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Conjectures on the Origin, Spread and Development of the Lingua Franca” Mag. phil. Manuel Sedlaczek “Conjectures on the Origin, Spread and Development of the Lingua Franca” A historical linguistic study DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie Studium: Anglistik und Amerikanistik Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften Betreuer und Erstgutachter: Em. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Allan Richard James Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt Zweitgutachter: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Alexander Onysko Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt Oktober 2016 i Affidavit I hereby declare in lieu of an oath that - the submitted academic paper is entirely my own work and that no auxiliary materials have been used other than those indicated, - I have fully disclosed all assistance received from third parties during the process of writing the paper, including any significant advice from supervisors, - any contents taken from the works of third parties or my own works that have been included either literally or in spirit have been appropriately marked and the respective source of the information has been clearly identified with precise bibliographical references (e.g. in footnotes), - to date, I have not submitted this paper to an examining authority either in Austria or abroad and that - the digital version of the paper submitted for the purpose of plagiarism assessment is fully consistent with the printed version. I am aware that a declaration contrary to the facts will have legal consequences. (Signature) (Place, date) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 THE STUDY OF THE LINGUA FRANCA ............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS AND ANTHROPOLOGY .............................................................................................. 5 1.3 THE CREATING OF HISTORY ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.4 THE RE -INTEGRATION OF HISTORY ............................................................................................................... 9 1.5 THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY .................................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2: PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE LINGUA FRANCA ................................................................ 13 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF ´HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION ´ ........................................................................................ 14 2.2 THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICITY ................................................................................................................. 16 2.3 ATTEMPTS AT SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICITY ................................................................................... 18 2.4 THE VASTNESS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (COMMERCE NETWORK ) AND ITS CONNECTION WITH THE LINGUA FRANCA . 22 2.5 THE LOCATION OF ORIGIN ....................................................................................................................... 24 2.6 HISTORICO -POLITICAL APPROACH ............................................................................................................. 32 2.7 CLARIFICATION OF THE CONCEPT .............................................................................................................. 37 2.8 HISTORICALLY CHANGING PERSPECTIVES ..................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 3: LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 44 3.1 THE SIMILARITY OF ROMANCE SOURCE LANGUAGE ....................................................................................... 48 3.2 ORIGINAL ROMANCE SOURCE LANGUAGE ................................................................................................... 51 3.3 CATALAN -O CCITAN SIMILARITIES .............................................................................................................. 53 3.4 PRONUNCIATION AS A SOURCE LANGUAGE INDICATOR ................................................................................... 56 3.5 TEXT COMPARISON ................................................................................................................................ 58 3.6 INDISTINGUISHABLE BASIC GRAMMATICAL FORMS ........................................................................................ 60 3.7 THE COMPLEXITY OF SIMPLICITY ............................................................................................................... 61 3.8 (LIMITATION OF ) EXPRESSIONABILITY ......................................................................................................... 63 3.9 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 63 CHAPTER 4: HISTORICAL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 65 4.1 THE BEGINNING OF COMMERCE ............................................................................................................... 67 4.2 COMMERCE AS A CATALYST OF ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................ 70 4.3 DATE OF ORIGIN .................................................................................................................................... 71 4.4 HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 75 4.4.1 Earliest Catalan-Arabic language contact ................................................................................ 75 4.4.2 Linguistic interpretation of Catalan-Arabic historic contact ..................................................... 77 CHAPTER 5: SOCIO-LINGUISTIC EXCURSUS [AN AUSTRIAN-RUMANIAN PIDGIN] .................................. 81 5.1 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 83 5.2 SUPERSTRATUM LANGUAGE DETERMINATION .............................................................................................. 85 5.3 LIMITS OF LANGUAGE CONTACT ................................................................................................................ 88 5.4 THE VANISHING OF THE AUSTRIAN -R UMANIAN PIDGIN ................................................................................. 90 5.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE AUSTRIAN -R UMANIAN PIDGIN ..................................................................................... 91 5.6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 91 CHAPTER 6: THE NATURE OF PIDGINS .................................................................................................. 92 6.1 CATALAN -A RABIC LANGUAGE CONTACT ..................................................................................................... 94 6.2 IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF PIDGIN LANGUAGES .............................................................................................. 95 6.3 VOCABULARY AND GRAMMATICAL SHIFTS IN PIDGINS ................................................................................... 97 CHAPTER 7: POLITICAL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 106 7.1 PIRACY AND SLAVERY ........................................................................................................................... 106 iii 7.2 VARYING LINGUA FRANCA COMPETENCE .................................................................................................. 108 7.3 SLAVERY NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR EXTENDED PIDGIN STATE ............................................................................ 110 7.3.1 Reasons for Lingua Franca downgrade .................................................................................. 111 7.4 THE EXPANDED PIDGIN STATE ................................................................................................................. 112 7.5 THE CREOLE (-ESQUE ) STATE .................................................................................................................. 113 7.5.1 Reasons for the Creole and Creole(-esque) state development .............................................. 115 7.6 VOCABULARY EXPANSION THROUGH MULTI -LANGUAGE INPUT (THROUGH PIRACY AND SLAVERY ) ......................... 116 7.7 VARIATIONS IN PRONUNCIATION ............................................................................................................. 117 7.8 POSITIVE ASPECTS OF SLAVERY ............................................................................................................... 118 7.9 MAJOR POLITICAL CHANGES AND FINAL DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................... 119 7.10 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONNECTION ................................................................................................ 122 7.11 POLITICO -ECONOMIC ASPECTS AND UNIQUE LINGUISTIC TRAITS OF RELEXIFICATION ......................................... 125 7.11.1 Economic facilitation
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