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Tianbo Li the Role of English in International Business: the Case of China

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Tianbo Li the Role of English in International Business: the Case of China Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Línguas e Culturas) 2010 Tianbo Li The Role of English in International Business: the Case of China Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Línguas e Culturas) 2010 Tianbo Li The Role of English in International Business: the Case of China Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Culturas, realizada sob a orientação científica do Dr. Gillian Moreira, Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Línguas e Culturas da Universidade de Aveiro texto Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. SFRH/BD/29248/2006 o júri presidente Prof. Doutor Jorge Ribeiro Frade Professor Catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro. Prof. Doutor Anthony David Barker, Professor Associado da Universidade de Aveiro. Profa. Doutora Maria Manuela Guilherme, Professora Associada da Universidade Losófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias. Profa. Doutora Cristina Maria Ferreira Pinto da Silva, Professora Coordenadora do Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto. Profa. Doutora Sum Lam, Professora Auxiliar do Instituto de Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade do Minho. Profa. Doutora Gillian Grace Owen Moreira, Professora Auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro. (Orientadora) agradecimentos My deepest gratitude and esteem go to Professor Drª. Gillian Owen Grace Moreira, my supervisor in this doctoral work, without her patient direction, consistent suggestions and corrections, this work would not have been presented here. I must acknowledge the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) for its four- year financial support for this project. During this period of hard research, I thank my family, who have been supporting and encouraging me with their consistent love and understanding. A thousand thanks go to my formal colleagues who helped me to contact national and international companies in China. Without their support, this work could not have done. I am very grateful to the companies who provided me opportunities to visit and do my research. My special thanks to their employees, who patiently answered my questionnaire, constantly inspire me to develop with the time. I thank the University of Aveiro, Portugal for its professional librarian services, providing valid and valuable information for my dissertation. To my colleagues and friends in China: Prof. Yu Wenqiang, Ao Yang, Yan Cuiying and Xin Xiangjun whose contributions in my questionnaire and friendship encouraged me to finish this work. To my Portuguese friend, Olinda Moreira for her proof-reading of the manuscript and encouraging comments. palavras-chave globalização; Inglês / Englishes; negócios internacionais; transformação da China; comunicação intercultural; sistema de valores chinês resumo Esta tese propõe-se examinar o papel e estatuto do Inglês nos negócios internacionais na China, tomando como enquadramento a transformação deste país desde 1978 até ao presente. No quadro actual da globalização e internacionalização sociais e económicas, apresenta-se uma perspectiva das tendências demográficas e padrões económicos bem como a situação social e cultural actual da China. A relação entre a língua inglesa e práticas e valores associados e a cultura dos negócios na China também foi investigada através de um trabalho de campo realizado em empresas nacionais e internacionais, localizadas em diferentes regiões da China, em 2007 e 2008. Através dos resultados deste estudo, reconhecemos a máxima importância atribuída tanto à língua inglesa como à comunicação intercultural pela população inquirida, sublinhando a necessidade de desenvolver as competências interculturais e linguísticas orientadas para a gestão eficiente dos negócios. Com base nos nossos resultados, pode ser extraída a conclusão de que o Inglês funciona como uma ferramenta principal e um abrir de caminhos para encurtar a lacuna linguística e cultural entre as diferentes comunidades empresariais. Ajuda a China a adaptar-se e interagir com outras culturas e chegar harmoniosamente ao principio “win-win”, ou seja, alcançar o sucesso esperado nos negócios internacionais de hoje. Por outro lado, torna-se claro que os papéis, a natureza e o estatuto do Inglês/”Englishes” evoluem a par de processos de mudança social, cultural e económica. Prevê-se que esta evolução continuará, ficando a paisagem linguística mais complexa. Espera-se que este trabalho contribua para a melhor compreensão das relações entre a China e o resto do mundo. keywords globalization; English/Englishes; business internationalization; transformation of China; intercultural communication; Chinese value system abstract This thesis proposes an examination of the role and status of English in international business in China against the background of this country’s economic and social transformation from 1978 to the present. Within the context of economic and social globalization and internationalization, an overview is provided of the demographic trends, economic patterns as well as the current social and cultural situation in China. The relationship between the English language and associated cultural practices and values, and Chinese business culture is investigated through fieldwork carried out in 2007 and 2008, with national and international enterprises in different regions of China. Our findings confirm the importance attributed to both English and intercultural communication by the surveyed population, highlighting the need for a mastery of cross-cultural and language skills for effective business management. Based on our findings, it is concluded that English functions as a major tool and a bridge to shorten the language and cultural gap between different business communities. It helps China to adapt and interact with other cultures and to harmoniously reach the win-win principle, that is, to achieve the success expected in today´s international business. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that the roles, nature and status of English/Englishes are constantly evolving alongside processes of social, cultural and economic change. It is predicted that this evolution will continue and complexify in the future. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the better understanding of intercultural relations between China and the rest of the world. Table of Contents List of illustrations page i Introduction 1 Chapter One: Globalization, Communication and Business 21 1.1 Economic globalization and the need for intercultural communication 21 1.2 Languages and international business – the rise of a global language 56 Chapter Two: Chinese Economic, Business and Cultural Environment 96 2.1 China's market economic strategy 96 2.2 Internationalization in business 106 2.3 Cultural context of business in China 118 Chapter Three: English in International Business in China – Case Study 134 3.1 Introduction: overview of the situation of English in China 134 3.1.1 A view of English in China 135 3.1.2 Chinese people´s opinions about English 141 3.1.3 Language effects on English 145 3.1.4 The future of English 148 3.2 Field Study 152 3.2.1 Methodology 152 3.2.2 Case study 154 3.2.3 Qualitative approach: English in business in China 158 3.2.4 Quantitative analysis: English in business in China 177 3.2.5 What is there to learn from China´s success? 226 3.3 Conclusions of the research 241 3.3.1 Difficulties and limitations experienced in this research 246 3.3.2 Future research recommendations 247 Final Conclusions 248 Bibliography 254 Appendix 1 Detailed Profile of the Companies Surveyed 282 Appendix 2 Unstructured Interviews from Different Sources 284 Appendix 3 The Use of both Chinglish and Standard English in China 294 Appendix 4 Questionnaire (in English and Chinese) 299 Appendix 5 All Answers to the Open-ended Question 308-328 List of illustrations Maps 3.1 “Map of China” 153 3.2 Map of Data Collected in Mainland China 187 Figures 1.1 Model of Intercultural Competence 45 1.2 Kachru´s Three “Circles” of English 70 1.3 McArthur´s Circle of World Englishes 72 1.4 Three Concentric Circles of Asian Englishes 91 2.1 Billboard of Deng Xiaoping in Shenzhen 102 2.2 China´s Historical Moment: Signing Ceremony on Its Entry to WTO 103 3.3 English in Employees' Daily Lives 200 3.4 Purposes for Using English 201 3.5 Employees´ Language Competences 203 3.6 Employees´ Varieties of English 204 3.7 Areas in English Communication 205 3.8 Future of English in Business in China 207 3.9 Important Skills for Employees 210 3.10 Use of Communicative Skills 212 3.11 Areas Requiring Intercultural Skills 213 3.12 Purposes for Intercultural Skills 215 3.13 Perceptions of English 217 3.14 Difficulties in Communicating in English 218 3.15 Most Effective Ways of Communicating 220 3.16 Importance of Chinese Cultural Values 222 3.17 Contributions of Confucianism and Buddhism 224 Tables 2.1 Approved Foreign Investment in China by Form 107 2.2 Approved FDI in China by Sector, 1996 108 3.1 Classification of the Questionnaire 188 3.2 Classification of Professional Categories of Respondents 189 3.3 Age Range of Respondents 190 3.4 Academic Background of Respondents 191 3.5 Companies Surveyed 192 3.6 Years of Respondents´ English Study 193 3.7 Sources of Respondents´ English Study 194 3.8 Other Foreign Languages Spoken by Respondents 195 3.9 Company-Financed English Learning 199 3.10 Intercultural Skills Learning and Financing 208 3.11 Examples of Respondents´ Opinions on English and Communicative Skills 228-229 3.12 Chinese Professionals´ Perceptions on China's Economy 230 i Introduction I never thought I would be writing my doctoral dissertation in Portugal. As a native Chinese growing up in China, going through its reform processes, and as a former English teacher in the Chinese national education system, I had been witnessing the vast economic and social transitions since China opened up in 1978. But it was because of my husband´s professional career in 2001, that we, as a family unit, came to live in Portugal, giving us the opportunity to further pursue our scholarly careers and expand our intercultural experiences.
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