DOCSLIB.ORG

Neuroanatomy Objectives

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neuroanatomy Objectives 1 ` 2019 Neuroanatomy Objectives Cerebral Cortex Cortical Lobes Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Limbic Lobe (Insula) Major Cortical Fissures and Lobe Division Landmarks Central Sulcus (CS) Lateral Fissure (LF) Preoccipital Notch Parieto-occipital Fissure (POF) Frontal Lobe Central Sulcus Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor Cortex – M1) Precentral Sulcus Brocca’s Area (Expressive Speech) Prefrontal Cortex (Cognition) Parietal Lobe Postcentral Sulcus Postcentral Gyrus (Primary Sensory Cortex – S1) Central Sulcus Occipital Lobe Calcarine Fissure Primary Visual Cortex (V1) Temporal Lobe Superior Temporal Sulcus Heschl’s Gyrus (Primary Auditory Area –A1) Wernicke’s Area (Comprehensive Speech Area) Limbic Lobe Structures Cingulate Gyrus (Cognition). Cingulate Sulcus Parahippocampal Gyrus (Memory) Uncus – Near Primary Olfactory Cortex (Smell). Summary of Major Functional Centers of the Cerebral Cortex Head and Neck Motor Control – Precentral Gyrus (M1), cranial nerves V, VII, IX, X, XII. 2 Head and Neck Sensory Perception – Post Central Gyrus (S1), head area receives sensory information largely from cranial nerve V. Speech – Broca’s Area (speech production) and Wernicke’s Area (speech comprehension). Hearing – Primary Auditory Cortex (A1) Vision – Primary Visual Cortex (V1) (within the depths of the calcarine fissure) Smell –Limbic Cortex (Near Uncus) Interhemispheric Commissures Corpus Callosum Anterior and Posterior Commissures Brainstem Diencephalon Thalamus (sensory relay to cortex and motor relay to cortex) Hypothalamus (basic physiologic drives and homeostasis) 3rd Ventricle Midbrain Superior Colliculus (visual system relay) Inferior Colliculus (auditory system relay) Cerebral Aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius) Pons and Cerebellum Superior Cerebellar Peduncle - white matter pathway (i.e., nerve fibers) connecting midbrain and cerebellum. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle -white matter pathway connecting pons and cerebellum. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle -white matter pathway connecting medulla and cerebellum. 4th Ventricle Medulla Pyramids Olives 4th Ventricle Blood Supply of Central Nervous System Circle of Willis Anterior Communicating Artery Anterior Cerebral Artery Internal Carotid Artery Posterior Communicating Artery Posterior Cerebral Artery Anterior Circulation (Internal Carotid Artery) Internal Carotid Artery Anterior Cerebral Artery Anterior Communicating Artery Middle Cerebral Artery Posterior Communicating Artery 3 Posterior Circulation (Vertebral and Basilar Arteries) Vertebral Arteries Posterior Spinal Arteries Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) Anterior Spinal Artery Basilar Artery Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) Superior Cerebellar Artery Posterior Cerebral Artery CSF Cavities and Passageways Lateral Ventricle Foramen of Monro 3rd Ventricle Cerebral Aqueduct 4th Ventricle Cisterna Magna Superior Sagittal Sinus CSF Circulation Interventricular Lateral Ventricles 3rd Ventricle Foramen of Monro Cisterna Magna Aqueduct of Sylvius Superior Sagittal (Cerebral Aqueduct) Sinus (Arachnoid Granulations) 4th Ventricle Confluence of Sinuses Transverse Sinus Sigmoid Sinus Internal Jugular Vein 4 Meninges Dura matter - The external covering that forms the outermost layer of the meninges. Is dense connective tissue. Contains the sinuses and forms folds of septa (i.e. falx cerebri). Arachnoid matter - Middle layer of meninges. Web-like connective tissue matrix that does not enter sulci of cerebral cortex. The arachnoid is partly separated from the pia matter by the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Pia matter - Inner layer of meninges. Thin connective tissue membrane that adheres to the nervous tissue (faithfully follows the underlying nervous tissue of the central nervous system). Folds of Dura Matter Falx cerebri – Sickle shaped sheet of dura that forms a partition between the two cerebral (cortical) hemispheres. Tentorium cerebelli- Fold of dura that separates the cerebral hemisphere from the cerebellum. (Forms roof over posterior cranial fossa). Falx cerebelli-Small sickle shaped fold of dura that extends slightly between the cerebellar hemispheres. Venous Sinuses of the Dura Matter Superior sagittal sinus-Located within superior part of falx cerebri. Contains many arachnoid villa that constitute the main site of passage of CSF into the venous blood. Drains into the confluens of sinuses. Inferior sagittal sinus- Located on the free margin (inferior border) of the falx cerebri. Drains into the straight sinus. Straight sinus- Located in the tentorium cerebelli. Drains into the confluens of sinuses. Transverse sinus- Drains into the sigmoid sinus. Sigmoid sinus – Drains into the internal jugular vein. Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses- Both drain posteriorly. The inferior petrosal sinus drains into internal jugular vein and the superior petrosal sinus into sigmoid sinus. Cavernous sinus- Drains posteriorly into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. Cranial Nerves (CN’s) CN I – Olfactory CN VII - Facial CN II – Optic CN VIII -Vestibulocochlear CN III – Oculomotor CN IX - Glossopharyngeal CN IV – Trochlear CN X - Vagus CN V – Trigeminal CN XI - Accessory CN VI - Abducens CN XII-Hypoglossal 5 CRANIAL FOSSA I. Cranial Fossae: Anterior, Middle and Posterior Cranial Fossae A. Anterior cranial fossa- Formed by frontal bone (orbital plate), ethmoid bone (crista galli, cribriform plate) and the sphenoid bone (lesser wings). 1. Foramen: a. Cribriform plate - (for CN I) B. Middle cranial fossa – Formed by the sphenoid bone (greater wings, sella turcica), and temporal bone (petrous part, inner surface of squamous part). 1. Foramen: a. Optic canal - CN II and ophthalmic artery. b. Superior orbital fissure - Ophthalmic vein, CN V1, CN III, CN IV, CN VI, sympathetic fibers. c. Foramen rotundum - CN V2. d. Foramen ovale - CN V3. e. Foramen spinosum - Middle meningeal artery. f. Foramen lacerum - Internal carotid artery and greater petrosal nerve. g. Carotid Canal – below middle cranial fossa, contains internal carotid artery. g. Hiatus of greater petrosal nerve - Greater petrosal nerve (of CN VII). i. Hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve - Lesser petrosal nerve (of CN IX). C. Posterior cranial fossa - Formed by occipital bone, temporal bone (petrous part, mastoid part), and sphenoid bone (body). a. Foramen magnum - Spinal cord, meninges, CN XI, and spinal arteries. b. Jugular foramen - CN’s IX, X and XI, internal jugular vein, sigmoid sinus, inferior petrosal sinus. c. Hypoglossal canal - CN XII. d. Internal acoustic meatus - CN VII, CN VIII, labyrinthine (auditory) artery. 6 Foramina of the Skull Anterior Ethmoidal Forman Located in the anterior frontoethmoidal suture. Contains the anterior ethmoidal branch of the nasociliary nerve (V1), anterior ethmoidal artery, and anterior ethmoidal vein. Carotid Canal Located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Contains the internal carotid artery, internal carotid plexus (sympathetic), and deep petrosal nerve (sympathetic) arising from the internal carotid plexus. Condylar Canal Located posterior to occipital condyle. Contains emissary vein linking the vertebral vein with the sigmoid sinus. Also called the posterior condylar canal (see hypoglossal canal for anterior condylar canal). Also may contain an arterial branch from the occipital artery that supplies the dura of the posterior cranial fossa. Foramen Lacerum Located at the medial end or apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, basal portion of the occipital bone, and sphenoid bone. It is spatially continuous with the carotid canal. During life the lower part floor of the foramen lacerum is closed with dense fibrous connective tissue and only a few small vessels pass through this foramen from the cavity of the skull to the exterior base of the skull. The main portion contains the internal carotid artery (and internal carotid plexus, deep petrosal nerve) and greater (superficial) petrosal nerve of CN VII. Inferior and anterior the foramen lacerum is continuous with the pterygoid canal. Foramen Magnum Located in the occipital bone. Contains the spinal cord and meninges, spinal portion of the accessory nerve (CN XI), right and left vertebral arteries, anterior and posterior spinal arteries, tectorial membrane and apical ligament of the odontoid process of the axis. Foramen Ovale Located in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Contains the mandibular nerve (V3) lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve and accessory meningeal vessels. Foramen Rotundum Located in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Contains V2. Foramen Spinosum Located in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Contains the middle meningeal artery and vein, and a meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (a recurrent sensory branch from V3 passing upward from the infratemporal fossa to innervate the cranial dura). 7 Greater Palatine Foramen Located between the maxilla and the palatine bone at the posterior lateral border of the hard palate. Contains the greater (anterior) palatine nerve, greater palatine artery (know up to this point as the descending palatine artery) and corresponding veins. Hiatus for the Greater Petrosal Nerve Located in the tegmen tympani (roof of middle ear) of the petrous temporal bone, in front of the arcuate eminence. Contains the greater (superficial) petrosal nerve of CN VII. Hiatus for the Lesser Petrosal Nerve Located in the tegmen tympani of the petrous temporal bone, about 3 mm anterolateral to the hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve. Contains the lesser (superficial)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Branches of the Maxillary Artery of the Domestic
    Table 4.2: Branches of the Maxillary Artery of the Domestic Pig, Sus scrofa Artery Origin Course Distribution Departs superficial aspect of MA immediately distal to the caudal auricular. Course is typical, with a conserved branching pattern for major distributing tributaries: the Facial and masseteric regions via Superficial masseteric and transverse facial arteries originate low in the the masseteric and transverse facial MA Temporal Artery course of the STA. The remainder of the vessel is straight and arteries; temporalis muscle; largely unbranching-- most of the smaller rami are anterior auricle. concentrated in the proximal portion of the vessel. The STA terminates in the anterior wall of the auricle. Originates from the lateral surface of the proximal STA posterior to the condylar process. Hooks around mandibular Transverse Facial Parotid gland, caudal border of the STA ramus and parotid gland to distribute across the masseter Artery masseter muscle. muscle. Relative to the TFA of Camelids, the suid TFA has a truncated distribution. From ventral surface of MA, numerous pterygoid branches Pterygoid Branches MA Pterygoideus muscles. supply medial and lateral pterygoideus muscles. Caudal Deep MA Arises from superior surface of MA; gives off masseteric a. Deep surface of temporalis muscle. Temporal Artery Short course deep to zygomatic arch. Contacts the deep Caudal Deep Deep surface of the masseteric Masseteric Artery surface of the masseter between the coronoid and condylar Temporal Artery muscle. processes of the mandible. Artery Origin Course Distribution Compensates for distribution of facial artery. It should be noted that One of the larger tributaries of the MA. Originates in the this vessel does not terminate as sphenopalatine fossa as almost a terminal bifurcation of the mandibular and maxillary labial MA; lateral branch continuing as buccal and medial branch arteries.
    [Show full text]
  • Nerves of the Orbit Optic Nerve the Optic Nerve Enters the Orbit from the Middle Cranial Fossa by Passing Through the Optic Canal
    human anatomy 2016 lecture fourteen Dr meethak ali ahmed neurosurgeon Nerves of the Orbit Optic Nerve The optic nerve enters the orbit from the middle cranial fossa by passing through the optic canal . It is accompanied by the ophthalmic artery, which lies on its lower lateral side. The nerve is surrounded by sheath of pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater. It runs forward and laterally within the cone of the recti muscles and pierces the sclera at a point medial to the posterior pole of the eyeball. Here, the meninges fuse with the sclera so that the subarachnoid space with its contained cerebrospinal fluid extends forward from the middle cranial fossa, around the optic nerve, and through the optic canal, as far as the eyeball. A rise in pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid within the cranial cavity therefore is transmitted to theback of the eyeball. Lacrimal Nerve The lacrimal nerve arises from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. It enters the orbit through the upper part of the superior orbital fissure and passes forward along the upper border of the lateral rectus muscle . It is joined by a branch of the zygomaticotemporal nerve, whi(parasympathetic secretomotor fibers). The lacrimal nerve ends by supplying the skin of the lateral part of the upper lid. Frontal Nerve The frontal nerve arises from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. It enters the orbit through the upper part of the superior orbital fissure and passes forward on the upper surface of the levator palpebrae superioris beneath the roof of the orbit .
    [Show full text]
  • Maxillary Nerve-Mediated Postseptoplasty Nasal Allodynia: a Case Report
    E CASE REPORT Maxillary Nerve-Mediated Postseptoplasty Nasal Allodynia: A Case Report Shikha Sharma, MD, PhD,* Wilson Ly, MD, PharmD,* and Xiaobing Yu, MD*† Endoscopic nasal septoplasty is a commonly performed otolaryngology procedure, not known to cause persistent postsurgical pain or hypersensitivity. Here, we discuss a unique case of persis- tent nasal pain that developed after a primary endoscopic septoplasty, which then progressed to marked mechanical and thermal allodynia following a revision septoplasty. Pain symptoms were found to be mediated by the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and resolved after percuta- neous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of bilateral maxillary nerves. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of maxillary nerve–mediated nasal allodynia after septoplasty. (A&A Practice. 2020;14:e01356.) GLOSSARY CT = computed tomography; FR = foramen rotundum; HIPAA = Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; ION = infraorbital nerve; LPP = lateral pterygoid plate; MRI = magnetic reso- nance imaging; RFA = radiofrequency ablation; SPG = sphenopalatine ganglion; US = ultrasound ndoscopic nasal septoplasty is a common otolaryn- septoplasty for chronic nasal obstruction with resection of gology procedure with rare incidence of postsurgical the cartilage inferiorly and posteriorly in 2010. Before this Ecomplications. Minor complications include epistaxis, surgery, the patient only occasionally experienced mild septal hematoma, septal perforation, cerebrospinal fluid leak, headaches. However, his postoperative course was compli- and persistent obstruction.1 Numbness or hypoesthesia of the cated by significant pain requiring high-dose opioids. After anterior palate, secondary to injury to the nasopalatine nerve, discharge, patient continued to have persistent deep, “ach- has been reported, but is usually rare and temporary, resolv- ing” nasal pain which radiated toward bilateral forehead ing over weeks to months.2 Acute postoperative pain is also and incisors.
    [Show full text]
  • Craniotomy for Anterior Cranial Fossa Meningiomas: Historical Overview
    Neurosurg Focus 36 (4):E14, 2014 ©AANS, 2014 Craniotomy for anterior cranial fossa meningiomas: historical overview SAUL F. MORALES-VALERO, M.D., JAMIE J. VAN GOMPEL, M.D., IOANNIS LOUMIOTIS, M.D., AND GIUSEPPE LANZINO, M.D. Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota The surgical treatment of meningiomas located at the base of the anterior cranial fossa is often challenging, and the evolution of the surgical strategy to resect these tumors parallels the development of craniotomy, and neurosur- gery in general, over the past century. Early successful operations to treat these tumors were pioneered by prominent figures such as Sir William Macewen and Francesco Durante. Following these early reports, Harvey Cushing made significant contributions, allowing a better understanding and treatment of meningiomas in general, but particularly those involving the anterior cranial base. Initially, large-sized unilateral or bilateral craniotomies were necessary to approach these deep-seated lesions. Technical advances such as the introduction of electrosurgery, the operating microscope, and refined microsurgical instruments allowed neurosurgeons to perform less invasive surgical proce- dures with better results. Today, a wide variety of surgical strategies, including endoscopic surgery and radiosurgery, are used to treat these tumors. In this review, the authors trace the evolution of craniotomy for anterior cranial fossa meningiomas. (http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2014.1.FOCUS13569) KEY WORDS • intracranial meningiomas • craniotomy • history • anterior cranial fossa ENINGIOMAS of the anterior cranial fossa represent has a few distinct clinical features. However, in practice, 12%–20% of all intracranial meningiomas.5,30 this group of tumors often represents a continuum.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical and Morphometric Study of Optic Foramen in North Indian Population
    Published online: 26.06.2019 THIEME Original Article 53 Anatomical and Morphometric Study of Optic Foramen in North Indian Population Ajay Kumar1 Alok Tripathi1 Shilpi Jain1 Satyam Khare1 Ram Kumar Kaushik1 Hina Kausar1 Saurabh Arora1 1Department of Anatomy, Subharti Medical College, Swami Address for correspondence Alok Tripathi, MS, Department of Vivekanand Subharti, University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India Anatomy, Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut 250005, Uttar Pradesh, India (e-mail: [email protected]). Natl J Clin Anat 2019;8:53–56 Abstract Introduction Optic canal connects orbit to middle cranial fossa. Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery pass through this canal. The aim of the present study is to make morphometric and anatomical observations of endocranial opening of optic canal. Materials and Methods The observations were conducted on 30 dry adult human skulls. The observations were made on shape, margins, confluence, septations, dimensions, and distance of optic foramen from apex of petrous temporal bone. Result and Statistical Analysis On morphometric observation, transverse diameter (TD) was 6.00 mm and 6.15 mm on the left and the right side, respectively. The vertical diameter (VD) was 5.14 mm on the left side and 4.82 mm on the right side. The distance of optic foramen to apex of petrous temporal bone was 21.84 mm on the Keywords left side and 21.90 mm on the right side. The mean, standard deviation, range, and ► optic foramen p value were measured by using SPSS software version 19.00. ► dry skull Conclusion In the present study we attempt to provide a comprehensive anatomical ► morphometry and morphometric data of optic foramen that may help ophthalmologists and ► dimensions neurosurgeons during surgery.
    [Show full text]
  • Ardipithecus Ramidus and the Evolution of the Human Cranial Base
    Ardipithecus ramidus and the evolution of the human cranial base William H. Kimbela,1, Gen Suwab, Berhane Asfawc, Yoel Raka,d, and Tim D. Whitee,1 aInstitute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287; bThe University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; cRift Valley Research Service, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; dDepartment of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel; and eDepartment of Integrative Biology, Human Evolution Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Contributed by Tim D. White, December 5, 2013 (sent for review October 14, 2013) The early Pliocene African hominoid Ardipithecus ramidus was di- We report here results of a metrical and morphological study agnosed as a having a unique phylogenetic relationship with the of the Ar. ramidus basicranium as another test of its hypothesized Australopithecus + Homo clade based on nonhoning canine teeth, phylogenetic affinity with Australopithecus and Homo. We ana- a foreshortened cranial base, and postcranial characters related to lyzed the length and breadth of the external cranial base and the facultative bipedality. However, pedal and pelvic traits indicating structural relationship between the petrous and tympanic elements substantial arboreality have raised arguments that this taxon may of the temporal bone in Ar. ramidus, Australopithecus (including instead be an example of parallel evolution of human-like traits Paranthropus of some authors), and mixed-sex samples of extant among apes around the time of the chimpanzee–human split. Here African hominoid (Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus) we investigated the basicranial morphology of Ar.
    [Show full text]
  • Septation of the Sphenoid Sinus and Its Clinical Significance
    1793 International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health Septation of the Sphenoid Sinus and its Clinical Significance Eldan Kapur 1* , Adnan Kapidžić 2, Amela Kulenović 1, Lana Sarajlić 2, Adis Šahinović 2, Maida Šahinović 3 1 Department of anatomy, Medical faculty, University of Sarajevo, Čekaluša 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Clinic for otorhinolaryngology, Clinical centre University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 25, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Department of histology and embriology, Medical faculty, University of Sarajevo, Čekaluša 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina * Corresponding Author: Eldan Kapur, MD, PhD Department of anatomy, Medical faculty, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Email: [email protected] Phone: 033 66 55 49; 033 22 64 78 (ext. 136) Abstract Introduction: Sphenoid sinus is located in the body of sphenoid, closed with a thin plate of bone tissue that separates it from the important structures such as the optic nerve, optic chiasm, cavernous sinus, pituitary gland, and internal carotid artery. It is divided by one or more vertical septa that are often asymmetric. Because of its location and the relationships with important neurovascular and glandular structures, sphenoid sinus represents a great diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the septation of the sphenoid sinus and relationship between the number and position of septa and internal carotid artery in the adult BH population. Participants and Methods: A retrospective study of the CT analysis of the paranasal sinuses in 200 patients (104 male, 96 female) were performed using Siemens Somatom Art with the following parameters: 130 mAs: 120 kV, Slice: 3 mm.
    [Show full text]
  • Unusual Organization of the Ansa Cervicalis: a Case Report
    CASE REPORT ISSN- 0102-9010 UNUSUAL ORGANIZATION OF THE ANSA CERVICALIS: A CASE REPORT Ranjana Verma1, Srijit Das2 and Rajesh Suri3 Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi-110002, India. ABSTRACT The superior root of the ansa cervicalis is formed by C1 fibers carried by the hypoglossal nerve, whereas the inferior root is contributed by C2 and C3 nerves. We report a rare finding in a 40-year-old male cadaver in which the vagus nerve fused with the hypoglossal nerve immediately after its exit from the skull on the left side. The vagus nerve supplied branches to the sternohyoid, sternothyroid and superior belly of the omohyoid muscles and also contributed to the formation of the superior root of the ansa cervicalis. In this arrangement, paralysis of the infrahyoid muscles may result following lesion of the vagus nerve anywhere in the neck. The cervical location of the vagus nerve was anterior to the common carotid artery within the carotid sheath. This case report may be of clinical interest to surgeons who perform laryngeal reinnervation and neurologists who diagnose nerve disorders. Key words: Ansa cervicalis, hypoglossal nerve, vagus nerve, variations INTRODUCTION cadaver. The right side was normal. The neck region The ansa cervicalis is a nerve loop formed was dissected and the neural structures in the carotid by the union of superior and inferior roots. The and muscular triangle regions were exposed, with superior root is a branch of the hypoglossal nerve particular attention given to the organization of the containing C1 fibers, whereas the inferior root is ansa cervicalis.
    [Show full text]
  • Simple Ways to Dissect Ciliary Ganglion for Orbital Anatomical Education
    OkajimasDetection Folia Anat. of ciliary Jpn., ganglion94(3): 119–124, for orbit November, anatomy 2017119 Simple ways to dissect ciliary ganglion for orbital anatomical education By Ming ZHOU, Ryoji SUZUKI, Hideo AKASHI, Akimitsu ISHIZAWA, Yoshinori KANATSU, Kodai FUNAKOSHI, Hiroshi ABE Department of Anatomy, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543 Japan –Received for Publication, September 21, 2017– Key Words: ciliary ganglion, orbit, human anatomy, anatomical education Summary: In the case of anatomical dissection as part of medical education, it is difficult for medical students to find the ciliary ganglion (CG) since it is small and located deeply in the orbit between the optic nerve and the lateral rectus muscle and embedded in the orbital fat. Here, we would like to introduce simple ways to find the CG by 1): tracing the sensory and parasympathetic roots to find the CG from the superior direction above the orbit, 2): transecting and retracting the lateral rectus muscle to visualize the CG from the lateral direction of the orbit, and 3): taking out whole orbital structures first and dissecting to observe the CG. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed from the standpoint of decreased laboratory time and students as beginners at orbital anatomy. Introduction dissection course for the first time and with limited time. In addition, there are few clear pictures in anatomical The ciliary ganglion (CG) is one of the four para- textbooks showing the morphology of the CG. There are sympathetic ganglia in the head and neck region located some scientific articles concerning how to visualize the behind the eyeball between the optic nerve and the lateral CG, but they are mostly based on the clinical approaches rectus muscle in the apex of the orbit (Siessere et al., rather than based on the anatomical procedure for medical 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • 17 Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System
    17 Blood supply of the central nervous system Brain Lateral aspect of cerebral hemisphere showing blood supply Central sulcus Motor and sensory strip Visual area Broca area Circle of Willis Anterior cerebral artery Anterior communicating artery Optic chiasm IIIrd cranial nerve Middle cerebral artery IVth cranial Internal carotid artery nerve Pons Posterior communicating artery Posterior cerebral artery Auditory area and Vth cranial Wernicke's area in left nerve Superior cerebellar artery dominant hemisphere VIth cranial Pontine branches nerve Basilar artery Anterior cerebral Posterior cerebral artery supply artery supply VII and Anterior inferior cerebellar artery Middle cerebral VIII cranial artery supply nerves Vertebral artery Coronal section of brain showing blood supply IX, X, XI Anterior spinal artery cranial nerves Posterior inferior cerebellar artery XII cranial nerve Caudate Globus Cerebellum nucleus pallidus Lateral ventricle C3/C4 Branch of left Spinal cord cord thyrocervical trunk Thalamus Cervical Red nucleus Subthalamic T5/T6 Intercostal nucleus cord branch area of damage Thoracic ischaemic Watershed T10 Great-anterior L2 Anterior choroidal medullary artery artery (branch of of Adamkiewicz internal carotid cord Hippocampus Lumbar artery to lower two thirds of Reinforcing internal capsule, cord inputs globus pallidus and Penetrating branches of Blood supply to Sacral limbic system) middle cerebral artery spinal cord Posterior spinal arteries Dorsal columns Corticospinal tract supply Anterior Spinothalamic tract spinal artery Medullary artery— Anterior spinal artery replenishing anterior spinal artery directly 42 The anatomical and functional organization of the nervous system Blood supply to the brain medulla and cerebellum. Occlusion of this vessel gives rise to the The arterial blood supply to the brain comes from four vessels: the right lateral medullary syndrome of Wallenberg.
    [Show full text]
  • The Facial Artery of the Dog
    Oka jimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 57(1) : 55-78, May 1980 The Facial Artery of the Dog By MOTOTSUNA IRIFUNE Department of Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, Osaka (Director: Prof. Y. Ohta) (with one textfigure and thirty-one figures in five plates) -Received for Publication, November 10, 1979- Key words: Facial artery, Dog, Plastic injection, Floor of the mouth. Summary. The course, branching and distribution territories of the facial artery of the dog were studied by the acryl plastic injection method. In general, the facial artery was found to arise from the external carotid between the points of origin of the lingual and posterior auricular arteries. It ran anteriorly above the digastric muscle and gave rise to the styloglossal, the submandibular glandular and the ptery- goid branches. The artery continued anterolaterally giving off the digastric, the inferior masseteric and the cutaneous branches. It came to the face after sending off the submental artery, which passed anteromedially, giving off the digastric and mylohyoid branches, on the medial surface of the mandible, and gave rise to the sublingual artery. The gingival, the genioglossal and sublingual plical branches arose from the vessel, while the submental artery gave off the geniohyoid branches. Posterior to the mandibular symphysis, various communications termed the sublingual arterial loop, were formed between the submental and the sublingual of both sides. They could be grouped into ten types. In the face, the facial artery gave rise to the mandibular marginal, the anterior masseteric, the inferior labial and the buccal branches, as well as the branch to the superior, and turned to the superior labial artery.
    [Show full text]
  • Tentorium Cerebelli: the Bridge Between the Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Part 2
    Open Access Review Article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5679 Tentorium Cerebelli: the Bridge Between the Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Part 2 Bruno Bordoni 1 , Marta Simonelli 2 , Maria Marcella Lagana 3 1. Cardiology, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, ITA 2. Osteopathy, French-Italian School of Osteopathy, Pisa, ITA 3. Radiology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Milan, ITA Corresponding author: Bruno Bordoni, [email protected] Abstract The tentorium cerebelli is a meningeal portion in relation to the skull, the nervous system, and the cervical tract. In this second part, the article discusses the systematic tentorial relationships, such as the central and cervical neurological connections, the venous circulation and highlights possible clinical alterations that could cause pain. To understand the function of anatomy, we should always remember that every area of the human body is never a segment, but a functional continuum. Categories: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Anatomy, Osteopathic Medicine Keywords: tentorium cerebelli, fascia, pain, venous circulation, neurological connections, cranio Introduction And Background Cervical neurological connections The ansa cervicalis characterizes the first cervical roots and connects all anterior cervical nerve exits with the inferior floor of the oral cavity, the trigeminal system, the respiratory control system, and the sympathetic system. The descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve anastomoses with C1, forming the ansa hypoglossi or ansa cervicalis superior [1]. The inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, also known as descendens cervicalis, is formed by ascendant fibers from spinal nerves C2-C3 and occasionally fibers C4, lying anteriorly to the common carotid artery (it passes laterally or medially to the internal jugular vein upon anatomical variations) [1].
    [Show full text]