Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies Robert Wynn Jones Index More Information

Home , Melut Basin, Muglad Basin, Nummulite, Pleuroceras (ammonite)

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00523-5 - Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies Robert Wynn Jones Index More information

Index

Bold type indicates figures.

Abathomphalus 2.6 Alveolophragmium (Reticulophragmium) anoxia, anoxic environments, events 125, Abdur Reef Limestone 334 4.6 126, 160, 215, 223–4, 278 Abies 192 Alveovalvulina 129, 286, 5.37 Antarctica 100, 267, 306 Abundance 153, 154 Amacuro member 5.47 Antarcticycas 100 Acadoparadoxides 39 Amaltheus 2.14 Antedon 115 Acanthinula 107, 333 Amaurolithus 2.4 Anthocyrtidium 2.7 Acanthocircus 99 Amazon fan 138, 208, 211 Anthracoceras 109, 305 Acarinina 2.6 AZTI Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) 313 Anthraconauta 305, 7.2 Acaste 112 Ammoastuta 126 Anthraconia 305, 7.2 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) Ammobaculites 126, 2.33, 3.3, 5.21 Anthracosia 7.2 68, 309 Ammodiscus 129, 2.33, 3.3, 5.23 Anthracomya 305 Acheulian, culture 198, 333, 334, 337 Ammolagena 5.23 Anthracosphaerium 7.2 acritarchs 15–16, 18–9, 95–6, 2.1, 3.1–3.2 Ammomarginulina 126, 5.23 Antler basin 105 Acropora 134, 135, 314 Ammonia 126, 129, 326, 5.37 Apectodinium 180, 5.22 Acrosphaera 99 ammonites 2.14–2.17, 2.30, 5.9 Apodemus 188, 10.2 Acroteuthis 152 ammonoids 34, 108–10, 2.1, 2.12, 3.1 Appalachian basin 302 Actinocamax 111, 2.18 Ammotium 126 Apringia 105 Actinocyclus 2.3 amphibians 53–5, 118, 2.1, 3.1 Aquilapollenites 100, 149 Adentognathus 105 Amphirhopalon 2.7 Aquitaine basin 182 Adercotryma 2.33, 5.23 Amphisorus 126, 3.10 Aqra Limestone formation 220 Adipicola 141 Amphistegina 127, 3.10 Arab formation 232 Adocus 117 Ampyx 111, 112 Araripe basin 45, 119, 154, 266 Adriatic Sea 142 Anabarites 102, 145 Araripesuchus 119, 266 Aegopinella 107, 333 analytical data acquisition 7, 1.1 Araucariacites 155 Africa 53, 118, 119, 334, 335, 3.22 Anancus 10.3 Archaebacteria 10, 90–92 Agriopleura 280, 283 Anapithecus 189 archaeocyathans 29, 102–3, 2.1, 3.1 Ahnet basin 39 Anatolipora 132 Archaeolithophyllum 130 Ainsa fan 138, 139 Ancyloceras 109 Archaeophyllum 130 Airth gas field 294 Ancylus 10.4 archaeology 316–40, 10.1–10.6 Akidograptus 50 Anderson, Heidi and John 307 Archaeopteryx 55 Akpak/Mackenzie Bay sequence 4.6 Andes 124, 257, 261 Archaias 126, 3.10 Akrotiri, Thera 316 Andrew field 291, 5.50–5.51 Arctic, province, realm 10, 11, 13, 22, 27, Al Huwaisah field 280, 5.45 Andrew formation, reservoir, sequence 140, 29, 32, 34, 36, 42, 43, 50, 53, 93, 99, Alabaminoides 135 291, 2.32, 5.20, 5.50–5.51 101, 107, 110, 117, 131, 148, 150, 323, Alaska 13, 22, 29, 32, 42, 101, 293, Andimadam formation 269, 270 325, 336 301, 312, 314 Andromeda 99 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) 312 Alba formation 5.20 Angara, Angaran realm 100, 147, 3.17 Ardipithecus 190, 191, 192, 194, 3.37 Albacora field 5.39 Angelina sedgwickii 2.20 Ardyne formation 331, 332 Alberta basin 294, 302 Anglo-Saxon archaeology 340, 10.1 Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty algal symbionts, photosymbionts 3.10 Anglo-Welsh basin 105 (AONB) 312 Algeria 39, 110 Angola (see also South Atlantic) 13, 27, 66, Arenicolites 3.6 Alisocysta 5.22 129, 140, 221, 5.5 Arenobulimina 211, 2.33, 3.8 Allophaiomys 317 Anisus 333 Arenomeandrospira 142, 222, 278 Alnipollenites 5.22, 5.47 Ankarapithecus 189 Arenoparrella 126 Alopex 335 Anklesvar formation 271 Areo formation 257, 260 Alps 124, 136 Anning, Mary 55 Areoligera 5.22 Alveolina 5.42 Annulithus 2.4 Argentina 19, 40, 50, 53, 90, 117, 143, Alveolinella 126, 3.10 Anomalinoides 135 173, 175

392

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Index 393

Arkhangelskiella 2.4 bacterial gas: see biogenic gas Beryl field 5.24 Arnioceras 2.14 Baculites 109 Bermuda 34 Arroyo del Soldado group 21 Baculogypsina 127, 3.10 Beyrichoceras 2.13 Artemia 114 Bahrain (see also Middle East) 5.43 Bhuban formation 270 Artemisia 193, 336 Baisakhi–Bedesir formation 269 Bhuvanagiri formation 271 Arthrobacter 314, 315 Bakonyithyris 105 Bighorn basin 180 Arthrophycus 59, 122 Balder formation, sequence 179, 180, 2.32, Bikaner–Nagaur basin 269 Arvicola 10.2 5.20, 5.22 biogenic gas 90, 223–4, 269, 277–8 Asaphus 111 Balmoral sequence 2.32 Palaeobiological controls on Ashtart field 216 Baltica 95, 96, 107, 112, 146, 147, development of, and derisking Asia 3.21–3.22 3.14–3.16 of presence of 277–8 Asmari formation 231 Baltimore canyon 138 biogeography 3.4 Aspergillus 315 Bandra formation 271 bioremediation 314–15 Aspidolithus 2.4 Bangestan group 231 biosteering 289, 290–2, 5.51 Assam basin 269, 270, 271 Bangladesh: see Indian subcontinent. biostratigraphy and allied disciplines, Assilina 5.42 Barail group 271 8–89, 231–2, 242–5, 260–1, 264–5, Astacolus 325 Barakar Coal Measures, formation 271–3, 280, 284–5, 286, 300–2, 304, Astarte 107, 150 267, 269, 272 306–7, 317, 320, 1.1, 2.1, 2.29–2.30, 5.9, Asteriacites 3.6 Barbados (see also northern South America 5.21–5.22, 5.24–5.25, 5.36, 5.44, Asterigerina 4.6 and Caribbean) 106, 108, 121, 126, 5.46–5.48, 5.50, 7.2 Asteroceras 2.14 141, 5.36 biostratigraphic technologies 62–3, 66 Asterolampra 2.3 Barberton supergroup 10 biostratigraphic usefulness of selected Asteromphalus 2.3 Barents Sea 131 fossil groups 8–59 Asterorotalia 126 Barmer basin 269, 271, 276 biostratigraphic zonation 59–60 Astreopora 135 Barranquin formation 257 birds: see Reptiles and birds Astrononion 325 Barren Measures 267, 269, 272 bisaccate pollen 5.22 Atapuerca, Spain 118, 196, 333 Barrow group 208, 210, 211 Biscutum 94, 2.4 Atlantic, province, realm, Atlantic/ Barton beds 33 Bison 333 Caribbean province 98, 105, 117, Basco-Cantabrian basin 210, 211, 220, 295 Biticinella 2.6 118, 119, 120, 126, 135, 138, 141, basin analysis 225, 227 Bithynia 10.4 144, 149, 325 Bathymodiolus 106, 141 bivalves 32–4, 106–7, 2.1, 2.10, 3.1, 3.5, Aubignyna 326 Bathysiphon 21, 3.3, 5.23 5.2, 7.2 Aulacoseira 12 Batrachichnus 120 Black Sea 27, 223, 224, 293, 309 Aulacoteuthis 152 Bauer ix Bohemia 113 Auriculatella 113 Bavlinella 19 Bohemograptus 50 Aurignacian, culture 335 Beatrice field 5.24 Bolboforma 19, 21, 96, 244, 2.1, 2.5, 3.1 Austin Chalk 33 Beaufort group, South Africa 306, 307, 2.27 Bolbozoe 113 Austral realm 92, 98, 99, 110, 113, 147, 148, Beaufort shelf, Arctic Canada 4.6 Bolivia 19, 40, 50 150, 3.20–3.22 Beauly formation 5.22 Bolivina 126, 129, 135, 143, 313, 326, 3.8, Australasia 11, 27, 39, 101 behaviours associated with occupation (of 3.12, 5.37 Australia 10, 29, 49, 53, 57, 94, 96, 101, 116, archaeological sites) 323, 325 Bolivinopsis 3.8 130, 131, 149, 168, 177, 208, 210, 211, Bekhme Limestone formation 220 Bombacidites 5.22 267, 277, 301, 314 Belemnella 36, 111 Bombax 129 Australopithecus 190, 193, 194, 196–7, Belemnitella 36, 111, 2.18 Bombay or Mumbai basin 269, 270, 3.37–3.38 belemnites 36–7, 110–1, 151, 2.1, 271, 273 Austria 96, 114, 138, 140, 154 2.18, 3.1, 6.3 Bombay formation 271 Avalonia 102, 112, 145, 146, 147, Belemnopsis 111 Bombay High field 273 3.14–3.16 Belemnoziphius 120 boreal realm 22, 92, 98, 99, 107, 110, 111, Aveline’s Hole, Burrington ix Belenochitina 116 113, 147, 148, 150, 219, 3.20–3.22 Axopodorhabdus 94, 2.4 Belgrandia 10.4 Borelis 126, 3.10 Azerbaijan 13, 27, 68, 122, 293, 309 Bengal basin 269, 270 Boreophilus 336 Azpeitia 2.3 Bengal fan 276, 277 Borneo 136 Benthic Quality Index (BQI) 313 Bos 10.2–10.3 Bab basin 66, 234, 280, 5.13, 5.45 Bergeroniellus 28 Bothriolepis 53 Bab formation 5.43 Bering land bridge 120, 150, 178, 183, 184, Bourri field 217 Bacillus 279, 314, 315 185, 189 Boxgrove, Sussex 107, 198, 327, 333–4 Bacinella 133 Bering Strait 107, 108, 150 Braarudosphaera, chalk 93, 94, 2.4

394 Index

brachiopods 30–2, 105–6, 2.1, 2.9, 3.1 Campos basin 214, 264, 5.39 Central America 120, 219 Bracklesham beds 33 Canada 10, 12, 15, 21, 22, 27–9, 42, 53, 95, 96, Central Asia 210, 211 Brae formation 5.20 101, 106, 113, 116, 117, 122, 129, 131, Central Atlantic 3.21 branchiopods 43, 114 143, 147, 173, 180, 294, 301, 302, 311 Central Atlantic Magmatic Province Brazil (see also South Atlantic) 13, 21, 22, 45, Cancris 129, 326 (CAMP) 173 53, 129, 130, 154, 214, 302, 5.39 Candeias field 264 Centropyxis 129, 286, 5.37 Bredasdorp basin 208, 209, 210, 211 Canis 335, 10.2 Cepaea 10.4 Brent field 5.24 Canning basin 29, 94, 116, 130, 131, 168 Cephalodiscus 116 Brent group, Brent delta 283, 5.20, 5.46 cap-rocks (seals) and traps 220–2, Box 5.4 Ceratocystis 338 Brightwellia 2.3 (221–2), Box 5.5 (222–4), 5.5, 5.8, 5.17 Ceratolithoides 2.4 British Isles, United Kingdom, UK sector, palaeontological characterisation of, Ceratolithus 88, 2.4 North Sea ix, 10, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, Box 5.4 Cerebropollenites 155 31, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 43, 45, 49, 50, 53, stratigraphic and palaeobiological Cervus 332, 333, 335, 339, 10.2–10.3 55, 62, 67, 94, 95, 106, 112, 113, 115, controls on, Box 5.5 Cestodiscus 2.3 129, 132, 136, 143, 146, 173, 180, 198, Capitella 141 Chaguaramas formation 107 210, 219, 242, 283, 286–9, 291, 293, Capra 339 Chalcolithic 339–40 295, 298, 300, 302, 305, 308–9, 312, Capreolus 10.2 Chalk, Chalk group 32, 33, 36, 49, 115, 244, 316, 317, 320, 323, 325–40, 2.30, 7.1, Caracomia 92 290, 295, 296, 298, 308, 309, 340, 5.20, 10.2–10.5 Caran sequence 2.32 5.22, 6.2–6.3, 8.1–8.2 Bronze Age archaeology 317, 338, 10.1 Carapita formation 257, 260 Chamishella 113 Bruce field 33, 5.24 Caratas formation 257 Channel tunnel 308, 8.1 Bryozoans 32, 106, 2.1, 3.1 carbon dioxide sequestration 315 Chaomidianzi formation 55 Bu Hasa field 220 carbon isotope stratigraphy 66 Characichichnos 120 Buccella 325 carbonate environments, sediments, Charnia 164, 231 Buccinosphaera 2.7 carbonate reservoirs 129–32, Box 3.2 Charniodiscus 164 Buckland, Rev. William 57, 335 (132–5), 201, 205, Box 4.1 (206–12), Box Chasmops 112 Bulgaria 101 5.2 (216–18), Box 5.3 (218–20), 280, Chelichnus 120 Bulimina 126, 129, 143, 313, 326, 3.12 282–3, 290 chemostratigraphy 66–7 Buliminella 126, 129, 286, 5.37, 5.47 Carbonicola 7.2 Chiasmolithus 2.4, 5.42 Burgan formation 232 Carboniferous 2.38, 3.18, 7.1–7.2 Chiastozygus 2.4 Burtle formation 329 carboniferous limestone 30, 32 Chichali formation 271 Buzasina galeata 5.23 Caribbean (see also Atlantic, northern South Chicxulub impact crater 175 Byzantine archaeology 325 America and Caribbean) 117–120, Chile 102 143, 219 Chilostomella 129, 135, 143 C3 and C4 plants 100 Carichnium 120 Chimana formation 257 Cabo de Gata Lagoon 311 Carnarvon basin 53 China 18, 22, 28, 53, 55, 57, 63, 101, 113, calcareous Algae 13, 94–5, 2.1, 3.1 Carpathians 121, 136, 138, 140 117, 118, 130, 131 calcareous nannofossils or nannoplankton Caryapollenites 5.22 Chinji formation 273, 276 13, 93–4, 340–1, 2.1, 2.4, 3.1, 4.7, 5.36, Caspian Sea 27, 67, 201, 293, 309 Chitarwata formation 273, 276 5.42, 5.47 Cassidulina 129, 139, 143, 325, 3.12, 4.6 Chitinozoans 50, 116, 2.1, 3.1 Calcarina 127, 3.10 Cassigerinella 2.6 Chlamys 211 Calcicalathina 2.4 Castillo formation 118, 119 Chondrites 141 Calciodinellum 92 Castor 10.2 Chororapithecus 189 Calculites 2.4 Casuarin 211 chronostratigraphic diagrams 50, 212, 227, Calleva Atrenatum (Silchester), Catapsydrax 2.6 4.1–4.2, 5.24, 5.41, 5.43 Hampshire 316 Cathayornis 55 Chuanbeiella 113 Callialasporites 155 Cathaysia, Cathaysian realm 100, 147, 3.17 Chuar group 21 Calpionellids 22, 99, 2.1, 3.1 Catinaster 2.4 Cibicides 129, 325, 3.8, 4.6 Calyculus 94 Caucasus 45, 68, 124 Cibicidoides 135, 142, 143 Calymene 39, 40 Caulostrepsis 3.6 Cicatricosiporites 155 Calyptogena 141 Cauvery basin 269, 270–3, 278 Cimmeria 3.20–3.21 Cambay basin 269, 270, 271, 276 Celtic, culture 338 Cipero formation 257 Cambay Shale, formation 269, 270, 276 Cenodiscus 5.21 Cirratriradites 302 Cambria 113 Cenosphaera 5.21 Cistecephalus 2.27 Cambrian 2.34, 3.14 Cenozoic 62, 86–9, 149–50, 152, 175–99, Citharina 3.8 Cambrian evolutionary biota 157 2.1–2.7, 2.32–2.33, 3.11, 4.2–4.6, 5.5, Cladophora 105 Cambrian evolutionary diversification 165 5.36–5.37, 5.41–5.42, 5.47–5.51 Clair field 67

Index 395

Claraia 107, 170 Corbisema 2.2 Cyclotella 323 Clarens formation 2.27 Cordaites 170 Cymatiosphaera 272 Clarias 337 core sampling 1.2 Cymatosira 323 Classopollis 100, 149, 154, 155, 266 Cornuproteus 112 Cymodocea 126 clastic environments, sediments, clastic Cornuspira 326 Cynognathus 55, 2.27 reservoirs 126, Box 3.1 (128–9), 137, correlation 60, 62 Cyphastrea. 135 Box 3.4 (138–41), Box 4.1 (206–12), Corumba group 21 Cyprus 92 283–9, 291 Coryphidium 95 Cyrtograptus 50, 2.26 Clavulina 127, 3.8 Coryphostoma 3.8 Cystammina 2.33, 5.23 Clethrionomys 10.2 Coscinodiscus 180, 2.3 Cytherella 113 Climacograptus 50, 2.25 Coscinospirillina 5.9 Czech Republic 37 Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Cosmoraphe 3.6 Program (CLAMP) 100, 101, Costistricklandia 105 Dactylioceras 109 150–2 Cotorra member 260, 5.47 Daedalus 59 climatostratigraphy 151 Craspedodiscus 2.3 Dalmanites 112 Clorinda 105 “crags” 33 Dama 10.3 Cloudina 102, 130, 145 Crati fan 139 Dansgard–Oeschger events 152 Clovis people 176 Crato formation 45 Danish basin 131 cluster analysis 66, 154–5, 3.7.3 Crendonites 2.16 Danskekalk (Danish Chalk) 32 Clydoniceras 2.15 Crepidolithus 94, 2.4 Darai Limestone 66 Clypeaster 116 Creswellian, culture 335 Darwin, Charles ix, 57, 156 coal, coal geology and mining 294, Cretaceous 2.42, 3.8, 3.22, 4.7, 5.3–5.4, Datta formation 269, 271 299–307, 7.1–7.2 5.12–5.13, 5.36, 5.41, 5.43–5.45, 8.1–8.2 Dawkins, Richard 156 Coal Measures 32, 34, 45, 106, 210, 301, Cretarhabdus 2.4 Davis Strait 13 302, 305 Crete 140, 311, 316 Dayongaspis 53 coal-bed methane or coal-seam gas 267, 294 Cribroelphidium 96 De Geer land bridge 178–9 Cocconeis 323 Cribrostomoides 5.23 Deccan Large Igneous Province, Traps 268 Cochlearites 107 crinoids 45–6, 49, 114–15, 2.1, 2.22–2.23, 3.1 deep marine environments 135–43 Coelodonta 323, 335, 10.3 Cristallinium 272 Delops 112 Coelosporella 132 Cro Magnon ix deltas, peri-deltaic sub-environments, Co-Existence Approach (CoA) 101, 152 Croagh Patrick 316 reservoirs, 96, 126, Box 3.1 (128–9), cold seeps: see hydrocarbon seeps Crocidura 10.2 283–6, 3.9, 5.37–5.38, 5.46 Collosphaera 2.7 Crocodylus 119 palaeontological characterisation of, Colombia (see also northern South America Crocuta 335, 10.3 Box 3.1 and Caribbean) 63, 117, 291, 5.35 Cromer Forest-Bed formation 326, 327 Dendrophrya 3.3 Colpocoryphe 111 Cromer Knoll group 5.20 Denmark, Danish sector of the North Sea Columbus basin 257, 260, 293, 312 Cruciellipsis 2.4 32, 117, 210 common risk segment (CRS) maps 225, Cruciplacolithus 2.4 Densosporites 305 249, 278 Crucirhabdus 2.4 Dentalina 129, 135, 325 Compositaepollenites 5.22 Cruse formation 257, 5.47 Denticulopsis 2.3 composite common risk segment (CCRS) Cruziana 59, 111, 120, 121, 122 Deroceras 107 maps 225, 227 Cryptolucina 106 Deshayesites 2.17 Conchocele 143 Cubagua formation 118 Desmoceras 109 condensed sections (CSs) 201, 221, 222, Culm basin 99 Desmophyllum 103 4.2, 5.5 Cuneiphycus 130 Devonian 2.37, 3.17 Confuciornis 55 Curtohibolites 111 Dhamodar basin 269 Conglophragmium 5.23 Curvirimula 7.2 Dhok Pathan formation 273, 276 Congo (see also South Atlantic) 313 Cusiana field 291, 5.35 Dhruma formation 232, 5.9 Conicorbitolina 5.44 Cuyana basin 117 Dhrumella 5.9 conodonts: see fish Cyanobacteria 9–10, 90, 2.1, 3.1 Dhulaima field 280, 5.45 Conorotalites 211 Cyathidites 155 Diacheila 336 constrained optimisation (CONOP) 63 Cyclagelosphaera 94 Diatoms 12–13, 93, 341, 2.1, 2.3, 3.1 Conusphaera 2.4 Cyclammina 129, 286, 2.33, 4.6, 5.37 Diaphorodendron 305 Conway Morris, Simon 156 Cycloclypeus 3.10 Diazomatolithus 2.4 Coope, Russell 114 Cyclorbiculina 127, 3.10 Dicarinella 308, 2.6 corals 29–30, 103, 105, 2.1, 2.8, 3.1, 3.4 Cyclopyge 112 Dicellograptus 50, 2.25 coral reef vitality 313–14 cyclostratigraphy 67 Dicerorhinus 10.2

396 Index

Dicranograptus 50, 2.25 Early Cambrian mass extinction 166 Epistacheoides 132 Dickinsartella 107 Eartham formation 333, 334 Epistominella 3.12 Dickinsonia 102, 231 Easington formation 329 Eponides 129 Dicroidium 100, 114, 173, 307 East Africa 34, 36, 43, 53, 113, 117, 130, 267, Eprolithus 2.4 Dictyocha 2.2 334 Equisetum 114, 307 Dictyodora 59 East Grimstead quarry, Wiltshire 298, 6.3 Equitability 153, 154 Dictyomitra 211 Eastern Venezuelan basin 5, 121, 129, 249 Equus 190, 333, 335, 10.2 Dictyophimus 99 Ecca group 306, 307, 2.27 Eratidus 5.23 Dictyonema 50, 2.25 Echinoids 49, 115–16, 2.1, 2.22–2.23, 3.1, 3.6 Erbiella 28 Dictyotidium 272 Echioceras 2.14 Ericsonia 2.4 Dictyotriletes 305 ecological depression of extinction datums Erinaceus 10.2 Dicynodon 55, 2.27 (see also range offset) 60, 4.4 Esfordi formation 231 Didymocyrtis 2.7 ‘Ediacarans’ 28, 102, 2.1, 3.1 Esosyrinx 325 Didymograptus 50, 116, 5.25 Eggerella 129, 286, 5.37 Espirito Santo basin 264 Dimorphichnus 59 Egypt 68, 115, 216, 293, 309, 311 Estcourt formation 307 Dindymene 111 Eiffelithus 2.4 Estheria 114 dinoflagellates 10–11, 92, 2.1, 3.1, Eisenackia 5.22 Estonia 21 5.21–5.22 Ekofisk formation 5.20, 5.22 Euhoplites 2.17 Diploastrea 133, 135, 212 El Abra formation 220 Eumorphoceras 109 Diplocraterion 3.6 El Buho canyon-fan system 139 Eupoikilofusa 272 Diplodocus 118 El Cantil formation 257 Euramerica, Euramerican realm 27, 45, 55, Discamminoides 5.47 El Garia formation 216, 217 100, 118, 147, 149, 301, 3.16–3.20 Discoaster 89, 2.4, 5.42, 5.49 Eldfisk field 290 Eurasia 113, 120, 131, 150 Discorbis 126, 129 Elephas 273 Europe, European platform 11, 18, 22, Discorhabdus 2.4 elevation, elevation rate 124 27, 33, 34, 49, 54, 130, 136, 177–80, Distephanus. Elliot formation 2.27 277, 3.22 ditch-cuttings 1.2 Ellipsagelosphaera 2.4 European Land Mammal Ages (ELMAs) 57, diversity 153, 154 Ellipsolithus 2.4 177, 183–8, 190, 191, 193, 194 Diyab basin 227, 5.11 Elphidiella 325 European Water Framework Directive Dmanisi, Georgia 320, 325 Elphidium 126, 129, 142, 325, 326, 4.6 (EWFD) 313 Doggerland 335–6 Emakwezini formation 307 Everglades National Park, Florida 313 Dolichopithecus 191 Emeishan Traps 171 Evolutinella 5.23 dominance 153, 154 Emiliania 93, 2.4 evolution 155, 156–8, 3.24 Dominican Republic 45 end-Cretaceous mass extinction 174–5, 3.24 of complex life (eukaryoyes) 163 Donezella 130 end-Eocene mass extinction 175 of flight 169 Dornoch formation 5.22 end-Ordovician mass extinction 167–8, 3.24 of flowering plants 174 Dorothia 2.33, 3.8, 5.23 end-Palaeocene mass extinction 175 of forests 169 Doushantuo formation 18 end-Permian mass extinction 169–72, 3.24 of grasslands and grassland animals 175 Douvilleiceras 2.17 end-Triassic mass extinction 172–4, 3.24 of humans 175–6 Doyangapsis 111 engineering geology 308–11, 8.1–8.2 of life on land 166–7 Drakensberg group 2.27 Entobia 3.6 of multicellularity 163–4 drilling, bits, costs, environments, fluids, Entomis 113 of reefs 165–6 operations, rigs, technologies 5.6 entomopalynology 341 of vertebrates 166 Dryopithecus 187 environmental archaeology 322–32 evolutionary events 156–7 Dubrajpur formation 272 environmental context of archaeological evolutionary biotas 157–8 Duero basin 130 sites 323 Exogyra 33 Dunlin formation 129, 5.20 environmental science 293, 308, 312–15 extinction 155, 158–60, 3.24 Durania 219 environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Exxon Valdez oil spill, bioremediation 314 Duvalia 110 293, 308, 312 Dvinella 130 environmental monitoring 293, Faeroe–Shetland basin 179, 180 Dwyka group 306, 2.27 312–14 Fahud field 220 dynamic data 1.1 Eocene 3.26–3.28, 5.14, 5.22, 5.25, 5.27–5.34 Far East 13, 27, 66, 105, 113, 130, 136, Dynamic Global Vegetation Model Eocoelia 31, 105 208–11, 263, 277, 4.5 (DGVM) 150 Eodicynodon 55, 2.27 Fasciculithus 2.4 dysoxia, dysoxic environments 125, 126, Eopoikilofusa Fateh field 220 159, 215, 223–4, 278 Ephedra 154, 193 Fatehgarh formation 269, 276

Index 397

Favia 133, 135, 212 Gabon (see also South Atlantic) 163 Glyptograptus 50, 2.25 Favites 135 Gajulapadu formation 269, 270 Gnetum 154 Fayum, Egypt 337–8 Galloway, Bill 200 Godavari formation 271 Fayumian, culture 337–8 Ganga basin 271, 272 Godavari drainage basin, river 277 feeding, apparatus, behaviours, strategies, Gangamopteris 306 Golapalli formation 271 traces 123–4, 3.3, 3.13, 5.49–5.50 Ganges–Brahmaputra drainage basin, Golden Lane trend 220 Felis 10.2 river 278 Gomphotherium land bridge 185 Fenestrella 180 Gansserina gansseri 2.6 Gondwana, Gondwanan realm 27, 39, 55, Fergus formation 5.22 Garau basin 5.12, 5.13 95, 96, 100–2, 105, 107, 112, 113, 116, Finland 125 Garcia formation 257 117, 119, 146, 147, 149, 151, 267, 277, fish 50, 53, 117–18, 2.1, 3.1 gas or methane hydrate 294 301, 306, 307, 3.14–3.21 Fissurina 325 Gastrioceras 305, 2.13 Gondwana Wealden facies 43, 264 Flabellammina 5.9 Gastrochaenolites 3.6 Gondwanan basins 43, 267, 269, 272, 273, Fleet River deposits 340 gastropods 34, 107–8, 2.1, 2.11, 3.1, 10.4 305, 306 Fleming field 63, 155 Gaudryina 326, 3.8 Goniastrea 135 Flett formation 179 Gault Clay 308 Goniatites 2.13 Flexicalymene 111 Gavelinella 3.8 Goniopora 133, 135, 212 Florida 313 Gelification Index (GI) 294, 299, 300 Gonioteuthis 36, 111, 309, 2.18 Florinites 305 Geographic Information System (GIS) Gordiospira 325 Foinaven field 179 154, 225 Goru formation 271 foraminifera or foraminiferans 21–2, 96–9, geosteering 67 Gotnia basin 227 Box 3.3 (135–6), Box 3.5 (142–3), Geragnostus 112 Gould, Stephen Jay 156 Box 3.6 (161–2), Box 5.2, (216–18), Germany 21, 35, 45, 94, 99, 114, 119, Graecopithecus 189 Box 10.1 (325–32), 2.1, 2.6, 2.33, 3.1, 143, 154 Grallator 120 3.3, 3.10–3.13, 3.23, 3.25, 4.2–4.7, 5.9, Gervilleioperna 107 graphic correlation 62–3, 5.21, 5.23, 5.36–5.37, 5.42, 5.44, 5.47, Gesner ix 2.31–2.32, 4.3 5.49, 6.2–6.3, 8.1–8.2 Ghazij formation 268, 276 graptolites 49–50, 116, 2.1, forensic science 340–1 Ghawar field 230 2.24–2.26, 3.1 entomology 341 Gibraltar 311 Gravettian, culture 335 palynology 341 Ginkgophytopsis 114, 307 Great Barrier Reef 314 Forest formation 257 Gladius 2.3 Great Basin 105 Forest of Dean basin 302 Glaphyrites 109 Great Britain: see British Isles former Soviet Union/Union of Soviet global change, anthropogenically Green River formation 117, 131 Socialist Republics (USSR) 10, 11, 13, mediated 315 Greenland 106, 111, 143, 301 15, 19, 21, 22, 27–30, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42, Global Stratotype Sections and Points Grenada basin 191 45, 49, 53, 117, 129–32, 164, 168, 214, (GSSPs) 68–9, 72, 79, 81, 83, 86–9 Grimsdalea 5.47 300, 301 Globigerina 2.6, 5.42 Griphopithecus 185 Fort Union formation 302 Globigerinatella 2.6 Groenlandia 340 Fortelius, Mikael 182 Globigerinatheka 2.6 gross depositional environment (GDE) Forties field 286–9, 5.48–5.49 Globigerinelloides 2.6 maps: see Palaeogeography Forties formation, reservoir, sequence 140, Globigerinoides 2.6 ground water index (GWI) 300 286, 2.32, 5.20, 5.22, 5.48–5.49 Globobulimina 135, 139, 143, 3.12 Gryphaea 3.5 France 35, 94, 106, 109, 113, 120, 130, 132, Globorotalia 2.6, 5.42 Grzybowski, Josef x 135, 143, 206, 208–12, 312 Globorotalites 308, 3.8 Guadalupe formation 260, 291 Francesita 135 Globotruncana 308, 2.6 Guayaguayare formation 257 Franceville basin 163 Globotruncanella 2.6 Guinea 22, 29 fresh-water environments 124–5, 3.1 Globotruncanita 2.6 Gulf of Mexico 13, 22, 36, 43, 60, 63, 66, Frigg formation, sequence 2.32, 5.20 Globuligerina 2.6 138, 141–3, 201, 208, 210, 211, 219, Frondicularia 211 Globulina 3.8 225, 253, 4.2, 4.4 Fulmar formation 5.20 Gloeocapsomorpha 214 Gulf of Thailand 63 functional morphology 123–4, 246, 265, Glomospira 129, 286, 3.3, 5.23, 5.37, 5.47 Gullfaks field 283 276, 3.3, 3.5, 5.2 Glomospirella 2.33 Gunflint Chert 15 fungi 27, 101–2, 2.1, 3.1 Glossifungites 120, 121, 147, 206 Gurnigel–Schlieren flysch 135 Furrial trend 260 Glossomyophorus 280 Guttulina 325 Fuzzy C Means (FCM) cluster analysis 154–5 Glossopteris 100, 170, 277, 306, 307 Gyroidina 129, 135, 3.12 fuzzy logic 155 Glycimeris 3.5 Gyroidinoides 3.8

398 Index

Habshan formation 5.43 Himalayas 124, 181, 187, 267, 268, 276 Indus fan 277 Hadley Centre Atmospheric General Hindeodus 81 Infaunal Trophic Index (ITI) 313 Circulation Model (HadAM) 150, 152 Hipparion 189, 273 Inoceramus 33 Haldane, J.B.S. 114 Hippocrepina 3.3 insects 43, 45, 114, 341, 2.1, 2.21, 3.1, 10.5 Halkieria 28 Hippopotamus 323, 10.2–10.3 integrated reservoir characterisation (and Halyphysema 3.3 Hippotherium 189 reservoir modelling) 279, 280–9 Hamarophyllum 103 Hirnantia 105, 147, 167, 168 Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Hammerfest–Nordkapp basin 178 Hobsonia 141 Change (IPCC) 315 Hampshire basin Hoeglundina 129, 135 International Commission on Stratigraphy Hanau basin 183 Holaster 49 (ICS), website 68 Hanifa formation 232 Holderness formation 331 Interpollis 5.22 Hantkenina 2.6 Holocene mass extinction 176–7 Inter-Trappean beds 12 Hanyangaspis 53 Homo 197–9, 320, 333, 335, 3.38–3.40, 10.2 Ioanella 135 Hantkenina 87 Homoceras 2.13 Iperk sequence 4.6 Hanyangaspis 53 Hoplites 2.17 Iran (see also Middle East) 68, 133, 214, 220 Hanzawaia 129, 5.37 Hoploscaphites 109 Iraq (see also Middle East) 220, 5.43 Haploceras 109 Hordeum 338 Irati formation 118 Haplophragmoides 126, 2.33, 4.6, 5.21 Horiopleura 280 Iron Age archaeology 317, 339, 10.1 Happisburgh 326 Hormuz Salt formation 231 Isoxys 113 Haq, Bil(al) 201 Horn of Africa 211, 334 Isthmolithus 2.4 Harpenden, Hertfordshire 316 Hupeolenus 39 Isthmus of Panama 120, 257, 261 Hart, Malcolm 295 Huqf supergroup 130 Italy 94, 119, 135, 143, 149 Hartshill formation 28 Hutton, James, and Hutton’s Iyo-nada Bay 311 Harwich formation 180 Unconformity 8 Hasdrubal field 216–7 Hyalinea 142 Jacadigo group 21 Haurania 5.9 Hydnophora 133, 212 Jaculella 3.3 Hawaii 314 hydrocarbon seeps 137, 141–9 Jadammina 126, 3.3, 4.6 Hawke’s Bay 311 benthic foraminifera and Jaintia group 271 Hawkins field, 63, 155 ostracods associated with, Box 3.5 Jaisalmer basin 269, 272, 273, 276 Hayesites 2.4 (142–3) Japan 108, 143, 311 Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) hydrothemal vents 137, 141 Java 66 issues (see also environmental science) Hygromia 10.4 Jdeir formation 216 1, 3, 7, 289, 291, Box 5.6 (293) Hyperammina 5.23 Jeanne d’Arc basin 122 Palaeontology and, Box 5.6 Hyperoodon 120 Jeletskytes 109 Heather formation 5.20 Hypsilophodon 55 Jenam formation 270 heavy minerals 67 Jhelum formation 271 Hedbergella 98, 266, 280, 282, 283, 308, 2.6 Iapetognathus 72 Jhurio formation 269 Heidiphyllum 114, 307 Iapetus 112, 118, 146, 3.14–3.15 Jinju formation 132 Heimdal formation 5.20 Iberia 39 Jiufotang formation 55 Heinrich events 152 ichnofacies 120, 121, 3.6 Jordan (see also Middle East) 53 Helicosphaera 2.4 ichthyoliths: see fish Jumara formation 269 Heliolithus 2.4 Ictidosuchoides 170 Jurassic 2.30, 2.41, 3.21, 5.9–5.10, 5.21, 5.24, Helix 338 Iguanodon 55 5.26, 5.41 Helminthoida 3.6 Illaenopsis 111 Helosphaeridium 272 Illinois basin 302 Kadi formation 271 Helvetoglobotruncana 2.6 Inaperturopollenites 5.22 Kalol formation 269, 271 Hemiaulus 2.3 India (see also Indian subcontinent) 126, Kamaena 132 Hemidiscus 2.3 149, 300, 3.22 Kamaenella 130, 132 Hensonella 211, 234 Indian Ocean 105, 120, 141, 149, 223, 224, Kamlial formation 273, 276 Heterocyclina 127, 3.10 277, 278, 3.22 Kanakollu formation 271 Heterostegina 127, 3.10 Indian subcontinent 11, 12, 19, 22, 27, 36, Kapuni group 302 Heterostomella 3.8 43, 53, 55, 57, 63, 149, 153, 187, 206, Karharbari formation 272 Hexaprotodon 273 222, 267–78, 300, 306, 5.40–5.42 Karoo basin(s) 55, 117, 170, 171, 306 Hibernian Greensand 219 Indo-Pacific province, realm 98, 99, 105, Karoo group/supergroup 114, 118, 2.27 Hibolites 110, 111, 152 126, 133, 134, 144, 149, 150, 181 Karoo–Ferrar Large Igneous Province 267 Hibolithes 110 Indus basin 63, 153, 269, 271, 277, 278, 5.41 Karreriella 2.33, 5.23 Hildoceras 2.14 Indus drainage basin, river 277 Karrerulina 5.23

Index 399

Kazakhstania 3.15, 3.17–3.19 Lakhanda formation 15 Lithraphidites 2.4 Kazhdumi basin 230, 5.13 Lamba formation 179 Lithastrinus 2.4 Kent basin 302 Lamprocyrtis 99, 2.7 Littleton, Co. Tipperary 338–9 Kenya 34, 114, 120 Land Mammal Ages (LMAs) 3.26 Lituotuba 5.23 Kenyanthropus 192 land uses associated with occupation Lizard Springs formation 257 Kerala basin (see also Konkan–Kerala basin) (of archaeological sites) 323 Llanos basin 257, 291 126 Laryngosigma 325, 326 Lobatopteris 305 Kerkennah field 217 Las Piedras formation 257, 5.47 Lockhart formation 269 key biological events in Earth history Late Cambrian mass extinction 166 Lonchopteris 305 155–99 Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) London 323, 340 Khami group 231 mass extinction 174 London basin 180 Kharaib formation 66, 133, 232, 234, Late Devonian mass extinction 168–9, 3.24 London Clay 33 290, 5.43 Late Precambrian mass extinction 164–5 Long Man of Wilmington 320 Khuiala formation 276 Lates 337 Lopha 33 Khuff formation 290 Laurentia 107, 112, 113, 116, 146, 147, Lophelia 103 Killard Point formation 331 3.14–3.16 Lophosphaeridium 272 Kimmeridge Clay formation 94, 214, 241, Laurasia 102, 118, 119 Lorenzinia 3.6 249, 5.20, 5.26 “Law of Strata identified by organised Los Jabillos formation 257 Kincardine basin 294 Fossils” 60, 2.30 Lotharingius 94 Kirmington formation 328 leaf margin analysis (LMA) 100, 150, Louth formation 330 Komarakshi formation 271 151, 152 Lovelock, James 160 Kommugedem formation 270 Leioceras 2.15 Low Isles Reef 314 Komia 130 Lekhwair field 280, 5.45 Lower Rhine basin 183 Koninckopora 130, 132 Lekhwair formation 5.43 Lowestoft formation 327 Kopanoar sequence 4.6 Lemmus 332, 333 Loxostomum 3.8 Kopili formation 270, 271 Lengua formation 257, 5.47 Lucianorhabdus 2.4 Korea 132 Lenticulina 129, 135, 209, 210, 211, 212, Lucinoma 143 Kovacs-Endrody, Eva 307 3.8, 5.21 Ludwigia 2.15 Krishna formation 269, 270 Leonella 92 Lumshiwal formation 271 Krishna–Godavari basin 269–73, 276, 278 Lepidocyclina 211 Lusitanian basin 93 Kudavasal formation 271 Lepidodendron 305 Lutra 10.2 Kugmallit formation, sequence 4.6 Lepidophloios 305 Lycopodium 341 Kujung formation 66 Leptoporia 133, 211, 212 Lycopodiumsporites 155 Kuldana formation 276 Leptoseris 133 Lyell, Charles 33 Kurnubia 5.9 Lepus 10.2 Lymnaea 333, 10.4 Kutch basin 206, 269, 271–3, 278 Levant (see also Middle East) 113 Lyramula 2.2 Kuwait (see also Middle East) 11, 220, 314, Liaoningornis 55 Lyringopteris 305 5.4, 5.43 Libya 10, 19, 39, 131, 217 Lystrosaurus 55, 170, 2.27 Kuwait–Saudi Arabia Partitioned Neutral Libyoceras 110 Lytoceras 109 Zone (see also Middle East) 220 Life positions 123–4, 3.3, 3.5, 3.13, 5.2, Kyoto Protocol 315 5.49, 5.50 Macaca 191, 10.2 Lilliputianella 98, 266 Macanopsis 3.6 Labrador Sea 136 Lima 107 Macigno flysch 135 Labrospira 3.3, 5.23 Limestone Coal formation 294 Mackenzie Bay formation 4.6 La Luna formation 257, 260 Lingula 170 Mackenzie delta 4.6 La Pica formation 257, 284, 5.47 Lingulithyris 105 MacLean Brook formation 10 La Troya mine 220, 295, 6.1 Lingulogavelinella 308 Macrocephalites 109, 2.15 La Venta formation 118 Linne, Carl ix Mad Dog field 66 Labropollis 5.22 Lingula 105, 170 Madagascar 57, 113, 267, 307 Lagena 325, 326 Linopteris 305 Madrid basin 130 Lagenammina 5.23 Linum 338 magnetostratigraphy 67–8 Lagoa Parda field 264 Lisburne group 13, 22, 29, 32, 42 Magnus field 5.24 Lake Bogoria 130 Lista formation 5.20, 5.22 Magnus formation 5.20 Lake Sapanca 311 Listriolobus 140 Mahakam delta 128 Lake Tanganyika 130 Lithioperna 107 Mahanadi basin 270 Lake Turkana 34, 130 Lithiotis 107 Mainz basin 183 Lake Valley formation 131 Lithocodium 211, 280, 282 Maji ya Chumvi formation 114

400 Index

Malembo formation 265 Melut basin 27 Montipora 135 mammals 57, 119–20, Box 3.7 (177–80), Mendel, Gregor 156 Montrose group 286, 5.22 Box 3.8 (181–99), 2.1, 2.28, 3.1, 3.26, Merimda Beni Salama 337 Moose Channel formation 4.6 10.2–10.3, 10.6 Merlinia 39, 111 Moray group 5.22 evolution and dispersal of, Box 3.7, Mesa formation 257, 5.47 Morocco 13, 39, 93, 94, 103, 110, 125, 143 Box 3.8 Mesocena 2.2 Morozovella 2.6 Mammuthus 323, 335, 10.3 Mesohibolites 111 morphogroups, morphotypes 95, 96, 102, Mandapeta formation 269, 271 Mesolithic archaeology 317, 335–7, 10.1 128, 129, 139, 140, 153, 155, 221, 222, Manicouagan impact crater 173 Mesopithecus 189 249, 265, 278, 279, 283, 286, 291, 308 Manna formation 271 Mesoplodon 120 Moschorhinus 170 Mannar basin 269 Mesorbitolina 280, 5.44 Mount Sandel, Co. Derry 336–7 Mannville group 294, 302 Mesosaurus 118 Mousterian, culture 199, 335 Mantell, Gideon 57 Mesozoic 62, 81, 83, 147–9, 151–2, 172–5, Muglad basin 27 Maracaibo basin 257 2.1, 2.4, 2.6 Multiplicisphaeridium 96 marginal marine environments 126, 128–9 Mesozoic evolutionary diversification 172 Mumbai Island formation 276 Marginopora 126, 127, 3.10 Mesozoic–Cenozoic or modern Muscardinus) 10.2 Marginotruncana 2.6 evolutionary biota 157–8 Mustela 10.2 marine bands (MBs) 302, 305 Metapodocarpoxylon 100 mutual climate range (MCR) 114, 150, marine environments 125–6, 3.1, 3.2 Mexico 129, 220, 253 152, 334 marine isotope stages (MISs) 151 Mianwali formation 269 mutual ostracod temperature range Marlim field 5.39 Micraster 49, 2.23 (MOTR) 334 Marrat formation 232 Micrhystridium 272 Mya 3.5 Marsh, Othniel 115 Microbially Enhanced Oil Recovery Myanmar 300 Marsipella 3.3 (MEOR) 279 Mytiloperna 107 Marsupites 49, 115, 2.23 Microdictyon 28 Mytilus 3.5 Martes 10.2 Microreticulatisporites 305 Marthasterites 2.4 Microrhabdulus 2.4 Nagri formation 273, 276 Martinottiella 2.33, 5.23 Microstaurus 2.4 Nahr Umr formation 234, 5.43 mass extinction events 158–60 Microtus 332, 333, 334, 10.2, 10.6 Naiadites 7.2 Causes of, 160 Middle East 5, 10, 11, 13, 19, 22, 26–30, 32, Nakalipithecus 189 Effects of, 158–9 34, 36, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 53, 57, 66, 67, Nam Con Son basin 142, 222 Periodicity of, 159–60 122, 129, 130, 132, 133, 147, 210, 211, Nama group 28, 130 Massawa, Eritrea 334–5 215, 219, 220, 222, 225, 226–38, 280–3, Namibia 21, 28, 102, 118, 130, 143, 145 Massospondylus 2.27 290, 4.7, 5.3–5.4, 5.7–5.18, 5.43–5.45 Nannilam formation 271 Mastodonsaurus 55 Miliammina 126, 129, 286, 3.3, 5.37 Nannoconus colomii 2.4 Matanzia 2.33 Miliolinella 325 Nannotetrina 2.4, 5.42 Maturin sub-basin 283 Miller, Stanley 163 Naokelekan basin 5.11 Mauddud formation 220, 5.4, 5.43 Mimomys 10.2 Naparima Hill formation 257, 260 Maureen formation 140, 5.20, 5.22 mineral exploration and exploitation Nar Valley formation 328 Mauritania 10 295–8, 6.1–6.3 Naricual formation 257, 260 Mawsonia 118, 266 Minoan, civilization 316 Natih formation 231, 234, 5.43 maximum flooding surface (MFS) 201, 4.1, Miocene 3.30–3.36, 5.16–5.17 National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska 4.3, 4.7, 5.24 Mirapsis 112 (NPRA) 312 mean annual precipitation (MAP) 101 Mirador formation 260 Nauchlan sequence 2.32 mean annual temperature (MAT) 101 Mirifusus 99 Nautiloculina 5.9 medical palynology 341 Mishrif formation 220 Navet formation 257 Medicine River formation 294 Misoa formation 260 Naviculopsis 2.2 medieval archaeology 316, 317, 339, Mississippi delta 128, 129, 301 Navifusa 271 340, 10.1 Mississippi fan 138 Neckera 339 Mediterranean, province, realm 57, 67, 98, Mitrolithus 94 Nekton falls 137 105, 129, 138, 140, 141, 149, 150, 181, Molteno formation 114, 307, 2.27 Nemagraptus 50, 2.25 218, 219, 223, 293, 309, 311 Mombasa basin 114 Neoflabellina 3.8 Megaloceros 333, 334, 335, 10.3 Monoclimacis 50 Neogene 2.44, 5.47 Megalosaurus 57 Monograptus 50, 72, 2.26 Neohibolites 111 Meles 10.2 Monsoon 187, 268, 276 Neolithic archaeology 317, 323, 337–9, 10.1 melissopalynology 341 Monterey Bay, California 315 Neomys 10.2 Melonis 129 Monterey fan 138 Neoveryhachium 96

Index 401

Nephrolithus 2.4 Nuktak formation 4.6 Ostrea 33, 3.5 Nereites 120 Nummulites 129, Box 5.2 (216–18), 3.10, 5.42 Ostrya 339, 340 Neseuretus 111 Nummulite banks and reservoirs, Otavi group 28 Neuquen basin 90, 173 Box 5.2. Otavia 28 New Zealand 63, 101, 141–3, 302, 311 Nymphaea 337 Otoliths: see fish Newgrange, Co. Meath 337 Ouranopithecus 189, 190 Ngrayong formation 66 Obik Sea 93, 99, 110, 148, 150, 178, 183 Ourenodon 55 Niger delta 128, 201, 208, 263 ocean acidification 315 Oville formation 10 Nigeria 13, 22, 27, 57 oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) 137, 223, 264 Ovis 335 Nilawahan formation 269, 271 Oculipollis 5.22 Owen, Richard 57 Nile delta 4.3 Oedomyophorus 280, 282 Oxfordshire basin 302 Ninian field 283 Offaster 49, 298 oxygen isotope stratigraphy 66, 151 Niobrara chalk 115 Offneria 280, 282 oxygen isotope stages (OISs) Niravi formation 271 Oficina trend 260 66, 151 Nise formation 140 Old Red Sandstone, continent 27, 53 oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) 125, 137, Nitzschia 265, 2.3 Old World 181–99 215, 224, 277, 278, 3.12 Nodosaria 135 Oldowan, culture 198 oxygen-related biofacies 125–6 Nolloth group 21 Oligocene 3.29–3.30, 5.15 Oxynoticeras 2.14 non-marine bivalves 7.2 Olpad formation 269 non-marine environments 124–5, 3.1 Oman (see also Middle East) 63, 66, 107, 129, Pabdeh basin 230, 5.14 Nonion 126, 129, 143, 325 130, 147, 220, 280, 5.4, 5.43, 5.45 Pachycyrtella 106, 107, 147 Nonionella 326 Oman mountains 231 Pachyseris 135 Nonionellina 325 Oolina 325 Pacific, province, realm 99, 118, 138, 141, Normalograptus 167 Operation Desert Storm, bioremediation 143, 144, 150, 3.21–3.22 Norman archaeology 339, 10.1 314–5 Pakefield, Suffolk 326 Normandien formation 307 Operculina 127 Pakistan (see also Indian subcontinent) 63, Normapolles 100, 149 Operculinella 127 153, 5.41–5.42 North Africa 10, 13, 19, 22, 26, 27, 32, 34, Operculinoides 3.10 palaeoaltimetry, palaeoaltitude, 36, 39, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 53, 113, 122, Ophiomorpha 140, 286, 3.6 palaeoelevation 124 130, 147, 149, 215, 222, 227 Ophthalmidium 326 Palaeoaplysina 147 North America 27, 36, 49, 96, 102, 120, 130, Oppel 35 palaeobathymetry 126–43, 153–4, 3.8, 3.11, 131, 150, 176–80, 3.21–3.22 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) 3.23, 4.2, 4.5, 4.7, 5.23 North American Land Mammal Ages 68, 309, 320, 334 palaeobiogeography 143–50, 154 (NALMAs) 57, 177 Orbiculiforma 5.21 palaeobiology, palaeoecology, North Atlantic 100, 103, 106–8, 120, 136, Orbiculoidea 105 palaeoenvironmental interpretation 142, 143, 221, 239, 3.22 Orbitolina 5.44 90–199, 232, 234, 245–6, 249, 261–2, North Dome/South Pars field 230 Orbulinoides 2.6. 5.42 265, 273, 276, 277–8, 280, 285–6, North Pacific 13, 22, 107, 108, 150 Ordovician 2.35, 3.15 286–9, 301, 305, 306–7, 1.1, 3.1, 5.37, North Sea 11, 13, 21, 22, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, Ordovician evolutionary diversification 5.46, 5.49 43, 63, 67, 122, 129, 136, 138, 140–3, 166 key biological events in Earth history 155, 179, 180, 208, 210, 211, 213, 223, Organic carbon, organic matter, flux 155–99 238–49, 283, 286–9, 290, 291, 293, 305, (production), preservation 125, 223, palaeobiological usefulness of selected 2.32–2.33, 5.19–5.34, 5.46, 5.48–5.51 277–8 fossil groups 90–122 North Sea Drift formation 327 Oridorsalis 135 quantitative and other techniques in North-west Africa 10 Origin of life (prokaryotes) 160, 163 153–5 northern South America and Caribbean 5, Orinoco, basin, delta, river 107, 117–20, Palaeobiology Database (PBDB), website 90 11, 13, 22, 27, 34, 36, 43, 63, 106–8, 128, 129, 136, 257, 283, 286, 301, Palaeocene 3.26, 5.14, 5.22 117–22, 126, 128, 129, 136, 141, 143, 5.37–5.38 Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum 211, 219, 249, 253, 256–62, 283–6, 291, Orinoco tar belt 260 (PETM) 180, 315 293, 312, 313, 5.35–5.39, 5.47 Orrisdale formation 330 palaeoclimatology 150–2, 154, Box 3.7 Norway, Norwegian sector, North Sea 138, Orrorin 191, 192 (177–80), Box 3.8 (181–99), 10.5–10.6 283, 290, 293 Ormathops 111 Palaeodictyon 3.6 Norwegian Sea 99, 140 Orthonotocythere 113, 266 palaeoenvironmental interpretation Norwich Crag formation 326 Osangularia 135, 3.8 122–6 Nothofagidites 100, 149 Osangulariella 135 on the basis of analogy 122–3 Nothofagus 101, 184 Ostracods 41–3, 112–14, Box 3.5 on the basis of functional morphology Notodendrodes 3.3 (142–3), 2.1, 3.1 123–4

402 Index

palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Pasarlapudi formation 271 Picea 192 Pleistocene–Holocene of the British Patala formation 269 Pictonia 2.16 Isles Box 10.1 (325–32) Pauji formation 260 Pictou coal-field 301 Palaeogene 2.43, 5.22 Paviland, Gower 335 Pierolapithecus 187 palaeogeography, palaeogeographic and Pavlovia 2.16 Pikaia 166 facies maps 62, Box 3.7 (177–80), Box Pavona 135 Pinna 219 3.8 (181–99), 234–8, 249, 262, 266, 278, Pecten 3.5 Pinjor formation 273 283, 286, 289, Box 10.1 (325–32), Pectinatites 2.16 Pinus 341 3.14–3.22, 3.27–3.40, 5.38–5.39, 5.45 Pedernales field 5, 21, 260, 283–6, 5.35, Piper formation 5.20 Palaeolithic archaeology 317, 332–5, 10.1 5.38, 5.47 Pirumella 92 Palaeoloxodon 10.3 Pedernales member 284, 5.38, Pisidium 333 palaeo-oceanography 153 5.47 Pisirhyncia 105 Palaeoperidinium 5.22 Pediastrum 129 Pitstone quarry, Hertfordshire 295–6, Palaeophycus 140 Peira Cava flysch 135 298, 6.2 Palaeorhinus 55 Pelagian basin 216 Pitimys 10.2 Palaeo-Tethys, Palaeo-Tethyan realm 98, Pelosina 3.3 Placenticeras 108, 109 102, 103, 147, 3.15–3.16, 3.18–3.20 Peltoceras 2.15 planktonic: benthic foraminiferal ratio palaeotemperature 151 Penarth group 173 153, 3.23 Palaeozoic 62, 69, 72, 79, 81, 145–7, 151, Peneroplis 126, 127, 3.10 Planolites 140, 3.6 165–72, 2.1, 2.24 Penicillium 315 Planorbis 10.4 Palaeozoic evoltionary biota 157 Pennine basin 302 Planorotalites 2.6 Palakollu formation 269, 270 Pentacrinites 49, 115 plants 26–7, 100–1, 150–1, 2.1, 3.1 Palo Seco field 285 Pentamerus 105 Planulina 135 Palorbitolina 280, 282, 286, 5.44 Pentland formation 5.20 Platygyra 135 Palorbitolinoides 5.44 Perinopollenites 155 Platysolenites 21 Palynofacies 3.7, 5.1, 5.46 Permian 2.39, 3.19 play fairway analysis or evaluation, Panchet formation 267, 272 Permian basin 130 mapping 62, 225, 227, 234–8, 1.1, 5.18 Pangaea 27, 55, 117, 118, 147, 3.19–3.20 Peru 143 Plectacantha 99 Panna formation 269, 270 Petrianna 113 Plesiastrea 133 Panthalassa 102, 103, 147, 3.14–3.20 Petrogale 177 Plicopollis 5.22 Papua New Guinea 13, 66, 130, 136, petroleum exploration 62, 63, 224–78, 1.1 Pleistocene 3.39–3.40, 10.1–10.6 208, 211 drilling, petrophysical and testing Pleistocene mass extinction 176 Parabolina 2.20 technologies 225–7 Plesiastrea 212 Paracambria 113 geological, geophysical and integrated Plesianthropus 194 Paracytherois 142 techniques 224–5 Pletmos basin 208, 209, 210, 211 Paradoxostoma 142 petroleum geology 62, 63, 66, 213–94, Box Pleuroceras 2.14 Paraethomys 191 5.1 (214–15), Box 5.2 (216–18), Box 5.3 Pleurograptus 50, 2.25 Paragloborotalia 88 (218–20), Box 5.4 (221–2), Box 5.5 Pleuromeia 170 Parahibolites 111 (222–4), Box 5.6 (293), 1.1, 5.1–5.51 Pliocene 3.37–3.38 Parahoplites 2.17 petroleum source-rocks, petroleum Pliomys 334, 10.2 Parakidograptus 72 systems, analysis 213–16, Plumstead, Edna 307 Paralia 323 Box 5.1 (214–15), Box 5.5 (222–4), 227, Pocillopora 135 Paralycopodites 305 276–8, 5.8, 5.10–5.14, 5.26 Poecilizontes 34 Parana basin 302 palaeobiological controls on Poland, Polish Carpathians x, 121, 138, 140 Paranthropus 196 development of, and derisking of Polycostella 2.4 Parascutella 116 presence of 277–8 Polydora 141 Paratarpon 117 palaeontological inputs into petroleum pollen: see Spores and pollen Paratethys, Paratethyan realm 11, 13, 21, systems analysis, Box 5.1 pollution 313 22, 27, 29, 32, 34, 43, 53, 57, 67, 100, stratigraphic and palaeobiological Polydrixium 272 105, 107, 108, 183, 186, 190, 191 controls on, Box 5.5 Polygnathoides 165 Parhabdolithus 2.4 Pfenderina 5.9 Polymorphocodium 132 Parkinsonia 2.15 Phillipsoceras 109 Polypodorhabdus 2.4 Paria formation 257, 5.47 phycodes 28, 59, 69, 3.6 Porites 105, 133, 135, 211 Paripteris 305 Phycosiphon 140 Port Phillip basin 185 Paris basin 180 Phyllacanthus 115 Portugal 93 Pariwar formation 269 Phyloceras 109 Posidonia 126 Parvicingula 99, 5.21 phytoliths 26–7, 100–1 Potamogeton 188

Index 403

Potwar basin 269, 271 Pyrenees 121 Reindeer formation 4.6 Poza Rica trend 220 Pyrgo 325 Remigolepis 53 Praebulimina 211, 3.8 Pyxilla 2.3 Remopleurides 112 Praechrysalidina 280, 282 Reophax 126, 3.3, 5.23 Praeconocaryomma 5.21 Qafzeh, Israel 337 reptiles and birds 55, 57, 118–19, 2.1, Praeglobotruncana 308 Qarunian, culture 337 2.27, 3.1 Praekurnubia 5.9 Qatar (see also Middle East) 11, 5.43, 5.45 reservoir characterisation, exploitation 62, Praeorbitolina 5.44 Qom formation 133 63, 66, 278–89, 1.1 Praeorbulina 2.6 Quadrum 2.4 geological, geophysical and integrated Praeparvicingula 99 Quaternary 68, 10.1–10.6 techniques, 279 Pranhita–Godavari basin 269 Quaternary dating methods 68 production technologies, 279 Prediscosphaera 2.4 Quenstedt 35 reservoir-rocks 216–20, Box 5.2 (216–8), pressure prediction 293 Querecual formation 257, 260 Box 5.3 (218–20), Box 5.5 (222–4), 1.1, Principle of Uniformitarianism 122–3 Quiallaga formation 102 5.2–5.4, 5.8, 5.15.–5.16, 5.20, Pristerognathus 2.27 Quiriquire field 260 5.27–5.34, 5.38 Pristiograptus 50 Quenstedtoceras 2.15 nummulite banks and, Box 5.2 Proconsul 184 Quinqueloculina 126, 129, 325, 326 rudists reefs and, Box 5.3 productive series 68, 122 stratigraphic and palaeobiological Proetus 111 Radiizonates 302, 305 controls on Box 5.5 Progonomys 188 radiolaria or radiolarians 22, 99, 2.1, Reticuloceras 2.13 Project Orwell 309 2.7, 3.1 Reticulofenestra 88, 2.4 project specification and management radiometric dating 68 Reticulophragmium 2.33 1, 1.1 Radnoria 112 Rhabdammina 5.23 Prolagurus 317 Raghavapuram formation 269, 270, 271 Rhabdopleura 50, 116 Prolecanites 109 Rajmahal formation 273 Rhabdosphaera 2.4 Propontocypris 142 Rajhamal hotspot, Rajmahal Traps 268 Rhaeboceras 109 Proroziphius 120 Rance barrage 312 Rhagodiscus 2.4 prospect evaluation 1.1 Rangifer 323, 335, 10.3 Rhaxella 5.21 Protelphidium 126 Ramapithecus 187 Rheic Ocean 112, 147, 3.15–3.17 Proterozoic 62, 144–5, 151, 160, Ramosites 109 Rhizocorallium 3.6 163–5, 2.1 Rampur coal-field 306 Rhodococcus 314, 315 Provanna 141 range offset 59 Rhynie Chert 43 Prudhoe Bay field 293, 312 Raniganj Coal Measures, formation 267, Richards formation 4.6 Psammosphaera 3.3, 5.23 269, 272, 306 Riftia 141 Pseudobelus 110 ranking and scaling (RASC) 63, 66, 2.33 Rio Bonito formation 302 Pseudoemiliania 2.4 Raphiophorus 112 Ristola 99 Pseudoeunotia 2.3 Ratawi formation 220 Riyadhella 5.9 Pseudogaudryinella 3.8 Rattray formation 5.20 Rizu formation 231 Pseudohastigerina 2.6 Raudhatain field 220 Robulus 5.47 Pseudomarssonella 5.9 Ravva formation 269, 271, 276, 278 Rocella 2.3 Pseudomonas 315 Rayda/Salil basin 5.12 Rogaland group 5.22 Pseudopalatus 55 Razole formation 271 Roman archaeology 316, 325, 10.1 Pseudopolymorphina 325 Reconcavo basin 264 Romania 93 Pseudotaberina 126 Recurvoides 4.6, 5.23 Rosalina 129, 326 Pseudounio 106 Red Sea 227 Ross field 5.24 Pseudouvigerina 3.8 Redlichia 39 Rossiella 2.3 Pseudoxybeloceras 109 Redondasaurus 55 Rotalia 280, 286 Psiloceras 83, 109, 2.13 Reedoconcha 106, 147 Rotaliella 326 Psilonichnus 120, 121, 3.6 reefs, peri-reefal sub-environments, Rotalipora 174, 308, 2.6 Pterocanium 99, 2.7 reservoirs 98, 129–35, Box 3.2 (132–5), Rotelapillus 2.4 Pterocorys 99 165–6, 280, 282–3, Box 5.2 (216–18), rudists, reefs, reservoirs 129, 132, Box 5.3 Ptychites 109 Box 5.3 (218–20), 3.10–3.11 (218–20), 280, 5.2–5.4 Pullenia 129, 135, 3.8 nummulite banks and, Box 5.2 Rudwick, Martin 105 Punctocyrtella 106, 147 rudists reefs and, Box 5.3 Rutherfordoides 143 Pungo River formation 99 palaeontological characterisation of, Rutiodon 55 Pupilla 107, 333, 10.4 Box 3.2 Ruvuma basin 114 Pycnodonte 33 Reindardites 2.4 Rzehakina minima 2.33

404 Index

Sabiriyah field 220 sequence stratigraphy 60, 62, 121, 200–12, source-rocks: see petroleum source-rocks Saccammina 3.3, 4.6, 5.23 Box 4.1 (206–12), 234, 249, 262, 266–7, South Africa 10, 55, 57, 114, 117, 118, 147, Saccocoma 115 278, 286, 289, 302, 305, 4.1–4.7, 5.8, 170, 171, 208, 209, 210, 211, 300, Saccodendron 3.3 5.24–5.25, 5.47 305, 2.27 Sagantole formation 192, 194 integration of palaeontological data, 205 South America (see also northern South Sahelanthropus 191 Sergipe–Alagoas basin 13, 22, 154 America and Caribean) 19, 27, 40, Saint Mary’s Traps 268 Seriocrinus 115 50, 53, 113, 117, 118, 119, 147, 149, Saiwan formation 107 Serrania del Interior 257, 260 306, 3.22 Sajaa field 5, 290 Severn barrage 312 South American Land Mammal Ages Sakesar formation 269 Seychelles 267 (SALMAs) 57 Samana Suk formation 271 shale gas 294 South Atlantic, South Atlantic salt basins Samburupithecus 189 shallow marine environments 126–7, 13, 21, 22, 27, 36, 43, 45, 53, 66, 92, 93, sample acquisition, density/spacing, 129–35 94, 99, 113, 115, 118, 119, 122, 129, resolution 1, 3–6, 1.1–1.2 Shangsiella 113 130, 132, 140, 147, 149, 154, 206, 208, sample analysis 7, 1.1 Shansiodon 55 214, 221, 222, 225, 263–7, 302, 306, sample processing 6, 1.1 Shaybah field 220, 280 313, 3.22 San Antonio formation 257 SHE (diversity analysis) 153 South China Sea 105, 141 San Juan basin 180 Sherwood Sandstone 67 South Wales basin, coalfield 294, 302 San Juan formation 257 Shetland group 5.20 southeast Asia: see Far East Sanderella 5.9 Shilaif basin 230, 5.13 Southern Ocean 138 Sangiran formation 198 Shinawari formation 271 Spain, Spanish Pyrenees 10, 102, 121, 130, Sardinia 119, 206 Shiyali formation 271 138, 139, 210, 211, 220, 295, 311 Sargelu basin 5.11 Shu’aiba formation, reservoir 66, 133, 220, Speetonia 2.4 Sarvak formation 231 231, 232, 234, 280, 282, 283, 290, 5.43 Spermodea 107, 333 Satpura basin 269 Shumardia 111, 112, 2.20 Sphaeroidina 135 Sattapadi formation 269 Siberia, Siberian province 55, 112, 113, 146, Sphaeroidinellopsis 5.47 Saudi Arabia (see also Middle East) 220, 3.14–3.18 Sphagnum 101, 339 280–3, 290, 5.9, 5.43, 5.45 Siberian Traps 171 Sphenobaiera 114, 307 Scandinavia 21, 142 Sigaloceras 2.15 Sphenolithus 2.4, 5.42 Schackoina 2.6 Sigmoilina 5.47 Spirogyra 188 Sciurus 10.2 Sigmoilopsis 2.33 Spiroplectammina 2.33, 5.21 Schizosphaerella 93, 2.4 silicoflagellates 11, 93, 2.1–2.2, 3.1 Spiroraphe 3.6 Schulzospora 305 Silicosigmoilina 286, 5.37 Spirosigmoilina 135 Scolicia 140 Silurian 2.36, 3.16, 5.10 Spirosigmoilinella 2.33, 4.6 Scotese, Chris 144 Simeonella 113 Spitsbergen 129 Scolytus 338 Sinogaleaspis 53 Spongaster 2.7 Scotland group 261 Sinornis 55 Sponges 28–9, 102, 2.1, 3.1 Scoyenia 120 Siphonina 129, 326 Spongodinium 5.22 Securithyris 105 Siphonodella 79 Spongodiscus 5.21 seals: see cap-rocks. site investigation 293, 308–11 spores and pollen (see also plants) 26–7, seasons of occupation of archaeological Sivapithecus 187 100–1, 341, 5.22, 5.47 sites 323 Siwalik group, series 187, 268, 273, 276 sporomorph eco-groups (SEGs) 155, 208, seismic data and interpretation, seismic Skara Brae, Orkney 339 210, 211, 249 facies analysis 60, 63, 103, 154, Skolithos 120, 121, 286, 3.6 Spriggina 231 179, 200, 205, 222, 224, 225, 227, Slindon formation 333, 334 Sri Lanka: see Indian subcontinent 257, 279, 280, 283, 284, 286, ‘small shelly fossils’ (SSFs) 28, 102, 2.1, 3.1 Stacheoides 132 289, 309 Smith, William ix, 62, 2.30 Stainforthia 326 seismic hazard assessment 308, 311 Snorre field 283 Star Carr, Yorkshire 336 Sele formation 180 Solemya 141 Statfjord field 283 Selenopeltis 112 Solenopora 131 Statfjord formation 5.20 Sembar formation 269 Solent formation 327 Static data 1.1 Senegal 22, 28 Solnhofen Limestone 45 Stegodon 198 Sele formation, sequence 179, 2.32, 5.20, Somalia 133 Steinekella 5.9 5.22 Somerset basin 302 Steno, Stensen ix Selenoportax 273 Sorex 334, 10.2 Stensioeina 98, 3.8 sequence 200 Sorites 126, 127, 3.10 Stephanoceras 109, 2.15 sequence boundary (SB) 200, 4.1, 4.3, 4.7 Sorosphaera 5.23 Stephanolithion 2.4

Index 405

Stephanomys 188 Tappania 271 Tomistoma 185 Stephanorhinus 333, 334 Taranaki basin 63, 302 Top-down Representation of Interactive Stephanopyxis 2.3 Tarapur formation 271 Flora and Foliage Including Dynamics Sternotaxis 2.23 Tarim basin 63 (TRIFFID) 151 Stichocapsa 99 Tatera 193 Tor formation 290, 5.20 Stichocorys 99, 2.7 Tatrot formation 273 Torbay formation 329 Stilostomella 135 Taxodiaceaepollenites 179 Torispora 305 Stonehenge 316 taxonomic habitat index 334 Tornquist Sea 3.15 Stormberg group 306, 307 Tay formation 5.20 trace element stratigraphy 67 Strait of Juan de Fuca 311 Technitella 5.23 trace fossils 57, 59, 120–2 Strait of Panama 118, 257, 261 Teichichnus 121, 3.6 Tragelaphus 189 stratigraphic time-scales 68–89 Temblador trend 260 Tragoportax 190 Streblospio 141 tentaculitids 37, 39, 111, 2.1, 3.1 Tranolithus 2.4 Streptognathus 81 Terebratula 32 Trans-Gondwanan Seaway 122 Streptomyces 315 Teredo 3.5 Trans-Saharan Seaway 110, 113, 115, Stricklandia 105 Teredolites 120, 121, 206, 3.6 148, 150 stromatoporoids 29, 103, 2.1, 3.1 Terminalioxylon 276 transfer functions 153 Stronsay formation 180 terrestrial environments 3.1 Transgressive Surface (TS) 201, 4.1 strontium isotope stratigraphy 66–7 testate Amoebae 21, 96 Traumatocrinus 115 Stylophora 133, 135 Tethys, Tethyan realm 66, 92, 93, 98, 99, Treptichnus 59 Styrian basin 185 100, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, Tretaspis 111 submarine fans, reservoirs, 115, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 181, 219, Triassic 2.40, 3.20 sub-environments 96, 137, Box 3.4 230, 266, 3.19–3.21 Tribrachiatus 2.4 (138–41), 286–9, 291, 3.13, 5.39, Tetracynodon 170 Triceratium 2.3 5.48–5.51 Tetragraptus 116 Trichohyalus 326 palaeontological characterisation of, TEX86 151 Tricolocapsa 5.21 Box 3.4 Textularia 126, 127, 313 Trifarina 143, 313, 326 Subreophax 5.23 Thalassia 126 Trilobites 39–40, 111–12, 2.1, Succinea 333, 10.4 Thalassinoides 111, 140, 286, 3.6 2.19–2.20, 3.1 Sudan 27 Thalassionema 323, 2.3 Triloculina 326 Sulaiman ranges 271, 276, 5.42 Thalassiosira 265, 2.3 Trimerus 111 Sulaiy basin 5.12 Thalassiothrix 2.3 Trinacria 2.3 Surma basin 269, 271 Thamama group 133, 232 Trinidad (see also northern South America Surma group 271 Thames barrier 308–9, 8.2 and Caribbean) 106, 108, 122, 136, Surmeh formation 234 Theocorythium 2.7 285, 293, 312, 313, 5.35–5.36 Sus 335, 10.2 thermal alteration indices, thermal Triquetrorhabdulus 88, 2.4 Svalbard 301 alteration or maturity assessment, Triquitrites 302 Swanscombe, Kent 107 215–16, 5.1 Triscutum 94 Swaziland 10 Thermoactinomyces 315 Triticum 338, 339 Switzerland 35, 135 Thistle field 283, 5.46 Tritaxia 210 Sydney coal-field 301 Thulean land bridge 150, 179–80 Trochammina 126, 129, 209, 286, 2.33, 3.3, Sylhet formation 271 Thurammina 5.23 4.6, 5.23, 5.37 Symphillia 135 Thuringia 113 Trochamminita 126 Synchysidendron 305 Thyasira 140 Trocholina 5.9, 5.21 Synedra 2.3 Thymospora 305 Trogontherium 10.2 systems tracts 200–1, Box 4.1 (206–12), Ticinella 2.6 Tropidostoma 55, 2.27 4.1–4.3, 4.5–4.7 Tiliaepollenites 5.22 Trubi formation. palaeontological characterisation of, Timan Pechora basin 29, 129, 131, 168 Trudopollis 5.22 Box 4.1 Tinajitas formation 257 Truncorotaloides 2.6, 5.42 Tindir group 12 Truncatoscaphus 2.4 Tabernas basin 139 Tipam group 271 Trypanites 121, 206, 3.6 Talchir boulder bed, formation 267, 272 Tirupati formation 271 Tsuga 341 Talpa 10.2 tissue preservation index (TPI) 294, Tuban formation 66 Tamabra formation 220 299, 300 Tulites 2.15 Tanzania 101, 113, 114, 120 Titanites 2.16 Tunisia 109, 210, 211, 216, 217 Taphrhelminthopsis 3.6 Titanotheca 21 Tura formation 270, 271 Tapinocephalus 55, 2.27 Tolypammina 5.23 Turbinaria 135

406 Index

Turbodiscus 2.4 Vekshinella 2.4 West Africa (see also South Atlantic) 13, Turgai Strait 93, 99, 110, 148, 150, 183 vegetation index (VI) 300 22, 28, 36, 113, 119, 122, 147, 149, Turkana Grit 120, 178 Velona basin 190 206, 222 Turkey (see also Middle East) 68, 293, Venericardia 107 West Africa–South Atlantic (WASA) 309, 311 Venezuela (see also northern South America province 100, 149, 266 Turrilina 4.6 and Caribbean) 5, 21, 106–8, 117–20, West Melbury Marly Chalk formation 316 Turritellella 5.23 283–6, 5.35–5.36, 5.38, 5.47 West of Shetland basin 22, 67, 179 Tuwaiq Mountain formation 232 Verneuilina 211, 3.8, 4.6 West Sussex Coast formation/group 327, Tyrolean Alps 339–40 Verneuilinoides 129, 4.6 329, 333 Verneulinulla 5.23 Westbury Cave, Somerset 332–3 Uintacrinus 49, 115, 2.23 Vesicomya 141 Western Interior Seaway 33, 34, 36, 92, 109, Umbria–Marche basin 94 Vetispora 305 110, 116, 121, 126 unconventional petroleum geology 294 Vezere valley, Perigord, France ix Western Irish Sea formation 330 Ungdarella 130, 132 Vidono formation 257 White Horse of Uffington 320 Unio 106 Vietnam 142, 143 White Sea 102, 145 United Arab Emirates (see also Middle East) ‘Virgulina’ 4.6 Whitehill formation 118 5, 66, 133, 220, 290, 5.43, 5.45 Vitrinite, vitrinite reflectance 5.1 Whiteinella 174, 308, 2.6 United Kingdom, United Kingdom sector, Viviparus 107, 10.4 Wienerwaldflysch 140, 3.13 North Sea: see British Isles and Vocontian basin 94, 109, 208, Williston basin 302 North Sea 210, 211 Witwatersrand supergroup 10 United States of America 21, 22, 32–4, 39, Vulpes 335, 10.2 Wonocolo formation 66 42, 45, 50, 92, 96, 99, 101, 105, 106, Vychegda formation 18 Woolwich & Reading formation 108, 109, 113–15, 117, 118, 121, 126, 180 130–2, 138, 139, 143, 147, 180, 205, Wabya formation 300 work-flow 1, 1.1 300, 302, 313–15 Wafra field 220 Wynniatt formation 10 uplift, uplift rate 124 Wallingford Castle, Oxfordshire Wytch Farm field 67, 293, 312 Uptonia 2.14 316 upwelling 223 Warburgella 111 Xenusion 28 Ursus 333, 334, 335, 10.2–10.3 Wasia formation, group 5.43 Xystridura 39 Urswick Limestone formation 132 Water quality 313 Uruguay 21 Watznaueria 94 Yibal field 280, 5.45 Urumaco formation 118 Waulsortian mounds, Waulsortian-like Yixian formation 55 Usbekistania 5.23 mounds 130–2, 166 Yoredale series 113 Uvigerina 129, 143, 3.12, 5.37 Weald basin, Wealden facies 55, 57, 106 Yunnanolepis 53 Weisselster basin 184 Vadaparru formation 269, 270, 271 well-site operations (and well delivery) Zagros mountains 67, 231 Vail, Pete 200, 201 289–92, 293, 1.1 Zaluch formation 269 Valhall field 290 Welsh basin 121 Zannicellia 340 Vallonia 107, 333 Welwitschia 154 Zeugrhabdotus 2.4 Valvata 10.4 Wenlock Limestone 39 Zonocostites 129 Vautrinella 22 Wessex basin 55, 94, 106, 239, 241 Zoophycos 120, 121, 3.6