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A Study on the Select Poems of Gary Snyder JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 ENVIRONMENTAL ESPOUSAL: A STUDY ON THE SELECT POEMS OF GARY SNYDER Dr. R. Vijaya Assistant Professor Department of English and Foreign Languages Mother Teresa Women’s University Kodaikanal ABSTRACT: The study of environment is known as ecology. The main motto of the ecological writer is to make the people realise that the Earth is losing its health owing to man’s mistake and they should not separate themselves from nature and this becomes the main idea in Gray Snyder’s writings. The main objective of this study is to understand Gary Snyder’s support for the environment and his concept on viewing man and nature in one dimension. As a writer, he is very much concerned about the ecological issues the world is facing. He believes that through language the importance and value of environment can be instilled in the minds of people. He is not only an important writer who ponders about the environmental issues, but also has prototype view for modern environmental activism. He strives with his writings to redefine the ways in which nature is popularly professed. KEYWORDS: ecology, ecological, contemplated, prototype, environmental activism I. INTRODUCTION According to the life cycle of the environment all living organism is inter connected with one another. The study of environment is known as ecology. Environment is polluted in so many ways in the present scenario and as said by William Faulkner in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech it’s become the duty of the young writers to represent the problems in their writings. Eco-criticism investigates the relation between humans and natural world in literature. It deals with how environmental issues, cultural issues concerning the environment and attitudes towards nature are presented and analysed. One of the main goals in eco-criticism is to study how individuals in society behave and react in relation to nature and ecological aspects. This form of criticism has gained a lot of attention during recent years due to higher social emphasis on environmental destruction and increased technology. It is hence a fresh way of analysing and interpreting literary texts, which brings new dimensions to the field of literary and theoretical studies. Eco-criticism is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including “green (cultural) studies”, “eco-poetics”, and “environmental literary criticism.” The study of Literature and environmental consciousness is an interdisciplinary study termed as Eco-criticism. The main motto of the ecological writer is to make the people realise that Earth is losing its health owing to man’s mistake and they should not separate themselves from nature and this becomes the main idea in Gray Snyder’s writings. As a writer, he is very much concerned about the ecological crises the world is facing. He believes that through language the importance and value of environment can be instilled in the minds of people. He is not only an important writer who ponders about the environmental issues, but also has prototype view for modern environmental activism. He strives with his writings to redefine the ways in which nature is popularly professed. II. ECO-CRITICISM AND ITS DEFINITION William Rueckert becomes the first person to coin the word Eco-criticism, in his essay “Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Eco-criticism”. The study of ecology has not taken its gear in the beginning of nineteenth century but later it has been accelerated by all the academics. The study on eco-criticism and literature has dissolved the national boundaries. In defining eco-criticism people may have different aims and objectives but everyone is concentrated with the environmental degradation. The scholar feels that the study cannot be undertaken without ample knowledge of today’s environmental predicaments, and thus, it is not out of place to oversee few views of pioneers on eco-criticism. Glotfelty describes that relationship between literature and the physical environment and Laurence Buell has said that the study should be conducted in a spirit of commitment to environmentalist praxis. David Mazel still affirms it as the analysis of literature “as though nature mattered.” The subject has widened its scope and established as a recognizable discipline within literature departments of American Universities. The term eco-criticism may be novice but the field of its study goes back to centuries where eminent writers have written enormous about environment in their works. 2404 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 About the author Gary Snyder born on 8 May 1930, is American man well known as poet and environmental activist with anarchoprimitivist leanings. He can be compared with the poet laureate Wordsworth for his deep ecological insights in his poems. He has been awarded with Pulitzer Prize for poetry and also with American Book Award. All his works have multi-faced themes which reflect an immersion in both Buddhist spirituality and nature. The author and editor, Stewart Brand has mentioned that Gary Snyder’s poetry has addressed the life- planet identification with unusual simplicity of style and complexity of effect (“Gary Snyder and Environmental Activism” web source). Jody Norton has pointed out that Snyder has got the simplicity and complexity by using natural imagery in his poems. His simple lines may have complex meaning which touch multiple levels of the society (“Gary Snyder and Environmental Activism” web source). As a writer, he has a great concern for the ecological issues that are threatening the human species. In his poetry he is condemning the generations of unenthusiastic thinking and deed directed toward the environment. By changing the way people think about the natural world, one can also change the way they act. Therefore, by studying Snyder's poetry, humans discover a new way of interacting with the environment. Snyder can be called as a Buddhist and an environmentalist who has been combining religion and environmentalism in his writing for more than five decades. He says both men and nature are one and they cannot be separated. Snyder's poetry, religious beliefs, and his activism are all related. Objective of the Study The main objective of this study is to understand Gary Snyder’s support for the environment and his concept on viewing man and nature in one dimension. Along with Gary Snyder, Mary Oliver, W.S. Merwin, and Wendell Berry supported nature and have dealt with ecological and environmental crises which profess the importance of green study in the current situation. Approach of the Study To understand the ecological views of the Snyder and his poems Bryson’s ideas in his “Introduction” to the text “Ecopoetry: A Critical Introduction” is applied in this study. Bryson has given three important qualities to characterize eco-poetry: i. An importance on keeping up an eco-centric viewpoint that perceives reliant idea of the humankind; such a point of view prompts a commitment to explicit spots and to the land itself; alongside those animals that offer it with mankind. ii. A basic towards lowliness involved with both human and nonhuman nature. Aggrandizement of individual ego which is inherent in romanticism is absent in eco-poetry. iii. An extreme wariness concerning hyper-discernment, a distrust that generally prompts an arraignment of an over mechanical present day world and an admonition concerning the genuine potential for natural calamity. (Ecopoetry: A Critical Introduction 7) Environmental Espousal “Piute Creek” is one of the earlier sonnets of Snyder connecting to his originally distributed volume Riprap and Cold Mountain. “Piute Creek” is a river with bed of stones rather than sand. It flows in California. Through the poem the poet seeks solace from nature. Generally speaking, people love to enjoy flow of river with sand because it is tuff to walk on the rocky surface of the river side. Snyder extravagantly supports nature, so he emphasizes the importance of rocks. The poetic lines compare the rocks with the character of human being. As a writer of nature he is able to enjoy both rock’s and water’s beauty equally. He says that rock is unchangeable, fixed and powerful which signifies importance of being stable in life. One granite ridge A tree, would be enough Or even a rock, a small creek, A bark shred in a pool. Hill beyond hill, folded and twisted Tough trees crammed In thin stone fracture A huge moon on it all, is too much. The mind wanders. (1-9) The rocks do not look appealing or lovely on account of their hard and coarse structure, and most people do not love rock but rocks are there in nature. The lyric pictures the reality of rock as well how Snyder genuinely brings out his psyche in reflection of Buddhist faith and belief. According to Buddhism, man cannot exist without nature and God is also nature. The writer has written this poem giving importance to rock and emphasising the truth that mountains would not exist without rivers and rivers would not exist without mountains. He uses the word junk in the line which indicates the negative ideas and living ways of human beings and also says that junk will go with human being which gives the reader that nature will always be 2405 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 19, 2020 crystal clear. It will not have any kind of practicality towards the human. It will give all the needy things to man equally. All the junk that goes with being human Drops away, hard rock present seems to fail This bubble of a heart. Words and books Like a small creek off a high ledge Gone in the dry air.
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