JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
Subject Index
Page numbers referring to figures are in italics.
abjad writing, 102 Altai Mountains, 206 Abkhazia, 238, 241–242 alveolar trill, 14 Ablaut, 117 Amazon Basin, 6, 183 Aboriginal Australians, 22–23, 28, 164 America, 36 absolute frames of reference, 27, 262–263, see also Mesoamerica; United States 288 American Airlines, 9–10 academies, 127–129, 137 analogy, 171–172, 216 Accademia della Crusca, 127 analytic morphology, 52 accusative alignment, 34–35, 86, 180, 208, Anatolian steppes theory, 175 276 Anderson, Benedict, 74 accusative case, 301–302 Anglican Church, 108 Adams, John, 128 angloversals, 216 adverbs, 216, 217, 262 Angola, 139 African Americans, 79, 143, 314 animal communication, 23–24 agglutinative morphology, 52, 170, 178, anthropometric traits, 270 181, 208, 302, 316, 353 antipassives, 345–346 agriculture, 175 aphasia, 265 Ainu people, 80–81 Apple Corporation, 305, 326 Alexander III of Russia, 68 Arabic script, 106, 108–109, 114, 299–300 alleles, 163 areal classification, 48–51 alliteration, 30 COPYRIGHTEDareoversals, MATERIAL 216 alphabets, 102–103 Arjia Rinpoche, 126 Cyrillic, 110–111 Arnaz, Desi, 17 genealogy, 122 ASCII-ization, 299–300 Greek, 103–105 aspect, 209, 217, 344 Roman, 103–105, 106, 109, 123, aspiration, 286 299–300 ASPM gene, 274–275
Languages in the World: How History, Culture, and Politics Shape Language, First Edition. Julie Tetel Andresen and Phillip M. Carter. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
360 Subject Index
Assad, Bashar al-, 85 boustrophedon, 103 assigned identities, 77 Brady, William, 333 Ataturk,¨ Mustafa Kemal, 109, 128 brain, 264 auditory cortex, 266 Brazil, 81–82, 84 Austin, Stephen, 4, 155 ethnic Japanese in, 81 Australia, 145, 181, 333 BRCA, 162, 163 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 68 Bridgestone Corporation, 326 Avars, 209 British Empire, 233, 235–236 Azerbaijan, 114, 128 see also United Kingdom Aztecs, 96 British Museum, 195 British Raj, 136–137 babies, 267 Brittany, 6 Bactria-Sogdiana, 175–176 Broca’s area, 265 bai yue, 201 Brussels, 132 Bali, 262, 289 Buddhism, 151–152, 214, 320 Balkans, 203–204 Burkina Faso, 131 Bangladesh, 136 Burma, 232–234 Baran, Dominika, 309 Burmans, 233–234 Bar-Kokhba Revolt, 107 Bush, George H.W., 66 baroque accretions, 281 Bushmen, 287–288 Barrett, Louise, 268 basal ganglia, 265 Cacaopera, 330 Basque people, 186–187 calendar plants, 333 Basque separatism, 244–245 California, 16, 282–283 Beauzee,´ Nicolas, 71 Gold Rush, 283 Bedouin, 119 calques, 16, 200, 216, 353 bees, 23 Calvet, Louis-Jean, 334 Beggar Prince, The,19 Cambodia, 215 Belgium, 132 Campbell, Lyle, 177 Bellwoor, Peter, 175 Canada, 144–145, 245–246 Beowulf, 280 Cape Verde, 281 biasing effect, 275 Caribbean, 56 Bible, 107–108, 112–113, 204 cases book of Genesis, 213 accusative, 301–302 BigBangTheory, 308 directive, 303–304 Bildung,73 caste nouns, 252–253 bilingualism, 8–9, 142–143, 227 Catalonia, 140 see also multilingualism catastrophism, 12 Blommaert, Jan, 113, 325 Catherine the Great, 127 blood typing, 182 Catholicism, 106, 214–215 Bloomfield, Leonard, 279 Caucasus, 178–179, 278 Boas, Franz, 279, 283 Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi, 78, 186–187, 270, Bolsheviks, 110–111 272 bonobos, 25 Central Asia, 179 Bopp, Franz, 42, 43 central languages, 335 borrowings, 170–171 cerebellum, 265 bottleneck, 271, 353 Chad, 236 JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
Subject Index 361
chain shift, 314, 321 ejective, 34, 285–286 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 130 loss, 46 Chechnya, 238, 239–240 Consumption Guide, 216 Chennai, 250 contingency, 36 Cherokee people, 36–37, 104–105, 109, contour tones, 49, 354 250 coordinations, 26 Cheshirization, 148 copula verbs, 149–150 Chiapas, 247 count nouns, 31 Chicago School, 326 Cowell, Andrew, 304 Chichen Itza, 206 creoles, 216, 218–219, 280–281, 310–313, children, 262 321 Chile, 339 see also pidgin languages China, 97, 101–102, 108, 111–112, 131, Croatia, 53, 63 201–203 Cubans, 10 government-encouraged migrations, cuneiform script, 95, 97 201–203 Cyrillic alphabet, 96, 110–111, 315 historical dialects, 306–307 language control, 145 Dalai Lama, 126, 147, 320 Tibet and, 125–126 dancing, 29 women in, 113 Darfur, 235, 236–237 Chinese script, 97, 104 Darwin, Charles, 12, 185, 269 choice, 341–342 databases, 278 chromosomes, 162, 163 de Gaulle, Charles, 246 Churchill, Winston, 66 de Landa, Diego, 96 Chu-Sung, 97 dead reckoning, 22, 26–27, 30 citizenship, 79–80 Dediu, Dan, 275 classification, areal, 48–51 deep time, 259–260 classifiers, 31–32, 220, 225–226 deixis, 261–262 click consonants, 272, 284–285 Denisovians, 164–165 clitic pronouns, 50, 88–89, 203–205, 209, Department of Motor Vehicles, 146 296–298, 354 dependent marking, 277 Coahuila, 4 dependent noun, 17, 55 code switching, 8, 18–19 derived gene, 274 coffee, 330 Devan¯agari, 96, 103, 123 cognates, 45–46, 172–173 Devy, Ganesh, 57–58 cognition, 23, 26–28 dialect chains, 7, 11, 75, 76, 284, 287, 306, cognitive domains, 8 309, 329 colonialism, 138–139, 200, 215, 235–236 dictionaries, 13, 75, 117, 337 see also postcolonial states diglossia, 56, 118–119, 254, 299, 354 colonization, 199 diphthongs, 44, 191 complexity, 279–282 directive case, 303–304 compromise pattern, 131 discourses, 32–33 Confucianism, 214, 215 dissimilation, 46 connected traits, 270 Dixon, R.M.W., 181, 277 consonants, 13–14 DNA, 164, 182, 270–274 click, 272, 284–285 dollar sign, 100 clusters, 316–317 Domergue, Urbain, 72 JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
362 Subject Index
dominant language pattern, 132, 136–139 Ethnologue, 107 Dominican Republic, 249–250 ethnosyntax, 29, 292, 319, 333, 354 drift, 273, 354 etymology, 50, 98, 195, 210 Dryden, John, 130 Eurasian steppe spread zone, 206–207 Dubar, Robin, 268 European Union, 326 Duke University, 160, 310 Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), 244 evolution, 279 ears, 266 exclusive pronouns, 253–254, 276 East India Company, 40 expansion, 175, 199 East Timor, 138 rhizome model, 213 Ebrima, 338–339 education, 139–143 Facebook, 338 Egyptian Revolution, 301 families of languages, 168 Egyptian script, 100 Farruko, 15 Egyptians, 95–96 feet, 268–269 ejectives, 34, 178, 285–286, 343–344, 354 Fishman, Joshua, 142 El Salvador, 330 forkhead proteins, 271 Elizabeth II, 130 Formosa, 173 emblems, 268 FOXP2 gene, 271 emoji, 123 frames of reference, 22–23, 26–28, 27, 34, emotion, 221 262–263 empires, 110 absolute, 27, 262–263, 288 Encephalitozoon intestinalis, 162 relative, 27, 263 Encyclopedie´ ,91 France, 72–73, 76, 76–78 encyclopedist universalism, 195 Brittany, 6 endangerment, 334–335 Francia, Jose´ Gaspard Rodriguez de, 134 revitalization, 336–339 Franco, Francisco, 244 endearments, 16 Franklin, Benjamin, 74–75 Enee, 337 Freedom Fries, 145 Enfield, Nick, 29 French Revolution, 72–73 England, 56 Friedman, Milton, 325 English for the Children, 141–142 Friends, 308 English as a Second Language (ESL), Front de liberation´ de Quebec´ (FLQ), 246 142–144 functional classification, 55–57 Enlightenment, 70 fundamental frequency, 266 epigenesis, 269, 354 fusional morphology, 53 epistemology, 69–71 equality, 32 Gaddafi, Muammar al-, 236 equilibrium linguistics, 279 Gal, Susan, 347 ergative alignment, 35, 86–87, 148–149, Galicia, 243 276, 344–346, 354 Gandhi, Indira, 137 Eritrea, 139 Gandhi, Mohandas, 136 Estonia, 144 Gangtai, 308 ethnic cleansing, 232, 239 gender systems, 14–15 ethnic identity, 77–78 generous listening, 260 ethnogroups, 79, 129, 135, 160, 178, genes, 162 230–232, 237–240, 354 genetic classification, 46–48 JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
Subject Index 363
genetic code, 269 group identity, 7 genetics, 162–166, 176, 269–270, 270–275 Group Keepers of the Basque Language, mutations, 274 128 see also DNA; genotype Guatemala, 324–325, 343 Genghis Khan, 109, 207, 292, 294, 301, Gugu-Yaway people, 333 315 Guinea, 338 genitive case, 302–303 Guinea-Bissau, 281 genocide, 232, 239 Gutenberg, Johannes, 92 genome, 162 genotype, 163, 269, 272, 355 H languages, 56, 254 Georges-Picot, Franc¸ois, 65 Hadden, Alfred Cort, 164 Georgia, 240–241, 338 Haiti, 71 German Romanticism, 73–74 hamza, 116–117 Germany, 73–74, 79–80 Han Chinese, 201 germination, 46 Han Dynasty, 101 Ghonim, Wael, 301 hands, 267–268 Giddens, Anthony, 325 Hangzhou Bay, 173 Gil, David, 282 haplogroup, 164, 177, 179, 182, 202, Gimbutas, 176 273–274 globalization, 113, 325–327 haplotypes, 164, 355 1.0 (human global colonization), 164, Harlem, 9–10 183, 200 Harrison, K. David, 332 2.0 (imperial maritime expansion), 215 Hawaii, 188, 218, 281, 304–306 Nepal, 327–328 head marking, 205, 277–278, 295–299 Goldcorp, Inc., 324 head nouns, 17, 55 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 240–242 Hebrew Bible, 107 Goths (subculture), 63 Heller, Monica, 326 grammar Henry VIII of England, 108, 112, 213 convergence, 48, 50 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 73, 79 dialects, 83 Heschel’s area, 265 ergativity, 35, 86–87, 148–149, 276, high language, 115–116, 299 344–346, 354 Hindu law, 41 mixed languages, 12, 16 hiragana, 104 prescriptive, 42–44 Hispaniola, 218, 249–250 word-order typologies, 53–55 Hittites, 174 grammarians, 33, 42–43, 64, 71–72, 112, Ho Chi Minh, 223 117, 130, 355 Hokey-Pokey, 30 Graubunden,¨ 133 Homo habilis, 268–269 Great Migration, 9–10 homonyms, 100 Great Plains, 206 honorifics, 28–29 Great Schism, 105 Horace, 212 Greek alphabet, 103–105 horses, 292–294 Green, John, 212 howling, 23 Greenberg, Joseph, 53, 182, 272 Human Genome Project, 162, 195 Gregoire,´ Abbe´ Henri, 72, 295–296 human leucocyte antigen (HLA), 165 Grimm, Jacob, 42, 43, 73, 117 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 73 Grimm’s law, 42, 45, 58–59, 183 Huntington’s disease, 269–270 JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
364 Subject Index
hydronyms, 210, 227 Jabal an-Nur, 94–95 hypercentral languages, 335 Jahilliyyah, 119 Jakarta, 282 I Love Lucy,17 Janjaweed, 236 identity, 76–78 Japan, 80–81, 84, 113, 127 Hawaiian, 304–306 Jefferson, Thomas, 71, 74, 128 ideograms, 100, 355 Jobs, Steven, 105 ideology, 33, 57, 66, 69, 72–74, 127, 355 Johnson, Samuel, 128 Japan, 80–82 Jolie, Angelina, 162 see also religion Jones, William, 40–41 immigration to United States, 9–10 Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor), imperative mood, 87 68 imperfective, 209–210, 355 Journal de la langue franc¸aise,72 implosives, 343–344 Judaism, 106, 214 inclusive pronouns, 253–254, 276 Juntas del Buen Gobierno, 248 India, 56, 57–58, 327–329 jus sanguinis,79 minority language support, 140–141 official languages, 136–137 Kalahari Basin, 48 Tamil separatism, 145 Kalahari Desert, 283–284 Three Language formula, 140–141 Kamechamha I, 188 Indian Reservations, 250 Kamechamha III, 188 indicative mood, 87 kanji, 104 indigenous languages, 133–135 Kanzi, 25 Indochina, 214–215 Karachay-Balkar, 207 Indonesia, 135, 138, 262–263 Karens, 232–233 inflectional morphology, 14, 15, 181, 209, katakana, 110 217, 228, 244 Kauakukalahale, 305 insanity, 63 Ke’eeaumoku, 304 Institutional Revolutionary Party, 247 Kennedy, John F., 79 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 326 Kennewick Man, 274 Internet, 112, 338 Keynes, John Maynard, 325–326 intonation languages, 49, 219–220 Khoc, 287 intrinsic frames of reference, 27 Khoikhoi, 287 Inuit, 159 Khoisan people, 177 Iraq, 66, 85, 86 Kiarabu, 106 Irrawaddy Delta, 233–234 Kibbee, Douglas, 129 Ishi, 283 K’iche’ people, 324 Islam, 89, 106, 108–109, 214 Kilosa District, 331 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 85 kipuka, 193 isolates, 45, 80, 178, 183, 186–187, 205, Kirkuk, 86 276 kora, 151 isolating morphology, 53, 307, 355 Koran, 55–56, 94–95 Israel, 107, 145–146, 256 Korea, 145 Istanbul, 204 Kubla Khan, 292 Italy, 75 KurdıPet´ ı´,89 Ivory Coast, 338 Kurdish people, 84–90 IW, 268 Kurgan theory, 174–175 JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
Subject Index 365
Kurmanji, 86 Lhakar Movement, 147 Kuwait, 66 libel, 10 liberty cabbage, 145–146 Labov, William, 313–314 Libya, 139 Ladd, D. Robert, 275 Lieberman, Philip, 265, 268 Lambert, Wallace, 245–246 Lili’uokalani, 281, 304–305 language lineage, 213, 262, 355 definitions, 4–6, 9 lingua francas, 69 major and minor types, 33–35 linguistic marketplace, 328, 342, 355 number of, 6–9 linguistic reconstruction, 43–44, 168–174 organic conception, 70 regularity of sound change, 44–45, 170 origins, 9–13 linguistic standardization political conception, 70 language academies, 127–129 referential function, 24–25 national consciousness and, 71–74 typologies see typologies linguistic structure, 280 language academies, 127–129, 137 linguistics, 42–43 language extinction, 332, 334–335 loan words, 13–15, 89–90, 127–128, 171 language families, 44 logograms, 100, 101–106, 108, 110–111, language hotspots, 332–334 113, 355 language inspectors, 144–145 Los Angeles County, 146 language isolates, 45 Louis XIV of France, 71 language loop, 23–26, 37 low language, 299 language socialization, 78 Lowth, Robert, 43 language stocks, 145, 168, 177, 184 Lumbee people, 82–83 Australia, 181 lungs, 267–268 Caucasus, 178–179 Central Asia, 179–180 Macintosh operating system, 305 East Asia, 181–182 Magyars, 207–208 Europe, 178 major and minor languages, 33–35 Indian and Pacific Oceans, 180–181 majority languages, 141–143 Middle East, 179 Mali, 338 North Africa, 179 mammalian brain, 264 North and South America, 182–183 Mandela, Nelson, 139, 155 South Asia, 180 mantras, 151 Southeast Asia, 180 Mao Zedong, 102, 111–112, 128–129 Laos, 29 M¯aori, 161, 337 larynx, 267–268 Mapuche, 339 Last of the Mohicans,36 Marcos, Subcomandante, 247 Latin alphabet, 114, 122 Marido en Alquiler,18 Latvia, 144 marking, 14, 205, 217, 277–278, 281, 355 law, 41, 129–130 mass nouns, 31, 220 Lawrence, T.E., 66 Matthews, Stephen, 216, 297 Lemkos, 243 Mayan people, 96 Lenca, 330 McWhorter, John, 280–281 Leopold II of Belgium, 91 Melanesia, 180 Levinson, Stephen, 263 Mendel, Gregor, 269 lexifier language, 218, 355 Mesoamerica, 48, 96, 123 JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
366 Subject Index
Mesopotamia, 227 multilingualism, 50, 127, 335 messenger stick, 97 postcolonial, 312 Mexicans, 18 compromise pattern, 133–135 Mexico, 5, 18, 30, 71, 263 dominant language pattern, 136–139 Coahuila y Tejas, 3–4 neutral language pattern, 135–136 Constitution, 134 Spain, 244 Zapatista Uprising, 247–249 United States, 142–143, 154 Miami, 10, 16 see also bilingualism Microcephalia gene, 274 mutual intelligibility, 6–7 Microsoft Local Language Program, Myanmar, 232–234 338–339 Middle East, 67, 175, 179 Nakasone Yasuhiro, 80 migration, 9–10, 199–200 nation states, 69–71 minority languages linguistic standardization, 75–76 promotion of, 140 multilingual, 132–133 support for, 140–141 national consciousness, 71–75 Mishnah, 304 nationalism, 73–74, 76 Miskwaasining Nagamojig, 340 Native American Graves Protection and missionaries, 106–107, 214–215 Repatriation Act (1990), 289 mitochondrial Eve, 271 Native Americans, 36–37, 82–84, 104–105, Modern Family,17 250, 283, 306, 339–341 Mongolia, 143, 292, 293, 315 natural class, 167, 355 Mongolian script, 315 Navajo people, 37 mood, 87–88 navigation, 25 morphemes, 14–15, 52–53 Neanderthals, 164–165 boundary, 311 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 137 inflectional, 15 neoliberalism, 326 plural, 32 Neolithic culture, 165 morphology, 51–52, 344–345 Nepal, 327–329 agglutinative, 52, 170, 178, 181, 208, Netherlands, 132 302, 316, 353 neutral languages pattern, 132, 135–136 analytic, 52 New York City, 8, 314–315 fusional, 53 Nicholas I of Russia, 110 inflectional, 14, 15, 181, 209, 217, 228, Nichols, Johanna, 175, 203, 206, 275–276, 244 277 isolating, 53, 307, 355 Niger-Congo, 177 polysynthetic, 53, 283, 295, 296 Niigane Ojibwemowin Immersion School, see also syntax 339 Morris, Simon Conway, 279 Nikkeijin, 81 mosaic traits, 270 nomadic herding, 206 mouth, 266–267 nominative–accusative languages, 147–148 movement, 159–160 Noodin, Margaret, 339–340 mtDNA, 164, 202, 273–274 noosphere, 270 Muhammad, 94–95, 112 Norman Conquest, 38 Muller,¨ Friedrich Max, 12 North Africa, 179 multilingual states, 132–133 North American Free Trade Agreement postcolonial, 133–135 (NAFTA), 18, 326 JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
Subject Index 367
North Atlantic Treaty Organization past tense, unknown, 318 (NATO), 109 perfective, 52, 83, 190–191, 209 North Carolina, 82–84, 104–105 peripheral languages, 334 North Korea, 145 Persian Empire, 207 nouns Persian Gulf War, 66 caste, 252–253 Persian script, 106 count, 31 personality, 8 dependent, 17, 55 Peru, 71 head, 17, 55 petroglyphs/petrograms, 99 mass, 31 pharynx, 116 pluralization, 16–17 phenotype, 163, 269, 356 Nubia, 235 Philippines, 137 nucleotides, 162 philology, 40–42, 162, 173, 356 numeral classifiers, 31–32, 276 wave representation, 185–186 Nushu,¨ 113 phonemes, 14, 188–189 number of and complexity, 281–282 Oakland Unified School District, 143 trading, 48–49 Obama, Barack, 71 phonetic influence, 48–49 object writing, 97–100 phoneticization, 99, 100 object–dative construction, 202 phonetics, 13–14 oblique case, 86–87 phonology, 14 October Crisis, 246 phyla, 45 Oðere, 294–295 phylogeny, 5, 23, 356 official languages, 55–57, 131–139 Pickering, John, 91 Okinawans, 80 pictographs, 98–99 one-drop rule, 78–79 pidgin languages, 216, 310–311 onomastics, 287–288 see also creoles onomatopoeia, 24 pinyin, 112 ontogeny, 5, 23, 355 Pipil, 330 opportunity, 32 places of articulation, 251, 267, 285, organic conception of language, 70 356 Ossetia, 240–241 Plautus, 212 Otto the Great of Germany, 227 plurals, broken, 118 Ottoman Empire, 66, 69 pogroms, 107 Poland, 242–244 Paine, Thomas, 74 police, 146 Pakistan, 135–136 political conception of language, 70 palatization, 46 political power, 108–111 Palawa, 329–330 Polynesia, 161–162, 165–166 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), polysynthetic morphology, 53, 283, 295, 256 296 paper, 102 Poplack, Shana, 20 Papua New Guinea, 6, 180 Popul Vih, 346–347 Paraguay, 56, 71, 133 Portugal, 127 Paris, 76–77 postcolonial states Paris japonica, 162 compromise pattern, 133–135 Parsley Massacre, 249–250 dominant language pattern, 136–139 JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
368 Subject Index
postcolonial states (Continued) Rangoon, 232 neutral language pattern, 133–135 Reagan, Ronald, 236, 326 see also colonialism Real Academia Espanola˜ , 153 power, 56, 63–64 reality, 70 power languages, 56, 254 rebus, 99 PRAAT, 288 received pronunciation, 130 pragmatics, 30–31, 356 reception classes, 140 prescriptivism, 129–131 reception disorders, 265 primates, 25, 263–264, 274 reconstruction (linguistic), 43–44, 168–174 print capitalism, 74–75 reflexive verbs, 15 production disorders, 265 refugia see residual zones prokaryotes, 279 relative frames of reference, 27, 263 promising, 10 religion, 105–108, 112–113, 167–168, 320 pronouns, 222–223 as nation, 213–215 demonstrative, 262 see also missionaries inclusive/exclusive, 253–254, 276 Renfrew, Colin, 175 personal, 296–297 reptilian brain, 264 pronunciation, 44–45 residual zones, 178–179, 203–210, 278, prosody, 14, 356 342 protolanguages, 44, 159, 162, 169–170, respiration, 267–268 171–172, 178, 208 retroflex consonants, 251 Psychological Science, 122 rhizome model, 213, 275 Puerto Rican communities, 8 rhythmic balance, 221–222 pulp fiction, 102 rivers, 210 P¯unana Leo, 305 RNA, 269 Pure Tamil movement, 145 rock drawings, 99 purification, 89–90 Roman alphabet, 103–105, 106, 109, 123, Puritans, 38 299–300 putamen, 265 Roman Empire, 211–212 Putin, Vladimir, 111 Roman numerals, 123 Romania, 110 Qing Dynasty, 319–320 romanji, 104 quasi-states, 238–239 Romanov dynasty, 68–69 Quebec, 144–145, 245–246 Romanticism, 70, 73–74 Queen’s English, 130, 153 Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 41 Quiet Revolution, 245–246 runes, 96 quinceanera˜ ,30 Russia, 68–69, 110–111, 114 Quinhai Province, 125–126 Chechen conflict, 239–240 quippa camayocuna,98 Siberian language hotspot, 333–334 Qur’an, 55–56, 94–95 see also Soviet Union Russian Academy, 127–128 Rabbit-Proof Fence,22 race, 78–79, 270 Sackashvili, Mikheil, 242 incoherence of term, 270 Sagard-Theodat,´ Gabriel, 107 Japan, 80–81 San Cristobal´ de las Casas, 249 radicals, 101, 152, 357 San people, 287 Rajee, Shankar, 231 Santa Ana, Otto, 142 JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
Subject Index 369
Santiago, Bill, 16 South Sudan, 237–238, 310–312 Sapir, Edward, 9, 279 Southeast Asia, 180 Script Encoding Initiative, 338 Soviet Union, 110–111, 238–239 scripts collapse, 325 Arabic, 106, 108–109, 114, 299–300 see also Russia Chinese, 97, 104 Spain, 127, 140, 244–245 cuneiform, 95, 97 see also Catalonia Cyrillic, 96, 110–111, 315 Spanglish, 4 Egyptian, 100 Spanish Armada, 36 Persian, 315 spatial adverbs, 262 Roman, 103–105, 106, 109, 123, spatial frames of reference, 22 299–300 speech acts, 10 Uyghir, 315 Sprachbund,50 Scythian ploughmen, 227 spread Sears, Richard, 124 rhizome model, 213, 275 second-language learners, 281–282 tree models, 183–184 Secret History of the Mongols, The, 301 wave models, 185–186 Sejong, 109 spread zones, 205–206, 208, 210, 273, 310 Se-quo-ya, 104–105, 109 Sri Lanka, 230–231, 250 Sheridan, Thomas, 43 Stalin, Josef, 111, 114 Sibawayh, 117 standardization, 71–74, 127–129 Siberia, 333–334 steppe society, 207 sign languages, 1, 4, 6, 47, 146 Stewart, Jon, 21 SIL International, 107 stock (language), 168 Singapore, 216 subjunctive mood, 87–88 Sino-Tibetans, 181–182 Sudan, 177, 235–238, 310–312 Sipacapa, 324 supercentral languages, 335 Sixteen Candles,30 Sweden, 336 skeleton, 267 Swift, Jonathan, 128, 130 skin colour, 270 Switzerland, 56, 132–133 slander, 10 Sykes, Sir Mark, 65–66 slang, 18, 120, 143, 160 Sykes–Picot agreement, 65–66 slavery, 64, 81, 112–113 syllabaries, 103–104 Slavic people, 209–210 syllable signs, 100 Slovakia, 144 symbolic resources, 70 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,19 syntax, 16, 253, 268, 346 social media, 301 cross-linguistic influence, 50 Social Stratification of (r) in New York City see also ethnosyntax; morphology Department Stores, The, 314 Syria, 86 socialization, 78 solidarity languages, 55–56 taboo replacement, 173 Somalia, 139 Taco Bell, 20 sound symbolism, 20 Tahrir Square, 301 South Africa, 139 Taipei, 309 South Asia, 233 Taiwan, 173, 308–309 South Korea, 145 tally, 97 South Ossettia, 238, 240, 241 Tamil Nadu, 58, 145, 250 JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
370 Subject Index
Tamil Tigers, 231 Ulaan Batar, 315 Tanganyika African National Union, 331 Unicode Consortium, 105, 114, 123, Tanzania, 272, 331–332 337–338 Tasmania, 180, 329–330 uniformitarianism, 12 Tejas, 4 United Arab Emirates, 300 Telangana, 327 United Kingdom, 72, 146 Telemundo, 18 see also British Empire telenovela, 18, 21 United States, 64, 145–146 television, 17–18 African Americans, 79, 143, 314 tense, 150–152, 209, 357 educational system, 141–142, 142–143 aspect and, 262 immigration, 79 markers, 191 Indian Reservations, 250 past, 171, 185 multilingualism, 142–143, 154 present, 210 national languages, 131–132 Teotihuacan, 206 Native Americans, 36–37, 82–84, terms of address, 16 104–105, 250, 283, 306, 339–341 Texas, 4, 16 presidency, 71–72 texting, 299 race politics, 78–79 Thatcher, Margaret, 326 see also America; California; North Thomas, George, 145 Carolina Thonmi Sambhota, 152 unknown past tense, 318 Thoth, 96 Uyghir script, 315 Tibet, 125–127, 131, 146–147 Uyghur, 292 Tibetan Buddhist Canon, 152 Uzhhorod, 160 Timberlake, Alan, 210 Timor-Leste, 138 variationism, 313–314, 322 Tocharians, 174 variety (of a language), 6–7, 8, 9 Tofalaria, 333–334 Vatican Bank, 227 tone languages, 49, 220 Vaugelas, Claude Favre de, 129 tonogenesis, 148 velar stop, 34 Toribio, Jacqueline Almeida, 19 Venezuela, 71 tourism, 328 verbs Trail of Tears, 36–37 conjugation, 14–15 Treasures of the Azerbaijani Language, 114 copula, 149 Trujillo, Rafael, 249–250 morphology, 344–345 Ts’ang-Chieh, 97 suffixes, 15 tunings, 24–25 volitional, 150–151 Turkey, 85, 108–109, 114 Vergara, Sofia, 17 Language Commission, 128 vergonha, 73, 75–76 Tuvan, 28 vervet monkeys, 25 typologies, 51–55 Vidunda Ward, 331, 342 head/dependent, 55 Vietnam, 106, 198–199, 219–220 morphological, 51–53 viscera, 267 word order, 53–55 vocal tract, 266 Voice of America Radio, 66 Ueda Kazutoshi, 80 Volga, 210 Ukrainians, 243 volitional verbs, 150–151 JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
Subject Index 371
Volk,73 origins, 95–97 vowels, 13–14 political power and, 108–111 religion and, 105–108 Walkabout, 22–23, 26 scripts wampum belts, 97–98 Arabic, 106, 108–109, 114, 299–300 war, 10 Chinese, 97, 104 War Measures Act, 246 cuneiform, 95, 97 Washington, George, 75 Cyrillic, 96, 110–111, 315 Waterman, Thomas, 283 Egyptian, 100 Weinreich, Max, 20 Persian, 315 Wernicke’s area, 265 Roman, 103–105, 106, 109, 123, Whitney, William Dwight, 12 299–300 Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 48–51 Uyghir, 315 William the Conqueror, 38, 295 syllabary, 103–104 Wisconsin, 339–341 Tibet, 152 Wolf, Friedrich August, 42 writing materials, 102 Wolfram, Walt, 13 writing systems, 100–105, 337–338 wolves, 23 women, 113 Xinhua News Agency, 145 Wong-Fillmore, Lily, 142 Xinjiang, 174 word order typologies, 53–55 word play, 99–100 Y chromosome, 164, 273–274 World Atlas of Language Structure, Yahi people, 283 278 Yangon, 232 World Bank, 326–327 Y-chromosomal Adam, 271 World Trade Organization, 327 Yupik, 28 World War II, 242 yuppies, 308 written language, 56, 260 abjad, 102 Zentella, Ana Celia, 142–143 alphabets, 102–103 Zhang, Qing, 307–308 electronic, 299–301 Zionism, 107, 110 object writing, 97–100 see also Israel JWST613-SUBIND JWST613-Tetel Printer: Yet to Come August 1, 2015 9:50 Trim: 244mm × 170mm
372