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Petroleum Potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin: a Regional Synthesis

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Petroleum Potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin: a Regional Synthesis Natural Resources, 2014, 5, 25-58 25 Published Online January 2014 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/nr) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.51005 Petroleum Potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin: A Regional Synthesis M. B. Abubakar National Centre for Petroleum Research and Development, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria. Email: [email protected], [email protected] Received October 20th, 2013; revised November 23rd, 2013; accepted December 14th, 2013 Copyright © 2014 M. B. Abubakar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In accor- dance of the Creative Commons Attribution License all Copyrights © 2014 are reserved for SCIRP and the owner of the intellectual property M. B. Abubakar. All Copyright © 2014 are guarded by law and by SCIRP as a guardian. ABSTRACT A review on the geology and petroleum potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin is done to identify potential petroleum systems in the basins. The tectonic, stratigraphic and organic geochemical evalua- tions of these basins suggest the similarity with the contiguous basins of Chad and Niger Republics and Sudan, where commercial oil discovery have been made. At least two potential petroleum systems may be presented in the basins: the Lower Cretaceous petroleum system likely capable of both oil and gas generation and the Upper Cretaceous petroleum system that could be mainly gas-generating. These systems are closely correlative in tem- poral disposition, structures, source and reservoir rocks and perhaps generation mechanism to what obtains in the Muglad Basin of Sudan and Termit Basin of Niger and Chad Republics. They are very effective in planning future exploration campaigns in the basins. KEYWORDS Benue Trough; Anambra Basin; Petroleum Potentials; Southern Benue Trough; Central Benue Trough; Northern Benue Trough 1. Introduction 2. Geologic and Tectonic Setting Petroleum (oil and gas) accounts for up to 95% of the The Benue Trough of Nigeria (Figure 1(a)) is an intra- Nigeria’s foreign earnings [1,2] and has remained the continental basin in Central West Africa that extends NE major supporter of its economy since it was first discov- to SW. It is over 1000 km in length and exceeds 150 km ered in commercial volume in 1956. Globally, petroleum in width. Its southern outcrop limit is the northern boun- as an energy source will continue to dominate other pri- dary of the Niger Delta Basin, while the northern out- mary energy sources and is expected to account for up to cropping limit is the southern boundary of the Chad Ba- 56% of the world energy demand in the year 2030. sin separated from the Benue Trough by an anticlinal Therefore, it is expected that a review on the petroleum structure termed the “Dumbulwa-Bage High” [3]. The potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Benue Trough is filled with up to 6000 m of Cretaceous Basin (Figure 1(a)) will provide the necessary impetus sediments associated with some volcanics. It is part of a for exploration activities in these frontier inland basins. mega-rift system termed the West and Central Africa Rift This paper attempts to synthesize the results of multiple System (WCARS). The WCARS includes the Termit Ba- researches done in the basins over the years for easy ref- sin of Niger and western Chad, the Bongor, Doba and erence and effective understanding. The paper has at- Doseo Basins of southern Chad, the Salamat Basin of tempted to identify potential petroleum system elements Central African Republic and the Muglad Basin of Sudan in the basins and the tectonic processes related to trap (Figure 1(b)). formation and generation. The Benue Trough is geographically subdivided into OPEN ACCESS NR 26 Petroleum Potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin: A Regional Synthesis Figure 1. (a) Generalized geological map of Nigeria showing the Benue Trough, blue area represents the Anambra Basin; (b) WCARS showing the Benue Trough (from United Reef Limited Report, 2004). NB: The Anambra Basin is a separate sedi- mentary basin. southern, central and northern parts (Figure 1(a)). The junction of the RRR type which indicates the existence of origin and tectonic history of the Benue Trough and in- a spreading ridge active from Albian to Santonian (Fig- deed the entire WCARS is associated with the separation ure 2(a)). An unstable RRF triple junction model leading of Africa and South America (break-up of Gondwanaland) to plate dilation and the opening of the Gulf of Guinea during the early Cretaceous time [4]. This break-up was was proposed by reference [12] (Figure 2(c)). Refer- followed by the drifting apart of these continents, the ences [13,14] considered the Benue Trough as the third opening of the South Atlantic and the growth of the Mid- failed arm (or aulacogen) of a three-armed rift system Atlantic ridge [4]. related to the development of hot spots (Figure 2(b)). The mechanism responsible for the origin and evolu- Most recent models based on pull-apart system re- tion of the Benue Trough is controversial. However, there vealed that wrenching was a dominant tectonic process are basically two models: the rift system models and the during the Benue Trough evolution. References [4] and pull-apart model. [15] defined the Benue Trough as a set of juxtaposed Several mechanisms have been proposed based on the pull-apart basins generated along pre-existing N60˚E rift system. The trough is considered to be a third arm of strike-slip faults during the Lower Cretaceous. The a triple junction beneath the present Niger Delta. The ear- strike-slip (transcurrent) faults are believed to be con- liest model was given by [5] and subsequently supported nected to the oceanic fracture zones and reactivated dur- by [6-8] who proposed tensional movements resulting in ing the separation of the South American and African a rift as the controlling factor. They interpreted an ob- plates (Figure 3). This model originated from the fact served axial zone of positive gravity anomalies flanked that most of the major faults identified in the Benue by linear negative anomalies on both sides as an arrange- Trough are transcurrent faults rather than normal faults of ment typical of rift valleys in general, and resulted from rift systems. Identified normal faults (mostly N120˚E crustal thinning and elevation of crust-mantle boundary trending) in the Benue Trough are seen to control the beneath the central parts of the rift. The problem with grabens but are always linked to major sinistral N60˚E this model, however, is the lack of conspicuous rift faults strike-slip faults (Figure 4). at the margins of the trough [9,10] and a generalized During the mid-Santonian, N155˚E trending compres- folding of the Cretaceous sediments. Also, except in the sion reactivated the sinistral faults as reverse faults, while Abakaliki area, Cretaceous magmatic activity associated the N120˚E normal fractures acted as dextral strike-slip with rift structures is very scarce; it is only found close to, faults. In the Northern Benue Trough however, there is a or along major faults. Reference [7] however, argued that controversy as to the existence of the Santonian event. the main boundary rift faults are now concealed by the Reference [16] favour the Maastrichtian compression as Cretaceous sediments overlying the margins of the the only Late Cretaceous event that affected the Northern trough. Reference [11] suggested the existence below the Benue Trough while several workers such as [6,17] and Niger Delta and the Southern Benue Trough of a triple [18,19] suggested the presence of both the mid-Santonian OPEN ACCESS NR Petroleum Potentials of the Nigerian Benue Trough and Anambra Basin: A Regional Synthesis 27 a) Aptian – Early Albian Uplifted Crust Abakaliki Volcanics STAGE IV Tertiary – Recent QUIESCENT Events: Volcanism PHASE Sialic Crust INSERT OF STAGE III Mantle Upwelling Maastrichtian Events: Stress redistribution & Benue Rift initiation of secondary b) Middle – Late Albian Asu River Group structures SUBCOM- PRESSIONAL PHASE c) Cenomanian STAGE III Deformation of Mantle Plume Maastrichtian Odukpani Formation Events: Cessation & collapse of Asu River Group sub-crustal swell, sagging, folding, 2o faulting, volcanism Cessation of Mantle Upwelling d) Early – Middle Turonian Eze Aku Formation Abakaliki Horsts STAGE II Albian - Maastrichtian Events: Crustal separation & marine inundation, primary TENSIONAL faulting, volcanism PHASE Reactivation Mantle Plume e) Late Turonian – Maastrichtian STAGE I Post Deformation Benue Trough Cameroon Volcanic Pre-Albian Sediments Deformed EzeAku Group Events: Sub-crustal swell & Line initiation of rift-drift movement, faulting a) LOWER MANTLE CRUST b) Mantle Contraction Mantle Upwelling LOWER DUCTILE CRUST VOLCANICS Figure 2. Models for the RRR Rift origin of the Benue Trough of Nigeria. (a) Spreading Ridge Model (from Avbovbo et al. 1986); (b) Aulacogen Model (from Olade, 1975); (c) RRF Model. and the Maastrichtian events in the trough. of the Abakaliki Shale, correlative to the Mfamosing Li- mestone on the Calabar Flank [23,27]. In the Central 3. Stratigraphy Benue Trough, fossiliferous Arufu, Uomba and Gboko Detailed stratigraphic description of sediments in the Formations are lateral equivalents. Albian sediments (late Benue Trough was presented by [18-26] amongst many Aptian—early Cenomanian and older [28,29]) in the others. Northern Benue Trough are represented by the alluvial The stratigraphic succession in the Benue Trough is fan to lacustrine to fluvial Bima Formation. shown in Figure 5. The Albian Asu River Group com- There was virtually no deposition during the Cenoma- prises the oldest marine deposits in the Southern Benue nian in the Southern Benue Trough except the Odukpani Trough. It includes the shales, limestones and sandstones Formation in the Calabar flank [22].
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