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A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Geophysics in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master Degree of Science in Exploration Geophysics

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A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Geophysics in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master Degree of Science in Exploration Geophysics بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Al Neelain University Characterization of Neem Main Low Resistivity Oil Zones - Muglad Basin (Republic of Sudan) By: Mohamed Mukhtar Mohamed Ibrahim B.Sc. (Hons.) (Geology & Mining) A dissertation Submitted to the Department of Geophysics in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master Degree of Science in Exploration Geophysics. Elneelain University Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals Geophysics Department April, 2018 A Characterization of Neem Main Low Resistivity Oil Zones - Muglad Basin (Republic of Sudan) By: Mohamed Mukhtar Mohamed Ibrahim B.Sc. Hons. (Geology) A dissertation Submitted to the Department of Geophysics in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master Degree of Science in Exploration Geophysics. April, 2018 Elneelain University Faculty of Petroleum and Minerals Geophysics Department Exam Committee: External Examiner: …………………………………… ………………….... Internal Examiner: …………………………………… … ………………..… Supervisor: ……………………………………………… ……………………… Approved on: …………………………………………… ………………………. B ABSTRACT Muglad basin is the largest rift basin discovered in Sudan, it trends northwest-southeast and consists of a thick Mesozoic and Tertiary continental syn-rift sequence buried by a Miocene- Recent post-rift sedimentary cover sediments include fluvial alluvial and lacustrine environment with probability of coastal marine depositional environment. The study objectives is to characterize low resistivity possible oil zones and correlate to figure out continuity of the same focusing mainly on Abugabra formation in Neem field where Low Resistivity Pay zones characterization are usually quite difficult that it requires researchers to twist their mindset by analyzing the information unconventionally; because many reasons for low resistivity are possible but not limited to: Invasion of high salinity mud filtrate, high clay bound water content, high capillary irreducible water content due to fine sand grain and/or existence of conductive minerals in pay zones such as: pyrite, siderite, glauconite etc.. Data of seven wells, include: Master logs, Final well reports, Conventional Wire Line logging (the first main run) and then interpreted using geological computer applications {Gravitas, Petrel and Interactive Petrophysics (IP)}. The petrophysical interpretation includes the complete processes to determine the permeability, porosity and water saturation using flow units method which contains determination of the total porosity from wireline logs and then correlated to figure out its continuity in the area. Petrophysical Interpretation results show non clear contrast in the porosity and volume of clay & the water saturation ratio was up to 75 which is acceptable on its compatibility with the characteristics of the reservoir. There have been 7 oil and gas zones in common per well, with total thickness of 265m oil column, with effective porosity calculated upper and middle pay-zones in Abugabra are of higher values 15 to 18 whereas the lower Abugabra porosity value ranging between 9 to 13. Out of the seven different sand layers in Abugabra, the study showed only one continuous layer in all seven wells. The permeability, porosity and saturation of water and oil were calculated for all layers of this formation in addition to the Bentiu formation. This showed variation in the results, indicating the different sedimentary environments and the nature of the migration of the hydrocarbons from the source layers. I الخﻻصة حوض المجلد اﻻخدودي جنوبي السودان أكبر اﻷحواض اﻻخدودية التي تم اكتشافها في السودان والذي يمتد من الشمال الغربي- الجنوبي الشرقي حيث أنه يحتوي طبقات رسوبية قارية سميكة من الحقبة الوسطى والحديثة متكونة نتيجة لبيئات قارية كبيئة اﻷنهار المدفونة او المضفرة او نتيجة البيئات البحيرية مع إحتمالية وجود بيئات بحرية بسيطة. تهدف الدراسة لبحث وتقييم نطاقات المكامن المنتجة ذات المقاومية المنخفضة من تكوين أبوجابرا ومعرفة مدى استمراريتها بالتركيز بشكل أساسي على حقل نيم؛ حيث عادة ما يكون تمييز طبقات المكامن منخفضة المقاومية صعب للغاية مما يتطلب من الباحثين تحليل بيانات السبر الكهربي بطريقة غير تقليدية؛ ﻷن هناك العديد من اﻷسباب الكامنة وراء انخفاض تلك المقاومية فعلى سبيل المثال ﻻ الحصر: محتواها المرتفع من ماء سائل الحفر الغازي لطبقات المكمن، المحتوى المرتفع من المياه غير القابلة لﻹنحﻻل الشعري بسبب المادة الطينية الﻻحمة للحبيبات الرملية الناعمة و/ أو وجود معادن لها خاصية التوصيلية الكهربية في النطاق المنتج من المكمن مثل: البيريت، السيداريت، الجلوكونيت... إلخ. تم إستخدام وتحليل بيانات سبعة آبار نفط؛ تشمل: تسجيﻻت سبر اﻷبار، والتسجيﻻت الطينية باﻹضافة إلي تقارير اﻵبار النهائية. ومن ثَم تم إستخدام بعض تطبيقات الحاسوب الجيولوجية {(Petrel, and Interactive Petrophysics (IP} .Gravitas شمل التفسير البتروفيزيائي العمليات الكاملة لتحديد النفاذية والمسامية وتشبع الماء باستخدام طريقة وحدات التدفق التي تحتوي على تحديد المسامية الكلية من سجﻻت السبر الكهربي وتمت مضاهاتها في كل أبار الدراسة لتحديد مدي إنتشارها في المنطقة. من هذه الدراسة وجد أن طبقات الرمل الرقيقة التي تتخلل طبقات الطين، المعادن الموصلة والمحتوى المائي للطين في المادة الطينية الﻻحمة لهذه الطبقات الرملية في تكوين أبوجابرا هي أكثر اﻷسباب فعالية ﻹنخفاض المقاومية. كما أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة أيضا من خﻻل التفسير البتروفيزيائي تباين ا واضحا َ في المسامية وحجم الصلصال مع نسبة تشبع الماء تصل إلى %75 وهي مقبولة عند توافقها مع خصائص المكمن. هناك ما ﻻيقل عن 7 نطاقات نفط وغاز كحد أدنى لكل بئر، بسمك متوسط إجمالي حوالي 265 متر، مع مسامية فَع الة تتراوح في الطبقات العليا والوسطي المنتجة للبترول من متكون أبوجابرا بين )اكثر15% إلى 18%( في حين تتراوح قيمة مسامية الطبقات السفلى بين )9% إلى %13(. من أصل سبعة طبقات رملية مختلفة في أبوجابرا، أظهرت الدراسة طبقة واحدة فقط مستمرة في جميع اﻵبار السبع. وتم حساب النفاذية والمسامية وتشبع الماء والنفط لكل طبقات هذا المتكون باﻹضافة لمتكون بانتيو، فأظهر تباين في النتائج مما يدل علي إختﻻف البيئات الترسيبية وطبيعة هجرة الهايدركربونات لها من طبقات المصدر )طبقات طين أبوجابرا نفسه المحتوية علي المادة العضوية(. II Dedication To my parents, To my brothers, sisters To my small family III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been completed at the faculty of petroleum and minerals – Alneelain University. Under supervision of Professor Khalid Mustafa - Department of Geophysics whose guidance and help are greatly appreciated. Above all, I would like to thank the Almighty Allah for everything that he has given to me, for his blessings and guidance to finish this work. I am particularly obliged to Dr. Khalid Mustafa who kindly agreed to carry on the supervision of this work; his assistances, guidance and fruitful discussion during the study period, this in addition to his useful suggestions and continuous follow-up are a real drive to this work. I am extremely grateful to Dr. Mohamed Abdelhafieth for his both academic and technical advices and assistance during the courses and seminars. I would also like to extend appreciation to all staff of faculty of petroleum and minerals - Alneelain University specially the geophysical Department and to all colleagues in master program, those in addition to my colleagues Ammar Saufeldin, Ayad M. Idriss, Osama Siraj, Abubakr Mahjoub, Anas Ibrahim and Alaaeldin O. Elsamani , more thanks are extended to my direct supervisors in GNPOC the company for which I am working and to friends and colleagues in Ministry of Petroleum who helped a lot on easing the raw data for the research. Last but certainly not least, my sincere thanks and appreciation go to my both master and small families for their encouragement and assistance throughout the study and research. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract I II الخﻻصة Dedication III Acknowledgements IV Table Of Contents V Table of figures IX List of tables XI CHAPTER ONE page INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Location 1 1.2 Physiography 5 1.3.1 Drainage 5 1.3.2 Climate 6 1-4 Populations 7 1-5 Scope and Objectives 7 1-6 Materials and Method for the study 7 1-5 Scope and Objectives 7 1-6 Materials and Method for the study 7 1.7 Previous Work 8 CHAPTER TWO GEOLOGY OF THE MUGLAD BASIN AND TECTONIC SETTING 2. REGIONAL GEOLOGY 9 2.1 Regional geology 9 2.1.1 Introduction 9 2-1-2 Sudanese Basins 11 2.2 Rifting in Sudan 13 2.3 Pre-rifting Phase 13 2.4 Rifting Phase 13 2.4.1 First Rifting Phase (Fl) 14 2.4.2 Second Rifting Phase (F2) 16 V 2.4.3 Third Rifting Phase (F3) 17 2.4.4 Sag phase 18 2.5 Sedimentology and Structure of the Muglad Basin: 18 2.5.1 Lithostratigraphic Units of Muglad Rift Basin 2.5.2 The Precambrian Basement Complex 18 2.5.3 The Late Jurassic / Early Cretaceous – Tertiary strata 19 2.5.4 First Cycle Strata 19 2.5.4.1 Sharif and Abu Gabra Formations 2.5.4.2 Bentiu Formation 21 2.5.5 Second Cycle Strata 21 2.5.5.1 Darfur Group 2.5.5.1.2 Amal Formation 23 2.5.5.1.3Nayil and Tendi Formations 24 2.5.6 Third Cycle Strata 24 2.5.6.1 Kordofan Group 2.5.6.1 .1Zeraf Formation 25 2.5.7 The Tertiary – Quaternary sediments of Umm Rawaba Formation 25 2.5.8 Holocene Deposits 25 2-6 Structural Style of the Muglad Basin 26 CHAPTER-THREE METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 3.1 Introduction 29 3-2 Conventional logging tools used In the Evaluation 29 3-2-1 INDUCED MEASUREMENTS: 30 3.2.1.1. Resistivity & Induction logs: 3.2.1.1. A. Resistivity Logs 3.2.1.1. B. Laterologs 31 .2.1.1. C. Microresistivity Log 32 3.2.1.2: Sonic 33 3.2.1.3: Density (RHOB) 36 VI 3.2.1.4: Photoelectric Effect (PEF) 36 3.2.1.5: Neutron (NPHI), 37 3-2-2 ELECTRICAL LOGS 38 3-2-2-1 Spontaneous Potential (SP) 38 3-3: Gamma-Ray 43 3-3-1: Conventional Natural Gamma-Ray Log (GR) 3-3-2 Spectral Gamma Ray (SGR) 44 3-4 Basic wire line logs using In Formation Evaluation 44 3-4-1 THE NUCLEAR LOGS 3-5 AUXILIARY LOGS 45 3-5-1 Caliper Log 45 3-5-2 Temperature Log
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