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Skin and Sorcery a Medico-Anthropological Study of Traditional Healing and the Conceptualization of Kisigo in Kigoma

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Skin and Sorcery a Medico-Anthropological Study of Traditional Healing and the Conceptualization of Kisigo in Kigoma Ghent University African Languages and Cultures Academic year of 2012-2013 Skin and Sorcery A Medico-Anthropological study of Traditional Healing and the Conceptualization of Kisigo in Kigoma Promotor: Prof. Dr. K. Stroeken Master thesis, submitted to achieve the grade of Master in the African Languages and Cultures by EVA BLEYENBERG ii Nederlandstalige Samenvatting Mijn thesis is opgebouwd volgens het verloop van mijn onderzoek. De thesis begint dan ook vanuit een brede en algemene invalshoek en werkt langzamerhand toe naar het specifieke. Het hoofdstuk volgend op de inleiding handelt over de literatuur die ik heb doorgenomen voor, tijdens en na mijn veldwerk. In een derde hoofdstuk presenteer ik mijn theoretisch kader. De methodologie en de onderzoeksvragen waarrond deze thesis zijn opgebouwd staan uitgeschreven in respectievelijk hoofdstuk vier en vijf. De resultaten van mijn onderzoek zijn weergeven in hoofdstuk zes. De thesis eindigt met ruimte voor discussie en het bespreken van een aantal probleemstellingen in hoofdstuk zeven. Deze verhandeling is gebaseerd op 27 interviews afgenomen tijdens twee maanden veldwerk in Kigoma, een havenstad in het Noordwesten van Tanzania. Door de belangrijke economische ligging en de vele migratiegolven als gevolg van verschillende onlusten in buurlanden, is Kigoma een stad waar vele culturen samenvloeien. De originele opzet van het veldwerk was dan ook om de variëteit aan traditionele genezingspraktijken die aanwezig zijn in Kigoma te onderzoeken en weer te geven. De resultaten hiervan zijn weergegeven aan de hand van uitgewerkte case studies in de eerste en tweede sectie van het zesde hoofdstuk ‘Results’. Omdat in Kigoma (en elders) traditionele genezing onlosmakelijk verbonden is met hekserij, wordt dit fenomeen ook uitgebreid besproken. Gedurende de verschillende interviews kwam steeds eenzelfde huidaandoening ter sprake, pese of kisigo genaamd. Elie Wamba, de Congolese man die mij in contact gebracht heeft met een aantal genezers en die mij ook telkens geholpen heeft met vertalingen tijdens het afnemen van interviews, had me voor het eerst gewezen op het bestaan van deze aandoening. Na een volle maand veldwerk verschoof de focus steeds meer naar de conceptualisatie van deze huidaandoening die gelinkt wordt aan hekserij. De resultaten van mijn zoektocht naar het begrijpen van deze aandoening zijn weergegeven in een derde sectie van het zesde hoofdstuk. Hierbij wordt speciale aandacht besteed aan de relatie tussen de huid en hekserij. Door de velddata te combineren met de theorie van Scheper-Hughes en Lock (1987) over de ‘three bodies’ en de 7 facetten van emotie van Schweder en Haidt (2000), is het mogelijk een conceptualisatie van pese en kisigo op te stellen die niet enkel focust op de individuele fysische en psychische aspecten van de aandoening maar ook oog heeft voor de bredere sociale context. Niet alleen de huid, de fysische buitengrens van de mens die gebruikt wordt om iemands sociale status binnen de maatschappij te duiden en te affirmeren, wordt aangetast door pese en kisigo. De sociale positie van de patiënt in de maatschappij verandert er ook grondig door. Wanneer men van een persoon denkt dat hij behekst is, wordt er binnen de gemeenschap duchtig gespeculeerd over mogelijke morele oorzaken van de bezwering. Die morele oorzaken worden gezocht bij de patiënt zelf. De aandoening wordt een moeilijk bespreekbaar thema voor de patiënt. Dit is mentaal zwaar om dragen voor de patiënt, die vaak in een sociaal isolement terecht komt ten gevolge van het stigma. Bovendien slaagt het ziekenhuis er niet in de aandoening te traceren, te diagnosticeren of te behandelen. Daardoor zijn de patiënten aangewezen op de kennis en de behandeling van traditionele genezers, die dergelijke complexe aandoeningen wel de baas kunnen. Deze verhandeling is een exploratief werk. Hoewel deze thesis een aantal interessante zaken behandelt, belooft verder onderzoek nog meer interessante inzichten te bieden op onderwerpen die in deze thesis worden aangesneden. iii iv Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the help of a number of people, beginning with the traditional healers and practitioners who made time for the interviews and for my research and gave me very interesting and valuable information. I am especially grateful to my promotor Koenraad Stroeken for his support and guidance during my fieldwork and during the writing process of this thesis. Special thanks go to Deo Baribwegure for his support, dedication and his help in the search of social contacts during my fieldwork in Kigoma. I want to thank my two translators Elie Mwamba and Alan Matafwali for their time, their knowledge, their company and their patience. I want to thank the staff of the Maweni Hospital in Kigoma. Special thanks to Aimée Binja for sharing her illness experiences. I wish to thank the Brothers of Charity for their support in search for accommodation during my stay in Kigoma. Special thanks go to Ernest Nshemezimana for his excellent work as transcriber. Finally, I want to thank my parents and friends for support and assistance. v Contents Nederlandstalige Samenvatting ................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... v Skin and Sorcery: A Medico-Anthropological study of Traditional Healing and the Conceptualization of Kisigo in Kigoma ..................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background Review ............................................................................................................ 5 2.1. From armchair anthropology towards a fieldwork based anthropology ...................... 5 2.2. Phenomenology and the birth of medical anthropology .............................................. 6 2.3. Witchcraft and healing practices in the light of modernity and globalization ............. 7 2.4. The biomedical monopoly on truth ............................................................................. 9 3. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................................... 11 3.1. The Mindful Body ..................................................................................................... 11 3.2. Anthropology of the Senses ....................................................................................... 12 3.3. Language and Magic ................................................................................................. 15 3.3.1. Symbols and meaning ........................................................................................ 15 3.3.2. Symbolic classification ...................................................................................... 17 3.4. Health, Illness and Disease: important terminological issues ................................... 19 3.4.1. Health, Illness and disease.................................................................................. 19 3.4.2. Three meanings of Illness .................................................................................. 20 3.4.3. Uncertainty: Matters of Life and Death ............................................................. 22 3.5. The Illness narrative .................................................................................................. 23 3.6. Framework: the conceptualization of the condition of Pese and Kisigo ................... 24 4. Hypothesis and Research Questions ................................................................................. 27 5. Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 29 5.1. Qualitative explorative fieldwork .............................................................................. 29 5.2. Kigoma: geographical and socio-cultural setting ...................................................... 32 5.3. The course of my fieldwork ....................................................................................... 37 6. Results ............................................................................................................................... 41 6.1. A short introduction to some cosmological ideas in Kigoma .................................... 41 6.2. Traditional Healing and the image of the witch in Kigoma ...................................... 43 6.2.1. Traditional healing: a Variety of Practices ......................................................... 46 6.2.2. Popularity and Succes of traditional healing ...................................................... 61 VII 6.2.3. Witchcraft and Morality: social or anti-social acts? ........................................... 64 6.2.4. Image of the witch .............................................................................................. 67 6.2.5. The government of Tanzania and its witchcraft policies ................................... 69 6.3. The importance of skin in sorcery: a conceptualization of a condition called Kisigo ... ................................................................................................................................... 72 6.3.1. Pese: the illness narrative of Aimée Binja ........................................................
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