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Linguistic Studies in the Arabian Gulf edited by Simone BETTEGA & Fabio GASPARINI «QuadRi» Quaderni di RiCOGNIZIONI Volume patrocinato dall’Università degli Studi di Torino Simone Bettega, Fabio Gasparini (edited by), Linguistic Studies in the Arabian Gulf, Di- partimento di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne – Università di Torino, Torino 2017 – ISBN 978-88-7590-113-4 In copertina: Veduta dal Jabal Samhan (Oman). Foto di Simone Bettega Progetto grafico e impaginazione: Arun Maltese (www.bibliobear.com) «QuadRi» Quaderni di RiCOGNIZIONI VII 2017 I «QUADERNI DI RICOGNIZIONI» «QuadRi» – Quaderni di RiCOGNIZIONI è la collana curata dal Comitato scientifico e dalla Redazione di RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di lingue, letterature e culture moderne, edita online dal Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature straniere e Culture moderne dell’Università di Torino. La rivista e i suoi Quaderni nascono con l’intento di promuovere ri-cognizioni, sia trattando da prospettive diverse autori, movimenti, argomenti ampiamente dibattuti della cultura mondiale, sia ospitando interventi su questioni linguistiche e letterarie non ancora sufficientemente indagate. I Quaderni di RiCOGNIZIONI sono destinati ad accogliere in forma di volume i risultati di progetti di ricerca e gli atti di convegni e incontri di studio. ISSN: 2420-7969 COMITATO DI DIREZIONE Direttore responsabile • Paolo BERTINETTI (Università di Torino); Direttore editoriale • Carla MARELLO (Università di Torino) COMITATO DI REDAZIONE Pierangela ADINOLFI (Università di Torino), Alberto BARACCO (Università di Torino), Elisabetta BENIGNI (Università di Torino), María Felisa BERMEJO CALLEJA (Università di Torino), Silvano CALVETTO (Università di Torino), Gianluca COCI (Università di Torino), Elisa CORINO (Università di Torino), Peggy KATELHOEN (Università di Torino), Massimo MAURIZIO (Università di Torino), Patricia KOTTELAT (Università di Torino), Enrico LUSSO (Università di Torino), Roberto MERLO (Università di Torino), Alessandra MOLINO (Università di Torino), Daniela NELVA (Università di Torino), Matteo REI (Università di Torino) SEGRETERIA DI REDAZIONE Alberto BARACCO (Università di Torino), Elisa CORINO (Università di Torino), Roberto MERLO (Università di Torino), Daniela NELVA (Università di Torino), Matteo REI (Università di Torino) COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Ioana BOTH (Universitatea «Babeş-Bolyai», Cluj-Napoca), Suranjan DAS (Università di Calcutta), Salvador GUTIÉRREZ ORDÓÑEZ (Universidad de León), Andrea CAROSSO (Università di Torino), Emanuele CICCARELLA (Università di Torino), Thierry FONTENELLE (Translation Center for the Bodies of the European Union, Luxembourg), Natal’ja Ju. GRJAKALOVA («Puškinskij Dom», Accademia delle Scienze di San Pietroburgo), Philip HORNE (University College, London), Krystyna JAWORSKA (Università di Torino), Ada LONNI (Università di Torino), Maria Grazia MARGARITO (Università di Torino), Fernando J.B. MARTINHO (Università di Lisbona), Francine MAZIÈRE (Université Paris 13), Riccardo MORELLO (Università di Torino), Francesco PANERO (Università di Lingue e Letterature Straniere e Culture Moderne, Università di Torino), Virginia PULCINI (Università di Torino), Giovanni RONCO (Università di Torino), Michael RUNDELL (Lexicography MasterClass), Elmar SCHAFROTH (Universität Düsseldorf), Mikołaj SOKOŁOWSKI (Instytut Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa), Michelguglielmo TORRI (Università di Torino), Claudia Maria TRESSO (Università di Torino), Jorge URRUTIA (Universidad «Carlos III», Madrid), Inuhiko YOMOTA (Kyoto University of Art & Design), François ZABBAL (Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris) EDITORE Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Straniere e Culture Moderne Palazzo delle Facoltà Umanistiche Via Sant’Ottavio, 20, Torino SITO WEB: http://www.dipartimentolingue.unito.it/ CONTATTI RiCOGNIZIONI. Rivista di lingue, letterature e culture moderne SITO WEB: http://www.ojs.unito.it/index.php/ricognizioni/index E-MAIL: [email protected] Issn: 2384-8987 3%4 5 $ 6 7 6!!8 "$9@A B Linguistic Studies in the Arabian Gulf edited by Simone BETTEGA & Fabio GASPARINI DIPARTIMENTO DI UNIVERSITÀ LINGUE E LETTERATURE STRANIERE E DI TORINO CULTURE MODERNE All the contributions in the present volume have been subjected to a process of double-blind review which attests their validity SoMMARIO Linguistic Studies in the Arabian Gulf edited by Simone BETTEGA & Fabio GASPARINI 9-11 Simone BETTEGA & Fabio GASPARINI, Introduction 13-36 Sabrina BENDJABALLAH, Gutturals and Glides and Their Effects on the Mehri Verb 37-67 Julien DUFOUR, La morphologie des formes verbales simples en sudarabique moderne 69-85 Fabio GASPARINI, Phonetics of Emphatics in Baṭḥari 87-103 Janet C. E. WATSON & Abdullah Musallam AL-MAHRI, Language and Nature in Dhofar 105-129 Dénes GAZSI, Language and Identity among the ‘Arabs of the Coast’ in Iran and the Arab Gulf States 131-151 Andrei A. AVRAM, Sources of Gulf Pidgin Arabic Features 153-174 Simone BETTEGA, Agreement with Plural Controllers in Omani Arabic 175-185 Emma DE MURTAS, Reduplication in Gulf Arabic 187-195 Roberto MORANO, Carl Reinhardt’s Lexical Data (1894): Distinctive Features and Borrowings INTRODUCTION* Simone BETTEGA & Fabio GASPARINI It might strike the reader as odd that, to this day, the eastern shore of the Arabian Peninsula remains one of the linguistically least well-known areas of the Arabophone World. Indeed, such scantiness of documentation appears all the more curious if one considers the extreme richness and diversity of the region’s linguistic landscape. This variety has no doubt arisen as a result of the Gulf’s peculiar history: over the centuries, its waters and coasts have represented one of the world’s most important and most diverse commercial hubs, a global crossroads for goods, peoples, cultures and languages. For hundreds of years the Ottomans, Persians, Portuguese and British have fought for control over the region, always confronted by the local powers. Maritime trade routes connected Arabia with Africa to the South and Asia to the East, and the Gulf ports were bustling with activity, swarming with merchants and travelers from three continents, in a dazzling kaleidoscope of languages. In the interior, the mountains and valleys of the southern Peninsula were home to centuries-old settlements, while nomadic peoples roamed immense distances across deserts and plains, their constant migrations representing one of the most powerful forces of linguistic change in the area. Some of the indigenous inhabitants of the region spoke varieties of Arabic, characterized by peculiar features rarely encountered, if ever, outside the Peninsula; others spoke different languages, loosely related with Arabic but ultimately not mutually intelligible. In the course of history, Arabic has taken root in Southern Arabia at the expense of other, pre-existing languages. Some of these have been extinct for centuries, and exist today only in the form of (sometimes enigmatic) carvings and incisions on rocks and monuments. Others are still spoken today, surviving at different levels of endangerment, their history and classification still a matter of debate among scholars. The history of the Arabian Gulf, and its linguistic history more specifically, are without any doubt fascinating matters. But one would be wrong to assume that its present is any less interesting than its past. Certainly, Arabia is no longer the land of nomads and caravans, the fabled land of frankincense and a mandatory stop along the spice trade route. But it has lost nothing of its commercial importance: if anything, it has become one of the seats of the world’s economic power. The discovery of vast * This issue of “QuadRi – Quaderni di Ricognizioni” appears in a slightly altered graphic design, to allow the correct display of those symbols necessary for the transcription of Spoken Arabic and the Modern South Arabian Languages. «QuadRi» – Quaderni di RiCOGNIZIONI, VII • 2017 10 Simone BETTEGA & Fabio GASPARINI deposits of fossil fuels, after World War II, and the wealth derived by their exploitation, has brought about a change so drastic at the economic, social, and political level, that it hardly knows any parallels in the contemporary world. And, it goes without saying, social change brings along linguistic change. The streets of the thriving coastal towns are packed with immigrants from all over the globe, and the Gulf is again – as it has always been – a kaleidoscope of people and languages. The complex and fascinating picture we have presented up to this moment is, we believe, a worthy object of study and research. The Arabian Gulf, intended as an abstract object of (socio)linguistic inquiry, confronts us with questions old and new: both are appealing and enticing, both difficult to answer. We hope this volume will be a welcome contribution in this sense, helping as it does in finding such answers, or, at the very least, paving the ground for addressing these questions from a more lucid perspective. The nature of the contributions we present here is varied, as is their intended time- depth. Considering the variety of the matter at hand, this should come as no surprise. Some of the articles collected in this volume have a uniquely synchronic perspective: this is the case for Sabrina Bendjaballah’s, Simone Bettega’s, Emma De Murtas’ and Roberta Morano’s contributions. While the first investigates certain phonological and morphological phenomena characteristic of the Mehri language of Oman, the latter three chapters focus on various syntactic, semantic
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    MPPSCADDA 1 GEOGRAPHY OF WORLD AND INDIA CONTENT WORLD GEOGRAPHY ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ INDIAN GEOGRAPHY ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ 2 MPPSCADDA 3 GEOGRAPHY WORLD 1. UNIVERSE INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY • The word ‘Geography’ is a combination of two Greek words "geo" means Earth and "graphy" means write about. • Geography as a subject not only deals with the features and patterns of surface of Earth, it also tries to scientifically explain the inter-relationship between man and nature. • In the second century, Greek scholar Eratosthenes (Father of Geography) adopted the term 'Geography'. BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY Physical Geography Human Geography Bio - Geography Cultural Geography Climatology Economic Geography Geomorphology Historical Geography Glaciology Political Geography Oceanography Population Geography Biogeography Social Geography Pedology Settlement Geography PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY It deals with the physical environment and various processes that bring about changes in the physical environment on the Earth's surface. It includes: 1. Bio-Geography: The study of the geographic distribution of organisms. 2. Climatology: The study of climate or weather conditions averaged over a period of time. 3. Geomorphology or Physiographic: The scientific study of landforms and processes that shape them. 4. Glaciology: The study of glaciers and ice sheets. 5. Oceanography: The study of all aspects of the ocean including temperature, ocean current, salinity, fauna and flora, etc. 6. Pedology: The study of various types of Soils. 4 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Human geography deals with the perspective of human and its functions as well as its interaction with the environment. It studies people, communities and cultures with an emphasis on relations of land across space. It includes: 1. Cultural Geography: The study of the spatial variations among cultural groups and spatial functioning of the society.
  • Genus Berosus Leach, 1817 in Southern Iran © 2016 JEZS Received: 15-09-2016 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Accepted: 16-10-2016

    Genus Berosus Leach, 1817 in Southern Iran © 2016 JEZS Received: 15-09-2016 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Accepted: 16-10-2016

    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2016; 4(6): 784-787 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2016; 4(6): 784-787 Genus Berosus Leach, 1817 in southern Iran © 2016 JEZS Received: 15-09-2016 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Accepted: 16-10-2016 Zeinab Shamsoddini Zeinab Shamsoddini, Saber Sadeghi and Shidokht O Hosseinie Biology Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Abstract Saber Sadeghi A faunistic study on the Berosus species in five southern provinces of Iran is presented. A total of 2415 Biology Department, Shiraz specimens of Berosus species were collected in Bushehr, Fars, Kerman, Hormozgan and Kohgiluyeh - University, Shiraz, Iran and- Boyer-Ahmad provinces from 1970 to 2003 and during 2012. The species represent including Berosus asiaticus, Berosus bispina, Berosus chinensis, Berosus spinosus, Berosus insolitus, Berosus Shidokht O Hosseinie nigriceps and Berosus pulchellus. A comparison between recent samplings and old ones showed a drastic Biology Department, Shiraz reduction in number of specimens, habitats and species diversity which could be due to rapid urban University, Shiraz, Iran developments, habitat/ water pollution and drought. Some species such as Berosus chinensis, Berosus insolitus and Berosus nigriceps was not found again in recent collecting attempts because of destruction of natural habitats. Keywords: Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Berosus, fauna, Iran 1. Introduction The genus Berosus Leach, 1817, one of the five genera comprising the tribe Berosini, is the largest genus of Hydrophiloidea, with 273 species, and is distributed worldwide [1]. All known [2] species are aquatic as adults and larvae and generally good swimmers . Berosus species live in all parts of aquatic habitats, stagnant, fresh or mainly eutrophic waters, shallow pools or ponds, with grassy and somewhat clayey bottom, poorly vegetated and temporary ponds with muddy bottom [3].