DOCSLIB.ORG

An Incidental Finding of Enlarged Genial Tubercles in a Case of Oral

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Incidental Finding of Enlarged Genial Tubercles in a Case of Oral JIAOMR CASE REPORT An Incidental Finding of Enlarged Genial Tubercles in a Case of Oral Carcinoma An Incidental Finding of Enlarged Genial Tubercles in a Case of Oral Carcinoma 1SC Selvamuthukumar, 2Nalini Aswath, 3B Karthika 1Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine Diagnosis and Radiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital Narayanapuram, Velachery Main Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 2Professor, Department of Oral Medicine Diagnosis and Radiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital Narayanapuram, Velachery Main Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 3 Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine Diagnosis and Radiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital Narayanapuram, Velachery Main Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Correspondence: SC Selvamuthukumar, Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine Diagnosis and Radiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Narayanapuram, Velachery Main Road, Chennai: 601302, Tamil Nadu, India e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The genial tubercles are a group of bony extensions that surround the lingual foramen bilaterally in the midway between the superior and inferior borders of the lingual surface of the mandible. Enlargement of genial tubercle occurs very rarely due to hypertrophy. This article focuses on a rare case showing hypertrophy of the genial tubercles. Keywords: Genial tubercles, mental spine, hypertrophy, computed tomography. INTRODUCTION The symphysis menti is a faint ridge in the median line where the right and left halves of the mandibular bone meet each other. There are four small elevations on the lingual surface of the symphysis menti which is called superior and inferior genial tubercles depending upon their position. Usually genial tubercles occurs as a rudimentary cortical elevation that gives attachment to the geniohyoid muscle from inferior surface and to the genioglossus muscle from superior surface. Very rarely hypertrophied genial tubercles occur as an anatomical variant.1 The genial tubercles are synonymously called as mental spine, genial apophysis, and spinae mentalis. This case report highlights the rare occurrence of genial tubercle hypertrophy which was identified incidentally during the process of investigating a case of oral carcinoma. Fig. 1: A ulceroproliferative lesion in the right alveolar mucosa CASE REPORT A 70 years old man reported to the department with history of swelling was noticed and it extends from the midline of the severe pain in a decayed right lower molar and a painful ulcer in lingual surface of the mandible posteriorly in the floor of the the same region since one month. His past medical history mouth. Tubular bony hard swelling was nontender and measures revealed that the patient was hypertensive but did not take the of about 18 mm in length and 7 mm in width. prescribed medication as he could not afford it. Orthopantomograph (Fig. 2) revealed a radiolucent lesion Extraoral examination revealed a dome shaped swelling in with irregular bony margins in the right body of the mandible. right side of the face over the body of the mandible. The right Axial CT of the mandible shows erosion in the right body of the submandibular lymph nodes were palpable, stony hard in mandible (Fig. 3). consistency and fixed to the underlying tissue. Mandibular occlusal radiograph (Fig. 4) revealed a Intraoral examination revealed an ulceroproliferative lesion radiopaque spike like projection with the radiodensity similar to in the alveolar mucosa in relation to premolar and molar regions the adjacent mandibular cortical bone that extends from the (Fig. 1). The ulceroproliferative lesion appears erythematous midline of the lingual surface of the mandible towards posteriorly and edematous with rolled and keratotic margin. On palpation, in the floor of the mouth. This radiopaque projection measures the ulceroproliferative lesion was tender and indurated. On of about 18 mm in length. 3D reconstruction computer bimanual palpation in sublingual region, a tubular bony hard tomography confirmed a hyperdense linear projection Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology, April-June 2010;22(2):99-101 99 SC Selvamuthukumar et al Fig. 2: OPG showing a radiolucent lesion with irregular bony margins in the right mandibular body Fig. 5: 3D reconstruction in axial direction of the genial tubercles Fig. 3: Axial CT of the mandible shows erosion in the right body of the mandible Fig. 6: Photomicrograph diagnosed as moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in right side of the mandible and hypertrophy of genial tubercle. DISCUSSION Thomson, in 1915, examined 1,670 mandibles from anthropoids and concluded that the genial tubercles may be absent, replaced by pits, and in some cases well-developed.1 In 1955 Monheimer has reported an unusual case of exostosis of the genial tubercles in Maori man that measures of about 13 mm wide and 9 mm heigh.2 Murphy's study in 1957 reported female prediction in occurrence of hypertrophied genial tubercle.3 In 1970 Fig. 4: Occlusal radiograph showing enlarged genital tubercle Wiesenbaugh et al reported enlargement of the genial tubercles on patients, but the length was not mentioned.4 Oda LS et al in originating from the genial tubercular region. The Hounsfield 1977 concluded that the tubercles seem to diminish with age, unit of this projection is similar to the adjacent mandibular cortical especially in complete edentulous individuals.5 Later in 1992 bone. Thus 3D reconstruction image confirms the enlarged MacLeod et al also reported enlargement of the genial tubercles genial tubercle (Fig. 5). on patients.6 In other mandible specimens, the tubercles Photomicrograph (Fig. 6) of histopathology showing measured 10 mm in length.7 In 2003, Izhar Shohat et al has evidence of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. reported that enlarged genial tubercle acts as a frequent site of From the clinical examination and investigations this case was fracture in patients wearing a complete mandibular denture, 100 JAYPEE An Incidental Finding of Enlarged Genial Tubercles in a Case of Oral Carcinoma when the mandible is atrophied and the genial tubercles are 4. Wiesenbaugh JM, Bingham C. Sialolithiasis and enlarged genial hypertrophied.8 In 2006 Yassutaka Faria Yaedú et al reported tubercles. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1970;30:506-07. that spontaneous fracture of genial tubercle occur in edentulous 5. Oda LS, Iyomasa MM, Watanabe IS. Morphologic analysis of the 9 "spina mentalis" in adult mandibles of Brazilian whites and Negroes. mandible. Later numerous researchers analyzed the genial Rev Bras Pesqui Med Biol 1977;10:357-60. tubercles concerning size, site and association with adjacent 6. MacLeod SP, MacIntyre DR. Case report: CalciWcation of structure has been reported.10 In 2007 Hueman et al has proven genioglossus-a painful radiographic Wedding. Clin Radiol 1992; accuracy of cone beam in determining the location of the genial 46:137-38. 11 7. Greyling LM, Le Grange F, Meiring JH. Mandibular spine: A case tubercle. Izabel Rubira et al in 2009 reported that enlarged report. Clin Anat 1997;10:416-18. genial tubercles produced a painful hard swelling on the floor 8. Izhar Shohat, Yitzhak Shoshani, Shlomo Taicher. Fracture of the of the mouth in a completely edentulous mandible due to severe genial tubercles associated with a mandibular denture: A clinical resorption of the alveolar Ridge.12 In our case enlarged genial report. J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:232-33. tubercle measures of about 18 mm in length and 7 mm in width, 9. Yassutaka Faria Yaedú R, Regina Fisher Rubira-Bullen I, Sant'Ana E. Spontaneous fracture of genial tubercles: Case report. Quintessence which from our current knowledge appears to be the longest Int 2006;37:737-39. reported so far in the literature. Figures 4 and 5 shows the image 10. Yin SK, Yi HL, Lu WY, Guan J, Wu HM, Cao ZY, Yu DZ, Huang of the mandible showing enlarged genial tubercle. YY, Wu CG. Anatomic and spiral computed tomography study of the genial tubercles and genioglossus advancement. Otolaryngol REFERENCES Head Neck Surg 2007;136:632-37. 11. Hueman EM, Noujeim ME, Langlais RP, Prihoda TJ, Miller FR. 1. Thomson A. On the presence of genial tubercles on the mandible Accuracy of cone beam computed tomography in determining the of man, and their suggested association with the faculty of speech. location of the genial tubercle. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; J Anat Physiol 1915;50:43-74. 137:115-18. 2. Monheimer BM. Exostosis of the genial tubercles of the mandible. 12. Izabel Rubira-Bullen, Eduardo Sant_Ana, Renato Faria Yaedú, Elen NZ Med J 1957;56:576-79. Sousa Tolentino, Evandro Borgo (Springer-Verlag 2009) Rare 3. Murphy T. The chin region of the Australian aboriginal mandible. enlargement of the genial tubercles. Surg Radiol Anat DOI 10.1007/ Is J Phys Anthropol 1957;15:517-35. s00276-009-0581-0. Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology, April-June 2010;22(2):99-101 101.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Appearance of Foramen in the Internal Aspect of the Mental
    Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 82(3): 83–88, November, 2005 The Appearance of Foramen in the Internal Aspect of the Mental Region of Mandible from Japanese Cadavers and Dry Skulls Under Macroscopic Observation and Three-dimensional CT Images By Shunji YOSHIDA1),TaisukeKAWAI2),KoichiroOKUTSU2), Takashi YOSUE2), Hitoshi TAKAMORI3), Masataka SUNOHARA and Iwao SATO1) 1Department of Anatomy, 2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology School of Dentistry at Tokyo, 3Oral Implant Clinic, Nippon Dental University at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan – Received for Publication, June 28, 2005 – Key Words: Lingual foramen, CT, Mandible Summary: The lingual canal with foramen displays different appearances on the internal surfaces of mandible as con- firmed by macroscopic observation and computerized tomography (CT). The lingual canal was observed in the inside of mental region run to the outside of lingual foramen, which is extend internally from mandibular canal in right and left sides of the mandible in cadavers (13 sides out of 88 sides) and in dry skulls (43 out of 94 sides) examined. The spinal foramen connected with mental canal occurred at the midline of mandible in 6 cases (6 out of 47 cases) in dry skulls. In this small foramen, the inferior alveolar artery give some branches to the inside of mental region at the anterior man- dible and which may be run pass through the lingual canal to the lingual foramen, where they emerge to enter the mylohyoid or anterior belly of digastric muscles. The observations of these are important considerations for surgical placement of dental implants in the region in the mandible. The anatomical location, course and arrange- treatments.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanics in the Production of Mandibular Technique. I
    Mechanics in the Production of Mandibular Fractures: A Study with the "Stresscoat' Technique. I. Symphyseal Impacts DONALD F. HUELKE Department of Anatomy, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan A recent study of 319 case histories of mandibular fractures by Hagan and Huelke' has shown that certain areas of the jaw are fractured more often than others and that the incidence of certain mandibular fractures is greater when the blow is directed to specific regions of the jaw. Relatively little is known about the response of the mandi- ble to impact, except that, when the magnitude of a blow is sufficient, the bone will break. How does the mandible fracture, and what are the mechanisms involved? These questions have not been answered because of the lack of experimental data. Obtaining these data is an engineering problem involving stresses, strains, impacts, energies, and forces, and thus engineering techniques must be used. This report, the first of a series of studies on the mechanism of mandibular frac- tures, presents data on forces and impacts applied to the chin point of the mandible and the resultant deformations of the bone. The results of these tests are correlated with certain clinical findings. Terminology.-Throughout this report certain terminology generally used in engi- neering will be employed. Some of these terms need to be defined. The term force is defined as a push or pull. The various types of force are illustrated in Figure 1. Ten- sile forces (tension) tend to pull an object apart; compressive forces (compression) push the particles forming an object together, while shearing forces make one part of an object slide over another part of the same object.
    [Show full text]
  • Download The
    Review of the arterial anatomy in the anterior mandible Review of the arterial vascular anatomy for implant placement in the anterior mandible Abstract Objective José Carlos Balaguer Marti,* Juan Guarinos,† The placement of implants in the anterior region of the mandible is not Pedro Serrano Sánchez,† Amparo Ruiz Torner,* free of risk and can even sometimes be life-threatening. The aim of this * * David Peñarrocha Oltra & Miguel Peñarrocha Diago article is to review the anatomy of the anterior mandible regarding the *Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and placement of implants in this region. Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain † Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Materials and methods Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain An anatomical study was conducted in cadavers to analyze the various Corresponding author: anatomical structures of the anterior region of the mandible. A literature review was also undertaken. Dr. David Peñarrocha Oltra Clínicas odontológicas Gascó Oliag, 1 46021 Valencia Results Spain The sublingual and submental arteries are the main supply of the sublin- T & F +34 963 86 4139 [email protected] gual region. These arteries are usually located at a safe distance from the alveolar ridge, but in cases of severe atrophy or anatomical variations, there may be an increased risk of damage during the placement of dental How to cite this article: implants and serious complications may arise. Balaguer Marti JC, Guarinos J, Serrano Sánchez P, Ruiz Torner A, Peñarrocha Oltra D, Peñarrocha Diago M. Conclusion Review of the arterial vascular anatomy for implant placement in the anterior mandible. The injury of the vessels in the floor of the mouth could lead to severe complications.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Implants and Oral Anatomy
    Chapter 2 Implants and oral anatomy Associate Professor of Maxillofacial Anatomy Section, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tatsuo Terashima In recent years, the development of new materials and improvements in the operative methods used for implants have led to remarkable progress in the field of dental surgery. These methods have been applied widely in clinical practice. The development of computerized medical imaging technologies such as X-ray computed tomography have allowed detailed 3D-analysis of medical conditions, resulting in a dramatic improvement in the success rates of operative intervention. For treatment with a dental implant to be successful, it is however critical to have full knowledge and understanding of the fundamental anatomical structures of the oral and maxillofacial regions. In addition, it is necessary to understand variations in the topographic and anatomical structures among individuals, with age, and with pathological conditions. This chapter will discuss the basic structure of the oral cavity in relation to implant treatment. I. Osteology of the oral area The oral cavity is composed of the maxilla that is in contact with the cranial bone, palatine bone, the mobile mandible, and the hyoid bone. The maxilla and the palatine bones articulate with the cranial bone. The mandible articulates with the temporal bone through the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The hyoid bone is suspended from the cranium and the mandible by the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles. The formation of the basis of the oral cavity by these bones and the associated muscles makes it possible for the oral cavity to perform its various functions.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 TABLE 23-1 Muscles and Nerves of the Mandible
    0350 ch 23-Tab 10/12/04 12:19 PM Page 1 Chapter 23: The Temporomandibular Joint 1 TABLE 23-1 Muscles and Nerves of the Mandible MUSCLE AND NERVE (N) ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION Digastric N: trigeminal Anterior belly: depression Common tendon to the Mandibular depression and and facial on inner side of inferior hyoid bone elevation of hyoid border of mandible (in swallowing) Posterior belly: mastoid notch of the temporal bone Temporalis N: Temporal fossa and deep Medial and anterior Elevates mandible to close the mandibular division surface of temporal coronoid process and mouth and approximates teeth of trigeminal nerve fascia anterior ramus of (biting motion); retracts the mandible mandible and participates in lateral grinding motions Masseter N: Superficial: zygomatic Angle and lower half of Elevates the mandible; active in up mandibular division arch and maxillary process lateral ramus and down biting motions and of trigeminal nerve Deep portion: zygomatic Lateral coronoid and occlusion of the teeth arch superior ramus in mastication Medial pterygoid N: Greater wing of sphenoid Medial ramus and angle of Elevates the mandible to close mandibular division and pyramidal process mandibular foramen the mouth; protrudes the mandible of trigeminal nerve of palatine bone (with lateral pterygoid). Unilaterally, the medial and lateral pterygoid rotate the mandible forward and to the opposite side Lateral pterygoid N: Superior: inferior crest of Articular disk, capsule, and Protracts mandibular condyle and mandibular division greater wing of sphenoid condyle disk of the temporomandibular of trigeminal nerve bones Neck of mandible and joint forward while the mandibular Inferior: lateral surface of medial condyle head rotates on disk; aids in pterygoid plate opening the mouth.
    [Show full text]
  • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
    SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 121, NUMBER 8 WESTERN ATLANTIC SCORPIONFISHES BY ISAAC GINSBURd U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service -f'SS^af-o m (Publication 4106) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MAY 28, 1953 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 121, NUMBER 8 WESTERN ATLANTIC SCORPIONFISHES BY ISAAC GINSBURG U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Publication 4106) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MAY 28, 1953 2^^e Bovi (§&itimovi (preec BALTIMORE, MS., n. S. A. WESTERN ATLANTIC SCORPIONFISHES By ISAAC GINSBURG U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service INTRODUCTION The present state of the taxonomy of the western Atlantic scor- paenids leaves much to be desired. The literature is filled with inade- quate original or supplementary descriptions of species, containing many unessential details of little or no practical use for the correct determination of the species, while the critical characters that dis- tinguish the species often are not considered adequately. I found it well-nigh impossible to identify and distinguish the species properly by the use of current accounts. One of the main factors that operate to bedevil the taxonomist who conscientiously tries to identify his specimens is the undue multiplication by past authors of the number of fictitious species. Such untenable "species" have been established, in large measure, as a result of failure to elaborate properly, or even to take into consideration, the intraspecific range of variability of taxonomic characters, or their change with growth which, in the scorpaenids, is considerable. The multiplication of names that have been proposed for scorpaenid species that have no existence in fact is as confusing as the grouping of two or more closely related species under one name that has entered into the literature of other families.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Variations in Lingual Foramina of the Mandible Midline
    Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 14, 2020 A REVIEW ON VARIATIONS IN LINGUAL FORAMINA OF THE MANDIBLE MIDLINE 1Jones Jayabalan, 2M.R.Muthusekhar 1Post Graduate Student Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. 2Program Director Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India. Corresponding Author: Jones Jayabalan Post Graduate Student Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai-600077Tamil Nadu, India. Email id: [email protected] Received:16.04.2020 Revised: 21.05.2020 Accepted: 20.06.2020 Abstract The sublingual, submental arteries or their anastomosis perforate the lingual cortical plate through the lingual foramen. Both the arteries are branch of facial and lingual arteries respectively which either arises independently from the external carotid artery or arises from a common lingual facial trunk. The anterior mandibular midline at which the lingual foramen is frequently present is subjected to various procedure like dental implants, genioplasty, tori removal, block graft harvesting, screwing with or without plating following trauma or osteotomy. There is a wide range of anatomical variations of lingual foramen among individuals. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been shown to be superior to panoramic radiographs in displaying mandibular lingual foramen and its variations. Numerous studies have been carried out to examine the frequency, diameter, and other anatomical features of the lingual foramen and its canals.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 TERMINOLOGIA ANTHROPOLOGICA Names of The
    TERMINOLOGIA ANTHROPOLOGICA Names of the parts of the human body, terms of aspects and relationships, and osteological terminology are as in Terminologia Anatomica. GENERAL TERMS EXPLANANTION ADAPTATION Adjustment and change of an organism to a specific environment, due primarily to natural selection. ADAPTIVE RADIATION Divergence of an ancestral population through adaption and speciation into a number of ecological niches. ADULT Fully developed and mature individual ANAGENESIS The progressive adaption of a single evolutionary line, where the population becomes increasingly specialized to a niche that has remained fairly constant through time. ANCESTRY One’s family or ethnic descent, the evolutionary or genetic line of descent of an animal or plant / Ancestral descent or lineage ANTEMORTEM Biological processes that can result in skeletal modifications before death ANTHROPOCENTRICISM The belief that humans are the most important elements in the universe. ANTHROPOLOGY The study of human biology and behavior in the present and in the past ANTHROPOLOGIST BIOLOGICAL A specialist in the subfield of anthropology that studies humans as a biological species FORENSIC A specialist in the use of anatomical structures and physical characteristics to identify a subject for legal purposes PHYSICAL A specialist in the subfield of anthropology dealing with evolutionary changes in the human bodily structure and the classification of modern races 1 SOCIAL A specialist in the subfield of anthropology that deals with cultural and social phenomena such as kingship systems or beliefs ANTHROPOMETRY The study of human body measurement for use in anthropological classification and comparison ARCHETYPE That which is taken as the blueprint for a species or higher taxonomic category ARTIFACT remains of past human activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Splanchnocranium
    splanchnocranium - Consists of part of skull that is derived from branchial arches - The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower human skull Bones Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bone Maxilla Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer Zygomatic bone Mandible Ethmoid bone The ethmoid is a single bone, which makes a significant contribution to the middle third of the face. It is located between the lateral wall of the nose and the medial wall of the orbit and forms parts of the nasal septum, roof and lateral wall of the nose, and a considerable part of the medial wall of the orbital cavity. In addition, the ethmoid makes a small contribution to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. The ethmoid bone can be divided into four parts, the perpendicular plate, the cribriform plate and two ethmoidal labyrinths. Important landmarks include: • Perpendicular plate • Cribriform plate • Crista galli. • Ala. • Ethmoid labyrinths • Medial (nasal) surface. • Orbital plate. • Superior nasal concha. • Middle nasal concha. • Anterior ethmoidal air cells. • Middle ethmoidal air cells. • Posterior ethmoidal air cells. Attachments The falx cerebri (slide) attaches to the posterior border of the crista galli. lamina cribrosa 1 crista galli 2 lamina perpendicularis 3 labyrinthi ethmoidales 4 cellulae ethmoidales anteriores et posteriores 5 lamina orbitalis 6 concha nasalis media 7 processus uncinatus 8 Inferior nasal concha Each inferior nasal concha consists of a curved plate of bone attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Each consists of inferior and superior borders, medial and lateral surfaces, and anterior and posterior ends. The superior border serves to attach the bone to the lateral wall of the nose, articulating with four different bones.
    [Show full text]
  • Submandibular Region
    20/02/2013 Learning Outcomes • The Mandible • The Submandibular – Surface Anatomy Region – Muscle Attachments – Submandibular Gland Submandibular Region • The Floor of the Mouth – Sublingual Gland (FOM) – Lingual Nerve – Muscles of the FOM • The Head & Neck Mohammed A Al-Muharraqi MBChB, BDS, MSc, MRCS Glas, FFD RCS Irel, MFDS RCS Eng • The Tongue Parasympathetics – Muscles of the Tongue e-mail: [email protected] Mandible Mandible Head of Condylar Process Coronoid Process Neck of Pterygoid Fovea Neck of Condylar Condylar Process Condylar Process Ramus of Mandible Process Condylar Process Anterior Border of Ramus Lingula Coronoid Process Mandibular Coronoid Lingual (Genial) Foramen (Mandibular) Foramen Notch Alveolar Ridge Mylohyoid Line Oblique Line Alveolar Ridge Posterior Border of Ramus of Mandible Ramus Angle of Mandible Incisive Fossa Mylohyoid Groove Angle of Mandible Symphysis Menti (Median Ridge) Inferior Border of Submandibular Fossa Body of Mandible Body Mental Protuberance Sublingual Fossa Digastric Fossa Mental Foramen Superior Mental Spine Inferior Mental Spine Mental Tubercle (Genial Tubercle) (Genial Tubercle) Inferior Border of Body Muscle Attachments The mental tubercle (a raised prominence at Mandible Ligaments the mental symphysis) is a point of muscular attachment. The external surface of the ramus is covered by the attachment of the masseter muscle. On the inner surface of the body of the mandible, there is a horizontal mylohyoid line, which attaches the mylohyoid muscle. Above it, there is a shallow depression for the sublingual salivary gland and below it a deeper depression for the submandibular gland. At the anterior ends of the mylohyoid lines and superior to them, near the symphysis, there is the genial tubercles.
    [Show full text]
  • New Terminologia Anatomica: Cranium and Extracranial Bones of the Head P.P
    Folia Morphol. Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 477–486 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0129 R E V I E W A R T I C L E Copyright © 2021 Via Medica ISSN 0015–5659 eISSN 1644–3284 journals.viamedica.pl New Terminologia Anatomica: cranium and extracranial bones of the head P.P. Chmielewski Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland [Received: 12 October 2019; Accepted: 17 November 2019; Early publication date: 3 December 2019] In 2019, the updated and extended version of Terminologia Anatomica was published by the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). This new edition uses more precise and adequate anatomical names compared to its predecessors. Nevertheless, numerous terms have been modified, which poses a challenge to those who prefer traditional anatomical names, i.e. medical students, teachers, clinicians and their instructors. Therefore, there is a need to popularise this new edition of terminology and explain these recent changes. The anatomy of the head, including the cranium, the extracranial bones of the head, the soft parts of the face and the encephalon, poses a particular challenge for medical students but also engenders enthusiasm in those of them who are astute learners. The new version of anatomical terminology concerning the human skull (FIPAT 2019) is presented and briefly discussed in this synopsis. The aim of this article is to present, popularise and explain these interesting modifications that have recently been endorsed by the FIPAT. Based on teaching experience at the Division of Anatomy/Department of Anatomy at Wroclaw Medical University, a brief description of the human skull is given here.
    [Show full text]
  • Dislocated Tongue Muscle Attachment Connected to Cleft Palate Formation
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bern Open Repository and Information System (BORIS) Manuscript JDR-15-0594R2, revised November 11, 2015 T. Kouskoura et al. Dislocated tongue muscle attachment connected to cleft palate formation T. Kouskoura1*, Y. El Fersioui1*, M. Angelini1, D. Graf2, C. Katsaros1, and M. Chiquet1 J Dent Res. 2015 Dec 23. pii: 0022034515621869. [Epub ahead of print] Accepted Manuscript; Contributor-created version The final, definitive version is available at http://online.sagepub.com/ | downloaded: 6.1.2020 https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.80227 source: 1 Manuscript JDR-15-0594R2, revised November 11, 2015 T. Kouskoura et al. Dislocated tongue muscle attachment connected to cleft palate formation T. Kouskoura1*, Y. El Fersioui1*, M. Angelini1, D. Graf2, C. Katsaros1, and M. Chiquet1 1Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 2School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada * These authors contributed equally to the work. Corresponding author: M. Chiquet, PhD Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics School of Dental Medicine University of Bern Freiburgstrasse 7 CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland Email: [email protected] Phone: +41 31 632 9882 Fax: +41 31 632 9869 2 Manuscript JDR-15-0594R2, revised November 11, 2015 T. Kouskoura et al. Abstract In Pierre Robin sequence, a retracted tongue due to micrognathia is thought to physically obstruct palatal shelf elevation and thereby cause cleft palate. However, micrognathia is not always associated with palatal clefting. Here, by using the Bmp7-null mouse model presenting with cleft palate and severe micrognathia, we provide the first causative mechanism linking the two.
    [Show full text]