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Rosario Castellanos Henneneutics of wntten texts: religious discourse in Mexican literature Catherine Lynne Caufield A thesis submitted in conformify with the requirements for the degree of Dactor of Philosophy Graduate Department of the Centre for the Study of Religion University of Toronto O Catherine Lynne Caufield 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale i*l of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Cmada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ostensive references in inscribing the world of action, along with discussion pertinent to religious discoune and action as expressed in a selection of contemporary Mexican novels. The second major section. "Configurationn, examines the act of inscribing the world of action. In this section. the phenomenon under study is religious discourse in the world of action of contemporary México. Drawing examples frorn one of the texts analyzed in the third major section, the fomal sub-section explores some of the linguistic and structural strategies that may used to create a text with the capacity to project a wodd that is consistent enough and perceptive enough to provoke a redescription of the world of action. The corresponding historical sub-section refieds on the activity of inscribing what the text speaks about. attempting to gain consciousness of the act of narrating through a discussion of Ricoeur's theory of action. The third major sectjon, "Refigurationn, explores the manner in which the text, once written, refen to a world of acti*on. In this section the phenomenon under study is no longer the world of action itself, but rather the written document. The phenomenological sub-section analyzes three contemporary Mexican novels as a rneans of exposing what text of the worid of action says that is comrnon to the reading expenence of others with respect to the relationship between religious discoune and action. The hermeneutical sub-section explores the way in which the appropriation of the world projected by the text changes the world of the reader through elaborating a theoretical refiection on the way that such written texts, whether testimonial or fiction, refer to the world of action. The work is concluded with a short section entitled "Retum to the prefigurative". This section serves to provide a review and summary of the main arguments of the thesis. It also reflects the circular movement of open hemeneutic commentary, for such reflections are both grounded in tradition and return to it. enhancing the prefigurative matrix and offering possibilities for further innovation. Acknowledgements In ernerging from a four-year period of intense work, which culminated with this thesis project, my deepest gratitude is extended to Dr. Mario J. Valdés, whose depth and breadth of knowledge was a refreshing source of stimulation for me and whose figorous scholarship continues to inspire me. I am very grateful for the skill and understanding of Dr. Luz Aurora Pimentel, whose insight enriched rny thesis and whose penetrating questions have kept me thin king. I would like to express many thanks to Dr. C. Thomas Mclntire for his support of my graduate work and for his admistrative guidance. I am most appreciative of the time that both Dr. Edward Chamberlin and Dr. Lee Cormie spent with me in discussing various aspects of my thesis. I would like to thank Dr. Rosa Sarabia for her careful reading of this text. I wish to acknowedge my parents, Betty Saville and Ron Caufield, for their economic and logistic support. I am very grateful for the contributions of ail of these people to my project, without them it would have been much more difkult. if not impossible. to complete. In addition to the indispensible human intellectual resources which make possible infomed reflection on the global world in which we live, there is also a substantial ewnomic cornmitment involved in a project such as this. Last. but most certainly not least, I would like to thank both the Government of México for the scholarship awarded to me through the Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the Government of Ontario for the scholarship awarded through the Ministry of Training, Universities, and Colleges. Hemeneutics of written texts: religious discourse in Mexkan Iiteature Table of Contents 1. Prefiguration ............................................. An overview of the philosophicai tradition on which fhis thesis bases its innovation. II. Configuration A. Fonnallsemiotics: How does the text function? ................ Written inscription with the capacdy to projet2 a wotià. B. Historicallsemantics: What does the text speak about? ......... A hemeneutical approach to the validity and pmcess of inscnbing the world of action in namtive fom. III. Refiguration A. Phenomenology: What does text Say that is cornmon to the reading experience of othen? Comrnentary on religious discourse in contemporary MBxico in thme narrative insciptions of the worid of aciion. 1. Poniatowska, Elena. Hasta no verte Jesus mio. Mbxico: Era, 1969 ................................................ 2. Lefiero, Vicente. €1 evangelio de Lucas Gavlldn. MBxico: Selx Baml,l979 .......................................... 3. Castellanos, Rosario. Oflcio de tinieblas. MBxico: Joaquin Mortiz, 1962 .......................................... B. Hermeneutics: How has my world changed after reading the text? . A hermeneutical approach to the relationship between the wtitten text and the world of action. Return to prefigurative ........................................ A review and summav of the main arguments of this thesis. Workscited ................................................. Worksconsulted ............................................ ..237 Hermeneutics of wtitten texts: religious discourse in Mexican literature 1. Prefiguration: situate research within the discussion of current and previous scholarship Theory and the phenomena of the world of action are closely and dialectally linked, for theory serves to provide the rneans by which ?o articu!a!e the experience of phenornena, whether this phenomena is a work of art or a religious ritual. The theoretical tradition of phenornenological/philosophical hermeneutics provides particularly fruitful access to the relationship behveen the phenomena of narrative and the world of action. Gadamer proposes in Tnrth and Method (1960) that tradition is composed of both sedimentation and innovation. In acknowledgment of this proposition, a synopsis of hermeneutic sedimentation will be given before proceeding to the more recent innovations contributed by Paul Ricoeur. This synopsis will focus particularly on the conceptuakation of understanding, explanation and interpretation. key hermeneutic terms which change their signification depending on where they are located within the tradition. Friedench Schleienacher is recognized as the founder of the modem discipline known as hermeneutics. a terni which specifically applies to the practice of the analysis of texts. Textual studies preceding Schleiermacher were relegated to the two distinct disciplines of classical philology and theological exegesis. Schleienacher however. proposes that understanding a text in a foreign language coming from a past age is not furidamentally more problematical than any other kind of understanding; he thus undertakes the project of isolating a cornmon procedure of understanding (Tm185). The work of Schleiermacher then is fundamental for the tradition of hermeneutics as it moved the practice of the explanation of texts from regional hemeneutics to a general hemeneutics. According to Gadamer, this movement served to free understanding and interpretation from al1 dogmatic interest (Tm197). For Schleiemacher. 'interpretation and understanding are closely interwoven, like the outer and the inner word. and every pmblem of interpretation is, in fact. a problem of understandingn(Tm 184). He comments that 'interpretation differs from understanding only as speaking aloud from speaking silently to onesel$ (Tnith 184). Setting the groundwork for the hemeneutical circle, this statement indicates that understanding is more profoundly personal while interpretation is the part that is shared. Gadamer observes that because Schleiemacher works from the assumption of misunderstanding. the pedagogical function of interpretation is a method for avoiding the misunderstanding of texts ( Tnrth 185). Schleiemacher posits that misunderstanding is an issue because of the obscurity of the Thou, the author whose life is embedded in the text (191). It follows from Schleiermacher's theoretical assumptions then that the airn of understanding is the psychological task of reaching the subjectivity
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