DOCSLIB.ORG

Language Poetry and Ecopoetry: a Shared Pragmatic Work

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Language Poetry and Ecopoetry: a Shared Pragmatic Work Language Poetry and Ecopoetry: A Shared Pragmatic Work in A.R. Ammons, Charles Bernstein, Susan Howe, and W.S. Merwin Jack Massie A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of East Anglia School of American Studies August 2018 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived therefrom must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. 1 Abstract The central aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that A.R. Ammons, Charles Bernstein, Susan Howe, and W.S. Merwin commit to a pragmatic poetic project of working language to facilitate cultural renewal. In illuminating this shared pragmatic work in poems from the turn of the 1990s, the thesis contradicts ecocritical assertions about the inimical relationship between ecopoetry and postmodern poetries such as Language. As ecocriticism established itself as a school of literary criticism in the 1990s, its proponents were damning of the influence postmodern literary theory was exerting on American poetry. Ecocritics argued that postmodernism had dangerously devalued the referential relationship between word and world at a time of escalating environmental crises. Taking Bernstein and Howe as representatives of Language poetry, and Ammons and Merwin as representatives of ecopoetry, the thesis will contest this ecocritical argument by illustrating that these four poets share a vision of poetry as a uniquely positioned medium for rejuvenating language and, subsequently, shifting cultural attitudes in a politically progressive manner. In order to make this argument, the thesis builds on a body of literary criticism which explores American poetry’s debt to American pragmatism. Critics connecting poetry to pragmatism have argued that pragmatists such as William James, Charles Sanders Peirce, and Ralph Waldo Emerson have helped American poets establish an epistemological middle ground between foundationalism and the sceptical side of postmodernism. The poets studied in this thesis extend this tradition of pragmatic poetry by using their writing to engage in an ongoing poetic rejuvenation of language and ideology. Furthermore, the thesis shows how these poets’ pragmatic approach to language and epistemology aligns them the ‘progressive’ side of the Culture Wars which were erupting in the early 1990s. 2 Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ 6 Introduction: .................................................................................................................................... 7 Section One: Language Poetry and Ecopoetry ........................................................................... 7 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Language Poetry ........................................................................................................................ 10 Ecocriticism ................................................................................................................................ 16 Defining Ecopoetry ................................................................................................................... 21 ‘Writing as Politics’/‘Writing about Politics’ ....................................................................... 26 Grounds for Comparison ......................................................................................................... 30 Section Two: A Pragmatic Epistemological Outlook and a Pragmatic Poetic Work ........ 35 A Shared Poetic Work ............................................................................................................... 35 An Impulse Toward Poetic Work ........................................................................................... 42 The Epistemological Outlook of Pragmatism ...................................................................... 47 Emerson, Pragmatism, and Poetry ........................................................................................ 52 Pragmatist Poetry in the Early 1990s ................................................................................... 60 The Culture Wars ...................................................................................................................... 62 Chapter Outline ......................................................................................................................... 64 Charles Bernstein’s Poetry of ‘Epistemological | Inquiry’ ..................................................... 68 Section One ..................................................................................................................................... 68 The Theory of a ‘Meaning Complex’ ...................................................................................... 70 The ‘[Factitiousness]’ of Poetic ‘Facts’ .................................................................................. 74 ‘No Outside-Text’: Inhabiting Poetry ..................................................................................... 77 The Dangers of Translatability ............................................................................................... 83 The Deconstructive Side of ‘Artifice of Absorption’ ........................................................... 85 Section Two .................................................................................................................................... 89 Derrida’s ‘House of Cards’ ....................................................................................................... 89 Wittgenstein’s ‘Language Games’ ........................................................................................... 92 Context, Conventions, & Fixity in ‘Artifice of Absorption’ ................................................. 95 Stretching the ‘Threshold’ of the ‘Phonically | Significant’ ............................................... 97 The Aesthetic Pleasures of ‘Metaphoricity’ ........................................................................ 101 ‘Lining In’ and ‘Lining | Out’: The Philosophical Function of ‘Metaphoricity’.............. 106 Political Poetries and Emersonian ‘Swerving’ ................................................................... 110 ‘Words Are a Way of Fending in the World’: A.R. Ammons' Poetic Processing of Language ....................................................................................................................................... 116 Section One ................................................................................................................................... 116 Hoover’s Criteria for the Postmodern Poem ..................................................................... 117 ‘Writing-as-Product’ and ‘Writing-as-Process’ .................................................................. 122 The Indeterminacy of Postmodern Indeterminacy .......................................................... 126 3 The Postmodern and the Pragmatic ................................................................................... 133 Section Two .................................................................................................................................. 136 ‘Tomorrow a New Walk is a New Walk’ .............................................................................. 136 ‘Big Meaning’: Ammons’ Pragmatic Epistemological Outlook ....................................... 139 Language as a Tool for ‘Fending in the World’ .................................................................. 141 The Sanctification of Garbage............................................................................................... 144 The Poetic Processing of Language ..................................................................................... 149 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 158 Even when I can no Longer See | I Continue to Arrive at Words’: W.S. Merwin’s Negotiation of the Gap between Word and World ............................................................... 161 Section One................................................................................................................................... 161 ‘Put it on a Piece of Paper’: The Ineffability of Non-Human Nature .............................. 165 Native Languages and Local Environments ....................................................................... 168 ‘An Age Arrived When Everything Was Explained in Another Language’ ................... 171 The Desensitising Effect of an Environmentally Alienated Language .......................... 177 Section Two .................................................................................................................................. 182 ‘For the Writer’s Hoe, the Earth is a Page’ .......................................................................... 182 Raising Trees and Raising Words .......................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ECOMYSTICISM: MATERIALISM and MYSTICISM in AMERICAN NATURE WRITING by DAVID TAGNANI a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfill
    ECOMYSTICISM: MATERIALISM AND MYSTICISM IN AMERICAN NATURE WRITING By DAVID TAGNANI A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of English MAY 2015 © Copyright by DAVID TAGNANI, 2015 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by DAVID TAGNANI, 2015 All Rights Reserved ii To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of DAVID TAGNANI find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________________ Christopher Arigo, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________________ Donna Campbell, Ph.D. ___________________________________________ Jon Hegglund, Ph.D. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my committee members for their hard work guiding and encouraging this project. Chris Arigo’s passion for the subject and familiarity with arcane source material were invaluable in pushing me forward. Donna Campbell’s challenging questions and encyclopedic knowledge helped shore up weak points throughout. Jon Hegglund has my gratitude for agreeing to join this committee at the last minute. Former committee member Augusta Rohrbach also deserves acknowledgement, as her hard work led to significant restructuring and important theoretical insights. Finally, this project would have been impossible without my wife Angela, who worked hard to ensure I had the time and space to complete this project. iv ECOMYSTICISM: MATERIALISM AND MYSTICISM IN AMERICAN NATURE WRITING Abstract by David Tagnani, Ph.D. Washington State University May 2015 Chair: Christopher Arigo This dissertation investigates the ways in which a theory of material mysticism can help us understand and synthesize two important trends in the American nature writing—mysticism and materialism.
    [Show full text]
  • Circulations Et Renouvellement Des Savoirs En France Et En Allemagne
    Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 51-2 | 2019 Les Humanités environnementales : circulations et renouvellement des savoirs en France et en Allemagne Aurélie Choné, Tim Freytag, Philippe Hamman et Evi Zemanek (dir.) Édition électronique URL : https://journals.openedition.org/allemagne/1877 DOI : 10.4000/allemagne.1877 ISSN : 2605-7913 Éditeur Société d'études allemandes Édition imprimée Date de publication : 10 décembre 2019 ISSN : 0035-0974 Référence électronique Aurélie Choné, Tim Freytag, Philippe Hamman et Evi Zemanek (dir.), Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande, 51-2 | 2019, « Les Humanités environnementales : circulations et renouvellement des savoirs en France et en Allemagne » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 10 décembre 2020, consulté le 18 mai 2021. URL : https://journals.openedition.org/allemagne/1877 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ allemagne.1877 Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande revue tome51 numéro 2 d’Allemagne juillet-décembre 2019 et des pays de langue allemande Dossier Les Humanités environnementales : circulations et renouvellement des savoirs en France et en Allemagne AURÉLIE CHONÉ, TIM FREYTAG, STEFAN HECHT PHILIPPE HAMMAN & EVI ZEMANEK Zur Konstruktion „humanimaler“ Emotio- Environmental Humanities: Wissenstransfer nen in Otto Alschers Die Bärin. Natur- und und Wissenserneuerung in Frankreich und Tiergeschichten aus Siebenbürgen ...................... 371 Deutschland – Einleitung ................................................... 275 GUILLAUME CHRISTEN GABRIELE DÜRBECK De la gestion à la naturalité : le lynx vient- Der Mensch als Gärtner oder Parasit il déplacer les savoirs de la nature ? der Erde: Narrative des Anthropozän in Le cas du retour du lynx dans la Réserve deutschsprachigen Qualitätszeitungen de biosphère transfrontalière Vosges du (2010-2016) ..................................................................................... 285 Nord-Pfälzerwald .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Poetry: Four American Ecopoets
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Literature in English, North America English Language and Literature 5-6-1999 Sustainable Poetry: Four American Ecopoets Leonard M. Scigaj Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Scigaj, Leonard M., "Sustainable Poetry: Four American Ecopoets" (1999). Literature in English, North America. 2. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_english_language_and_literature_north_america/2 Sustainable Poetry This page intentionally left blank Sustainable Poetry Four American Ecopoets LEONARD M. SCIGA] THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this volume was made possible in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Copyright © 1999 by The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine College, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Club Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 99 00 01 02 03 5 4 3 2 1 Libraty of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scigaj, Leonard M. Sustainable poetty ; four American ecopoets / Leonard M. Scigaj. p. em.
    [Show full text]
  • Yiddish and the Avant-Garde in American Jewish Poetry Sarah
    Yiddish and the Avant-Garde in American Jewish Poetry Sarah Ponichtera Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Sarah Ponichtera All rights reserved All Louis Zukofsky material Copyright Paul Zukofsky; the material may not be reproduced, quoted, or used in any manner whatsoever without the explicit and specific permission of the copyright holder. A fee will be charged. ABSTRACT Yiddish and the Avant-Garde in American Jewish Poetry Sarah Ponichtera This dissertation traces the evolution of a formalist literary strategy through the twentieth century in both Yiddish and English, through literary and historical analyses of poets and poetic groups from the turn of the century until the 1980s. It begins by exploring the ways in which the Yiddish poet Yehoash built on the contemporary interest in the primitive as he developed his aesthetics in the 1900s, then turns to the modernist poetic group In zikh (the Introspectivists) and their efforts to explore primitive states of consciousness in individual subjectivity. In the third chapter, the project turns to Louis Zukofsky's inclusion of Yehoash's Yiddish translations of Japanese poetry in his own English epic, written in dialogue with Ezra Pound. It concludes with an examination of the Language poets of the 1970s, particularly Charles Bernstein's experimental verse, which explores the way that language shapes consciousness through the use of critical and linguistic discourse. Each of these poets or poetic groups uses experimental poetry as a lens through which to peer at the intersections of language and consciousness, and each explicitly identifies Yiddish (whether as symbol or reality) as an essential component of their poetic technique.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOPOETICS in the ANTHROPOCENE by Eric Magrane
    Creative Geographies and Environments: Geopoetics in the Anthropocene Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Magrane, Eric Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 00:18:37 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624580 CREATIVE GEOGRAPHIES AND ENVIRONMENTS: GEOPOETICS IN THE ANTHROPOCENE by Eric Magrane ____________________________ Copyright © Eric Magrane 2017 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY AND DEVELOPMENT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2017 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Eric Magrane, titled Creative Geographies and Environments: Geopoetics in the Anthropocene, and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ___________________________________________________Date: 4/11/2017 Sallie Marston ___________________________________________________Date: 4/11/2017 Diana Liverman ___________________________________________________Date: 4/11/2017 John Paul Jones III ___________________________________________________Date: 4/11/2017 Alison Hawthorne Deming ___________________________________________________Date: 4/11/2017 Harriet Hawkins Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
    [Show full text]
  • CHARLES BERNSTEIN & HANNAH WEINER Interview for Linebreak
    CHARLES BERNSTEIN & HANNAH WEINER Interview for LINEbreak I was intrigued when I discovered, in the course of seeking permission to publish this transcript, that Hannah Weiner’s 1995 conversation with Charles Bernstein for the public radio program LINEbreak had been edited down for broadcast. The show’s producer, Martín Spinelli, replied quickly to my e-mail: “[Hannah’s] recording session was one of the longest we did for the series.” The raw tape of the session is preserved in Spi- nelli’s archive at the immense UB Poetry Collection, and runs about twenty minutes longer than the broadcast version ar- chived at http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/LINEbreak. html. In keeping with the spirit of Weiner’s own impusle to let her “nonliterary” surround in, I have transcribed all the conver- sation on the tape. — Robert Dewhurst One extremely hot summer afternoon in 1995 Charles Bern- stein and I drove across Manhattan to Hannah Weiner’s clut- tered but comfortable apartment to record her for our radio series LINEbreak. Charles and I had been recording other po- ets and writers for the series and Hannah was one of last (if not the last) to be taped. This would turn out to be her last broadcast interview before her death. As I set up the recording equipment we wondered about the noise coming in from the open windows and decided to close them for better acoustics. 141 WILD ORCHIDS But even as we sweated in her airless living room the noise from the street made it through and prompted me to stop a couple of times.
    [Show full text]
  • Atmospheric and Geological Entanglements
    Atmospheric and Geological Entanglements: North American Ecopoetry and the Anthropocene Nuno Marques Department of Language Studies Umeå 2020 This work is protected by the Swedish Copyright Legislation (Act 1960:729) Dissertation for PhD © Nuno Filipe da Silva Marques ISBN: 978-91-7855-406-5 (print) ISBN: 978-91-7855-407-2 (pdf) Umeå Studies in Language and Literature 43 Cover image © André Alves [email protected] Electronic version available at: http://umu.diva-portal.org/ Printed by: CityPrint i Norr AB Umeå, Sweden 2020 “song outlasts poetry, words are breath bricks to support the guardless singing project.” (Hillman 2005) i i Acknowledgments I am grateful to the poets. Their poetry is present in me, in my body, in those around me. They transformed the way I eat, what and whom I eat or not, the way I relate to others: people, animals, things. They allowed me to translate their poems for free, they wanted to read mine. I am grateful for their generosity in working from love and not profit, for others and not selves. And for fun! I am grateful to my supervisors Maria Lindgren Leavenworth and Daniel Andersson. With you I learned how to write a monograph and that is immensely valuable, for what it implies about doing research, clarifying thoughts, arguing, sharing. Thank you for your rigor, support, questioning, encouragement, availability and generosity. We were a team for these years. I am grateful to Claudia Egerer and David Farrier for supportive and enthusiastic comments to the thesis in the mid and final seminars that directed it to a new structure and a clearer focus.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Role of Envisioned Futures in Sustainability Transitions Nikoleris
    On the Role of Envisioned Futures in Sustainability Transitions Nikoleris, Alexandra 2018 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Nikoleris, A. (2018). On the Role of Envisioned Futures in Sustainability Transitions. Department of Technology and Society, Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 On the Role of Envisioned Futures in Sustainability Transitions On the Role of Envisioned Futures in Sustainability Transitions Alexandra Nikoleris DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
    [Show full text]
  • Laura Riding Pointed to the Fact That, Looking at the Canon Of
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS/INGLÊS E LITERATURA CORRESPONDENTE MINDSCAPES: LAURA RIDING’S POETRY AND POETICS por RODRIGO GARCIA LOPES Tese submetida à Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina em cumprimento parcial dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de DOUTOR EM LETRAS FLORI.\NOPOLIS Dezembro de 2000 Esta Tese de Rodrigo Garcia Lopes, intitulada MINDSCAPES: LAURA RIDING’S POETRY AND POETICS, foi julgada adequada e aprovada em sua forma final, pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente, da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, para fms de obtenção do grau de DOUTOR EM LETRAS Área de concentração; Inglês e Literatura Correspondente Opção: Literaturas de Língua Inglesa Anelise Reich Corseuil Coordenadora BANCA EXAMINADORA; é Roberto O ’Shea ientador e Presidente 'h/y Maria Lúcia MiUéo Martins Examinadora Susana Bornéo Funck Examinadora J^iz Angé^o da Costa Examinador ífid Renaux Examinadora Florianópolis, 11 de dezembro de 2000 In the memory of Laura (Riding Jackson (1901-1991) To my parents, Antonio Ubirajara Lopes and Maria do Carmo Garcia Lopes IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the several people and institutions that helped me, in inestimable ways, to succeed in accomplishing the present thesis. To my advisor, José Roberto O’Shea, for his infinite patience, collaboration, and understanding. To CAPES, for conceding me the scholarship that provided the necessary means to carry out original research on Laura Riding collections in the United States. To The Board of Literary Management of tiie late Laura (Riding Jackson: Dr. James Tyler, Dr. William Harmon, Robert Nye, Theodore Wilentz, Joan Wilentz, and especially to Alan J.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Bernstein Papers
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt896nd20f No online items Charles Bernstein Papers Mandeville Special Collections Library Mandeville Special Collections Library The UCSD Libraries 9500 Gilman Drive University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093-0175 Phone: (858) 534-2533 Fax: (858) 534-5950 URL: http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/ Copyright 2005 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Charles Bernstein Papers MSS 0519 1 Descriptive Summary Creator: Bernstein, Charles, 1950- Title: Charles Bernstein Papers, Date (inclusive): 1962-2000 Extent: 50.00 linear feet(129 archives boxes, 5 card file boxes and 5 oversize folders) Abstract: Papers of Charles Bernstein, writer, editor, librettist, educator, and publisher, who is most often associated with L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E, a body of writing named for the journal (1978-1982) by this name which Bernstein co-edited with Bruce Andrews. Bernstein writes poetry, essays and librettos which foreground the materiality and sociality of language as it exists in different contexts. The papers include correspondence with writers, artists, publishers and friends; manuscript drafts and production materials for his collected works, especially CONTENT'S DREAM (1986), A POETICS (1992) and MY WAY (1998); notebooks and journals (1971-1994); and uncollected poem drafts and working papers. Also included are drafts for the multi-authored poem LEGEND written with Ray DiPalma, Bruce Andrews, Steve McCaffery, and Ron Silliman. Bernstein's editorial work on Asylum's Press publications, the L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E Journal, the Segue Catalog, BOUNDRY 2: 43 POETS and BOUNDRY 2: 99 POETS, as well as numerous smaller projects are well represented.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Poetry Save the World?
    School of Education, Culture and Communication Can Poetry Save the World? Creating a Sustainable Future by Reading Green English for English Teachers 6, Degree Project Alexander Vainikainen ENA308 Margrét Benedikz Autumn 2018 School of Education, Culture English for English Teachers 6, and Communication Degree Project ENA308 Autumn 2018 ABSTRACT Alexander Vainikainen Can Poetry Save the World?: Creating a Sustainable Future by Reading Green 2018 Number of pages: 30 The purpose of this essay is to examine how ecocritical readings of poems and song lyrics can work as a catalyst for discussing questions regarding sustainable development in the subject of English. The poems “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by William Wordsworth and “Andrew” by Andrea Gibson, but also the song lyrics for the song “Every Age” by José Gonzalez were selected for the analyze, since they can represent the varying types of texts that are used by teachers in upper secondary school. The essay leans heavily on different terms associated with ecocriticism and other closely related fields such as ecofeminism and environmental pedagogy since it can help to create an understanding for the complexity of sustainability and how it can be taught in the classroom. The analyses showed that it is possible to address sustainable development through ecocritical readings of poems and song lyrics. There are two obvious ways forward that could be taken where the first would be to analyze even more texts in order to see if the methods used in the analyses are applicable to any other number of texts that are available to use in the classroom.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy sutimitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorged copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9* black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMÏ EIHETORICAL HYBRIDITY: ASHBERY, BERNSTEIN AND THE POETICS OF CITAHON DISSERTATION Presented in. Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy m the Graduate School o f The Ohio State University By \fatthew Richardson^ hlA . ***** The Ohio State Unwersity 2001 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Jon Erickson. Adviser Professor Jessica Prinz .
    [Show full text]