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ENERGY COUNTRY REVIEW Sudan
ENERGY COUNTRY REVIEW Sudan keyfactsenergy.com KEYFACTS Energy Country Review Sudan Most of Sudan's and South Sudan's proved reserves of oil and natural gas are located in the Muglad and Melut Basins, which extend into both countries. Natural gas associated with oil production is flared or reinjected into wells to improve oil output rates. Neither country currently produces or consumes dry natural gas. In Sudan, the Ministry of Finance and National Economy (MOFNE) regulates domestic refining operations and oil imports. The Sudanese Petroleum Corporation (SPC), an arm of the Ministry of Petroleum, is responsible for exploration, production, and distribution of crude oil and petroleum products in accordance with regulations set by the MOFNE. The SPC purchases crude oil at a subsidized cost from MOFNE and the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). The Sudan National Petroleum Corporation (Sudapet) is the national oil company in Sudan. History Sudan (the Republic of the Sudan) is bordered by Egypt (north), the Red Sea, Eritrea, and Ethiopia (east), South Sudan (south), the Central African Republic (southwest), Chad (west) and Libya (northwest). People lived in the Nile valley over 10,000 years ago. Rule by Egypt was replaced by the Nubian Kingdom of Kush in 1700 BC, persisting until 400 AD when Sudan became an outpost of the Byzantine empire. During the 16th century the Funj people, migrating from the south, dominated until 1821 when Egypt, under the Ottomans, Country Key Facts Official name: Republic of the Sudan Capital: Khartoum Population: 42,089,084 (2019) Area: 1.86 million square kilometers Form of government: Presidential Democratic Republic Language: Arabic, English Religion Sunni Muslim, small Christian minority Currency: Sudanese pound Calling code: +249 KEYFACTS Energy Country Review Sudan invaded. -
Tracing the Central African Rift and Shear Systems Offshore Onto
Tracing the West and Central African Rift and Shear Systems offshore onto oceanic crust: a ‘rolling’ triple junction William Dickson (DIGs), and James W. Granath, PhD, (Granath & Associates) Abstract Compared to the understood kinematics of its continental margins and adjacent ocean basins, the African continent is unevenly or even poorly known. Consequently, the connections from onshore fault systems into offshore spreading centers and ridges are inaccurately positioned and inadequately understood. This work considers a set of triple junctions and the related oceanic fracture systems within the Gulf of Guinea from Nigeria to Liberia. Our effort redefines the greater Benue Trough, onshore Nigeria, and reframes WCARS (West and Central African Rift and Shear Systems) as it traces beneath the onshore Niger Delta and across the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), Figure 1. We thus join onshore architecture to oceanic fracture systems, forming a kinematically sound whole. This required updating basin outlines and relocating mis- positioned features, marrying illustrations from the literature to imagery suitable for basin to sub- basin mapping. The resulting application of systems structural geology explains intraplate deformation in terms of known structural styles and interplay of their elements. Across the Benue Trough and along WCARS, we infer variations in both structural setting and thermal controls that require further interpretation of their petroleum systems. Introduction Excellent work has defined Africa's onshore geology and the evolution and driving mechanisms of the adjacent (particularly the circum-Atlantic) ocean basins. However, understanding of the oceanic realm has outpaced that of the continent of Africa. This paper briefly reviews onshore work. We then discuss theoretical geometry of tectonic boundaries (including triple junctions) and our data (sources and compilation methods). -
The Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic Magmatism of the Benue Trough (Nigeria); Geochemical Evidence for the Involvement of the St Helen
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY VOLUME 37 NUMBER 6 PAGES 1341-1358 1996 C. COULON1*, P. VIDAL2, C. DUPUY3, P. BAUDIN1, M. POPOFF*, H. MALUSKI5 AND D. HERMITTE1 'PETROLOGIE MAGMATIQUE, URA 1277, CEREGE, BP 80, 15545 AIX EN PROVENCE CEDEX 4, FRANCE 'CENTRE DE RECHERCHES VOLCANOLOGIQUES, URA 10, 63038 CLERMONT FERRAND CEDEX, FRANCE 'CENTRE GEOLOGIO.UE ET GEOPHYSIO.UE, CNRS, PLACE BATAILLON, J4095 MONTPELLIER CEDEX, FRANCE *INSTITUT DE GEODYNAMIQ.UE, URA 1279, UNIVERSITE DE NICE—SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS, AVENUE EINSTEIN, 06560 VALBONNE, FRANCE JLABORATOIRE DE GEOCHRONOLOGIE—GEOCHIMIE, URA 176J, PLACE BATAILLON, 34095 MONTPELLIER CEDEX, FRANCE The Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article/37/6/1341/1406521 by guest on 28 September 2021 Magmatism of the Benue Trough (Nigeria); Geochemical Evidence for the Involvement of the St Helena Plume The Benue Trough is a continental rift related to the opening of Equatorial Atlantic. Moreover, the geochemical similarity the equatorial domain of the South Atlantic which was initi- between the alkaline magmatism of the Benue Trough and that ated in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous times. Highly diversi- of the Cameroon Line suggests that both magmatic provinces fied and volumetrically restricted Mesozoic to Cenozoic were related to the St Helena plume. Finally, the temporal magmatic products are scattered throughout the rift. Three per- change of the mantle sources observed in the Benue Trough can iods of magmatic activity have been recognized on the basis of be accounted for by the recent models of plume dynamics, in the *°Ar-39Ar ages: 147-106 Ma, 97-81 Ma and 68-49 Ma. -
The Eastern Sirte Basin, Libya
D-18 REVIEW OF THE REMAINING POTENTIAL IN THE EASTERN SIRTE BASIN , LIBYA RUT GE R G RAS a nd DREG J . AMBROSE Scfflumberger O ilfreld Services . Schlumberger House. Buckingham Gate , Gatwíck Airport West Sussex RH6 ONZ, UK A bstract In the Sine Basfin more than 1600 exploration wens drilled since 195 6 have discovered an estimated total of 130 bipion barrels of original all-equivalent in place (Thomas 1995, Gras & Thusu 1996). The play types testel successfully in the Sirte Basfin are botte carbonate and siliciclastic plays. The first category are predominantly Paleocene carbonate buildups, occurring in the tentral and western party of the basin, while Middle Eocene nummulite shoals are praductive in the southeast Sirte Basfin (e .g . Gialo field) . The oilfíelds in the Sine Basfin witte siliciclastic reservoirs are principally related to the consecutive Midfile Triassic and Late .lurassic-Early Cretaceotis rifting of the basin, and occur in the eastern part of the Sirte Basfin (fig. 1 ) . 20 MEDITERRANEAN N ,--'J 777 AK HD A R ~ I T CYRENAICA - d PLATFORM . 3 0 ry v 1 30 W EST ER N B AR H ~~- JAG HBU C S H EL F q~ HAME IM AT TROUGH Dr~ G IAL~-MESS LAH H4GH LE G END r~r n a SAR IR TROUGH G'l ,~T FQRM 0 ST RUCTU RAI IOWS ZEE YEN SOU T H 6F P RFSSIO N PLATFORM T E RTIARY YOL CANICS CAM6RIAN -óft Dl'11-1 CI ,: N SO UTHERN ~ S HE L F SARIR 20 2 0 TIB E STI 0 200 4 00 km 20 Figurc l : 5tructural overview of the Sirte Basfin. -
Geological Evolution of the Red Sea: Historical Background, Review and Synthesis
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277310102 Geological Evolution of the Red Sea: Historical Background, Review and Synthesis Chapter · January 2015 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45201-1_3 CITATIONS READS 6 911 1 author: William Bosworth Apache Egypt Companies 70 PUBLICATIONS 2,954 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Near and Middle East and Eastern Africa: Tectonics, geodynamics, satellite gravimetry, magnetic (airborne and satellite), paleomagnetic reconstructions, thermics, seismics, seismology, 3D gravity- magnetic field modeling, GPS, different transformations and filtering, advanced integrated examination. View project Neotectonics of the Red Sea rift system View project All content following this page was uploaded by William Bosworth on 28 May 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Geological Evolution of the Red Sea: Historical Background, Review, and Synthesis William Bosworth Abstract The Red Sea is part of an extensive rift system that includes from south to north the oceanic Sheba Ridge, the Gulf of Aden, the Afar region, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Suez, and the Cairo basalt province. Historical interest in this area has stemmed from many causes with diverse objectives, but it is best known as a potential model for how continental lithosphere first ruptures and then evolves to oceanic spreading, a key segment of the Wilson cycle and plate tectonics. -
Tectonic Inversion and Petroleum System Implications in the Rifts Of
Tectonic Inversion and Petroleum System Implications in the Rifts of Central Africa Marian Jenner Warren Jenner GeoConsulting, Suite 208, 1235 17th Ave SW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2T 0C2 [email protected] Summary The rift system of western and central Africa (Fig. 1) provides an opportunity to explore a spectrum of relationships between initial tectonic extension and later compressional inversion. Several seismic interpretation examples provide excellent illustrations of the use of basic geometric principles to distinguish even slight inversion from original extensional “rollover” anticlines. Other examples illustrate how geometries traditionally interpreted as positive “flower” structures in areas of known transpression/ strike slip are revealed as inversion structures when examined critically. The examples also highlight the degree of compressional inversion as a function in part of the orientation of compressional stress with respect to original rift structures. Finally, much of the rift system contains recent or current hydrocarbon exploration and production, providing insights into the implications of inversion for hydrocarbon risk and prospectivity. Figure 1: Mesozoic-Tertiary rift systems of central and western Africa. Individual basins referred to in text: T-LC = Termit/ Lake Chad; LB = Logone Birni; BN = Benue Trough; BG = Bongor; DB = Doba; DS = Doseo; SL = Salamat; MG = Muglad; ML = Melut. CASZ = Central African Shear Zone (bold solid line). Bold dashed lines = inferred subsidiary shear zones. Red stars = Approximate locations of example sections shown in Figs. 2-5. Modified after Genik 1993 and Manga et al. 2001. Inversion setting and examples The Mesozoic-Tertiary rift system in Africa was developed primarily in the Early Cretaceous, during south Atlantic opening and regional NE-SW extension. -
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY of AFRICA. Uganda Certificate of Education
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA. Uganda Certificate of Education. GEOGRAPHY Code: 273/2, Paper 2 2 hours 30 minutes PART I : THE REST OF AFRICA. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: This paper consists of two sections: Part I Rest of Africa. Answer two questions from part I @ question carry 25marks. Any additional question (s) answered will not be marked. Four questions are set and a candidate is required to answer only two questions. This region covers 50% of paper 273/2. 1) Download and print out a hard copy then copy this notes in a fresh book for Rest of Africa paper2. 2) If You need a copy of this work organized by the teacher for Rest of Africa. Call 0775 534057 for a book of Africa and it will be delivered. Emihen – Utec 1 SIZE, SHAPE AND POSITION. POSITION OF AFRICA. Africa is one of the largest continents of the world. It’s the second to the largest landmass combined of Eurasia i.e. Europe and Asia continents. LOCATION: Africa lies between latitudes 37.51’N just West of Cape Blanc in Tunisia to Cape Aghulhas at Latitude 34.51’S a distance of 8,000kms. Africa also lies between Cape Ras Hagun 51.50’E and Cape Verde 17.32’W. SIZE: Africa covers land area of about 30,300,300km2. THE SHAPE: Africa’s shape is unbalanced; with her northern part being bulky and wide, while the southern part being thinner and narrower in appearance. Emihen-Utec 2 The Latitude EQUATOR divides the continent into TWO HALVES, there being approximately; 3800kms between the Cape Agulhas in the south and Equator while between Tunisia and Equator in the North is 4,100kms. -
Hydrocarbons Potential and Resources in Sudan
UNCTAD 17th Africa OILGASMINE, Khartoum, 23-26 November 2015 Extractive Industries and Sustainable Job Creation Hydrocarbons potential and resources in Sudan By Mr. Ahmed Gibreel Ahmed El-Amain Section Head G&G Studies, Ministry of Petroleum and Gas, Sudan The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNCTAD. Republic of Sudan Ministry of Petroleum & Gas Oil Exploration and Production Authority (OEPA) By Ahmed Gibreel 1 of 20 Outlines Objectives. Introduction. Summary. Hydrocarbon Potentiality. Sudanese Basins Subdivisions. Key Basins overview. Resources. Conclusions. Forward Plan. 2 of 20 Objectives To highlight : Sudan Hydrocarbon potentiality. Sudan Resources. 3 of 20 Introduction First Oil Export1999 Red Sea Salima Basin Basin Misaha Basin Um Agaga Basin Mourdi Basin Khartoum & Atbara basins Wadi Hawar Basin Gadarif Basin Muglad Rawat Blue Nile Basin Basin Basin 4 of 20 Summary Sudan is considered one of the top most African hydrocarbon potential countries. Nearly twenty hydrocarbon basins do exist: o Late Proterozoic-Paleozoic continental sag basins (Misaha, Murdi, Wadi Hawar and Salima). o Mesozoic-Cenozoic rift basins (Muglad, Rawat, Khartoum, Blue Nile and Red sea ). Most of the Sudanese basins is by far highly under explored due to data scarcity and others logistical constrains. Proven petroleum system in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. 5 of 20 Summary Sudanese basins could be classified into: o Producing (1 basin ). o Early exploration stage basins: Have proven petroleum systems with some discoveries ( 5 basins: Rawat, Red Sea, Blue Nile, Um Agaga and Khartoum basins). Have proven petroleum systems but no notable discoveries yet been made e.g. -
Geology and Petroleum Resources of North-Central and Northeastern Africa
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Geology and petroleum resources of north-central and northeastern Africa By James A. Peterson^ Open-File Report 85-709 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. Reston, Virginia 1985 CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Int roduct ion 3 Information sources 3 Geography 3 Acknowledgment s 3 Regional geology 7 Structure 7 Stratigraphy and sedimentation 9 Bas ement 2 2 Cambrian - Ordovician 22 Silurian 22 Devonian 22 Carbonif erous 2 3 Permian 23 Tr ias s i c 2 3 Jurassic 23 Cretaceous 24 Te r t iary 25 Quaternary 27 Petroleum geology 27 Sirte Basin 27 Western Sahara region 31 Suez-Sinai 34 Western Desert Basin - Cyrenaica Platform 36 East Tunisia - Pelagian Platform 37 Nile Delta - Nile Basin 39 Resource assessment 43 Procedures 43 Assessment 43 Comments 47 Selected references 49 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. North-central and northeastern African assessment regions 4 2. Generalized regional structure map of north-central and northeastern Africa 6 3. Generalized composite subsurface correlation chart, north-central and northeastern Africa 10 4. North-south structural-stratigraphic cross-section A-A', northern Algeria to southeastern Algeria 11 5. East-west structural-stratigraphic cross-section B-B f , west-central Libya to northwestern Egypt 12 6. Northeast-southwest structural-stratigraphic cross-section C-C f , northeastern Tunisia to east-central Algeria 13 7. North-south structural-stratigraphic cross-section D-D f , northeastern Libya to southeastern Libya 14 8. West-east structural-stratigraphic cross-section B'-B f , northern Egypt 15 9. -
The Sirte Basin Province of Libya—Sirte-Zelten Total Petroleum System
The Sirte Basin Province of Libya—Sirte-Zelten Total Petroleum System By Thomas S. Ahlbrandt U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2202–F U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director Version 1.0, 2001 This publication is only available online at: http://geology.cr.usgs.gov/pub/bulletins/b2202-f/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Manuscript approved for publication May 8, 2001 Published in the Central Region, Denver, Colorado Graphics by Susan M. Walden, Margarita V. Zyrianova Photocomposition by William Sowers Edited by L.M. Carter Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................... 2 Province Geology................................................................................................................................. 2 Province Boundary.................................................................................................................... -
The Kufrah Paleodrainage System in Libya: a Past Connection to the Mediterranean Sea? Philippe Paillou, Stephen Tooth, S
The Kufrah paleodrainage system in Libya: A past connection to the Mediterranean Sea? Philippe Paillou, Stephen Tooth, S. Lopez To cite this version: Philippe Paillou, Stephen Tooth, S. Lopez. The Kufrah paleodrainage system in Libya: A past connection to the Mediterranean Sea?. Comptes Rendus Géoscience, Elsevier Masson, 2012, 344 (8), pp.406-414. 10.1016/j.crte.2012.07.002. hal-00833333 HAL Id: hal-00833333 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00833333 Submitted on 12 Jun 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. *Manuscript / Manuscrit The Kufrah Paleodrainage System in Libya: 1 2 3 A Past Connection to the Mediterranean Sea ? 4 5 6 7 8 9 Le système paléo-hydrographique de Kufrah en Libye : 10 11 12 Une ancienne connexion avec la mer Méditerranée ? 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Philippe PAILLOU 21 22 Univ. Bordeaux, LAB,UMR 5804, F-33270, Floirac, France 23 24 Tel: +33 557 776 126 Fax: +33 557 776 110 25 26 27 E-mail: [email protected] 28 29 30 31 32 Stephen TOOTH 33 34 Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, UK 35 36 37 38 39 Sylvia LOPEZ 40 41 42 Univ. -
Rift-Valley-1.Pdf
R E S O U R C E L I B R A R Y E N C Y C L O P E D I C E N T RY Rift Valley A rift valley is a lowland region that forms where Earth’s tectonic plates move apart, or rift. G R A D E S 6 - 12+ S U B J E C T S Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography C O N T E N T S 9 Images For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/rift-valley/ A rift valley is a lowland region that forms where Earth’s tectonic plates move apart, or rift. Rift valleys are found both on land and at the bottom of the ocean, where they are created by the process of seafloor spreading. Rift valleys differ from river valleys and glacial valleys in that they are created by tectonic activity and not the process of erosion. Tectonic plates are huge, rocky slabs of Earth's lithosphere—its crust and upper mantle. Tectonic plates are constantly in motion—shifting against each other in fault zones, falling beneath one another in a process called subduction, crashing against one another at convergent plate boundaries, and tearing apart from each other at divergent plate boundaries. Many rift valleys are part of “triple junctions,” a type of divergent boundary where three tectonic plates meet at about 120° angles. Two arms of the triple junction can split to form an entire ocean. The third, “failed rift” or aulacogen, may become a rift valley.