OriginalThe Bulletin papers of JSSD Received February 2, 2012; Accepted February 1, 2016 determinants of emotional state Psychological Review 1962; 613-622. Original paper 69: 379-399. 29. Essa IA, Pentland AP. Coding, analysis, interpretation, and

14. Reevy GM. Encyclopedia of emotion. Santa Barbara, recognition of facial expressions. IEEE Transactions on Greenwood: CA, 2010. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 1997; 19(7): DESIGN AESTHETICS OF TAIPEI CITY WALLS 15. Fridlund AJ. Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. 757-63. Academic Press: London, 2014. 30. Valstar M. Automatic facial expression analysis. In Mandal Aesthetic Principles and Culture Preservation 16. Mahrabian A. Silent messages. Wadsworth: Belmont, CA, MK, Awasthi A (Eds.), Understanding facial expressions in 1981. communication. Springer: India, 2015; 143-172. 17. Ekman P, Friesen WV. Facial action coding system: A 31. Pos O, Green-Armytage P. Facial expression, colors and Chang-Rong LIN *, Ta-Wei KUO**, Yu-Fu YANG**, Hsuan-Chu CHEN**, Jui-Che TU** technique for the measurement of facial movement. basic emotions. Color: Design & Creativity 2007; 1(1): 2,

Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Also, 1978. 1-20. *Department of Art Industry, National Taitung University 18. Ekman P, Friesen WV, O'Sullivan M, Diacoyanni-T I, 32. Lajevardi SM, Wu HR. Facial expression recognition in 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung, Taiwan, R.O.C. Krause R, Pitcairn T, Scherer K, et al. Universals and cultural perceptual color space. IEEE Transactions on Image ** Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology,Yunlin differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. Processing 2012; 21(8): 3721-3733. 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan, R.O.C. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987; 53: 33. Pantic M, Patras I. Dynamics of facial expression: 712-17. Recognition of facial actions and their temporal segments 19. Ekman P, Sorenson ER, Friesen WV. Pan-cultural elements from face profile image sequences. IEEE Transactions on Abstract: The construction of Taipei City Walls was started in the Qing dynasty (1882 A.D.) by in facial displays of emotion. Science 1969; 164: 86-88. Systems, Man and Cybernetics: Part B 2006; 36(2): Guangdong craftsmen. It was the last city that used the concept of feng shui during the Qing dynasty and 20. Izard C. The face of emotion. Appleton-Century-Crofts: New 433-449. the only rectangular stone city in Taiwan's history. Taipei is the most modernized city in Taiwan, and the York, NY, 1971. 34. Zhan Y, Zhou G. Facial expression recognition based on construction of tall buildings and skyscrapers has led to the gradual disappearance of the original Taipei 21. Pollak SD, Messner M, Kistler DJ, Cohn JF. Development of hybrid features and fusing discrete HMM. In Shumaker, R. City Walls. Taipei City Walls is unique in the history of Taiwan, and its design and planning are also perceptual expertise in emotion recognition. Cognition 2009; (Ed.), Virtual Reality, HCII 2007, (LNCS 4563) different.This study used text analysis and case investigation to consider space according to the process of 110: 242-47. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/ Heidelberg, 2007; 408-417. changes in the social history in an attempt to analyze the design aesthetics of Taipei City Walls as the 22. Rinn WE. The neuropsychology of facial expression: a 35. Lau BT. Portable real time needs expression for people with preliminary foundation for urban design aesthetics in Taiwan.The analysis of the design aesthetics review of the neurological and psychological mechanisms communication disabilities. In Proceedings of according to several aesthetic principles showed that the principles of the presentation of style beauty for producing facial expressions. Psychological Bulletin Communication in Computer and Information Science: included: Host-Guest disposition method, Graphic harmony rule, Significant harmony rule and Landscape 1984; 95(1): 52-77. Intelligent Interactive Assistance and Mobile Multimedia viewing rule, breaking through the past politics-based power distribution. Although the aesthetic principle 23. Knapp ML, Hall JA. Nonverbal communication in human Computing. Springer-Verlag: Berlin/ Heidelberg, Germany, has been called an historical inheritance, its meaning was completely different, and it initiated the city interaction (7th ed.). Cengage Learning: Boston, MA, 2010. 2009; 85-95. morphology of Taipei City. 24. Ekman P, Friesen WV, Hager JC. Facial action coding 36. Loijens L, Krips O. Facereader Methodology. Noldus system- the manual. Research Nexus, a subsidiary of Information Technology: Wageningen, Nederland, 2012. Keywords: Taipei City Walls, design aesthetics, Life Network Information Research Corporation: Salt Lake City, 37. Zaman B, Shrimpton-S T. The FaceReader: Measuring 2002. instant fun of use. In Proceedings of the 4th Nordic 25. Reeve J, Nix G. Expressing intrinsic motivation through acts Conference on Human-computer Interaction. ACM New 1. Introduction of exploration and facial displays of interest. Motivation and York, 2006; 457-460. Major metropolitan areas in every nation are faced with damage to environments that have historical meaning, due Emotion 1997; 21(3): 237-50. modernization and globalization challenges during the rapid to economic interests. Therefore, modernization may also 26. Scherer KR, Clark-P E, Mortillaro M. In the eye of the 38. Cohen AS, Morrison SC, Callaway DA. Computerized facial development of their economies, causing the traditional lead to a crisis of extinction. There are only a few city gates beholder? universality and cultural specificity in the analysis for understanding constricted/ blunted affect: Initial metropolitan style to become homogenized. The purpose of currently remaining in Taipei City Walls. They have expression and perception of emotion. International Journal feasibility, reliability, and validity data. Schizophrenia urban planning is to improve the quality of the metropolitan become traffic circles isolated in the center of the City’s of Psychology 2011; 46(6): 401-35. Research 2013; 148: 111-116. public space and connect the living experience of the roads. 27. Song KT, Han MJ, Hong J. Online learning design of an 39. Danner L, Haindl S, Joechl M, Duerrschmid K. Facial citizens with their feelings, while dealing with the related The City Walls have also been turned into broad roads, image-based facial expression recognition system. Intelligent expressions and autonomous nervous system responses model of substantial space and human-crowded activities. and their historical memory has been gradually forgotten. Service Robotics 2010; 3(3): 151-162. elicited by tasting different juices. Food Research The plan includes the composition of the external and Among the existing preserved documents, only traces of the 28. Ray A, Chakrabarti A. Design and implementation of International 2014; 64: 81-90. internal spaces of the environment, and the relative historical inheritance or narrative depictions can be found. affective e-learning strategy based on facial emotion 40. Brunswik E. Representative design and probabilistic theory construction between spatial design and environmental However, the nature of design, especially the nature of recognition. In Proceeding of the International Conference in a functional psychology. Psychological Review 1955; elements. aesthetics, has never been investigated. As city dwellers, on Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications. 62(3): 193-217. However, the process of modernization is usually citizens cannot understand how to maintain their living Springer-Verlag: Berlin/ Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; accompanied by the maltreatment of historical heritage or environment until they have an understanding of

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environmental aesthetics. Consequently, this study 4) Analyze the design aesthetics of Taipei City Walls. investigates the nature and meaning of beauty from an aesthetic perspective. 2. Study Method and Architecture The design of Taipei City Walls is unique and its From the perspectives of the historical context and the potential value is still to be discovered. Taipei City Walls history of the system, this study researches the space does not simply signify the ruins of an ancient city. It brings through the social and historical changes. Then it expounds new cultural identification to the metropolis of Taipei, upon, or infers the possibility of, the design aesthetics by where tall buildings are everywhere. It is necessary to means of the research method of “taking the system as the analyze the aesthetic perspectives and rediscover the local media” or the “two-phase demonstration method” [2]. culture based on the analysis of design aesthetics. 2.1 Study Method 1.1 Purposes 1) Text analysis: discuss the historical context of Taipei City Taipei City’s history is more than one hundred years Walls’s construction through a literature review. long, since its establishment. It was considered as a 2) Case study: conduct an analysis of the design aesthetics marginal zone in the past (centering on Tainan, the of Taipei City Walls’ construction, determine the design prefectural city of Taiwan), while now it is the political and trends, decompose the feelings and describe the natural economic center in Taiwan, as well as the largest indications. In addition, an analysis will be conducted of metropolitan region in Taiwan. the aesthetic knowledge from three dimensions: nature, From a historical perspective, Taipei City Walls was the indication and form, along with a discussion of the last city to be built in the Qing dynasty according to feng operational means of the feelings derived from its beauty, shui. It was also the only rectangular city in Taiwan (other from the perspective of form. cities had an irregular or round shape). Its design was special as well. The Tower of Taipei City Walls is also 3. Literature Review extraordinary; it is a closed fortress. Apparently, its function 3.1 Aesthetics knowledge dimensions of the city design was to provide defense against modern firearms. Its various 1) Aesthetics and Design aesthetics: Aesthetics is the designs all had unique values. science of beauty. As a branch of the science of beauty, With economic development, metropolitan construction design aesthetics discusses the content, which is close to exceeded the range of the city walls, and they became an design creation and work analysis [3]. The three obstacle to development. The traditional buildings in the dimensions of aesthetic analysis include nature, aesthetic City and the city walls themselves were gradually forms and indications (as shown in Table 1). dismantled and vanished rapidly. Taipei City Walls inherited The nature of design involves discussion and the design style of Chinese traditional city walls. In addition, exploration of the purposes or selections of a certain it was also designed according to local needs. Both ancient design. The meaning of design discusses and explores Chinese aesthetics and modernization can be observed in the meaning, story, instruction and lessons of the design Taipei City Walls, and the origin of modern aesthetics can work; it also means that a selected theme is developed be explicitly traced in the literature [1]. As a result, the into a complete story structure with plots at the very aesthetic ingredients extracted from the City’s construction beginning of the design or even at the initial status of and the interpretation of design aesthetics can help in the modeling formation. The form of design discusses and analysis of ancient and traditional intelligence, as well as explores the gradual formation of the modeling and preserve and inherit the intelligence of our ancestors. polishing of aesthetics during the design creation [3]. This paper aimed at the following tasks: 2) Aesthetics knowledge dimensions of city design: For city 1) Discuss the process of the creation (construction) of design, nature should dictate the aesthetics style Taipei City Walls. produced for the city design and updates, cooperation 2) Discuss the media material, forms and expression of between policy-makers and common people, the earlier Taipei City Walls. construction of the city appearance, as well as the 3) Describe and interpret the beauty, aesthetic attitude, summary and application of the environmental system’s aesthetic experience, and social function of Taipei City elemental composition into the design prototype. Walls.

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Table 1. Operational items of aesthetics [3] 城京) in Japan [5]. This was one of the first systems environmental aesthetics. Consequently, this study 4) Analyze the design aesthetics of Taipei City Walls. Aesthetical dimensions Discussed items developed in the science of world urban planning. investigates the nature and meaning of beauty from an 1. Theme It could be inferred from historical literature that the aesthetic perspective. 2. Study Method and Architecture 2. Name of design case. city is the military, political and economic center of The design of Taipei City Walls is unique and its From the perspectives of the historical context and the The nature of the design 3. Aesthetics level and other levels in Taiwan. As mentioned in Shuo-wen chieh-tzu(說文解 potential value is still to be discovered. Taipei City Walls history of the system, this study researches the space design case, such as use, construction 字), the city is meant for containing large numbers of does not simply signify the ruins of an ancient city. It brings through the social and historical changes. Then it expounds and weight among collective memories people. Duan Yu-cai(段玉裁) compared it to containers new cultural identification to the metropolis of Taipei, upon, or infers the possibility of, the design aesthetics by 1. Theme is transformed into holding the grain. It could be inferred from historical where tall buildings are everywhere. It is necessary to means of the research method of “taking the system as the indication. literature that the city is the military, political and analyze the aesthetic perspectives and rediscover the local media” or the “two-phase demonstration method” [2]. 2. Coordinate the relations among economic center of Taiwan. As mentioned in Shuo-wen The meaning of the design culture based on the analysis of design aesthetics. 2.1 Study Method sub-themes, plots or scenes, story chieh-tzu (說文解字), the city is meant to contain large 1.1 Purposes 1) Text analysis: discuss the historical context of Taipei City sub-themes and indication based on the numbers of people. Duan Yu-cai (段玉裁) compared it Taipei City’s history is more than one hundred years Walls’s construction through a literature review. theme. to containers holding grain. No matter whether they are long, since its establishment. It was considered as a 2) Case study: conduct an analysis of the design aesthetics 1. Modeling transformed into design. common people or royalty, people need to live in cities marginal zone in the past (centering on Tainan, the of Taipei City Walls’ construction, determine the design The Form of the design 2. Modeling is decided and polished for the sake of safety and convenience. A city should prefectural city of Taiwan), while now it is the political and trends, decompose the feelings and describe the natural based on the theme or indication. have official buildings, public utilities and a certain economic center in Taiwan, as well as the largest indications. In addition, an analysis will be conducted of As for the meaning of city design, the function and level of political and economic development. Only metropolitan region in Taiwan. the aesthetic knowledge from three dimensions: nature, position of the city is specified first, and then the then it can be called a city, and be considered as the From a historical perspective, Taipei City Walls was the indication and form, along with a discussion of the environmental shaping process is derived from it. With symbol of the national domination over the region. last city to be built in the Qing dynasty according to feng operational means of the feelings derived from its beauty, the rapid development of the city in modern times, the shui. It was also the only rectangular city in Taiwan (other from the perspective of form. professional cooperation and mass operation in a modern cities had an irregular or round shape). Its design was free society make the shaping a fragmentary and special as well. The Tower of Taipei City Walls is also 3. Literature Review non-continuous decision, which does not take the extraordinary; it is a closed fortress. Apparently, its function 3.1 Aesthetics knowledge dimensions of the city design correlations into consideration, and even results in having was to provide defense against modern firearms. Its various 1) Aesthetics and Design aesthetics: Aesthetics is the a negative influence on each other. Lastly, the results of designs all had unique values. science of beauty. As a branch of the science of beauty, various partial indications are based on the political With economic development, metropolitan construction design aesthetics discusses the content, which is close to purpose, economic gains and professional value exceeded the range of the city walls, and they became an design creation and work analysis [3]. The three orientation. Figure.1(Left): Architectural drawing of the imperial obstacle to development. The traditional buildings in the dimensions of aesthetic analysis include nature, aesthetic Regarding the Form of city design, the relations of the city City and the city walls themselves were gradually forms and indications (as shown in Table 1). positions of objects and spaces in the entire city, scenery Figure.2(Right): Architectural drawing of Zhou dismantled and vanished rapidly. Taipei City Walls inherited The nature of design involves discussion and disposition is discussed, that is, whether the placement of imperial City in the Three Ceremonies Drawings (三禮 the design style of Chinese traditional city walls. In addition, exploration of the purposes or selections of a certain commercial districts, industrial districts and residential 圖) by Zheng Xuan (鄭玄) in the East Han dynasty it was also designed according to local needs. Both ancient design. The meaning of design discusses and explores districts meet the demands of habitation, along with the The book The Rites of Zhou, Kaogongji (周禮.考工 Chinese aesthetics and modernization can be observed in the meaning, story, instruction and lessons of the design style selection of the architecture, the arrangement of the 記) was the first book to summarize past construction Taipei City Walls, and the origin of modern aesthetics can work; it also means that a selected theme is developed skyline and the composition of the street scenery. experiences, and it has affected later concepts of city be explicitly traced in the literature [1]. As a result, the into a complete story structure with plots at the very construction. The contents of design planning have aesthetic ingredients extracted from the City’s construction beginning of the design or even at the initial status of 3.2 Investigation on the Morphology of Taipei City varied with the different dynasties, thinking & systems, and the interpretation of design aesthetics can help in the modeling formation. The form of design discusses and Walls based on the Literature politics and economies, and environment and climates. analysis of ancient and traditional intelligence, as well as explores the gradual formation of the modeling and Ancient city construction has an effect on modern Kaogongji (The Artificers' Record), mentioned: “when preserve and inherit the intelligence of our ancestors. polishing of aesthetics during the design creation [3]. cities, and traces of the thought process in ancient cities the craftsmen build the city, they should follow the rule This paper aimed at the following tasks: 2) Aesthetics knowledge dimensions of city design: For city can be observed in current cities. that the city should be 9 square miles with three gates on 1) Discuss the process of the creation (construction) of design, nature should dictate the aesthetics style 1) The Meaning of “City” in China: Ancient urban each side. There are nine horizontal and nine vertical Taipei City Walls. produced for the city design and updates, cooperation planning in China plays an important role in the history roads, which are as wide as that of nine carts running in 2) Discuss the media material, forms and expression of between policy-makers and common people, the of world city construction. In addition to its long a row. On the West side is the mausoleum of the earlier Taipei City Walls. construction of the city appearance, as well as the history, a city construction system was established [4] ancestors, while on the east side is the residence of the 3) Describe and interpret the beauty, aesthetic attitude, summary and application of the environmental system’s that affected the construction planning in neighboring people. On the South side is the royal palace, while aesthetic experience, and social function of Taipei City elemental composition into the design prototype. countries, such as Heian-kyo (平安) and Heijo-kyo (平 towards the north is the market” (Figures 1 and 2). This Walls. planning includes all streets and roads, as well as fields

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and mountains. It coordinates the city space, allowing on the Fengshui concept and that it is in line with the the crowded city to have green fields. We can conclude natural principles. Taipei is a typical city built in that it had the idea of long-term operation and defense. accordance with Fengshui [8-11]. 2) Traditional Feng Shui Concepts for City Construction: Two Feng Shui concepts have affected city Ancient people’s observations of the changes in the construction in Taipei: Qi (Figure 4) and Polarity (Figure natural environment during the pre-Qin (秦) dynasty led 3). Qi (a.k.a. Li Fa (理法) and Siang Fa (向法)) attaches to the formation of feng shui. From the perspectives of importance to directions and uses Yin-yang and the modern studies, feng shui is a science-based theory that Five-element Theory, the I-ching and the Eight Trigrams also includes philosophical thinking and aesthetic to predict fortune [12]. Polarity (a.k.a. Xingshih Pai (形 perspectives for choosing a good living environment. 勢派) and Xingfa Pai (形法)) was the leading Feng Shui To build a city, it is necessary to consider everything School during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It attaches from various aspects. Chinese culture has the emotional importance to matching the dragons, sand, water and world view, since ancient times, which considers the city caves. These two schools jointly developed the ideal feng as an organic body when it comes to the selection of a shui style [13]. place to live. feng shui must be checked first before the The feng shui concept of Nanlung Pai was applied to construction of a city since feng shui is related to the the Taipei City Walls in Taiwan. The mountains prosperity of the entire city and the people within the encircling Taipei City Walls and the Tamsui River, which city. flows through the Taipei basin were the layout for In Chinese Feng Shui, Kunlun Mountain (崑崙山) is attracting the wind and accumulating good fortune. the source of the dragon vein, which expands into three veins: the north dragon vein, central dragon vein and south dragon vein. Under the south dragon vein, there are two sub-veins reaching Taiwan. The principle of the place focused on the dragon vein. The dragon vein is the situation of the mountain. When selecting the site to build a city, it is better to build the city near the mountain. The ideal place of Geomancy Science based on feng shui theory should possess four elements: Figure 3(Left): Basic Feng Shui Layouts [12] (Figure.3) dragon ( 龍 ), soil ( 砂 ), water ( 水 ) and Figure 4(Right): 24 Mountains Yin and Yang Plate plainness (穴). Dragon indicates the dragon vein. Soil [13] indicates that the city is surrounded by mountains. Water 3) Establishing Taipei City during the Qing dynasty: Taiwan indicates the style in which the river flows, where the has been under the rule of numerous regimes, including surrounding river is a good sign, while a rushing river is Holland, Spain, the Ming, Chen and Qing dynasties, and a bad sign. Plainness indicates the plain and wide place, Japan. Therefore, the city construction was slightly which is also called “Ming Tang (明堂)”. A place where different from traditional city planning; it varied with the advantages are concentrated is a precious one, and different purposes, revealing the changes in the internal that is also where the city shall be built [6]. powers [14]. Although feng shui systems are complicated, they can The construction of Taiwan City started from the end generally be divided into the following theoretical of the Ming dynasty. At that time, due to the rampant systems [7]: pirates, a city was built near Penghu. In addition, the (1) Yin yang-based observations. Netherlands and Spain built many western-style (2) Landform observations. fortresses as sites in their colonization of Taiwan, (3) Environmental analysis for the best location leading to the formation of the prototype of the city. (Polarity (巒頭派)). “Reconstruction of Taiwan Prefecture(重修台灣府 (4) Observing astronomical phenomena to seek 志)” says: “The construction of a city is to defend auspicious locations and times (Qi (理氣派)). foreign aggression. If there is a need to build a city, it Many researchers on ancient cities in the east and the should be built at any cost. The upheavals in Taiwan are west believe that China’s ancient urban design is based mainly domestic ones, instead of foreign aggression.

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and mountains. It coordinates the city space, allowing on the Fengshui concept and that it is in line with the There is no need to build a city. As a matter of fact, it is a the crowded city to have green fields. We can conclude natural principles. Taipei is a typical city built in waste to build a city”. According to the Reconstruction that it had the idea of long-term operation and defense. accordance with Fengshui [8-11]. of Taiwan Prefecture, during the Qing dynasty, the 2) Traditional Feng Shui Concepts for City Construction: Two Feng Shui concepts have affected city government did not attach importance to the Ancient people’s observations of the changes in the construction in Taipei: Qi (Figure 4) and Polarity (Figure development of Taiwan; instead, it worried about the natural environment during the pre-Qin (秦) dynasty led 3). Qi (a.k.a. Li Fa (理法) and Siang Fa (向法)) attaches increasing power of the anti-Qing forces, so it adopted to the formation of feng shui. From the perspectives of importance to directions and uses Yin-yang and the the non-city- construction policy there. modern studies, feng shui is a science-based theory that Five-element Theory, the I-ching and the Eight Trigrams It was not until the outbreak of the Mudan Commune also includes philosophical thinking and aesthetic to predict fortune [12]. Polarity (a.k.a. Xingshih Pai (形 Event in 1874 when Japanese armies attacked Taiwan perspectives for choosing a good living environment. 勢派) and Xingfa Pai (形法)) was the leading Feng Shui and engaged in fierce battles against the aborigines that To build a city, it is necessary to consider everything School during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It attaches Shen Baozhen ( 沈葆楨) was appointed Governor- Figure 7: Irregular Fongshan New City [6] from various aspects. Chinese culture has the emotional importance to matching the dragons, sand, water and General to carry out the defense affairs; he expanded the 4) The economy gives rise to the urban outline of Taipei world view, since ancient times, which considers the city caves. These two schools jointly developed the ideal feng administrative units from one city to three. City: The Taipei Basin is composed of two major rivers, as an organic body when it comes to the selection of a shui style [13]. At that time, Taipei was in the relative opposite so the water transportation and commercial ports create place to live. feng shui must be checked first before the The feng shui concept of Nanlung Pai was applied to direction to Tainan region (Tainan was the political and the urban outline of “Monga (艋舺)” and “Tataocheng construction of a city since feng shui is related to the the Taipei City Walls in Taiwan. The mountains economic center at that time), indicating the recognition ( 大稻埕)”. The economic pattern of Taipei was prosperity of the entire city and the people within the encircling Taipei City Walls and the Tamsui River, which of Taiwan’s northern direction. Taipei City Walls was the gradually transformed from an agricultural social pattern city. flows through the Taipei basin were the layout for area surrounded by the city wall after the City had been to an international industrial and commercial one. In Chinese Feng Shui, Kunlun Mountain (崑崙山) is attracting the wind and accumulating good fortune. built during the Guangxu reign. Until then, the Taipei After Taipei City Walls was established, for the sake of the source of the dragon vein, which expands into three region was formed in a comparatively specific sense. governing and defense, other cities were built. According veins: the north dragon vein, central dragon vein and Among the cities constructed in Taiwan in the early to the rules of the Record of Laws and Systems of the south dragon vein. Under the south dragon vein, there days, Taipei was the only rectangular city (Figure 5). As Qing dynasty, “Throughout all dynasties, the counties are two sub-veins reaching Taiwan. The principle of the for other cities, Kavalan Jioucyong City (宜蘭) (Yilan) and townships were established surrounded by city walls place focused on the dragon vein. The dragon vein is the (Figure 6) had a round shape, and Fengshan Hsincheng as the administrative offices.” Shen Baozhen pointed out situation of the mountain. When selecting the site to (鳳山新城) had an irregular shape (Figure 7). in the “Proposal of Constructing One City and Three build a city, it is better to build the city near the Counties in Taipei (臺北擬建一府三縣摺)”; after his mountain. The ideal place of Geomancy Science based inspection of the geographic conditions, the paddy field on feng shui theory should possess four elements: Figure 3(Left): Basic Feng Shui Layouts [12] between “Monga” and “DaDaoCheng” was chosen as (Figure.3) dragon ( 龍 ), soil ( 砂 ), water ( 水 ) and Figure 4(Right): 24 Mountains Yin and Yang Plate the place to build Taipei City Walls. plainness (穴). Dragon indicates the dragon vein. Soil [13] After Taipei City Walls was built, the official indicates that the city is surrounded by mountains. Water 3) Establishing Taipei City during the Qing dynasty: Taiwan architecture and public facilities were soon constructed, indicates the style in which the river flows, where the has been under the rule of numerous regimes, including such as the Yamen (government office), including: the surrounding river is a good sign, while a rushing river is Holland, Spain, the Ming, Chen and Qing dynasties, and Danshui administration, Taipei City Walls, administrative a bad sign. Plainness indicates the plain and wide place, Japan. Therefore, the city construction was slightly office, office of the Taiwan governor and others; and which is also called “Ming Tang (明堂)”. A place where different from traditional city planning; it varied with religious buildings, including: Confucius Temple, Martial the advantages are concentrated is a precious one, and different purposes, revealing the changes in the internal Temple, Sing Wong Temple (Confucius Temple), Town that is also where the city shall be built [6]. powers [14]. Figure 5: Rectangular Taipei City Walls [6] God's Temple and Tianhou Palace (in this order). Although feng shui systems are complicated, they can The construction of Taiwan City started from the end Moreover, Taipei City Walls seemed to have become the generally be divided into the following theoretical of the Ming dynasty. At that time, due to the rampant religious and political center for the entire Taipei area, systems [7]: pirates, a city was built near Penghu. In addition, the even the entire area of Taiwan. (1) Yin yang-based observations. Netherlands and Spain built many western-style (2) Landform observations. fortresses as sites in their colonization of Taiwan, 4. Analysis of the Design Aesthetics of Taipei City Walls (3) Environmental analysis for the best location leading to the formation of the prototype of the city. The analysis intended to interpret the design aesthetics of (Polarity (巒頭派)). “Reconstruction of Taiwan Prefecture(重修台灣府 Taipei City Walls from the perspectives of beauty, aesthetic (4) Observing astronomical phenomena to seek 志)” says: “The construction of a city is to defend appreciation attitude, aesthetic appreciation experiences and auspicious locations and times (Qi (理氣派)). foreign aggression. If there is a need to build a city, it the descriptions of social functions. Many researchers on ancient cities in the east and the should be built at any cost. The upheavals in Taiwan are Figure 6: Kavalan Hall Jioucyong City (Round Old 4.1 Taipei City Walls with circular heaven and square west believe that China’s ancient urban design is based mainly domestic ones, instead of foreign aggression. Yilan) [6] earth

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The traditional urban design in China was mainly based shape of AiKou W. Rd [17]. on the imperial city picture of “The Rites of Zhou - Records Roads and construction layouts were planned first, of Examination of Craftsman.” followed by the construction of the city walls. Because the Taipei City Walls did not belong to one of the major concepts of the designers were different, a unique space was metropolitan areas at that time, so it was not composed of formed, in which the roads in the City were not parallel to three sub-cities in the traditional sense: the imperial city, the the external city walls as in the traditional concept of outer city and the inner city. On the contrary, it only has a symmetry (Figures 8 & 9). set of circular cities ranked at the prefecture level (Figure 5). Taipei City Walls was the only rectangular city in Taiwan (Other city walls in Taiwan are of irregular shape due to the op cit al terrain.), reflecting the cosmological concept of a “round heaven and square earth.” Although it had a rectangular shape, the city walls in the south varied Figure 8(Left): Concept of Traditional Roads and with the camber of the river. It could be inferred that in External City Walls addition to inheriting traditional thinking, Taipei City Walls Figure 9(Right): Concept of Roads and External City was also designed according to local conditions. Walls of Taipei City Walls 4.2 The aesthetic rules of primary and secondary (source: This research) orders: Feng Shui outlook of Qi (ch'i) and polarity 4.3 Planning rules for aesthetics with graphic harmony towards Taipei City Walls In order to bring into play the functions of living, The concept of order is based on the relations between military defense, politics and religious culture, the official the design components. Consideration of the symbolic and civil architectures were built everywhere inside the city, indications of the components meant deciding the position including the architectures illustrated: and order for all of them. Position means the direction and 1) Political architectures (Figure. 10): Danshui Ting (Part location, while order means the order of promoting and A), Taipei Governmental Office (Part B), Finance constraining [15]. Ministry Office (Part C), Governor-General’s Office The Feng Shui view of Governor Chen Yuying (岑毓英) (Part D), Defense Affairs Bureau (Part E). during that period belongs to Qi (ch'i). He took the Taipei 2) Religious architectures (Figure. 11): Confucian Temple governmental office and the Confucius Temple as the axes (Part F), Martial Temple (Part G), Holy King Temple, from the south to the north, both of which pointed to the Town God Temple (Part H), Heavenly Empress Palace unchanging celestial Dipper. This makes Taipei City a (Part I), Memorial Arch of Charity (Part J), Lin Clan northwestward square city; its four gates and crossing Shrine, Chen Clan Shrine. streets form the space concept that is based on the Feng 3) Military defense architectures (Figure. 12): Assisting- Shui theory of Qi [16]. Taiwan Office (Part K), Military Equipment Bureau While Liu Ao (劉璈), the practical creator of Taipei City (Part L). Walls, embraced polarity, he changed the original positions 4) Educational architectures (Figure. 13): Mingdao of the city walls. Because of a different Feng Shui view, he Academy (Part M), Kaopeng School (Part N), Fan dramatically changed the original design of the walls, School, West School (Part O), Dengying School (Part P). attaching importance to the dragon vein. He believed that the original design plan of Taipei City was not close to the mountain, so it was contrary to The Divination Books. Therefore, he revised the angle of the walls, putting them close to Cising Mountain. The position of Taipei City Walls was moved a little from the northeast direction to the southwest direction. Finally, the east wall (ZhongShan S. Rd) and west wall (ZhongHua Rd.) pointed to Cising Mountain, while the south wall curved according to the Figure. 10 Figure. 11 shape of the river, which can be seen from today’s curved Political architectures Religious architectures

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The traditional urban design in China was mainly based shape of AiKou W. Rd [17]. lakes remained (Figure 14). The waterway system was on the imperial city picture of “The Rites of Zhou - Records Roads and construction layouts were planned first, located in the northern and southern parts of the City, and of Examination of Craftsman.” followed by the construction of the city walls. Because the empty spaces were planted with green plants. Taipei City Walls did not belong to one of the major concepts of the designers were different, a unique space was metropolitan areas at that time, so it was not composed of formed, in which the roads in the City were not parallel to three sub-cities in the traditional sense: the imperial city, the the external city walls as in the traditional concept of outer city and the inner city. On the contrary, it only has a symmetry (Figures 8 & 9). set of circular cities ranked at the prefecture level (Figure Figure. 12 Figure. 13 5). Military defense architectures Educational architectures Taipei City Walls was the only rectangular city in (source: This research) Taiwan (Other city walls in Taiwan are of irregular shape 4.4 Layouts, Expressions, and Materials in the City due to the op cit al terrain.), reflecting the cosmological 1) Layouts and Expression: After the confirmation of the concept of a “round heaven and square earth.” Although it construction site (a place between Monga and had a rectangular shape, the city walls in the south varied Figure 8(Left): Concept of Traditional Roads and Tataocheng), the architecture body of Kaopeng School Figure 14(Left): Distribution of Rivers and Lakes with the camber of the river. It could be inferred that in External City Walls (Part N) was completed in advance. The plan for the Figure 15(Right): Figure-ground of Taipei City Walls addition to inheriting traditional thinking, Taipei City Walls Figure 9(Right): Concept of Roads and External City location of city walls, streets and roads was developed, (source: This research) was also designed according to local conditions. Walls of Taipei City Walls and the soil texture of the site for the city walls was 2) Overall Space: The analysis of the architectural 4.2 The aesthetic rules of primary and secondary (source: This research) improved to construct a political building. As shown in disposition of Taipei City Walls was conducted by orders: Feng Shui outlook of Qi (ch'i) and polarity 4.3 Planning rules for aesthetics with graphic harmony Figure 10, government offices were distributed in the means of the figure-ground method to examine the City, towards Taipei City Walls In order to bring into play the functions of living, northwestern area. They were also an important traffic in order to analyze the correlation between the The concept of order is based on the relations between military defense, politics and religious culture, the official artery connecting Monga and Tataocheng. In addition, architecture and open space. The real urban space is the design components. Consideration of the symbolic and civil architectures were built everywhere inside the city, the City was close to Tamsui River and was the political marked in black on the diagram (e.g., public monuments, indications of the components meant deciding the position including the architectures illustrated: center controlling the entire City. main streets and architectural designs with directional or and order for all of them. Position means the direction and 1) Political architectures (Figure. 10): Danshui Ting (Part In terms of the religious buildings inside the city, boundary edge), and keeps the virtual urban space (e.g. location, while order means the order of promoting and A), Taipei Governmental Office (Part B), Finance “Heavenly Empress Palace (Part I)” was the building entry court, blank areas on the street, networks, gardens, constraining [15]. Ministry Office (Part C), Governor-General’s Office closest to the center of city. According to the host-guest linear opening space) with white as the background. The Feng Shui view of Governor Chen Yuying (岑毓英) (Part D), Defense Affairs Bureau (Part E). principle, it occupied a focal position. Four major streets As shown in Figure 15, the buildings and streets in the during that period belongs to Qi (ch'i). He took the Taipei 2) Religious architectures (Figure. 11): Confucian Temple extended from the center temple, and the terminal point City were mainly distributed northwest of the north gate, governmental office and the Confucius Temple as the axes (Part F), Martial Temple (Part G), Holy King Temple, was the city gate. Town God Temple (Part H) was in the forming a densely populated and continuous street area. from the south to the north, both of which pointed to the Town God Temple (Part H), Heavenly Empress Palace northwest of the city, while Confucian Temple (Part F) This established a spatial sequence and visual orientation unchanging celestial Dipper. This makes Taipei City a (Part I), Memorial Arch of Charity (Part J), Lin Clan and Martial Temple (Part G) were in the southeast to create a leading space. Buildings were not distributed northwestward square city; its four gates and crossing Shrine, Chen Clan Shrine. (Figure 11). evenly in the overall building layout. The south side was streets form the space concept that is based on the Feng 3) Military defense architectures (Figure. 12): Assisting- The Memorial Arch of Charity (Part J) was located on an isolated space. To maintain balance, several buildings Shui theory of Qi [16]. Taiwan Office (Part K), Military Equipment Bureau the crossroads near Heavenly Empress Palace. This tall were constructed in the south, and composite grid While Liu Ao (劉璈), the practical creator of Taipei City (Part L). arch was a visual focus and could be regarded as a type construction (an amended grid) was applied to the space Walls, embraced polarity, he changed the original positions 4) Educational architectures (Figure. 13): Mingdao of memorial spatial architecture. design. of the city walls. Because of a different Feng Shui view, he Academy (Part M), Kaopeng School (Part N), Fan In terms of military buildings, Assisting-Taiwan Office The Heavenly Empress Palace (Part I) and the dramatically changed the original design of the walls, School, West School (Part O), Dengying School (Part P). (Part K) and Military Equipment Bureau (Part L) were Memorial Arch of Charity (Part J) were the memorial attaching importance to the dragon vein. He believed that located in the southeast and southwest of the city, architecture that decorated the center of the City. They the original design plan of Taipei City was not close to the respectively, in order to provide military defense in the were also the religious center for the citizens; as such, mountain, so it was contrary to The Divination Books. southern part of the City (Figure 12). The layout in the they were located in a broad and open space to show Therefore, he revised the angle of the walls, putting them City was even. their importance in society. Moreover, they provided close to Cising Mountain. The position of Taipei City In terms of educational buildings (Figure 13), Mingdao citizens with a gathering site. They acted as a transition Walls was moved a little from the northeast direction to the Academy (Part M) and Kaopeng School (Part N) were between the public and private fields, and provided a southwest direction. Finally, the east wall (ZhongShan S. located in the northeast part of the City, while Fan School, stage for social interaction that endowed the City with Rd) and west wall (ZhongHua Rd.) pointed to Cising West School and Dengying School were located in the significance and meaning. Furthermore, there were roads Mountain, while the south wall curved according to the Figure. 10 Figure. 11 southwest part of the City. connecting them to various city gates, which further shape of the river, which can be seen from today’s curved Political architectures Religious architectures As for the waterway system, the original rivers and defined the center of the City.

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The northeast and south sides of the City were cultural are in the south and north directions; the west is the and educational areas. Worship activities at the Wen and governing direction. Martial Temple (Part G) were jointly held. As for the 5) Crisscrossing and mutually perpendicular road system: layout, Confucian Temple (Part F) was on the left and The typical road system in Chinese traditional cities is Wu Temple was on the right. Moreover, there was transitional. The roads are crisscrossing. This road boundless natural scenery of rivers, parks, gardens and disposition is derived from ancient times, which can be linear open space systems. seen from the composition of the Chinese word, Xing. 3) Materials: As for the building material for this City, it According to the records of Shuo-wen chieh-tzu, Xing was designed to use the stones near Yuanshan, but the means walking and was composed of ㄔ and 亍. The owners, whose surnames were Zhang and Chen, were transitional road system became a kind of tradition since against the idea. So they tried the stones in Qi Li An the Shang Dynasty. The space model of Xing is (Shipai now); however, the stones were too soft. At last, composed of basic composition units in the city space they used the andesite produced in Beishi Lake, Dazhi layer. Chinese old cities are composed of small towns or Mountain. The andesite was as hard as Guan Yin Rock, villages. Their public transportation system is and its color is steel grey [18]. crisscrossing streets, while the transportation system 4.5 Aesthetic rule of disposition between different small towns is composed of multiple 1) City Gate: The number of city gates is based on the crisscrossing streets [19]. administrative levels. Generally speaking, there are eight The four main roads in the east, west, south and north gates for the prefecture level and four gates for the expand from the center (Figure 16, part D), the Heavenly county level. Taipei City Walls, however, did not follow Empress Palace, displaying four double-cross shapes this rule. It has five gates in addition to a small South without any intersection; each of the four forms its own Gate (not the supposed eight gates). The five cities were cross-shaped streets, T-shaped streets, or oblique angle. formed as closed towers, distinguished among all city The rise of an oblique angle was a unique phenomenon gates in Taiwan; they are rare in China [17]. in traditional Chinese cities. Roads and city walls were 2) Home Advantage Principle: For the Taipei City Walls, not parallel to each other and varied with the designers’ the City was first planned and designed, followed by the concepts. Because the main roads had already been development of the inner streets. However, the inner constructed, later roads had to be connected to the city streets did not strictly follow the traditional rule of the gates. Therefore, an oblique angle was formed. symmetric axis. Based on the Host-guest rule, the Heavenly Empress Palace plays the role of the host and occupies the focal position, in order to present the spatial grandeur and cohesiveness required to turn it into the belief center (Figure 11, part J). 3) Home Advantage Principle: For the Taipei City Walls, the City was first planned and designed, followed by the development of the inner streets. However, the inner streets did not strictly follow the traditional rule of the symmetric axis. 4) Power center faces west: As described in Min-Hai-Ou-Ji (閩海偶記), the documentation in the 18th century, “Taipei faces the mountains in the east and the sea in the west, so the governmental offices and residences mostly face the west direction because it is the only direction for brightness and good governance.” It could be found that the traditional power centers in China all settled in the north and face south, but the Taipei Governmental Office faces west (contrary to the traditional rule). This is a Figure 16: Roads in Taipei City Walls result of the Taiwanese terrains and mountains, which (source: This research)

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The northeast and south sides of the City were cultural are in the south and north directions; the west is the 6) Sightseeing Principle: A tall and important landmark, the as well as compliance with tradition. It also exhibited and educational areas. Worship activities at the Wen and governing direction. Memorial Arch of Charity (Part J) was erected on the innovation. Martial Temple (Part G) were jointly held. As for the 5) Crisscrossing and mutually perpendicular road system: crossroads of the City center as the scenic architecture in 2) Meaning: A city should be regarded as a living organism, layout, Confucian Temple (Part F) was on the left and The typical road system in Chinese traditional cities is the center of the entire City. In addition to being a kind according to observations of changes in the natural Wu Temple was on the right. Moreover, there was transitional. The roads are crisscrossing. This road of architecture, it also became a tourist attraction for environment. There were mountains encircling the city boundless natural scenery of rivers, parks, gardens and disposition is derived from ancient times, which can be sightseeing and increased the aesthetics of the City. It and a river flowed across it to form broad plains, where linear open space systems. seen from the composition of the Chinese word, Xing. was different from the horizontal line design in the City humans could coordinate, cohabitate, and interact with 3) Materials: As for the building material for this City, it According to the records of Shuo-wen chieh-tzu, Xing and broke through the rigid layout of horizontal lines to each other. A comfortable, safe and peaceful living was designed to use the stones near Yuanshan, but the means walking and was composed of ㄔ and 亍. The increase the level of artistry. environment could be constructed from the primitive owners, whose surnames were Zhang and Chen, were transitional road system became a kind of tradition since 7) Desirability Principle: It was necessary to construct a city subjective aesthetic appreciation perspective. against the idea. So they tried the stones in Qi Li An the Shang Dynasty. The space model of Xing is where the citizens could live safely and well. 3) Form: The symmetry of the traditional city walls was (Shipai now); however, the stones were too soft. At last, composed of basic composition units in the city space surmounted. However, some chessboard-style composite they used the andesite produced in Beishi Lake, Dazhi layer. Chinese old cities are composed of small towns or 5. Conclusion and Discussion grid designs (an amended grid) were also preserved to Mountain. The andesite was as hard as Guan Yin Rock, villages. Their public transportation system is 5.1 City as the Symbol of Character and Power make the space more vivid. Religious buildings were and its color is steel grey [18]. crisscrossing streets, while the transportation system The expansion of modernization and globalization constructed in the center, and such a layout was different 4.5 Aesthetic rule of disposition between different small towns is composed of multiple resulted in hi-tech and post-modern super skyscrapers that from previous ones in which political buildings were 1) City Gate: The number of city gates is based on the crisscrossing streets [19]. stand everywhere in this City, just like a tsunami sweeping constructed in the center, suggesting that more administrative levels. Generally speaking, there are eight The four main roads in the east, west, south and north the globe. The local social development is significantly importance was attached to the citizens’ spiritual aspect gates for the prefecture level and four gates for the expand from the center (Figure 16, part D), the Heavenly influenced by the stream of global power; as a result, the under the premise of governance. county level. Taipei City Walls, however, did not follow Empress Palace, displaying four double-cross shapes social relationship between the existing local institutes and 5.3 Aesthetic Principle of Taipei City Walls this rule. It has five gates in addition to a small South without any intersection; each of the four forms its own the local cultural identification is increasingly weakened Many of the designs of Taipei City Walls were Gate (not the supposed eight gates). The five cities were cross-shaped streets, T-shaped streets, or oblique angle. [20]. Taipei City has now become the political and unconventional, but they were not inappropriate. For formed as closed towers, distinguished among all city The rise of an oblique angle was a unique phenomenon economic center of Taiwan, as well as the capital city. example, the location selection and layout planning theories gates in Taiwan; they are rare in China [17]. in traditional Chinese cities. Roads and city walls were However, the only remaining City Gate of Taipei City of Guanzi (管子) suggest that the shape of a city must not 2) Home Advantage Principle: For the Taipei City Walls, not parallel to each other and varied with the designers’ Walls, as a symbol of the traditional architecture, stands out necessarily be square, as was the case in the former emperor the City was first planned and designed, followed by the concepts. Because the main roads had already been among the modernized and shining glass buildings. As a system, and roads are not bound to be linear, but may be development of the inner streets. However, the inner constructed, later roads had to be connected to the city symbolic element, the more inharmoniously it contrasts adjusted according to natural landforms. Such concepts streets did not strictly follow the traditional rule of the gates. Therefore, an oblique angle was formed. with the background, the greater the symbolic effect it will broke through the traditional square urban planning and symmetric axis. Based on the Host-guest rule, the display. The completion of the City Wall symbolizes the initiated the diversified Chinese city morphology. Heavenly Empress Palace plays the role of the host and ownership of the local governance and the practice of local As the last feng shui-based ancient city built in the Qing occupies the focal position, in order to present the spatial ownership, as well as the concentration of local dynasty, Taipei City Walls was not only a symbol of power, grandeur and cohesiveness required to turn it into the identification. The city gate with people going in and out is but also an important ancient city preserving historical belief center (Figure 11, part J). regarded as the symbol of power. Unusually, the Taipei City heritage with aesthetic value. The analysis of the design 3) Home Advantage Principle: For the Taipei City Walls, Walls Government Office faced west, revealing that the aesthetics according to several aesthetic principles showed the City was first planned and designed, followed by the central power affected the layout. that the principles of the presentation of style beauty were: development of the inner streets. However, the inner 5.2 Aesthetics knowledge dimensions of Taipei City Firstly, the perspective of the aesthetic form streets did not strictly follow the traditional rule of the Walls 1) Host-Guest disposition method (breaking through the symmetric axis. Taipei City Walls inherited the design thinking of past politics-based power distribution and exhibiting 4) Power center faces west: As described in Min-Hai-Ou-Ji traditional city walls in China, but it was also designed to the innovative concept of care for citizens). (閩海偶記), the documentation in the 18th century, meet local needs. The design of such a traditional city was 2) Graphic harmony rule. “Taipei faces the mountains in the east and the sea in the not accompanied by the many complicated problems often 3) Significant harmony rule. west, so the governmental offices and residences mostly faced during the design of modern large cities. The 4) Landscape viewing rule. face the west direction because it is the only direction for aesthetic ingredients extracted from the city construction Secondly, the perspective of the aesthetic orientation brightness and good governance.” It could be found that experiences and the interpretation of design aesthetics 1) Aesthetic orientation under the military defense the traditional power centers in China all settled in the could help in the analysis of ancient and traditional mechanism (central power affected the layout). north and face south, but the Taipei Governmental Office intelligence. 2) Aesthetic orientation in compliance with the faces west (contrary to the traditional rule). This is a Figure 16: Roads in Taipei City Walls 1) Nature: The nature of the construction of Taipei City surroundings and nature. result of the Taiwanese terrains and mountains, which (source: This research) Walls was intended to exhibit governance and defense, 3) Aesthetic orientation in compliance with the

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Confucian Rituals. 11. Huang JH. A Study of the Local Thoughts for the 4) Aesthetic orientation under the social class system. Selection and Planning of China’s Ancient Capitals. 5) Aesthetic orientation in compliance with the Feng Shui China: Xiamen University Publishing House, 2005. Geomancy. 12. Wang CH. A Study on Feng Shui Theories. Di-jing Taipei has become the most important internationalized publisher, 1995; 183. city in Taiwan. The ancestors designed this “citizen-center” 13. Ai DT. Feng Shui Impacts- Origin of China City with their wisdom. Although the aesthetic principle has Construction and Anthropology. Garden City, 1998; been called an historical inheritance, its meaning was 143. completely different, and it initiated the city morphology of 14. Su SB. Rise of the Modern Urban Space in Taipei. Taipei City. Doctoral Dissertation from the Graduate Institute of Sociology, National Taiwan University, 2002. Acknowledge 15. Yang YF. Design Aesthetics. Taipei: Chuan Hwa We would like to thank the reviewers and editorial Book Co., LTD, 2010; 62-65. board for the values comments, which have greatly 16. Su YZ. 100th Anniversary of the Construction of improved the readability of this manuscript. Taipei City: Taipei 1884-1995. Taipei : Taipei Architects Association Publishing House, 1995; 16. References 17. Zhang ZY. Taiwan city walls. Taipei: Walkers 1. Arnheim R. Ancient Chinese Aesthetics and Its Cultural Enterprise Ltd, 2007; 28-65. Modernity. British Journal of Aesthetics 1997; 18. Li GL. Taipei Ancient Gate. Taipei: Taipei Municipal 37(2). Bibliography Committee, 1993; 31. 2. Yang YF. A Study of Southeast Asian Design 19. Sun QW, Zeng WH. Discussions on Traditional Aesthetics (Part A): The Skeleton and Historic and Architectures from the Perspective of Chinese Cultural Components of Aesthetics. Technological Characters. Taipei: Chan`s Arch-Publishing Co., Academic Journal 2008; 17(3):235-247. LTD, 1990. 3. Yang YF. Analysis and Investigation of the 20. Castells M. The Informational City: Information Formation and Material of Taiwan’s Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Glassware-From the Japanese Occupation Period to Urban-Regional Process. Cambridge: Blackwell, the Initial Period of Taiwan’s Recovery. NSC 1989. Research Project 2006; 31-35. 4. He YJ. History of Urban Planning in ancient China. China: China Building Industry Press, 1986; 2. 5. Masayuki Miura. Illustrations of Ancient City Buildings in Japan, (translated by Mu-ru Zhan). Business Weekly Publications, 2008 6. Zhang ZY. Taiwan city walls. Taipei: Walkers Cultural Enterprise Ltd, 2007; 29-30. 7. Ji SJ. Principles for Construction of Defensive Cities in Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty. Master’s thesis from the Graduate Institute of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, 2008, 25-32. 8. Schinz A. The Magic Square: History of Chinese City Planning. Edition Axel Menges: illustrated edition edition, 1996; 378. 9. Dong JH. Chinese City Construction History (2nd edition). China Architecture and Building Press, 1989. 10. Zhang YH. History of Chinese Citie. China :China Friendship Publishing House, 2009.

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