÉŠÁ«­¦ª¤š´ÊŠ„¦»Šžµ¦¸­Åªoŗo —·œÂ—œ­nªœš¸ÉÁ®¨º°°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š °Š¦´“µ¨ ¦´ÉŠÁ«­š¸É¦nª¤¤º°„´Á¥°¦¤œ¸ ¤¸ª·Ž¸ (Vichy) Áž}œÁ¤º°Š®¨ªŠ –³š¸É„°Š„ε¨´Šš®µ¦Â¨³¡¨Á¦º°œ‹Îµœªœ®œ¹ÉŠÅ—o‹´—˜´ÊŠ¦´“µ¨¡¨´—™·Éœ°¥¼nš¸Éž¦³Áš«°´Š„§¬Á¡ºÉ°˜n°˜oµœ°Îµœµ‹ Á¥°¦¤œ¸ (—¼ ­»‹·˜¦µ ª»•·Á­™¸¥¦ “France, Battle of : ¥»š›„µ¦š¸É ¦´ÉŠÁ«­” ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž °´„¬¦ E-G. 3( 2543 ) :181-185.

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80 Áž}œ„µ¦¦šµŠ°µ„µ«¦³®ªnµŠ„°Šš´¡°µ„µ«Á¥°¦¤´œ (Luftwaffe) „´„°Šš´¡°µ„µ«°´Š„§¬ (British Royal Air Force) Ĝ­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É­°Š Áž}œ„µ¦¦š¸ÉÁ¥°¦¤œ¸¤»nŠÄo„ε¨´Š„°Šš´¡°µ„µ«Á¡¸¥Š°¥nµŠÁ—¸¥ªÁ¡ºÉ°‹¼n ˤ°´Š„§¬Â­µ¥¢jµÂ¨ ¤»nŠŸ¨Ä®o°´Š„§¬¥°¤Â¡o°¥nµŠ¦ª—Á¦Èª ˜n„°Šš´¡°´Š„§¬­µ¤µ¦™žj°Š„´œÅ¤nÄ®o Á¥°¦¤œ¸¥¹—‡¦°Š°´Š„§¬Å—o šÎµÄ®oÁ¥°¦¤œ¸¡¨µ—¡¨´ÊŠÂ¨³Á­¸¥®µ¥°¥nµŠ®œ´„Áž}œ‡¦´ÊŠÂ¦„Äœ­Š‡¦µ¤ (—¼ ­»‹·˜¦µ ª»•·Á­™¸¥¦ “Britain, Battle of (1940) : ¥»š›„µ¦š¸ÉÁ„µ³°´Š„§¬ (¡.«.2483)” ­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨ ­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž °´„¬¦ A-B. 1 (2543 ), 268-272. 81 —¼ ­¤Ä‹ šæ‹œr›¸¦³¦´˜r “Barbarossa ; Operation Barbarossa : µ¦rµ¦°­Žµ, Ÿœž’·´˜·„µ¦µ¦r µ¦°­Žµ”­µ¦µœ»„¦¤ž¦³ª´˜·«µ­˜¦r­µ„¨­¤´¥Ä®¤n : ¥»Ã¦ž Á¨n¤ 1 °´„¬¦ A-B. ¡·¤¡r‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 3 („¦»ŠÁš¡² : ¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ , 2543 ), 134-135.

78

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79

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82 Roderick Stackelberg, Hitler’s Germany (London : Palgrave Macmillan, 1999), 225.

80

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®¨´Š‹µ„š¸ÉŗoÁ¦·É¤Ä®o¤¸„µ¦¦¤—oª¥Â„p­Á¡¸¥Š®„­´ž—µ®r ­¤µ·„¡¦¦‡š¸É¤¸­nªœÁ„¸É¥ª o°Š„´„µ¦ „ož{®µµª¥·ªÅ—o¤µž¦³»¤„´œ Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o„µ¦—εÁœ·œ„µ¦Áž}œÅž°¥nµŠ¦µ¦ºÉœ š¸É­Îµœ´„ŠµœÄ®n˜Îµ¦ª‹ ¨´Äœ„¦»ŠÁ°¦r¨·œ ˜µ¤„ε®œ—„µ¦Á—·¤‡º°ª´œš¸É 8 ›´œªµ‡¤ ‡.«.1941˜nÁ®˜»„µ¦–rš¸ÉŤn‡µ—‡·—„È Á„·— ¹Êœ Á¤ºÉ°¸Éž»iœÃ‹¤˜¸Á¡·¦r¨ ±µ¦rÁ°¦ r (Pearl Harbor) Ĝª´œš¸É 7 ›´œªµ‡¤ ‡.«.1941­nŠŸ¨Ä®o ­®¦´“°Á¤¦·„µÁ oµ­¼n­Š‡¦µ¤ šÎµÄ®o„µ¦ž¦³»¤˜o°ŠÁ¨ºÉ°œ°°„Åž ‹œ„¦³š´ÉŠ¤¸„µ¦„ε®œ—Ä®o¤¸ „µ¦ž¦³»¤Ä®¤n°¸„‡¦´ÊŠÄœª´œš¸É 20 ¤„¦µ‡¤ ‡.«.1942 š¸É‡§®µ­œrµœ„¦»ŠÁ°¦r¨·œ¦·Áª–š³Á¨­µ Ħ­ÁŽ°¦rª´œœrÁŽ (Grosser-Wannsee )­nªœª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡r °Š„µ¦ž¦³»¤¤¸ ¹ÊœÁ¡ºÉ°®µš­¦»ž °Š „µ¦Â„ož{®µµª¥·ª ¨³‹´— ¹ÊœÁ¡ºÉ°„µ¦Á˜¦¸¥¤‡ªµ¤¡¦o°¤­Îµ®¦´¤µ˜¦„µ¦š¸É¦»œÂ¦Š ¹ÊœÅž°¸„×¥ Ä®o‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°Äœ„µ¦—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥š¸ÉÁž}œÁ°„£µ¡Â¨³‡Îµªnµ “ „µ¦Â„ož{®µ‡¦´ÊŠ­»—šoµ¥” „ÈÁž}œ ºÉ°¦®´­š¸ÉčoÁ¦¸¥„Á¡ºÉ°‡ªµ¤Áž}œ¦³Â¨³Áž}œÂÂŸœ83×¥˜´ÊŠÄ‹š¸É‹³ÄoÁž}œÂŸœŠµœÄœ„µ¦„ªµ— ¨oµŠµª¥·ªš´Éª¥»Ã¦ž Ÿ¼oÁ oµ¦nª¤ž¦³»¤ž¦³„°Åž—oª¥Ÿ¼oœÎµ¦³—´­¼Š‹µ„„¦³š¦ªŠ„µ¦˜nµŠž¦³Áš« ¦´“¤œ˜¦¸ªnµ„µ¦„¦³š¦ªŠ¤®µ—Åš¥ ¦´“¤œ˜¦¸ªnµ„µ¦¦„¦³š¦ªŠ¥»˜·›¦¦¤ Ÿ¼oœÎµ®œnª¥Á°­Á°­ Á‹oµ®œoµš¸É‹µ„­Îµœ´„Šµœ„¨µŠ‡ªµ¤¤´Éœ‡ŠÂ®nŠ‹´„ª¦¦—·Å¦‡r ¦ª¤Åž™¹Š˜´ªÂšœ‹µ„Á ˜¥¹—‡¦°Š¥»Ã¦ž ˜³ª´œ°°„ °ŠœµŽ¸Ážd—„µ¦ž¦³»¤—oª¥„µ¦ž¦³„µ«Â˜nŠ˜´ÊŠ Á„°¦·Š Áž}œŸ¼o¤¸°Îµœµ‹Á˜È¤š¸ÉĜ „µ¦Â„ož{®µµª¥·ª‡¦´ÊŠ­»—šoµ¥84 ¨³°›·µ¥™¹Š °Á ˜ °Š„µ¦—εÁœ·œŠµœ °—°¨r¢ Å°œr¤´œœr Ž¹ÉŠ˜°œœ¸Ê—ε¦Š˜ÎµÂ®œnŠÁž}œŸ¼o´µ„µ¦­Îµœ´„ŠµœÁºÊ°µ˜·Â¨³„µ¦˜´ÊŠ™·Éœ“µœÄ®¤n (Race and Resettlement Office) Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ®œnª¥ŠµœÄ®¤n °Š­Îµœ´„Šµœ„¨µŠ‡ªµ¤¤´Éœ‡Š Áž}œ‡œ—¼Â¨Â¨³ ¦µ¥ŠµœÁ¦ºÉ°Š­™·˜· Ž¹ÉŠ„Ȧª¤Åž™¹Šµª¥·ªš´ÊŠ®¤—Äœ¥»Ã¦žš´ÊŠ¥»Ã¦ž˜³ª´œ˜„¨³ž¦³Áš«š¸ÉÁž}œ„¨µŠ —oª¥ ¦ª¤‹Îµœªœ„ªnµ 11¨oµœ‡œ

83 —¼ ­´´¥ ­»ª´Š»˜¦, “„µ¦Â„ož{®µµª¥·ª‡¦´ÊŠ­»—šoµ¥ : œÃ¥µ¥„ªµ—¨oµŠµª¥·ªš´Éª¥»Ã¦ž” ªµ¦­µ¦ ¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ 34 : 4 (˜»¨µ‡¤-›´œªµ‡¤ 2552 ), 725-726. 84 Roderick Stackelberg, Hitler’s Germany (London : Palgrave Macmillan, 1999), 225.

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®¨´Š„µ¦ž¦³»¤Å—o¤¸„µ¦­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥­´Š®µ¦Ä®¤n ¹Êœ°¸„­µ¤‡nµ¥ ‡º° Á¨ÁŽ„ (Belzec)­¦oµŠ ¹Êœš¸É Á¤º°Š¨¼¨·œÄœÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«.1942 ‡nµ¥ÃŽ·°¦r (Sobibor)­¦oµŠ ¹Êœš¸ÉÁ¤º°Š¨¼¨·œÄœÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤ Ánœ„´œ ¨³‡nµ¥Á˜¦¨·Š„µ (Treblinka) ­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÄœÁ—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤‡.«.1942 Ž¹ÉŠ˜´ÊŠ°¥¼nšµŠ ˜³ª´œ°°„ÁŒ¸¥ŠÁ®œº° °Šª°¦rŽ° Ž¹ÉŠÄœ¤nªŠ¦³®ªnµŠÁ—º°œ ¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1942 ™¹ŠÁ—º°œ˜»¨µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1943 ‡nµ¥š´ÊŠ­µ¤œ¸Êŗo­´Š®µ¦µª¥·ªÅžÁž}œ‹Îµœªœž¦³¤µ– 1.75 ¨oµœ‡œ ˜n‡nµ¥­´Š®µ¦š¸ÉÄ®nš¸É­»— ¨³Áž}œš¸É¦¼o‹´„„´œ—¸‡º° Á°µŽrª·šŽr (Auschwitz)

‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr - ·¦rÁ‡Áœµ (Auschwitz – Birkenau) ®¦º°Á°µª·šŽr 2

·¦rÁ‡ÁœµÁž}œ‡nµ¥ œµ—Ä®nš¸É­»—Äœ¦¦—µ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÂ¨³‡nµ¥¦·ªµ¦ (Sub –Camps) „ªnµ 40 ®nŠš¸É­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÄœ«¼œ¥r„µ¦­´Š®µ¦Á°µrª·šŽr ˜¨°—Áª¨µ 3 žeš¸É—εÁœ·œ„µ¦¤¸„µ¦ ¥µ¥ °Á ˜„µ¦ ž’·´˜·„µ¦°¥nµŠ„ªoµŠ ªµŠ Á¤ºÉ°Â¦„Á¦·É¤„n°­¦oµŠÄœÁ—º°œ˜»¨µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1941 Ĝ ´Êœ˜oœ„ε®œ—čoÁž}œ ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÁ¨¥­Š‡¦µ¤‹Îµœªœ 125,000 ‡œ ˜n°¤µÄœÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1942 ŗoÁž¨¸É¥œ­™µœ£µ¡ Áž}œ­µ µ °Š‡nµ¥Á°µrª·šŽr 1 ¨³ÄoÁž}œ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠ„µ¦„ªµ—¨oµŠµª¥·ª—oª¥ œ´˜´ÊŠÂ˜n‡.«. 1944 ‡nµ¥ ·¦rÁ‡Áœµ„¨µ¥Áž}œ­™µœš¸Éš¸Éœ´„Ú¬™¼„­nŠ˜´ª‡»¤ ´ŠÂ¨³‹µ„œ´Êœ¤¸„µ¦‡´—Á¨º°„œ´„Ú¬š¸É Ȋ¦Š­nŠ ˜n°ÅžÁž}œÂ¦ŠŠµœšµ­˜µ¤Ã¦ŠŠµœ°»˜­µ®„¦¦¤˜nµŠ Ç Äœ‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡r

‡ªµ¤‡·—Äœ„µ¦„n°˜´ÊŠ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ·¦rÁ‡ÁœµÄœ Brzezinka Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ®¤¼noµœÂ®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠÄ„¨o„´‡nµ¥ Á°µª·šŽr¤¸­nªœÁ„¸É¥ª o°Š„´±·¤Á¨°¦r Á¤ºÉ°Á µÁ—·œšµŠ¤µÁ¥¸É¥¤¤‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr‡¦´ÊŠÂ¦„Á¤ºÉ°ª´œš¸É 1 ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1941 ×¥¦¼—°¨r¢ Á±·­­rŗo´œš¹„Äœ°´˜¸ªž¦³ª´˜·ªnµ±·¤Á¨°¦r­´ÉŠÄ®o ¥µ¥ °Á ˜ °Š ‡nµ¥„´„„´œš¸É¤¸°¥¼nÄ®o„ªoµŠ ªµŠ ¹Êœ ¨³ÂŸœ„n°­¦oµŠ‡¦´ÊŠÄ®¤n ‡º° „µ¦­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ­Îµ®¦´Á¨¥ ­Š‡¦µ¤µªÃŽÁª¸¥˜85 ¤¸‡Îµ­´ÉŠÄ®o­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÂ®nŠÄ®¤n ¹ÊœÄœª´œš¸É 26 „´œ¥µ¥œ ‡.«. 1941 Ĝ˜oœ Á—º°œ˜»¨µ‡¤ ‡µ¦r¨ ·­°¢¢m (Karl Bischoff) ®´ª®œoµ‡–³Ÿ¼o¦·®µ¦„µ¦„n°­¦oµŠ°µ‡µ¦„¨µŠ °Š „°Š„ε¨´Š¡¨Á¦º°œÂ¨³˜Îµ¦ª‹ÄœÁ°µrª·šŽr (The Head of the Hastily Founded Central Building Administration of the Waffen – SS and the Police in Auschwitz) Áž}œ®´ª®œoµŠµœÂ¨³‡°¥ ž¦³­µœŠµœ„n°­¦oµŠ ¡ºÊœš¸É®nŠÂ¦„š¸ÉÁ¨º°„Ťnčn·¦rÁ‡Áœµ ˜nÁž}œ¡ºÊœš¸É¦·Áª–‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrĜÁ ˜

85 Memorial and Museum Auschwitz – Birkenau, Auschwitz II- Birkenau, accessed ,30 December 2012 , available from http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10&Itemid=9

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Ĝ„µ¦ªµŠŸ´Š‡nµ¥‡¦´ÊŠÂ¦„ž¦³¤µ–„´œªnµ œµ— °Š‡nµ¥˜o°Š­µ¤µ¦™¦°Š¦´œ´„ڬŗo„ªnµ 100,000 – 125,000 ‡œ ˜n¦³®ªnµŠ—εÁœ·œ„µ¦­¦oµŠ¤¸„µ¦ž¦´Ÿ´Š‡nµ¥„´„„´œ®¨µ¥‡¦´ÊŠ Ĝ‡.«.1942 ¤¸ „µ¦„ε®œ—Ä®oÁ¡·É¤ ¸—‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™š¸É‹³¦°Š¦´œ´„Ú¬Áž}œ 2 Ášnµ ‡nµ¥‹³™¼„nŠÁž}œ 4 ­nªœ ˜n¨³ ­nªœÄo˜´ªÁ¨ 椴œÁž}œÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š®¤µ¥ ­nªœÂ¦„°°„Ä®o¦°Š¦´œ´„ڬŗo 20,000 ‡œ °¸„­µ¤ ­nªœš¸ÉÁ®¨º°Â˜n¨³­nªœ¦°Š¦´œ´„ڬŗo 60,000 ‡œ ¡ºÊœš¸ÉĜ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ 437.5 Ŧn ‹³¤¸„µ¦­¦oµŠ®o°Š ¦¤Â„p­­Îµ®¦´­´Š®µ¦®¤¼nµª¥·ªŽ¹ÉŠ—εÁœ·œ„µ¦­¦oµŠÄœ‡.«. 1943 Á¡ºÉ°ÄoÁž}œ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ °Š„µ¦„ε‹´— µª¥·ª ˜µ¤ÂŸœ„µ¦š¸É„ε®œ—Á—·¤ Á¨¥­Š‡¦µ¤µªÃŽÁª¸¥˜Ž¹ÉŠ™¼„‹°Š‹Îµ‹³Áž}œÂ¦ŠŠµœ„n°­¦oµŠ ×¥Á¨¥­Š‡¦µ¤µªÃŽÁª¸¥˜‹Îµœªœ 10,000 ‡œ™¼„œÎµ˜´ª¤µ‹µ„‡nµ¥„´„„´œÁ¨¥­Š‡¦µ¤š¸É Neuhammer am Quais (ž{‹‹»´œ ‡º° Swietoszow) ¨³‹µ„ Lamsdorf (ž{‹‹»´œ‡º° Lambinowice) Á¡ºÉ°­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥ÄœÁ—º°œ˜»¨µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1941 œ´„Ú¬Á®¨nµœ¸Ê˜o°ŠÁ—·œÁšoµš»„ª´œÅž¥´ŠÁ ˜¡ºÊœš¸É„n°­¦oµŠš¸É ®¤¼noµœ Brzezinka ­nªœµªÃž¨š¸É°µ«´¥°¥¼nĜ®¤¼noµœ—´Š„¨nµª‹³™¼„ ´Å¨n°°„Åž˜´ÊŠÂ˜nÁ—º°œ Á¤¬µ¥œ ‡.«.1941 ®¤¼noµœ °Šš´ÊŠ®¤—„ ș¼„¦ºÊ°šÎµ¨µ¥ Brzezinka ˜´ÊŠ°¥¼nĜ¡ºÊœš¸É œµ— 40 ˜µ¦µŠ „·Ã¨Á¤˜¦ ¨³™¼„Á¦¸¥„ªnµ Camp interest Zone

BI ‡º°­nªœ (Segment) ¦„ °Š‡nµ¥·¦rÁ‡Áœµš¸É—εÁœ·œ„µ¦„n°­¦oµŠ˜µ¤ÂŸœŠµœ „µ¦„n°­¦oµŠ Á¦·É¤ÄœnªŠž¨µ¥§—¼®œµª ‡.«. 1941/1942 ץnŠÁž}œ 2 Á ˜ (Sector) ‡º° BIa ¨³ BIb ¦ª¤ ­·ÉŠ„n°­¦oµŠš¸ÉÁ¡·É¤ ¹Êœ¤µ£µ¥®¨´ŠÂ¨oªž¦³„°—oª¥Ã¦Šœ°œ 62 ®¨´Š æŠÁ¦º°œ°¸„ 10 Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸®o°ŠŽ´„¨oµŠ ¨³®o°Š­» µ 抇¦´ª 抰µœÊε­µ›µ¦–³ ¨³Ã¦ŠÁ„ȝ °Š Šµœ„n°­¦oµŠÄœ­nªœš¸É 2 ‡º° BII Á¦·É¤ „n°­¦oµŠÄœ‡.«. 1942 ¨³Á­¦È‹­·Êœž¨µ¥‡.«. 1943 Šµœ„n°­¦oµŠÄœ­nªœš¸É 2 nŠ°°„Áž}œ7 Á ˜ æŠÁ¦º°œš¸ÉšÎµ—oª¥Å¤oÁ ˜ BIIa ž¦³„°—oª¥Ã¦Šœ°œ 16 ®¨´Š 抜°œ 3 ®¨´Šš¸É¤¸®o°ŠœÊε ®o°Š °µœÊε ¨³Ã¦Š‡¦´ª Á ˜ BIIb,c,d ¨³e ˜n¨³Á ˜‹³ž¦³„°Åž—oª¥°µ‡µ¦œ°œ 32 ®¨´Š ¤¸ 6 ®¨´Š š¸É¤¸®o°Š°µœÊ娳®o°Š­» µ ¨³¤¸ 2 抇¦´ª Á ˜ BIIf ¤¸Ã¦Šœ°œ 17 ®¨´Š ¨³Ã¦Š°µœÊε ­µ›µ¦–³ 1 ®¨´Š æŠÁ¦º°œ°¸„ 30 ®¨´ŠÄoÁž}œÃ„—´ŠÁ„ȝ­·œ‡oµÁž}œ®¨´„Ž¹ÉŠ­¦oµŠ ¹Êœ°¥¼nĜÁ ˜ BIIg ¡¦o°¤—oª¥Ã¦Š°µœÊε­µ›µ¦–³ 1 ®¨´Šš¸ÉšÎµ‹µ„°·“ Ĝ‡.«. 1942 Šµœ„n°­¦oµŠÄœ­nªœš¸É­µ¤ BIII„È

83

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Á¤ºÉ°¦¼—°¨r¢ Á±·­­r Ÿ¼o´µ„µ¦‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrŗo¦´¤°®¤µ¥Ä®o„ε‹´—µª¥·ª ‹¹Š¤¸„µ¦­¦oµŠ ®o°Š¦¤Â„p­´Éª‡¦µª 2 ®¨´ŠÁ¡·É¤Á oµÅžÄœ„µ¦„n°­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥·¦rÁ‡ÁœµÄœ‡.«. 1942 Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œš¸É¦¼o‹´„Äœœµ¤

86 Anna Pawelczynska, Values and Violence in Auschwitz (Berkeley : University of California Press, 1979), 28. 87 Ibid.

84

°Š´ŠÁ„°¦r 1 ¨³ 2 (Bunkers 1 and 2)×¥—´—ž¨Š‹µ„oµœ¡´„µªœµµªÃž¨š¸É™¼„ ´Å¨n°°„Åž ®o°Š¦¤Â„p­´Éª‡¦µª®¨´ŠÂ¦„—εÁœ·œ„µ¦Â¨oªÁ­¦È‹ÄœÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1942 ¨³®¨´Šš¸É­°ŠÄœnªŠ „¨µŠže ®o°Š¦¤Â„p­ œµ—Ä®nš´ÊŠ 4 ®¨´ŠÂ¨³µž–­™µœ®¦º°°µ‡µ¦ÁŸµ«¡Å—oÁ¦·É¤„n°­¦oµŠÄœnªŠ „¨µŠ‡.«. 1942 ×¥ž¦³¤µ–Ūoªnµ£µ¥Äœ1že ‹³­µ¤µ¦™­´Š®µ¦Â¨³ÁŸµ«¡µª¥·ªÅ—o 1.6 ¨oµœ‡œ ˜´ÊŠÂ˜nª´œš¸É 1 ¤¸œµ‡¤‡.«. 1942 ™¹Š 22 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ ‡.«. 1943 ‡nµ¥·¦rÁ‡Áœµ°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o¦·®µ¦ °Š ¦¼—°¨r¢ Á°­­r Ÿ¼o´µ„µ¦‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr ˜n°¤µ±·¤Á¨°¦­´ÉŠÄ®o¤¸„µ¦‹´—¦³‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrÄ®¤n ¨³ nŠÂ¥„°°„‹µ„„´œÁž}œ 3 ‡nµ¥ ‡nµ¥·¦rÁ‡Áœµ‹¹ŠÅ—oºÉ°Ä®¤nÁž}œ Á°µª·šŽr 2 (Auschwitz II Concentration Camp)×¥¤¸¢¦·šŽr ±µ¦rÁ‹œ­Å˜œr (Fritz Hartjenstein) Áž}œŸ¼o´µ„µ¦ ¨³ —εÁœ·œ„µ¦˜n°ÁœºÉ°ŠÅž‹œ„¦³š´ÉŠª´œš¸É 25 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ ‡.«. 1944 Á¤ºÉ°‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 1 ¨³ 2 ¦ª¤Á oµ —oª¥„´œ£µ¥Ä˜oºÉ° “Konzentrationslager Auschwitz” ×¥¦·µ¦r— Á¸¥¦r (Richard Baer) Áž}œŸ¼o ´µ„µ¦‡nµ¥ ¦³®ªnµŠ‡.«. 1942 – 1945 ®œnª¥Šµœ˜nµŠ ÇĜ‡nµ¥·¦rÁ‡ÁœµÅ—ož’·´˜·ŠµœÂ¥„°°„ ‹µ„„´œ ¤o„¦³œ´Êœ„È¥´Š¤¸‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°¤Ã¥Š„´œ°¥¼nĜ“µœ³‡nµ¥Â¨³Áž}œÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°Äœ„µ¦­´Š®µ¦®¤¼n µª¥·ª Ÿ¼o°Îµœª¥„µ¦‡nµ¥Áž}œŸ¼o ´Á‡¨ºÉ°œ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ °ŠÂ˜n¨³°Š‡r„¦£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥

‡nµ¥¥n°¥Â®nŠÂ¦„š¸É˜´ÊŠ ¹Êœ£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥„ ´„„´œ·¦rÁ‡Áœµ ‡º° ‡nµ¥­Îµ®¦´œ´„Ú¬µ¥ (Men’s Camp)ĜÁ—º°œ¤¸œµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1942 čo„´„„´œœ´„Ú¬µ¥®¨µ„®¨µ¥­´µ˜· ˜´ÊŠ°¥¼nĜÁ ˜ BIb ‡nµ¥ ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Ú¬®·Š (Women’s Camp) Ážd—šÎµ„µ¦ÄœÁ—º°œ­·Š®µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1942 ˜´ÊŠ°¥¼nĜÁ ˜ BIa ¨³ ¥µ¥˜´ª°°„Åž¦ª¤Á°µÁ ˜ BIb Á oµÅªo—oª¥„´œÄœÁ—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1943 œ´„Ú¬®·Š ®¨µ„®¨µ¥ÁºÊ°µ˜· (­nªœÄ®nÁž}œµª¥·ª ¦ª¤™¹ŠµªÃž¨ Á¥°¦¤´œ ¨³°ºÉœ Ç )„ªnµ 10,000 ‡œ™¼„ ­nŠ˜´ª‹µ„‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 1 ¤µ¥´Š‡nµ¥·¦rÁ‡Áœµ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¤¸„µ¦Ážd—®œnª¥„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š‡nµ¥Ä®¤n 7 ®nŠ Ĝ­nªœ BII Ĝ‡.«. 1943 ®œnª¥Â¦„ ‡º° ‡nµ¥­Îµ®¦´‡¦°‡¦´ªµª¥·žŽ¸ (Gypsy Family Camp) Ážd— ĜÁ—º°œ„»¤£µ¡´œ›r ‡.«. 1943 ĜÁ ˜¡ºÊœš¸É BIIe ˜¨°—¦³¥³Áª¨µš¸ÉÁžd—šÎµ„µ¦¤¸‹Îµœªœµª¥·žŽ¸ š´ÊŠ®¤—‹µ„Á¥°¦¤œ¸ °°­Á˜¦¸¥ ¦´“°µ¦´„ µÄœÃ±¸Á¤¸¥Â¨³Ã¤¦µÁª¸¥ ¨³—·œÂ—œš´ÊŠ®¤—š¸É™¼„Ÿœª„ Á oµ„´‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡rš¸É™¼„­nŠ˜´ª¤µš¸Éœ¸É‹Îµœªœ 23,000 ‡œ µª¥·žŽ¸™¼„­nŠ˜´ªÁ oµ®o°Š¦¤Â„p­ž¦³¤µ– 3,000 ‡œ ¨³‡nµ¥Â®nŠœ¸Ê™¼„„ªµ—¨oµŠÄœª´œš¸É 2 ­·Š®µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1944

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‡nµ¥ °Šœ´„Ú¬µ¥ÄœÁ ˜¡ºÊœš¸É BIId ­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÄœÁ—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1943 œ´„Ú¬µ¥š¸É °¥¼n‡nµ¥œ¸Ê¥oµ¥¤µ‹µ„Á ˜¡ºÊœš¸É BIb ĜÁ—º°œÁ—¸¥ª„´œÅ—o¤¸„µ¦Ážd—Á¦º°œ¡¥µµ¨­Îµ®¦´Ÿ¼oµ¥ (A Hospital Camp for Men) ĜÁ ˜ BIIf ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÁºÊ°Ã¦‡­Îµ®¦´œ´„Ú¬µ¥ (A Quarantine Camp for Men Prisoners) Ážd— ¹ÊœÄœÁ—º°œ­·Š®µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1943ĜÁ ˜ BIIa ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ­Îµ®¦´‡¦°‡¦´ª µª¥·ª‹µ„ Theresienstadt (A Family Camp for Jew from Theresienstadt) Ážd—šÎµ„µ¦Äœª´œš¸É 8 „´œ¥µ¥œ ĜÁ ˜¡ºÊœš¸É BIIb ¤¸µª¥·ª‹Îµœªœ 18,000 ‡œ‹µ„Á„˜Ã˜ÄœÁ¤º°Š Terezin ™¼„­nŠ˜´ª¤µš¸Éœ¸É Ĝ‡.«. 1943 – 1944 ‡nµ¥—´Š„¨nµªÁž}œ‡nµ¥Â®nŠš¸É­°Š˜n°‹µ„‡nµ¥¥·žŽ¸š¸ÉŸ¼oµ¥­µ¤µ¦™°¥¼n¦ª¤„´œ„´ Ÿ¼o®·ŠÂ¨³Á—È„Å—o ‡nµ¥‡¦°‡¦´ªš´ÊŠ­°ŠÂ®nŠœ¸Ê™¼„­¦oµŠ ¹Êœ¤µÁ¡ºÉ°ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡rĜ„µ¦Ã‰¬–µªœ ÁºÉ°Áž}œš¸É¦¼o‹´„„´œÄœœµ¤ Letter Campaign œ´„Ú¬µª¥·ªÄœÁ ˜ BIIb ‹³™¼„´Š‡´Ä®oÁ ¸¥œ‹—®¤µ¥ Ž¹ÉŠÅ—o¤¸„µ¦„ε®œ— o°¤¼¨Â¨³˜¦ª‹­°Åªo¨nªŠ®œoµÂ¨oª ×¥¤¸‹»—ž¦³­Š‡r®¨°„¨ªŠ®¦º°·—Áº°œ ‡ªµ¤‹¦·Š˜n°­µ›µ¦–œ ¨³Á¡ºÉ°ž¦³Ã¥œr˜n°„µ¦—εÁœ·œ„µ¦ ´Å¨nµª¥·ª°°„‹µ„‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡88r

­nªœ„¨»n¤°µ‡µ¦Ã„—´ŠÁ„ȝ °Šœ´Êœ¤¸ºÉ°Á¦¸¥„ªnµ Kanada II Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œš¸ÉÁ„ȝ­´¤£µ¦³š¸É¥¹—¤µÅ—o ‹µ„µª¥·ªŽ¹ÉŠ¤¸°¥¼n‹Îµœªœ¤µ„¨³¤¸„µ¦‹´—ž¦³Á£š„´œš¸Éœ¸É°¸„—oª¥ ė´ŠÁ„ȝ °ŠÁžd— ¹ÊœÄœÁ—º°œ ›´œªµ‡¤ÄœÁ ˜¡ºÊœš¸É BIIg œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¥´Š¤¸‡nµ¥ œ­nŠ°¸„ 3 ‡nµ¥ Ážd—šÎµ„µ¦Äœ‡.«. 1944 ­°ŠÄœ­µ¤ Ážd— ¹ÊœÄœÁ ˜ BIIc ¨³ BIII ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Ú¬®·Šµª¥·ª ­nªœ°¸„®nŠ®œ¹ÉŠ­Îµ®¦´œ´„Ú¬µ¥ Ž¹ÉŠ ˜´ÊŠ°¥¼nĜÁ ˜ BIIe ץčo°µ‡µ¦œ°œ °Š‡nµ¥¥·žŽ¸®¨´Š‹µ„š¸É¡ª„¥·žŽ¸™¼„„ªµ—¨oµŠÅžÂ¨oª ­nªœ®o°Š ¦¤Â„p­ ¨³°µ‡µ¦ÁŸµ«¡œ´Êœ­¦oµŠÁž}œ°µ‡µ¦˜´ÊŠÂ¥„°°„‹µ„„´œŽ¹ÉŠš´ÊŠ®¤—¦´‡Îµ­´ÉŠ˜¦Š‹µ„Ÿ¼o ´µ„µ¦‡nµ¥Â¨³ iµ¥„µ¦Á¤º°Š (Politische Abteilung) Áž}œŸ¼o¦´Ÿ·—°Ã—¥˜¦Š ®¨´Š„µ¦ÂnŠ‡nµ¥ °°„Áž}œ 3 ‡nµ¥ Ÿ¼o´µ„µ¦„°Š„ε¨´Š¦´„¬µ„µ¦–rŗo¦´‡Îµ­´ÉŠ¤°®¤µ¥Äœ„µ¦‡ª‡»¤—¼Â¨ ž’·´˜·„µ¦Äœ„µ¦„ªµ—¨oµŠ „°Š´µ„µ¦‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 2 ‹¹Š°¥¼nĜ“µœ³“µœ´µ„µ¦ °ŠŸ¼oœÎµÄœ „µ¦‡ª‡»¤‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr ‡nµ¥·¦rÁ‡ÁœµÄœnªŠš¸É°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦´Š‡´´µ„µ¦‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 1 ¨³ £µ¥®¨´Šš¸É—εÁœ·œŠµœÄœ„µ¦ž„‡¦°Š˜œÁ°Šœ´Êœ˜nµŠ„Ȥ¸‡ªµ¤Á„¸É¥ª¡´œ°¥nµŠÄ„¨o·—„´š´ÊŠ„´‡nµ¥Á°µ ª·šŽr 1 ¨³ 3 š´ÊŠœ¸ÊÁž}œŸ¨¤µ‹µ„„µ¦š¸ÉŸ¼o´µ„µ¦„°Š„ε¨´Š¦´„¬µ„µ¦–r‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrŗo¤¸‡Îµ­´ÉŠ

88 Memorial and Museum Auschwitz – Birkenau, Auschwitz II- Birkenau, Accessed 30 December 2012 , Available from http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10&Itemid=9

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Á¦¸¥„¦o°ŠÄ®oš´ÊŠ 3 ‡nµ¥šÎµŠµœ¦nª¤„´œ°¥nµŠÄ„¨o·— ¨³Ÿ¼o´µ„µ¦‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr¥´ŠÅ—o¦´„µ¦Â˜nŠ˜´ÊŠ Ä®o—ε¦Š˜ÎµÂ®œnŠÁ‹oµ®œoµš¸É°µª»Ã­Äœ„µ¦¦·„µ¦—oµœ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œœr°´œ—¸„´Ÿ¼o´µ„µ¦‡œ°ºÉœ Ç Â¨³ ¤¸‡ªµ¤­µ¤µ¦™Äœ„µ¦¥»˜· o° ´—Â¥oŠ¦³®ªnµŠ„´œÄœª´œš¸É 22 ¡§«‹·„µ¥œ ‡.«. 1943

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89 Memorial and Museum Auschwitz – Birkenau, Auschwitz II- Birkenau, Accessed 30 December 2012 , Available from http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10&Itemid=9

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90 Memorial and Museum Auschwitz – Birkenau, Auschwitz III-Monowitz Concentration Camp , Accessed 30 December 2012 , Available from http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com.

89

œ´„ڬ¦ŠŠµœ„¨»n¤Â¦„™¼„­nŠÅž¥´Š­™µœš¸É„n°­¦oµŠÃ¦ŠŠµœÄœnªŠ„¨µŠÁ—º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ ‡.«. 1941 ¨³˜´ÊŠÂ˜n˜oœÁ—º°œ¡§¬£µ‡¤œ´„Ú¬Á®¨nµœ´Êœ˜o°ŠÁ—·œÁšoµÁž}œ¦³¥³šµŠ 7 – 6 „·Ã¨Á¤˜¦ š»„ª´œ‹µ„‡nµ¥Åž¥´ŠÁ ˜„n°­¦oµŠ Ĝ˜n¨³ª´œ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ °Š¡ª„Á µÁ¦·É¤ ¹Êœ˜´ÊŠÂ˜nÁª¨µž¦³¤µ–˜¸ ­µ¤Äœ˜°œÁoµ ž¨µ¥Á—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤Á¤ºÉ°‹Îµœªœœ´„Ú¬¡·Á«¬Á®¨nµœ¸ÊÁ¡·É¤ ¹Êœž¦³¤µ– 1,000 ‡œ Å°.‹¸.¢µÁœ‹¹ŠÅ—oÁ¦·É¤ œ­nŠœ´„Ú¬š¸ÉÁž}œÂ¦ŠŠµœšµŠ¦™Å¢¦³®ªnµŠ‡nµ¥Â¤nŞ¥´Š­™µœ¸ Dwory Ĝ„µ¦šÎµŠµœœ´Êœœ´„Ú¬˜o°ŠšÎµŠµœ®œ´„˜nµŠ Ç Ánœ „µ¦šÎµ¦´Šª´—™œœ „µ¦ »—‡¼¦³µ¥œÊε ªµŠ­µ¥ Ú¦Á¨ ¨³„µ¦­¦oµŠ™œœ Áž}œ˜oœ „µ¦šÎµŠµœÅ—o®¥»—³Š´„¨ŠÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„Á„·—æ‡Å o¦µ„­µ—Ä®nŽ¹ÉŠ Áž}œÃ¦‡¦³µ— ¹ÊœÄœ‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 1 ¨³·¦rÁ‡Áœµ °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ÄœnªŠ§—¼ÄÅ¤oŸ¨·˜ ‡.«. 1942 Á®¨nµœ´„Ú¬„È„¨´¤µšÎµŠµœ°¸„‡¦´ÊŠ š´ÊŠœ¸Ê¦·¬´šÁ°Š„Ȥ¸‡ªµ¤„´Šª¨Á„¸É¥ª„´Ã°„µ­š¸É‹³­¼Á­¸¥ œ´„ڬŞ‹¹Š˜´—­·œÄ‹š¸É‹³­¦oµŠ‡nµ¥š¸ÉÁ¦ ¸¥„ªnµ Buna Camp ¨³Áž¨¸É¥œÂž¨ŠÃ¦Šœ°œš¸É‹³­¦oµŠ ¹Êœ Á¡ºÉ°Â¦ŠŠµœ¡¨Á¦º°œÄ„¨o„´Á¤º°ŠÃ¤Ãœª·Ä®oÁž}œš¸É¡´„­Îµ®¦´œ´„Ú¬ ˜nÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„‡ªµ¤¨nµoµÄœ „µ¦‹´—­nŠ¨ª—®œµ¤šÎµÄ®o„ε®œ—„µ¦˜o°ŠÁ¨ºÉ°œ°°„Åž

‡nµ¥Ã¤Ãœª·šŽrÁž}œ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ‡nµ¥Â¦„š¸É­¦oµŠ ¹ÊœÂ¨³Å—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ„µ¦ÁŠ·œ‹µ„ ¦·¬´šÁ°„œÂ¨oªÁ­¦È‹Äœ§—¼¦o°œ‡.«. 194391 ¤oªnµÃ¦ŠÁ¦º°œ 4 ®¨´Š­»—šoµ¥‹³­¦oµŠÄœ°¸„ 1 že˜n°¤µ ‹Îµœªœœ´„Ú¬£µ¥Äœ‡nµ¥Á¡·É¤ ¹Êœ°¥nµŠ‡n°¥Áž}œ‡n°¥Åž‹µ„‹Îµœªœ 3,500 ‡œ ĜÁ—º°œ˜»¨µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1942 Áž}œ 6,000‡œÄœ°¸„že‡¦¹ÉŠ˜n°¤µ ¨³Á¡·É¤Áž}œ 11,000‡œÄœÁ—º°œ„¦„‘µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1944˜n ‹ÎµœªœÂ¦ŠŠµœš¸É¦·¬´š˜o°Š„µ¦„ÈŤnÁ¡¸¥Š¡°ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤¸œ´„Ú¬Á­¸¥¸ª·˜¤µ„ ¦·¬´šÁ¦¸¥„¦o°ŠÄ®o­nŠ ¦ŠŠµœ¤µÁ¡·É¤Ã—¥°oµŠªnµÅ—o¨Šš»œÄœ‡nµ¥Ã¤Ãœª·šŽr¤µ„„ªnµ 700 ¨oµœÅ¦‡r¤µ¦r‡ (®¦º°ž¦³¤µ– 1.4 ¨oµœ—°¨¨µ®r­®¦´“)92 šµŠ¦·¬´š‹¹Š­nŠ‹—®¤µ¥¦o°ŠÁ¦¸¥œÅž¥´ŠÁ„°¦r±µ¦r— Á¤µÁ¦° (Gerhard Maurer) Ÿ¼oŽ¹ÉŠ¤¸®œoµš¸É¦´Ÿ·—°„µ¦ªnµ‹oµŠœ´„ڬĜ‡nµ¥„´„„´œ ˜n°¤µª´œš¸É 10 „»¤£µ¡´œ›r ‡.«. 1943 Á¤µÁ¦° ŗoÁ—·œšµŠÅž¥´ŠÁ¤º°ŠÁ°µª·šŽr¨³Ä®o‡Îµ­´µ„´šµŠÅ°‹¸ ¢µÁœªnµ‹³‹´—®µœ´„Ú¬„¨»n¤Ä®¤nÄ®o

91 Steinbacher, Auschwitz : A History, 52 - 53. 92 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust (New York : Macmillan Publishing, 1996), 97.

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101 Eugen Kogon, Hermann Langbein and Adalbert Ruckerl, Nazi Mass Muder : A Documentory History of the Use of Poison Gas, translate by Marry Scott and Caroline Lloyd – Morris (London : Yale University Press, 1993), 151 – 152.

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105 Hedi Friend, The Road to Auschwitz edited and translated by Michael Meyer ( Lincoln : University of Nebraska press ), 1996, 80-83. 106 ¦¦¥Š »§š›·Í, ¥¤š¼˜Â®nŠ‡nµ¥œ¦„œµŽ, („¦»ŠÁš¡ : ­Îµœ´„¡·¤¡rÁ¡¦„³¦´˜, 2537), 17. 107 °œŠœµ’ Á™„·Šª·š¥r ,ª¦¦–‡—¸ž¦³‹´„¬r¡¥µœ ´œš¹„ °Š­˜¦¸Ÿ¼o¦°—¸ª·˜‹µ„„µ¦‰nµ¨oµŠÁŸnµ¡´œ›»rĜ ¥»Ã¦ž¦³®ªnµŠ­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 2 („¦»ŠÁš¡ : ‹»¯µ¨Š„¦–r¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥) , 2551, 191. 108 𨄵 Á¨ŠÁ¥¨ , ´œš¹„¨´‹µ„‡nµ¥œ¦„œµŽ¸, ž¨Ã—¥ «µœ˜·®Š­r ª. ‹´œš¦r („¦»ŠÁš¡ : ­Îµœ´„¡·¤¡r —°„´ª), 2530, 48-49.

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114 Dalia Ofer and Lnore J. Weitzman, Women in the Holocaust (New Haven, Conn : Yale University Press, 1998), 329. 115 Ibid.

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116 Anna Pawelczynska, Value and Violence in Auschwitz (Berkeley : University of California Press, 1979), 37. 117 Ibid, 41.

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118 Jacek Lachendro , Punishment and Execution, Accessed 3 February 2013, Available from http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=19

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ĜnªŠ­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 2 œµ¥Â¡š¥rÁ¥°¦¤´œÄ®o„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ„µ¦—εÁœ·œœÃ¥µ¥ Á„¸É¥ª„´ž¦³µ„¦ °ŠŸ¼oœÎµ‹´„¦ª¦¦—·Å¦‡r ¡ª„Á µ«¹„¬µª·‹´¥„µ¦šÎµ®¤´œ®¤¼n°¥nµŠ„ªoµŠ ªµŠ Á¡ºÉ°š¸É‹³ ž¦³¥»„˜rčo„´ž¦³µœš¸ÉÁ®Èœªnµ­¤‡ª¦‹³„ε‹´—Ä®o®¤—­·ÊœÅž «µ­˜¦µ‹µ¦¥r‡µ¦r¨ Á‡¨µÁ·¦r„ (Professor Carl Clauberg)124 ŗo¦´¤°®¤µ¥Ä®o­ªŠ®µª·›¸„µ¦š¸É—¸š¸É­»—Äœ„µ¦šÎµ®¤´œ„µ¦š—¨°Š ®¨´„ °Š®¤°Á‡¨µÁ·¦r„ ‡º°„µ¦šÎµ®¤´œÃ—¥Å¤nčoª·›¸„µ¦Ÿnµ˜´—­Îµ®¦´œ´„Ú¬®·ŠÃ—¥‹³šÎµ„µ¦ ‡´—Á¨º°„œ´„Ú¬®·Šš¸É˜nŠŠµœÂ¨oª°µ¥»¦³®ªnµŠ 20 – 40 že ¨³Ÿ¼oš¸É¤¸¨¼„¨oª‹³Å—o¦´‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹ Áž}œ¡·Á«¬ ª·›¸„µ¦šÎµ®¤´œ °ŠÁ‡¨µÁ·¦r„‡º°„µ¦Œ¸—­µ¦Á‡¤¸š¸É¤¸§š›·ÍĜ„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥®¦º°„n°Ä®oÁ„·—‡ªµ¤ ¦³‡µ¥Á‡º°Š˜n°ÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ°Á oµ­¼nžµ„¤—¨¼„Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oÁ„·—„µ¦°»—˜´œ °Ššn°¦´ŠÅ n šÎµÄ®oŤn­µ¤µ¦™¤¸»˜¦Å—o ×¥­µ¦Á‡¤¸š¸Éčo‹³¤¸‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ ¨³™¼„Á„ȝÁž}œ‡ªµ¤¨´˜µ¤š¸É¦¼—°¨r¢ ñ­Äœ“µœ³Ÿ¼o ´µ„µ¦‡nµ¥ ¨³“µœ³¡¥µœŸ¼o¦¼oÁ®ÈœÅ—o´œš¹„Á®˜»„µ¦–rĜ˜°œœ´ÊœÅªoªnµ Á µÅ—o¦´¦µ¥ŠµœÂ¨³ ¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—š»„°¥nµŠÁ„¸É¥ª„´„¦³ªœ„µ¦š—¨°Š‹µ„®¤°Á‡¨µÁ·¦r„ ˜nŤnÁ‡¥Å—o¦´„µ¦Ážd—ÁŸ¥

123 Nava Cohen, “Medical Experiment” Encyclopedia of Holocaust E-G, Edited by Israel Gutman (N.Y. : Macmiillan Publishing Company), 255.

124 «µ­˜¦µ‹µ¦¥rÁ‡¨µÁ·¦r„Áž}œÂ¡š¥rŸ¼oÁ¸É¥ªµ„µ¦¦´„¬µÁ„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦šÎµ®¤´œ —ε¦Š˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ®´ª®œoµ Ÿœ„­¼˜·œµ¦¸ÁªÃ¦Š¡¥µµ¨ Chorzow ĜnªŠ­Š‡¦µ¤Ã¨„‡¦´ÊŠš¸É 2 Á¦·É¤Á oµ¤µšÎµŠµœÄœ‡nµ¥„´„„´œÁ—º°œ›´œªµ‡¤ ‡.«. 1942 š¸É‡nµ¥·¦rÁ‡Áœµ ®¨´Š‹µ„œ´ÊœÅ—o¥oµ¥¤µž¦³‹Îµš¸É‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 1 ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„ o°Á¦¸¥„¦o°Šš¸É˜o°Š„µ¦­™µœš¸É ¡·Á«¬­Îµ®¦´šÎµ„µ¦ª·‹´¥ šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦‹´—˜´ÊŠ°µ‡µ¦ 10 (Block 10) Ĝ‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 1 ĜÁ—º°œÁ¤¬µ¥œ ‡.«. 1943 ®¦º°š¸ÉÁž}œš¸É¦¼o‹´„„´œÄœœµ¤ “Clauberg’s Block”

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Á„¸É¥ª„´­µ¦Á‡¤¸š¸ÉÁ µÄo°¥nµŠÂšo‹¦·Š125 ž{‹‹»´œÁºÉ°ªnµ­µ¦Á‡¤¸š¸Éčo—´Š„¨nµª‡º° ¢°¦r¤µ¨¸œ(Formalin) ¨³¥µµ (Novocain) š´ÊŠœ¸Ê¥µŒ¸—Å—o¦´„µ¦Œ¸—ŽÊ嚻„ Ç 2 ­´ž—µ®r®¨´Š‹µ„Å—o¦´­µ¦Á‡¤¸Áž}œ ¦³¥³Áª¨µ 6 ­´ž—µ®r„È‹³¤¸„µ¦˜·—˜µ¤Ÿ¨„¦³šš¸ÉÁ„·— ¹ÊœÃ—¥„µ¦Œµ¥¦´Š­¸ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê®¤°Á‡µ¨Á·¦r„ ¥´Š¤¸Ã‡¦Š„µ¦‹³Ä®oœ´„Ú¬®·Šš»„‡œ¤¸Á¡«­´¤¡´œ›r„´œ´„Ú¬µ¥Á¡ºÉ°ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡rĜ„µ¦š—¨°Š šµŠž’·´˜·—oª¥ ˜nǦŠ„µ¦š—¨°Š—´Š„¨nµªÅ¤nŗoÁ„·— ¹ÊœÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„­Š‡¦µ¤­·Êœ­»—¨Š„n°œ ®¤°Á‡ ¨µÁ·¦r„ÁºÉ°ªnµ®µ„¤¸Ÿ¼onª¥š¸ÉÁ¡¸¥Š¡° Á µ‹³­µ¤µ¦™šÎµ®¤´œÅ—o¤µ„™¹Š 1,000 ‡œ˜n°ª´œ—´Šš¸Éž¦µ„’Äœ ‹—®¤µ¥š¸ÉÁ µÁ ¸¥œ™¹Š±·¤Á¨°¦rÁ„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦š—¨°Š„µ¦šÎµ®¤´œ®¤¼nœ´„Ú¬®·ŠÄœ‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrĜ Á—º°œ¤·™»œµ¥œ ‡.«. 1943 ªnµ „µ¦šÎµ®¤´œŸ¼o®·ŠÃ—¥Å¤nŗo˜o°ŠÄoª·›¸„µ¦Ÿnµ˜´—š¸É oµ¡Á‹oµÅ—o‡·—‡oœ ¹Êœœ´Êœ ˜°œœ¸ÊÁ„º°­¤¼¦–r Â¨oª...×¥ oµ¡Á‹oµ‡µ—®¤µ¥ªnµ®µ„¤¸„µ¦­µœ˜n°Šµœª·‹´¥œ¸Ê Ĝ°œµ‡˜‹³­¦oµŠŸ¨ž¦³Ã¥œr˜n°„µ¦ Ä®o„εÁœ·—¦³¥³¥µª Ž¹ÉŠ oµ¡Á‹oµ­µ¤µ¦™šÎµœµ¥Á®˜»„µ¦–rš¸É°µ‹Á„ ·— ¹ÊœÅ—oÁ¨¥ªnµ—oª¥Á‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°°»ž„¦–r¨³ Ÿ¼onª¥š¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤Á®¤µ³­¤ ¡š¥r®œ¹ÉŠ‡œ‹³­µ¤µ¦™šÎµ®¤´œŸ¼o®·ŠÅ—o¤µ„™¹Š 1,000 ‡œ˜n°ª´œ126 ª·›¸„µ¦ °Š®¤°Á‡¨µÁ·¦r„‹³Å¤nŗočo„µ¦Ÿnµ˜´— ˜nª·›¸„µ¦—´Š„¨nµª„È­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤Á‹Èžª— °¥nµŠ¤µ„˜n°Á®¥ºÉ°Ÿ¼o™¼„š—¨°Š œ´„Ú¬®·Š®¨µ¥‡œÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜¨Š‹µ„„µ¦šÎµ®¤´œ ¨³°¸„®¨µ¥‡œ™¼„ ­nŠÅž­´Š®µ¦®¨´Š„µ¦š—¨°Š­·Êœ­»— š´ÊŠœ¸Êœ´„Ú¬š¸É°¥¼n£µ¥Ä˜o„µ¦‡ª‡»¤ °ŠÁ‡¨µÁ·¦r„¤¸ž¦³¤µ– 300 ‡œ ¨³¤¸„µ¦Â¥„œ´„Ú¬®·Šš¸Éŗo¦´„µ¦Œ¸—­µ¦Á‡¤¸°°„‹µ„œ´„Ú¬š´ÉªÅž œ´„Ú¬š¸Éž’·Á­› „µ¦Á oµ¦´„µ¦š—¨°Š‹³™¼„­nŠ˜´ª„¨´Åž¦¤Â„p­š¸É‡nµ¥·¦rÁ‡Áœµ ­nªœ¤µ„„¨»n¤š¸É¥´Š°¥¼n‹³Å—o Ÿ¨ oµŠÁ‡¸¥Š ‡º° Á„·—°µ„µ¦˜·—ÁºÊ°ÄœÁ¥ºÉ°»n°Ššo°Š Á¨º°—°°„Äœn°Š‡¨°—šÎµÄ®o¤¸Å o­¼ŠÂ¨³Á„·— £µª³Ã¨®·˜Áž}œ¡·¬ ®¤°Ã¥±´œœr Á„·Á¨ (Dr. Johannes Goebel) Ÿ¼onª¥ °Š®¤°Á‡¨µÁ·¦r„Äœ‡nµ¥ Á°µª·šŽr ‹³‡°¥‹´—®µ­µ¦Á‡¤¸š¸É‹ÎµÁž}œ˜n°„µ¦šÎµ¨µ¥ÁœºÊ°Á¥ºÉ° ¨³‡°¥˜·—˜µ¤Ÿ¨š¸Éŗo‹µ„„µ¦Œµ¥ ¦´Š­¸ ×¥¤¸„µ¦ž¦³¤µ–‹Îµœªœ °ŠÁ®¥ºÉ°š¸É™¼„š—¨°Š°¥¼nš¸É‹Îµœªœ˜´ÊŠÂ˜n 700 ‡œ™¹Š®¨µ¥¡´œ‡œ ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´œ„´œµ¥Â¡š¥r±°¦r­šr ¼¤´œœr (Horst Schumann) š¸ÉŗoÁ¦·É¤šÎµ„µ¦š—¨°Š„µ¦šÎµ ®¤´œ Ĝ‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrĜÁª¨µ—´Š„¨nµªÁnœ„´œ ¼¤´œœrÁž}œ®´ª®œoµ‡–³Ÿ¼o„n°˜´ÊŠ­™µ´œ­Îµ®¦´Ã¦‡š¸É Ťn­µ¤µ¦™¦´„¬µÅ—o ( Institution for the Incurably ) ¹Êœš¸É抡¥µµ¨ Grofeneck ĜÁ¤º°ŠÁª·šÁš ¤Á·¦r„ (Wurtemberg) ˜n°¤µÅ—o„¨µ¥¤µÁž}œ­¤µ·„ °Š‡–³„¦¦¤µ›·„µ¦¡·Á«¬šµŠ„µ¦Â¡š¥r

125 Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York : Basic Books, Inc. Publisher, 1986), 272. 126 Jewish Virtual Library, Carl Clauberg, accessed 30 December 2013, available from http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Clauberg.html

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127 𨄵 Á¨ŠÁ¥¨, ´œš¹„¨´‹µ„‡nµ¥œ¦„œµŽ¸, 357 – 362.

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£µ¡š¸É 14 «µ­˜¦µ‹µ¦¥r‡µ¦r¨ Á‡¨µÁ·¦r„ š¸É¤µ : Carl Clauberg, accessed 20 February 2013, Available from http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/auschwitzmen.html

£µ¡š¸É 15 œµ¥Â¡š¥r±°¦r­šr ¼¤´œœr š¸É¤µ : Horst Schumann, accessed 20 February 2013, Available from http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/auschwitzgaschambers.html

£µ¡š¸É 16 œµ¥Â¡š¥rËÁŽ¢ Á¤ŠÁ„¨ š¸É¤µ : Wikipedia Encyclopedia, Josef mengele, accessed 20 February 2013, Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele

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128 Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, 348. 129 ¤·Ã‡¨ œ¼°·­Ž¨¸, ´œš¹„Á¨º°—‡nµ¥œ¦„ Á°µª·šŽr, 30.

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130 Jennifer Rosenberg, Mengele’s Children : The Twin of Auschwitz, Accessed 30 December 2012, Available from http://history1900s.about.com/od/auschwitz/a/mengeletwins.htm. 131 Victims of Mengele. Accessed 3April 2013. Available from http://auschwitz.dk/Mengele/id24.htm

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132 Victims of Mengele. Accessed 3April 2013. Available from http://auschwitz.dk/Mengele/id24.htm 133 ¤·Ã‡¨ œ¼°·­Ž¨¸, ´œš¹„Á¨º°—‡nµ¥œ¦„ Á°µª·šŽr, 40. 134 ¤·Ã‡¨ œ¼°·­Ž¨¸, ´œš¹„Á¨º°—‡nµ¥œ¦„ Á°µª·šŽr, 41 – 42.

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135 McCune, Lokota. Medical Experiment. Accessed 3April 2013. Available from http://www.kawvalley.k12.ks.us/schools/rjh/marneyg/04_holocaust-projects/04_mccune_medical- experiments.htm 136 Wikipedia Encyclopedia. Josef mengele. Accessed 3April 2013. Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele 137 Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, 350.

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138 Wikipedia Encyclopedia. Josef mengele. Accessed 3April 2013. Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele 139 Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, 360. 140 Ibid, 360-361. 141 ±¦r¤´œœr ¨´Š„rŝœrÁ‡¥™¼„‡»¤ ´Šš¸É‡nµ¥„´„„´œÄœž¦³Áš« ¦´ÉŠÁ«­ ¨³Äœ‡.«. 1941 ™¼„¥oµ¥¤µ„´„„´œš¸É ‡nµ¥—µÁ‡µ „n°œ‹³™¼„­nŠ˜´ª¤µ¥´ÉŠ‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽrĜ‡.«. 1942 ž{‹‹»´œ—ε¦Š˜ÎµÂ®œnŠÁ¨ µœ»„µ¦‡–³„¦¦¤µ›·„µ¦‡nµ¥ „´„„´œ­µ„¨ (International Concentration Camps Committee)

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142 Hermann Langbein, Against All Hope Resistance in the Nazi Concentration Camps 1938 – 1945. Translated by Harry Zohn (New York : The Continuum Publishing Company, 1994), 52. 143 Ibid, 53.

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146 The Resistence Movement, Accessed 3 February 2013, Available from http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=9&Itemid=11

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ĜÁ—º°œ¤·™»œµ¥œ ‡.«. 1944 Á‹oµ®œoµš¸Éž¦³‹ÎµÁ˜µÁŸµ«¡™¼„¥oµ¥‹µ„°µ‡µ¦ 13 BIId Ä®oŞ °µ«´¥°¥¼nĜ°µ‡µ¦ÁŸµ«¡®¤µ¥Á¨ II, III ¨³Iv Ž¹ÉŠš¸Éœ¸É¡ª„Á µÅ—o™¼„¥»¥Š‹µ„Á¨¥­Š‡¦µ¤µªÃŽ Áª¸¥˜‹Îµœªœ 19 ‡œÄ®o„n°„µ¦ž’·ª´˜· ¹Êœ „¨»n¤Ÿ¼oœÎµ„µ¦¨»„±º°„µ¦˜n°˜oµœÄœ‡¦´ÊŠœ¸Ê ŗo„n ËÁŽ¢ Á—°Á¦ Ž·œ­„¸ (Jozef Deresinski) Ž´¨¤µœ „¦µÃ—­„¸ (Zalman Gradowski) ‹œ‡¸¨ ±´œÁ—¨­r¤µœ (Jankiel Handelsman) Á°‹´‡ ‡´¨Áœ‡ (Ajzyk Kalniak) ¨‹r ¨´Š¢{­ (Lajb Langfus) Ž´¨¤µœ Á¨Áªœš´¨ (Zalman Lewental) ¨µ‹r ¡µœ»­ ( Lajb Panusz)¨³Ã‹ÁŽ¢ ªµ¦r­ªµ­„¸ ( Jozef Warszawski) Ž¹ÉŠ ¦¦—µŸ¼oœÎµÁ®¨nµœ¸Êŗo˜·—˜n°„´œ´„Ú¬®·Šµª¥·ªµŠ‡œš¸ÉšÎµŠµœÄœÃ¦ŠŠµœŸ¨·˜°µª»› Weichsel Ž¹ÉŠ˜´ÊŠ°¥¼n„´‡nµ¥Á°µª·šŽr 1 Ž´¨¤µœ Á¨Áªœš´¨ ®œ¹ÉŠÄœŸ¼oœÎµÅ—o´œš¹„Áž}œ¨µ¥¨´„¬–r°´„¬¦Äœ­¤»—š¸É ™¼„ {Š°¥¼nĜÙĘo¡ºÊœ—·œŽ¹ÉŠ™¼„‡oœ¡£µ¥®¨´Š­Š‡¦µ¤ªnµŸ¼oœÎµ­°Š‡œš¸ÉšÎµ„µ¦˜·—˜n° ‡º° °·­¦µÁ°¨ „»šÂ¤œ (Isirael Gutman) ¨³Á‹±¼—µ Á¨°¦rÁœ°¦r (Jehuda Lerner) ŗo¦´¦³Á·—‹µ„Á—È„®·Šš¸É™¼„ ªnµ‹oµŠÄœÃ¦ŠŠµœŸ¨·˜°µª»›Ã—¥Žn°œÅªoĜ—oµœ¨nµŠ °Š™µ—°µ®µ¦š¸ÉšÎµž¨°¤ ¹Êœ¤µ147 ˜n°¤µŸ¼oœÎµ„°Š „ε¨´ŠÄ˜o—·œÅ—o­nŠ‡ÎµÁ˜º°œÁ¦nŠ—nªœªnµ£µ¥ÄœÁª¨µ°´œ­´Êœœ¸Ê ®œnª¥Á°­Á°­‹³„ªµ—¨oµŠ®œnª¥¦¡·Á«¬ šÎµÄ®oĜª´œš¸É 7 ˜»¨µ‡¤ ‡.«. 1944 ¦¦—µœ´„Ú¬‹¹Š¨»„±º° ¹Êœž’·ª´˜·˜n°˜oµœ—oª¥„µ¦ÁŸµšÎµ¨µ¥ °µ‡µ¦ÁŸµ«¡ 1 ®¨´ŠŽ¹ÉŠ­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤Á­¸¥®µ¥Áž}œ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ ¨³Á oµ˜n°­¼o„´š®µ¦Á°­Á°­ œ´„Ú¬µŠ ‡œ¡¥µ¥µ¤š¸É‹³˜´—¦´Êª¨ª—®œµ¤Á¡ºÉ°š¸É‹³Å—o°°„Åž oµŠœ°„ ®µ„˜n͇ŤnÁ oµ oµŠ ®œnª¥Á°­Á°­ Ũn˜µ¤¤µš´œÂ¨³­´Š®µ¦¡ª„Á µš´ÊŠ®¤—š´œš¸ Á®˜»„µ¦–rĜ‡¦´ÊŠœ¸Ê¤¸µª¥·ªÁ­¸¥¸ª·˜‹µ„„µ¦˜n°­¼o 250

147 Holocaust Education and Archive Research Team, Sonderkommando Revolt -Auschwitz – Birkenau. , Accessed 3 February 2013, Available from http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/revolt/sonderevolt.html

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Concentration camps and Death camps Camp Function Location Est. Evacuated Liberated Est. No. Murdered

Auschwitz Concentration/ Oswiecim, May 26, Jan. 18, 1945 Jan. 27, 1945 1,100,000 Extermination Poland (near 1940 by Soviets Krakow) Belzec Extermination Belzec, Poland March Liquidated by 600,000 17, 1942 Nazis December 1942 Bergen-Belsen Detention; near Hanover, April April 15, 1945 35,000 Concentration Germany 1943 by British (After 3/44) Buchenwald Concentration Buchenwald, July 16, April 6, 1945 April 11, 1945 Germany 1937 Self-Liberated; April 11, 1945 by Americans Chelmno Extermination Chelmno, Dec. 7, Closed March 320,000 Poland 1941; 1943 (but June 23, reopened); 1944 Liquidated by Nazis July 1944 Dachau Concentration Dachau, March April 26, 1945 April 29, 1945 32,000 Germany 22, 1933 by Americans Dora/Mittelbau Sub-camp of near Aug. 27, April 1, 1945 April 9, 1945 by Buchenwald; Nordhausen, 1943 Americans Concentration Germany (After 10/44) Drancy Assembly/ Drancy, France August Aug. 17, 1944 Detention (suburb of 1941 by Allied Forces

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Paris) Flossenbürg Concentration Flossenbürg, May 3, April 20, 1945 April 23, 1945 Germany (near 1938 by Americans Nuremberg) Gross-Rosen Sub-camp of near Wroclaw, August Feb. 13, 1945 May 8, 1945 by 40,000 Sachsenhausen; Poland 1940 Soviets Concentration (After 5/41) Janowska Concentration/ L'viv, Ukraine Sept. Liquidated by Extermination 1941 Nazis November 1943 Kaiserwald/ Concentration Meza-Park, 1942 July 1944 Riga (After 3/43) Latvia (near Riga) Koldichevo Concentration Baranovichi, Summer 22,000 Belarus 1942

Majdanek Concentration/ Lublin, Poland Feb. 16, July 1944 July 22, 1944 360,000 Extermination 1943 by Soviets Mauthausen Concentration Mauthausen, Aug. 8, May 5, 1945 120,000 Austria (near 1938 by Americans Linz) Natzweiler/ Concentration Natzweiler, May 1, Sept. 1944 12,000 Struthof France (near 1941 Strasbourg) Neuengamme Sub-camp of Hamburg, Dec. 13, April 29, 1945 May 1945 56,000 Sachsenhausen; Germany 1938 by British Concentration (After 6/40) Plaszow Concentration Krakow, Poland Oct. Summer 1944 Jan. 15, 1945 by 8,000 (After 1/44) 1942 Soviets Ravensbrück Concentration near Berlin, May 15, April 23, 1945 April 30, 1945

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Germany 1939 by Soviets Sachsenhausen Concentration Berlin, July March 1945 April 27, 1945 Germany 1936 by Soviets Sered Concentration Sered, Slovakia 1941/42 April 1, 1945 (near by Soviets Bratislava)

Sobibor Extermination Sobibor, Poland March Revolt on Summer 1944 250,000 (near Lublin) 1942 October 14, by Soviets 1943; Liquidated by Nazis October 1943 Stutthof Concentration near Danzig, Sept. 2, Jan. 25, 1945 May 9, 1945 65,000 (After 1/42) Poland 1939 by Soviets

Theresienstadt Concentration Terezin, Czech Nov. 24, Handed over to May 8, 1945 33,000 Republic (near 1941 Red Cross May by Soviets Prague) 3, 1945 Treblinka Extermination Treblinka, July 23, Revolt on April Poland (near 1942 2, 1943; Warsaw) Liquidated by Nazis April 1943 Vaivara Concentration/ Estonia Sept. Closed June 28, Transit 1943 1944 Westerbork Transit Westerbork, Oct. April 12, 1945 Netherlands 1939 camp handed over to Kurt Schlesinger

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Sub – Camp in Auswitz

Camp Location Est Evacuated Work Employer Est. No. prisoners Altodorf Stara Wies 1942 1943 Forestry Oberforstamt 10 -12 near Pszczyna Work Pless ( Pszcyna Forestry Authority) Althammer Stara Kuznia September January 1945 Constructio 486 near Halemba 1944 n of Thermal Electric Power Plant Babitz Babice March 1943 January 1945 Agricultural 158 Men near Oswiecim work on an And SS farm approximately 180 Women Birkenau Brzezinka 1943 January 1945 Agricultural 204 work on SS Farm Bismarckhutt Chorzow September January 1945 Production Berghutte – 192 e 1944 of Cannons Koning und and Bismarckhutt Armored e Ag Vehicle in the Bismarck Mill Blechhammer Slawiecice April 1994 January 1945 Constructio O/S 3958 Men Near Blachownia n of Hydrierwerke 157 Women slaska Chemical AG Plant Bobrek Bobrek May 1994 January 1945 Production Siemens- 213 Men Near Oswiecim of electrical Schuckerwerk 28 Women Apparatus e Ag for Aircraft

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and Submarines Brunn Brno October 1943 January 1945 Constructio SS-WVHa 250(October (Czechoslovakia) n work on Bureau C – 1943) the SS and Bauleitung 36 (January Police Brunn 17, 1945) Technical Academy Budy Budy April 1943 Autumn 1944 Agricultural Several Near Oswiecim Labor on an Hundred SS Farm Women Budy Budy April 1942 January 1945 Agricultural Approximatel Near Oswiecim Labor on an y 400 Women SS Farm from the including Penal Drainage Company Work (Digging Ditches) and Cleaning and Deepening Fish Ponds Buna Monowice October 1942 January 1945 Constructio I.G. Farben 10,223 Or Monowitz Near Oswiecim n of a Industrie A.G. Chemical Complex Charlottegrub Rydultowy September January 1945 Coal Hermann 833 e 1944 Mining and Goring Werke Mine Constructio n work at the Charlotte Mine Chelmek Chelmek October 1942 December Labor at the Ota Approximatel 1942 Shoe Schlesische y 150 Factory Schuh-werke (Deepening (Formerly

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and Bata) Cleaning the Water Reservoir) Eintrachthutte Seietochlowice May 1942 January 1945 Production Berghutte- 1,297 of Anti- OSMAG I Aircraft Ost_Maschine Artillery in nbau the Eintrach Mill Freudenthal Bruntalu 1944 January 1945 Fruit- Emmerich 301 Women Zprotectorate of Processing Machold Bohemia and Labor Company Moravia) Furstengrube Wesola September January 1945 Coal Furstengrube 1,283 Near Myslowice 1943 Mining and GmbH the Excavation of a New Mine at the Fursten Mine Gleiwitz I Gliwice March 1944 January 1945 Repair of Reichsbahnau 1,336 Railroad sbesserungsw Rolling erk Stock Gleiwitz II Gliwice May 1944 January 1945 Production Deutsche 740 Men of Coal Tar Gasrusswerke 371 Women (Women), GmbH Repair and Maintenanc e of Machinery, Factory Expansion (Men) Gleiwitz III Gliwice July 1944 January 1945 Renovation Zieleniewski- 609 of the Maschinen Glewitzer und Hutte Waggonbau

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Factory Gmbh, Building KraKau followed by Production of Arms, Ammunitio n and Railroad Wheels Gleiwitz IV Gliwice June 1944 January 1945 Expansion 444 of Barracks, Repair and Recondition ing of Military Vehicle Golleschau Goleszow July 1942 January 1945 Labor in SS Ostdeutsche 1,008 Cement Baustoffwerk Plant e GmbH- Goleschauer Portland Zement AG Gunthergrube Ledziny February January 1945 Coal Furstlich 586 1944 Mining in Plessische the Pias Bergwerks Mine and AG Constructio n of the Gunther Mine Harmense Harmeze December Summer 1943 Agricultural Approximatel Near Oswiecim 1941 Labor on y 70 and SS Farm (Raising Poultry, Rabbits and Fish) Hermense Harmeze June 1942 January 1945 Agricultural Approximatel Near Oseiecim Labor on an y

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SS Farm 50 Women (Raising Poultry, Rabbits and Fish) Hindenburg Zabize August 1944 January 1945 Production Vereinigte 470 Women of Weapons Oberschlesisc (December and he 30, 1944) Mmunition Huttenwerke 50 in the AG (January 17, Donnersma 1945) rk Mill Hubertshutte Lagiewniki December January 1945 Labor in the Berghutte 220 1944 Huberts Konigs und Mill Bismarckhutt e AG Janinagrube Libiaz September January 1945 Coal Furstengrube 853 1943 Mining in GmbH the Janina Mine Jawischowitz Jawiszowice August 1942 January 1945 Coal Reichswerke 1,966 Mining and Hermann Surface Goring Constructio n Work at the Brzeszcze – Jawischowi tz Mine Kobior Kobior 1942 1943 Forestry Oberforstamt 158 Work Pless (Pszczyna Forestry Authority) Lagischa Lagisza September September Constructio Energie – Approximatel 1943 1944 n of the Versogung y 1,000 Walter Oberschlesien Thermal AG Electric Power Plant

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Laurahutte Siemianowice April 1944 January 1945 Production Berghutte – 937 of Konigs und Anti_Aircra Bismarckhutt ft Artillery e in the Laura Mill Lichtewerden Svetla (Protectorate November January 1945 Labor in a G.A. Buhl 300 Women of Bohemia and 1944 Thread und Sohn MoraVia) Factory Neu – Dachs Jaworzno June 1943 January 1945 Coal Energie 3,664 Mining in Versorgung the Oberschlesien Jaworzno AG Mines and Constructio n of the Wilhelm Electric Power Plant Neustadt Prudnik September January 1945 Work in a Schlesische 399 Women 1994 Textile Mill Feinweberei AG Plawy Plawy 1944 January 1945 Agricultural 138 Men Near Oswiecim Labor on an (January 17, SS Farm 1945) Approximatel y 200 Women Radostowitz Radostowice 1942 1943 Forestry Oberforstamt Approximatel Near Pszczyna Work Pless y 20 (Pszczyna Forestry Authority) Raisko Rajsko June 1943 January 1945 Agricultural Approximatel Labor on an y 300 SS Farm (Gardening and Experiment al Cultivation

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of the Rubber Plant) Sonderkomm Katowice January 1944 January 1945 Constructio 10 ando n of Air – Kattowitz Raid Shelters and Barracks for the Gestapo Sosnowitz I Sosnowiec August 1943 February Renovation 100 1944 of an Office Building Sosnowitz II Sosnowiec May 1944 January 1945 Labor in a Berghutte – 863 Stell Mill, Ost- Casting Maschinenba Barrels for u Gmbh Anti – Aircraft Cannon and Producing Shells Soinica Near Gliwice July 1940 August 1940 Demolition Approximatel of y 30 Buildings at the Site of a POW Camp SS Hutte Miedzybrodzie October- January 1945 Constructio Several dozen Porombka November n and prisoners 1940 Staffing of during an SS Rest construction, House less than ten women prisoners during normal service 2 SS Bauzug Karisruhe September October 1944 Clearing SS – WVHA Approximatel 1944 Rubble and Bureau C y 500 Repairing

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Railroad Lines in the City Trzebinia Trzebinia August 1944 January 1945 Expansion Erdol 641 of the Raffinerie Refinery GmbH Tschechowitz Bombensucherkom August 1944 September Removal of Vacum Oil Approximatel I mando in 1944 Unexploded Company y 100 Czechowice Bomb from Dziedzice the Refinery and Surroundin g Areas Tschechowitz Vacuum in September January 1945 Clearing Vacuum Oil 861 II Czechowice 1944 Rubble and Company Dziedzice Maintaining the Refinery

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