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Indigenism and Feminism in the Prose Fiction of Rosario Castellanos. George Alexander St

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Indigenism and Feminism in the Prose Fiction of Rosario Castellanos. George Alexander St Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1981 Indigenism and Feminism in the Prose Fiction of Rosario Castellanos. George Alexander st. john Robinson Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Robinson, George Alexander st. john, "Indigenism and Feminism in the Prose Fiction of Rosario Castellanos." (1981). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3616. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3616 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8117646 R o b in s o n, G e o r g e A l e x a n d e r St . Jo h n INDIGENISM AND FEMINISM IN THE PROSE FICTION OF ROSARIO CASTELLANOS The Louisiana Stale University and Agricultural and Mechanical ColPh.D. 1981 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. \^NDIGENISM AND FEMINISM IN THE PROSE FICTION OF ROSARIO CASTELLANOS\ A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Spanish and Portuguese by George Alexander St. John Robinson M.A., Louisiana State University, 1970 May 1981 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................... iii INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1 Chapter I. DEFINITIONS.......................................... 24 II. BALUN-CANAN.......................................... 57 III. CIUDAD R E A L .......................................... 90 IV. OFICIO DE T I N I E B L A S ..................................... 151 V. LOS CONVIDADOS DEAG O S T O .................................. 175 VI. ALBUM DE FAMILIA......................................... 200 CONCLUSIONS.................. 237 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................. 243 VITA ........................................................... 250 ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The novel of Indian concern has had a long vogue in Latin America, where it is known alternately as novela indianista or novela indigenista. This tradition in the novel has produced such well known works as Lopez y Fuentes* El indio, Alcides Arguedas1 Raza de bronce, Jorge Icaza's Huasipungo and Ciro Alegria’s El mundo es ancho y a jeno, all published between 1919 and 1941. These novels seek to illustrate the deplorable conditions of life in Indian communities from Mexico to Bolivia. In so doing, however, the Indian characters of these novels are generally reduced to single dimensional characters devoid of indi­ viduality. They are objects acted upon by more powerful elements of society, usually landlords, political bosses and an indispensible priest. By mid-century several forces were at work to produce major changes in the novela indigenista. Changes in style allowed a break with the realistic-naturalistic tradition of the past. Increased an­ thropological studies of contemporary Indian communities and the publi­ cation and study of written documents of Indian composition called at­ tention to aspects of Indian life other than that of exploitation. The psychological make-up of the Indian, his system of perceiving the world were now added to the prime element of social concern. The result was the creation of characters who stood out in relief against the back- iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ground of their community; individual, full-dimensioned characters now emerged. In Mexico this new tradition in the indigenista novel is best represented by the works of Rosario Castellanos: two novels, Balun- Canan (1957) and Oficio de tinieblas (1962), and a collection of sto­ ries, Ciudad Real (1960). These works explore the psychology of both the Indian and his exploiting landowner, revealing considerable paral­ lels between Indian and non-Indian societies and thus calling attention to the very human condition of both groups. Literature dealing with the condition and experience of women in Latin America has a history going back at least to the second half of the seventeenth century. In the works of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz we find concern for the exploited nature of women, for the poor educa­ tion of women and for the lack of regard accorded the feminine mind. The twentieth century has witnessed a resurgence of concern for aspects of the feminine experience of life. Poets such as Juana de Ibarbouru, Alfonsina Storni, Delmira Agustini and Gabriela Mistral ad­ dress problems of sensuality, sterility, isolation, lack of education and exploitation. Together with the achievement of the vote in Latin America and the increasing world-wide interest in the condition of women which followed World War II, these and other women have helped to spawn a new feminine consciousness. In Mexico Rosario Castellanos has addressed a wide range of feminine issues in poetry, in essay, in her Master's thesis, and in fiction. In the two novels of indigenista concern, Castellanos intro­ duces the element of concern for the condition of women in Indian and iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. non-Indian societies, raising this concern to a level equal to that of concern for the condition of the Indian. Castellanos’ last two collections of stories, Los convidados de agosto (1964) and Album de familia (1971) abandon the Indian in >rder to concentrate solely on the existential dilemma facing women in Mexico both in the provinces and in the metropolis. This work examines the development of Castellanos' Indian char­ acters and the gradual evolution of her female characters, noting paral­ lels in the condition of both the Indian and woman. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION Critical study of the Indianist fiction of Rosario Castellanos (1925-1974) has been based almost exclusively on the author’s two novels, Balun-Canan (1957) and Oficio de tinieblas (1962). These studies indicate that Castellanos has given a new direction to Mexican Indianist fiction, a direction in which the author breaks with the tradition of Jorge Icaza and the Indianist tradition before 1940 in that she, not unlike Jose Maria Arguedas and to some extent Ciro Alegria, internalizes Indian values and creates individual characters within a world defined neither by Occidental exotic taste nor by the simplification of social conflict into polar opposites of good and evil. Rather the characters of her fiction function according to those very values and world view which the professional anthropologist defines as characteristic of a particular society. Critical study of the portrayal of female characters in Castellanos' fiction
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