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LIMNOLOGICAL STUDY of LAKE TANGANYIKA, AFRICA with SPECIAL EMPHASIS on PISCICULTURAL POTENTIALITY Lambert Niyoyitungiye

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LIMNOLOGICAL STUDY of LAKE TANGANYIKA, AFRICA with SPECIAL EMPHASIS on PISCICULTURAL POTENTIALITY Lambert Niyoyitungiye LIMNOLOGICAL STUDY OF LAKE TANGANYIKA, AFRICA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON PISCICULTURAL POTENTIALITY Lambert Niyoyitungiye To cite this version: Lambert Niyoyitungiye. LIMNOLOGICAL STUDY OF LAKE TANGANYIKA, AFRICA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON PISCICULTURAL POTENTIALITY. Biodiversity and Ecology. Assam University Silchar (Inde), 2019. English. tel-02536191 HAL Id: tel-02536191 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02536191 Submitted on 9 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. “LIMNOLOGICAL STUDY OF LAKE TANGANYIKA, AFRICA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON PISCICULTURAL POTENTIALITY” A THESIS SUBMITTED TO ASSAM UNIVERSITY FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LIFE SCIENCE AND BIOINFORMATICS By Lambert Niyoyitungiye (Ph.D. Registration No.Ph.D/3038/2016) Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics School of Life Sciences Assam University Silchar - 788011 India Under the Supervision of Dr.Anirudha Giri from Assam University, Silchar & Co-Supervision of Prof. Bhanu Prakash Mishra from Mizoram University, Aizawl Defence date: 17 September, 2019 To Almighty and merciful God & To My beloved parents with love i MEMBERS OF EXAMINATION BOARD iv Contents Niyoyitungiye, 2019 CONTENTS Page Numbers CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1-7 I.1 Background and Motivation of the Study ........................................... 1 I.2 Objectives of the Study ...................................................................... 7 CHAPTER-II REVIEW OF LITERATURE .......................................... 8-46 II.1 Major African Lakes ........................................................................... 8 II.1.1 Great Lakes ................................................................................. 8 II.1.2 History of Geological formation of African lakes ........................ 10 II.2 Hydrographical Network of Burundi ................................................. 11 II.2.1 Lake Tanganyika ....................................................................... 13 II.2.1.1 Origin and evolution ............................................................... 13 II.2.1.2 Geographical Situation. .......................................................... 15 II.2.1.3 Watersheds of Lake Tanganyika............................................ 18 II.2.1.4 Tributaries of Lake Tanganyika .............................................. 20 II.2.1.4.1 Malagarazi River ............................................................... 20 II.2.1.4.2 Rusizi River ....................................................................... 20 II.2.1.4.3 Other tributaries on Burundian coast ................................ 21 II.2.1.5 Climatic Conditions. ............................................................... 21 II.2.1.6 Biotope of Lake Tanganyika. ................................................. 23 II.2.1.7 Biodiversity of Lake Tanganyika ............................................ 24 II.2.1.7.1 General Considerations .................................................... 24 II.2.1.7.2 Ichtyofauna of Lake Tanganyika ....................................... 27 II.2.1.7.2.1 Cichlids Fish ................................................................ 27 II.2.1.7.2.2 Non-cichlids Fish ......................................................... 27 II.2.1.8 Fishing typology in Lake Tanganyika ..................................... 27 II.2.1.8.1 Customary Fishing ............................................................ 29 II.2.1.8.2 Artisanal fishing ................................................................ 30 II.2.1.8.3 Industrial fishing ................................................................ 30 vi Contents Niyoyitungiye, 2019 II.2.1.9 Main threats of Lake Tanganyika ........................................... 30 II.2.1.9.1 Pollution ............................................................................ 30 II.2.1.9.1.1 General Considerations .............................................. 30 II.2.1.9.1.2 Sedimentary Pollution ................................................. 31 II.2.1.9.1.3 Urban and Industrial wastes ........................................ 33 II.2.1.9.2 Overfishing and use of destructive gears .......................... 35 II.2.1.9.3 Increase of human population ........................................... 36 II.2.1.9.4 Eutrophication ................................................................... 37 II.3 Brief overview on pisciculture concept ............................................. 40 II.3.1 Definition and Background ........................................................ 40 II.3.2 Quality of water suitable for pisciculture .................................... 42 II.3.3 Standards of water quality required in fish culture ..................... 43 CHAPTER-III MATERIALS AND METHODS................................... 47-110 III.1 Study area description ..................................................................... 47 III.1.1 Geographical situation .............................................................. 47 III.1.2 Climate ...................................................................................... 48 III.1.3 Morphology, geology and pedology .......................................... 48 III.1.4 Hydrography .............................................................................. 48 III.1.5 Description of the sampling stations .......................................... 49 III.1.5.1 Kajaga site .......................................................................... 50 III.1.5.2 Nyamugari site .................................................................... 50 III.1.5.3 Rumonge site ..................................................................... 51 III.1.5.4 Mvugo site .......................................................................... 52 III.2 Sampling, field data collection and Laboratory analysis .................. 52 III.2.1 Physico-chemical analyses ....................................................... 52 III.2.1.1 Potential of Hydrogen ......................................................... 54 III.2.1.2 Temperature ....................................................................... 55 III.2.1.3 Dissolved Oxygen and percent of Oxygen saturation ......... 57 III.2.1.4 Electrical Conductivity......................................................... 58 III.2.1.5 Total Dissolved Solids ........................................................ 59 vii Contents Niyoyitungiye, 2019 III.2.1.6 Turbidity .............................................................................. 59 III.2.1.7 Chlorides Ions ..................................................................... 60 III.2.1.8 Total Alkalinity .................................................................... 63 III.2.1.9 Total Hardness, Calcium hardness and Magnesium hardness ............................................................................ 66 III.2.1.10 Chemical Oxygen Demand ................................................. 69 III.2.1.11 Biochemical Oxygen Demand ............................................ 72 III.2.1.12 Total Carbon, Total Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen .... 76 III.2.1.13 Total Phosphorus ............................................................... 79 III.2.1.14 Heavy Metals ...................................................................... 82 III.2.2 Biological analysis ..................................................................... 88 III.2.2.1 Determination of Chlorophyll a ........................................... 88 III.2.2.2 Bacteriological analysis ...................................................... 92 III.2.2.3 Sampling and taxonomic identification of fish species ........ 95 III.2.2.4 Planktonic population analysis ............................................ 97 III.2.2.5 Species biodiversity measurement ................................... 103 III.2.2.5.1 Alpha diversity ................................................................ 103 III.2.2.5.2 Beta diversity ................................................................. 107 III.3 Statistical Analysis ......................................................................... 109 CHAPTER-IV EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS .................................. 111-201 IV.1 Physico-chemical parameters ........................................................ 111 IV.1.1 Physical parameters ................................................................ 115 IV.1.2 Chemical parameters .............................................................. 118 IV.1.3 General considerations on correlation (r) between variables .. 131 IV.1.3.1 Pearson‟s correlation among physico-chemical variables ...... ......................................................................................... 132 IV.1.3.2 Principal Components Analysis (PCA).............................. 135 IV.1.4 Effect of study stations on the variation of physico-chemical parameters ...............................................................................
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